Yeshiva University - Masmid Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 180 of the 1957 volume:

l.t -i ' - ,U p. UJfldi.tl;.. ' f is twff .rfA ' - t 4 .i ■ «•: ' ! ' i- ' . ' % f «irv. ' ' c:i« : . ' j i-l ' i, - H-t L-  Jfe .-:;::: « ' • ::- .s .w iM i I ' i - .  ■ • V • 4 vV 1 t -w « ■ k ;I VY ftwi -V S --f y.. f j f flt ' lk.Mf ' ' :,1S - K%. S ' - v;p . f ' ' r-r;- ' - ;- -l a i!r • ? -f V «K « x., w «f« w • • ' O I 1 i -Nfc ' « ' ♦ . ' ■■ •, :if,r:. .,: ' F • .4 , t- ' , - . ' 1E ' ' ' ]?: k - % ♦ ' til I ■iik. I 1 1 1 1 1 L- 1 1 n T 1 1 ' ;:;: y t 1 r 1 Wm 1 4 ■ J ism ■■■■ 1 n« irMM I Theme 4 Dedication 5 Administration 20 Faculty, Clubs 20 Sports 68 Seniors 86 Literature 130 ' ubiished by the Students of . . . Ti ' T ' ' 7 ' ' i iiw I fill HI I 9 ' ■m H 1 V YESHIVA COLLEGE Amsterdam Avenue and I86t i Streei FOREWORD We leave college in a year in which commencement orators throughout the country warn us of the dangers of conformity. We leave an institution which, by its very ndividuality and by the ideals for which it stands, has taught us to revere the individual personality and conscience. As Jews and Americans we are doubly aware of our responsibilities and of the burdens we must share to ensure our future well-being. It is as thinking individuals that we take our place in society. I 7 -A i A, ' Tribute... i T ° ' ' de4 ;° ' ' ' ° - ' deed • . ° ' e,-o og;. -. ° ' ™„ otX°n ° 3 ' - ' o.de;Srr- ' --o,ee„o ' ° o o„e fo ■ ; . ' ho) o Cy ' ' ' ° hcve s,„d;ed ' ' r -ore so o7 ° ' ° ' ' -p ' .:! ' ' =- ' - o ' Until they were obscured by apart- ment houses the domes of the Col- lege in Washington Heights were a well known landmark on the New York Central ' s Harlem Division. An Institution lufifcfi, ,iip Science Hall, the Pollack Library, and Graduate Hall seen from across Amsterdam Avenue. ' 0l ' f Tho Golden Domei of legend now are painted green, but the detailed work beneoth them still ihlnet in the sunlight in shades of red, green, and gold. by ' ii i 2X ndiu dualfty . . . The new dormitory on Amsterdam Avenue and 185th Street seems to lean when seen through a wide angle lens. I ' m taking three credits of Tele- phone 16 this semester. ' Reuere the individual personalitij . . . That was some tough Organic exam! It hurts right here, Doc! Don ' t bother to wake me for Min yan. The police think they caught the Mad Bomber! If you don ' t know the words just hum along. f School life hos iti upi and do«ni! 1 J II see you in my office in a minute. This picture doesn ' t look posed, does it? aware of our A Rough night in the dormitoryl responsibilities ♦ . . ff I ' ll stick on a few signs and get my picture into MASMID. Who ' s this Chervin anyhow? MASMID editors have to work for a living . . . must share ♦ . . ff Don t bite the hand that feeds you. Just give it money! 13 ' Thinking individuals in Society . . GRADUATE RECORD EXAM Sociologically speaking this is a snap. Intermission— You mean this thing counts? The setting for the shambles. It was just too much. P.S. The Class of ' 57 did the best yet on the G.R.E. The building seems to stand on stilts as the walls go up over the framework of reinforced concrete. ' - The debris of construction is whisked away the day before the dedication ceremonies. A NEW CAMPUS BEGINS... On Sunday, May 26, traditional cornerstone and dedication ceremonies were held at Yeshiva Uni- versity ' s new $1,500,000 Residence Hall, on Amster- dam Avenue and 185th Street in Manhattan. The new dormitory, which will house 300 stu- dents, will be open for occupancy in September. This represents the first step in the development of a new campus area at the University ' s main academic center in Washington Heights. ,. . ' !■ ,-r.4fi:i ' ,. All clear and waiting for the speakers— the dormitory as a front row spectator might see it at the dedication. The dormitory takes on a festive air as bunting is hung from the windows. 17 ! BH! ! iHffl man The crowd pours in early to hear the speeches and to watch as . . . A NEW CAMPUS BEGINS Ig Dr. Samuel Belkin, Yeshiva University president; Louis J. Glickmon, Yeshiva trustee; Senator Jacob Javits and New York Lieutenant Governor George B. Deluca (left to right) wield trowels in the traditional cor- nerstone ceremony climaxing the dedication exercises. i I I I BIB Ba n :Tq ms q-| aa Tl T! Tl II 11 n S3 :3 a a ■n!iB!nig i m Here the completed dormitory is seen from Amsterdam Avenue and-184th Street . . . WITH A NEW DORMITORY m - plfMdsuHt. fiOMC The artist ' s sketch of the typical double room in the new j - dormitory. The furnishings were not completed when . MASMID went to press. ti{ tnl Mw JM 19 . . . and here is a view from Laurel Hill Terrace and 184th Street. Administration Faculty gyd Stu lffit Organizations So that the f ! ' « - , ■ .j ' tix: • May make his Contribution to the World of Men and lde( Rabbi Doctor Samuel Belkin, President of Yeshiva University. As you terminate your college educa- tion at Yeshiva University, I extend to you sincerest congratulations on your past achievements and wish you every success in your future endeavors. Above all, you should remember and be guided by the in- digenous principles which characterize your alma mater. The very name Yeshiva College in itself is a symbol of our purposes and phil- osophy. The teachings of the Yeshiva are primarily dedicated to the spiritual and moral purposes of our daily lives. A col- lege of arts and sciences is primarily con- cerned with Man and his World. The purpose of Yeshiva College is to create a unity between the Yeshiva and College,— the Yeshiva endeavoring to give a moral and spiritual purpose to the human knowledge which the student ac- quires in the College. I have abiding faith that you will govern your lives by the standards of the Torah and that you will consider your edu- cation as a means to a greater end— con- secrated service to G D and fellow men. Remain a ben-ha-yeshiva in spirit and deed. I wish you well-being and well- doing. Sincerely, SAMUEL BELKIN President Mr. Joseph Ellenberg, Secretary to the President and Associate Bursar. 22 m Wk. y . J H w m 1 H ix H H f Simeon L. Guterman, Dean of the College. It is often said that Yeshiva has a posi- tive Jewish message to convey. This is true, but it is also necessary to uncJerstand the social significance o f Yeshiva ' s dedica- tion to a religious goal. This theme is as old as Sinai but I ' have not seen it defined as successfully os was done -by John Sel- den, a Seventeenth Century English man of affairs, with which I conclude this mess- oge. What core I to see a man run after a sermon, if he cozens and cheats os soon as he comes home? On the other side, morality must not be v ithout religion, for if so, it may change as I see convenience. Religion must govern it. It is a source of satisfaction to us ot Yeshiva that the point of view represented by these remarks has proven more than o mere slogan to our students and alumni. I wish the members of the graduating class bon voyage on their careers ond much satisfaction in their personal lives. SIMEON L. GUTERMAN Dean ■ abbi Dr. Moses D. Tendler, , Assistant Dean. Professor Morris Silverman, Regis trar and Assistant Professor of His tory. Rabbi David Mirsky, Assistant Reg- istrar and Assistant Professor of Hebrev . Mrs. Epstein Just drop in to say hello . . . College OfFice What ' s your problem? Guidance Office Mr ' ,. Shapiro Mrs. Kamiaf AND WHO DOES THE Reuben Heisler Everything but writing it. Production Room Eli Oiring PAPER WORK? Just how much can you take . . .? Bursar ' s Office Mrs. Philips The voice of Yeshiva . . . Switchboard Miss Guttfreund 25 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOCIETY: Front Row: Jerrold Neugeboren; Jeremiah Wohlberg: Abraham Shapiro, president; Simon Gluck. Back Row: Joseph Chervin; C. Daniel Chill; Michael Kramer; Meyer Edelstein; Meyer Kafzper. ocia Science n YOUNG DEMOCRATS The AfFiliated Young Democrats is a recent addition to Yeshivo ' s family of clubs. It is dedicated to the education and ad- justment of college students to present- day needs in the political world. The club ' s charter states that Student Council does not necessarily agree with the club ' s aims or purposes. The group is also chartered by the New York State Affiliated Young Demo- crats, which boasts over 800,000 mem- bers. Highlight of this year ' s events was a call by State President Harold Moskovit and the Honorable Hulan Jack, Borough President of Manhattan, on behalf of great- er youth participation in the Democratic Party. i Dr. Alexander Brody, Prof, of History and Economics 26 Dr. Aaron Margalith, Prof, of Polifical Science AFFILIATED YOUNG DEMOCRATS: Front Row: Albert Hornbiass; Nathan Meiselman, secretary-treasurer; Mandell Ganchrow, president; Sidney Kwestel, vice-president. Back Row: Michael Kramer; Abraham Shapiro; Meyer Edelstein; Benjamin Turner. I.R.S. The International Relations Society, known in the past for its excellent rela- tions, emphasized its international aspect this year. A guided tour of the United Nations buildings included stops at nunner- ous committee and council meetings. Under the guidance of Professor Aaron Margalith the Society sponsored a Woodrow Wilson Centennial project. A display on college bulletin boards, an ex- hibition and an essay contest helped create schoolwide interest for the centennial and for I.R.S. y Dr. Robert Lekachmon, Wf Steven Joffcc, ViiHing Asst. Prof, of Economics Vitiling Auitlont Librarian Mr. Solomon Zeides, Assf. Librarian Dr. Emanuel Rackman, Asst. Prof, of Political Science Mr. Victor Geller, Lecturer m Sociology PRE-LAW SOCIETY Founded by Herbert Chorney ' 57, end Joseph Chervin ' 58, the Pre-Law Society has familiarized its members with the in- tricacies of low school and the legal pro- fession. Highlighting the year ' s program for the group was a meeting at which Pro- fessor A. Leo Levin, a Yeshiva graduate now professor at the University of Penn- sylvania Law School, spoke to the group about the problems which students en- counter in low school. His address was followed by personal consultations with those students about to enter the various law schools. Others who addressed the Society this year include United States Attorney Paul W. Williams and Surrogate Court Jus- tice Joseph Cox. As a service to its mem- bers the Society has accumulated a great number of low school catalogues and cor- responding application material. PRE-LAW SOCIETY: Front Row.- Abrohom Shopiro, secretory-treasurer; Jeremiah Wofilberg, vice-president; Joseph Chervin, president; Herbert Cfiarney; Simon Gluck. Back Row: Jerrold Neugeboren; David Morris; Michael Kramer; Aaron Friedman; Nathan Lev in; C. Daniel Chill; Benjamin Turner; Louis Wohl. n Social SOCIOLOGY CLUB: Front Row. Micha Oppenheim; C. Daniel Chill, president; Samuel Press, vice-president; Simon Gluck. Back Row: Philip Banner; Solomon Feder; Yakov Rabinowiiz; David J. Hammer. Dr. Alexander Litman, Prof, of Philosophy SOCIOLOGY CLUB The proportion of students majoring in Sociol- ogy is on the increase at Yeshivo, and, recognizing this ever-widening circle of interest, the Sociology Club has been able to enlist the efforts of many prominent individuals to lecture on important topics in the field. For the first address of the year Professor Mor- ton Teicher, the nev ly appointed head of Yeshiva ' s School of Social Work, spoke on the opportunities available in social work. Other speakers before the group included Dr. Zorach Wahrhaftig, deputy minister of religion of the State of Israel, who lec- tured on the Israeli constitution, and, during the Sinai campaign, the club heard an address on the Middle-East situation delivered by Rabbi Joseph Lookstein. 28 Mr. Nathan Goldberg, Assoc. Prof, of Sociology Science PSYCHOLOGY CLUB: Front Row.- Arnold Asher; Julius Mandel, vice-presidenf; Dr. Helmut E. Adler, faculty advisor; Edward Berger, president; David J. Hammer. Back Row: Samuel Press; Rafael Saffra; Bernard Rothman; Joshua Gortler; Louis Taubenblatf; Matisyohu Weisenberg; Raphael Goodman; Herbert Eriich; Milton Tombor. Mr. Israel Young, Asst. Prof, of Guidance PSYCHOLOGY CLUB An important contribution to the University was realized this year by the Psychology Club with the completion ' of the difficult task of indexing and cross- filing all the books of psychological interest in the Pollak Library. Career and Preparation for Clinical Psychol- ogy was the title of a lecture by Dr. Ovryn of the Psychology Clinic of Yeshiva University. The Psy- chology Club was also addressed by Dr. H. Gold, rabbi and psychiatrist, who spoke on Jewish Val- ues and Cultural Psychiatry. 29 Dr. Helmut Adler, Asst. Prof, of Psychology HOBBY CLUB: Front Row: Julius Mandel; Meyer Bdehtein; Alan Greenspan; Benjamin Turner. Back Row: Harry Turner; Jacob Dyckman; Rafael Saffra; Louis Wohl. Social Science HOBBY CLUB Hobby Club members have this year, as in the past, been goodwill ambassadors for Yeshiva. Many synagogues and com- munity centers throughout the East have served as sites for magic shows and folk- song routines put on by the club ' s mem- bers. These shows, their organization and presentation, were the backbone of this year s program. Entertain, but be entertained as well! For the Hobby club this meant learning about their various interests. Mr. Samuel Schwartz, a professional magician, dis- cussed and demonstrated many valuable techniques which the club ' s members were able to put to good use. Tprkel, Lecturer Dr. SicJney Pleski - Prof, of EcJucafion f Dr. Jekuthiel Ginsburg, Prof, of Mathematics MATH CLUB Dr. Henry Lisman, Assoc. Prof, of Matbemolia Numerous student and guest lecturers have filled the program of the Math Club this past year. Highlight of the year ' s ac- tivities was a lecture by Professor Jekuthiel Ginsberg on Creative Development in various fields of mathematics. The club sponsored a student-alumni meeting where Yeshiva graduates gave valuable information to the undergrads. Jonah Mann ' 54 and Harry Furstenberg ' 55 also spoke before the Math Club. Natural Science Mr, Daniel Block, Aiil. Prof, of Mathemolict Mr. Jonah Mann, Insfrucior in MathemaUcs MATH CLUB: Front Row: Meyer Edelstein; Sidney Lieberman, vice-president; Marshall Luban, president; Chor es Poff, secretary-freosurer; Jacob M. Lebowitz. Back Row: Joseph Silverstein; Jack Prince; Joshua Shuchatowitz; Aaron Lebowifz; Arnold Singer; George Somef; Meyer Kofzper; Joseph Lewittes; Shalom Hirschman; Eli fiosenthal. 31 Dr. Shelley Saphire, Prof, of Biology atural Science Dr. Meyer Atlas, Prof, of Biology BIOLOGY CLUB: Front Row: Abraham Finkel; Yehudi Felman; Samuel Kaye; Allan J. Scher; Walter Newman. Back Row. Ronald Rothman; Raphael Levine; Jerome Geyer; Dov;d J. Hammer; William Klein; Jay Rothschild. BIOLOGY CLUB Consistent with its aim of creating re- search incentive and stimulating intellec- tual curiosity in biology among its mem- bers, the Biology Club sponsored two films dealing with various aspects of the two major causes of death in the United States, diseases of the cardiovascular system and cancer. The films were followed by stu- dent lectures. Dr. William E+kin of Yeshiva ' s Albert Einstein College of Medicine spoke to the group on the relationships of the pituitary gland and the brain. Lectures by students rounded out the year ' s program. Dr. Bruno Z. Kisch, Prof, of Philosophy and History of Science Dr. Samuel Soloveichik, Instructor in Chemistry Mrj. Ida Dobkin, Tutor in Chemitfr BRm K ' ' 1 i m ' 1 Dr. Eli M. Levine, Prof, of Chemistry PRE-MED SOCIETY This year, the Pre-Med Society continued its fine tradition of aid to the aspiring medical students at Yeshiva. Dr. Jocob Taub of the Flower-Fifth Avenue Medical School delivered an interesting lecture on Medicine and the Bible. The Society, under the leadership of its president, Raphael Levine ' 57, began a project de- signed to allow the undergraduate stu- dents at the College to work with students of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. This effort is now in the process of being realized. Dr. Adolf Anderson, Visiting Asst. Prof, of Chemistry PRE-MED SOCIETY: Fronf Row.- Abraham Finkel; Joseph Singer, vice-president; Raphael Levine, president; Ronald Rothman, secretary-treasurer; Yehudi Felman. Middle Row-. Joshua Miller; Joseph Kaplan; Walter Newman; Jay Kloner; Jay Rothschild; Samuel Rosenthal; Leonard Shapiro. Back Row: Albert Hornblass; Samuel Kaye; Morion Freiman; David J. l-lammer; Allan J. Scher; William Klein; Lester Pollack. r: C Natural Dr. Moses L. Isaacs, Professor of Chemistry CHEMISTRY CLUB Since its creation a year ago, the Chemistry Club has made great strides. This year lectures and demon- strations were presented by both guests and students. The Place of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table was the topic of a lecture by Dr. Samuel Soloveichik. A series of student lectures emphasized the various branches of practical chemistry. This series was introduced by club president Shalom Hirschman ' 57, who lectured on the electronic structure of dyes. 34 CHEMISTRY CLUB: Fronf Rov -. Abraham Finkel; Ralph Nussbaum, vice-president; Shalom Hirschman, president; Jerome Geyer, secretary-treasurer; Moses Furman. Back Row: Irving Listov sky; Eli Rosenthal; Norman Zabrowsky; Mordecai Koenigsberg; Ismar Berlinger; Naftali Friedman; Herbert Friedman; Jay Rothschild; Reuben Rudman. Science ■ w i5.M-- Dr. Siegfried Meyers, Lecturer in Physics Mr. Perez Posen, Insirucfor in Physics Mr. Abraham Kasser, Chemistry Stockroom 35 Dr. Bernard Abramson Tufor in Chemistry Dr. Ell Sar, Instructor in Hygi ne 1 H m 1 I mmr - • — ■■i ■ Dr. Herbert Robinson, Visiting Prof, of English Rabbi Maurice Wohlgelernter, Insfrucior in English Mr. Seymour Lainoff, Instructor in English languages and DRAMATICS CLUB To give an insight into classical and modern drama has been the aim of the Dramatics Club throughout the years of its existence, but this year more has been done in this direction than ever be- fore. Discussions and lectures on the technical phases of drama and actual acting have achieved this purpose. Dr. David Fleischer, faculty advisor, spoke on Julius Caesar and Mr. Seymour Lainoff addressed the club on Trends in Modern Drama. The group has also furnished a guide and critique on current Broadway plays. DRAMATICS CLUB: Fronf Row: George Siegel, vice-president; Louis Wohl, president; Aaron Friedman, secretary-treasurer; Jack Prince. Bock Row; Herbert Charney; Joseph Chervin; Abraham Shapiro; Benjamin Turner; Harry Turner. 1 Dr. Irving Linn, Prol. of English Dr. David B. Fleiiher, Prof, of Engliih CHORAL SOCIETY The Choral Society, under the guidance of Dr. Karl Adier, has completed another successful year. Students were given the opportunity to learn basic elements of group singing and choral leadership. Highlights of this year ' s activities were a choral recital in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and a program of song at the dedication ceremonies for the new University resi- dence hall. CHORAL SOCIETY: Front Row: Joseph Silverstein; Joshua Miller, president; Jacob Lebowitz. Back Row: Michael Kramer; Aaron Lebowitz. Dr. Karl Adier, Prof. K-Jy Mr. Abraham Tauber, Asst. Prof, of Speech Mr. Eorl Ryan, Asst. Prof, of Speech iterature ETA SIGMA PHI Eta Sigma Phi is o national honorary classical fraternity whose objective is the promotion of interest in the classical languages, history, and culture. Gamma Delta, the Yeshiva College chapter, attempts to achieve this by inviting guest lecturers and encouraging student speakers. In addition to these activities the chapter sponsored a- Latin translation contest in two Yeshiva high schools with the hope of moti- vating the students to further their study of Latin in college. Aside from strictly classical themes, the programs concerned them- selves with Hellenistic influences upon Jewish life. These departures have lent a distinctive character to the Yeshiva chapter. r I ' i Dr. Stanley Weintraub, Instructor in Speech ETA SIGMA PHI: Front Row.- Fred Lasser; Morton Axelrod, president; Meyer Katzper. Back Row: Saul Berman; C. Daniel Chill; Ear! Hollander. ERANOS Furthering interest in the classics and shedding light on the influences of Judaic-Greek and Judaic-Roman culture is the aim of Eranos. Among the club ' s activities was an address by Dr. Louis Friedman on the topic Jewish Proselytism as Seen by Ro- man Writers. Two students pre- pared a discussion on the Jewish com- munity of Alexandria. Dr. Maurice Chernowitz, with the aid of slides, lectured on Roman Art. ERANOS: Front Row: Saul Berman; Fred Lasses; Earl Hollander. Back Row: Morion Axelrod; C. Daniel Chill; Meyer Katzper. r Mr. Irving Brannon, Insfrucfor in Speech Mr. Arthur Imerti, Instructor in Speech if Dr. Walter Nallin, Asst. Prof, of Music MUSIC APPRECIATION CLUB: Front Row-. Harry Turner, secretary-treasurer; Michael Frank, president. Back Row; Irving Bourn; Abraham Ho zmon; Yehudi Feirr.an. MUSIC APPRECIATION CLUB The Music Appreciation Club, a new member of the society of clubs at Yeshiva has helped foster an old interest among students— appreciation of good music, of course. Club hours were spent listening to selected classical and popular record- ings. A school-wide music quiz and an address by Dr. Henry Wasser, music con- sultant at Sam Goody ' s headlined the ac- tivities of the club. LE CERCLE FRANCAIS French culture is second nature to the members of Le Cercle Francois. With the inspiration of the club ' s sponsor, Dr. Sidney Broun, they published the only club newspaper at the Yeshiva College— Roconter. French music played an important role at this year ' s meet- ings. Dr. Karl Adier, head of Yeshiva ' s music department, taught the club many French songs, and the compositions of various French composers were enjoyed by members of Le Cercle. The popular French recording of The Three Muske- teers was featured at one of the meetings. anguages and LE CERCLE FRANCAIS: Boffom Row— Arno d Asfier, Joy Brovermon, Cfior es Pa , Erwin Preiss. Top Row-. Michael Edelstein, David Morris, Herman Sfiilman, William Klein, Leonard Shapiro. Dr. Sidney Braun, Prof, of French 4 J P ' M ■k Dr. Ralph Rosenberg, Prof, of German Dr. Louis Sas, Assoc. Prof, of Spanisfi Dr. Nathan Susikind, An). Prof, of Yiddnh Bottom Row: Arnold Ashier, Michael Edelstein, Herman Stillman, Larry Friedlonder. Top Row: Zachariab Wind, Louis Wohl, David Morris, Chor es Pah, Edward Jo o i, Jay Beaverman, Herberf Eriicb, Erwin Preiss, Thomas Mann. PI DELTA PHI The Alpha Omega Chapter of Pi Delta Phi, French honor society, was organized this past year with the aim of familiar- izing students with French culture and literature. M. Leroy Breunig, chairman of the French department at Barnard, spoke on the poem La Synagogue ' by Apollinoire. Mme. Germaine Brie, chairman of the New York University French department, delivered on address on Albert Comus, and M. Paul Langellier, French department chairman at Adel- phi, lectured on the novel Symphonie Pastorale by Andre Gide. Pi Delta Phi members attended the play Le Misanthrope by Moliere, and watched a movie entitled ' Paris in 1900 at its closing session. 41 Dr. Herman Wouk, Visifing Prof, of English iterature Dr. Louis H. Feldman, Assf. Prof, of Classics Dr. Maurice Chernowitz, Assoc. Prof, of French . ' JUk,. i3 I t Iri i BoUom Row: Gerald Blidstein, Shiomo Feder, Ezekiel Wind. Top Row: Horry Turner. Clement Higgity, Julius Mandel, Tzvi Genauer, Michael Edehtein, Robert Klein. CHUG IVRI Chug Ivri, under the leadership of Israel Perl- mutter ' 58, has completed an interesting and educational year. Jerusalem, Vistas of Israel, and Gadna are the titles of Israeli films viewed by the group. Members contribut- ed articles to the Nir, Hebrew literary journal of Noar Ivri, and heard Professor David Mirsky speak of the Hebraic influence on world litera- ture. Mr. Chaim Kalchaim spoke to Chug Ivri on the topic Israel and Her Asian Neighbors. Dr. Irving A. Agus, Prof, of Jewish Hisfory ewish Studies 43 Dr. Leo Jung, Prof, of Eihics Dr. Joseph Lookstein, Prof, of Sociology Dr. Sidney B. Hoenig, Prof, of Jewish History ewish Studies 44 Dr. Hyman B. Grinsfein, Prof, of Jewish History Dr. Solomon Wind, Inifrucfor in Jewith Hittory Dr. Milton Arfa, Assf. Prof, of Hebrew Dr. Gershon Churgin, Prof, of Hebrew Rabbi Asher Slav, nsfructor in Bible and Hebrew 45 Rabbi Harry Wohlberg, Assf. Prof, of Bible ewish Studies Dr. Moshe Reguer, Instructor in Bible Rabbi Michael Kafz, Insfrucfor in Bible 46 Jn m mormm Dr. Kenneth F. Damon It is with a sense of deep regret and loss that the Class of ' 57 notes the passing of one of Yeshlva ' s most devoted and loyal faculty members, Dr. Kenneth F. Damon. Professor Damon joined our faculty in 1931 and served, until his death, in the vital role of As- sociate Professor of Speech. Teaching was to Dr. Damon an avocation rather than a vocation. This fact explains the zest with which Dr. Damon conducted his semi- nars. None who had him as a teacher shall ever forget his vivid and vigorous classroom manner. All who studied under him are so much the better for it. Masmii Student Council CommentfTor S.R.O. Co-op Debating Society Senior - Frosh Smoker Dean ' s Reception Senior Varsity Shi On these pages you see the Editorial StafF of the 1957 Masmid. Some of them have worked long and hard to help complete this edition, and I would like to express my thanks to them for their cooperation and help. Allan J. Scher MASMID STAFF MEMBERS Larry Friedlander Judoh Landau Bernard Halon Judoh Levine Paul Laderman Herman Stillman Marvin Weitz Masmid board discusses layout problems. Paul Rogoway, Allan Scher, and Daniel Chill consider drawings submitted for Masmid. This year, Masmid has b mat and release date. The rebsQn. fipf and result of the first innovation are apparent, the reason for the second is not as obvious. Ordinarily the spring term events must be left out of yearbooks due to printing schedules designed to have them finished at graduation-. The staff of the 1957 Masmid thought that it vt ould be well worth the wait to have Masmid in- clude a pictorial record of graduation, the Senior Dinner, the Senior Varsity Show, and the other Spring events. We hope that you agree. Marshall Luban and Reuben M. Rudman, co-typing editors. Josef E. Fischer, President. Student Joel M. Schreiber, Vice-Presidenf. There are two basic philosophies concerning student government. On the one hand, there is that which sees student government as a method of teaching stu- dents self-reliance, and little else. Over the past year, the administration, as represented by the Office of As- sistant Dean, seems to have adopted this point of view. This has been mainfest in attempts to stifle and cur- tail student government. The administration ' s goal seems to be aimed at becoming, as one member of the administration put it, benevolent despots. The right way would then be pointed out to students, by persua- sion, or, if need be, other methods. Unfortunately, whereas the title despots has been deservingly a- chieved, the benevolence has not put in an appearance. Student Council, on the other hand, has assumed a different, view. That it, as interested in the y elfare of the student and the University, has the right to make its views known, and if necessary, couple them ■with vigorous action. Student Council this year, as in the 52 Council past, has proven itself one of the major forces operating for the good of the school, with the achievement of the gym renovation, fluorescent lighting, accident insurance, polio shots, improved S.A.C., and expanded Co-Op ser- vices, to name a few. Student Council also must present its own views on various issues— and differ, if need be, from the administration— not because it is tradition for Student Council to fight the administration, but be- cause Student Council and the student body, as thinking entities, feel that their point of view might be in the best interests of the students and the University, To stifle this expression, under any circumstances, is shame- ful, for it is depriving students of their rights as human beings. This attempt to curtail student government, which has been taking place, is folly for it deprives the school of an irreplaceable, useful, vigorous, and beneficial force— a force which always has, and alv oys vv ' ill strive for the well-being of the University. Josef E. Fischer Mandell Ganchrow, Secrefory-Treosorer. 53 Joseph Silverstein, associate editor. Jacob M. Lebowitz, editor-in-chief. Julius Landwirth, associate editor. ,o ' A : x « ' . r - v-  rt  € The COMMENTATOR, ofFicial undergraduate newspaper of Yeshiva College, has kept the student body informed on all important issues throughout the year, and has been in the forefront in both the molding and expressing of student opinion. This year, as in the past, COMMIE has been a source of pride to Yeshiva, earning first class honor ratings from the Associated Collegiate Press for its overall style and coverage. 4. ,_ _ _ . ,_. ' W ' S.R.O. This past year, under the guidance of Louis Wohl ' 57, and Benjamin Samson ' 57, president and vice-president respectively, the Student Resident Organization ran frequent movie nights, helped generate interest in intramurals, and conducted a Student Court where complaints could be dealt with equitably by the students them- selves. With the new residence hall opening this fall the S.R.O. has taken on the re- sponsibilty for its internal organization. Its chief aim is to increase the efficiency of its own liaison work with the college office and the dormitory residents. You name it CO-OP has it! Benjamin Samson, vice-president. Edward Click General store manager CO-OP Arnold Silverberg Book store manager 56 Charles Patt Canteen manager CO-OP Con I get it in another color? The familiar slogan Your money buys more at the Co-op store never meant os much to the hundreds who patronized the store as during the past two terms. Co-op, which is owned and operated completely by Student Council, sold oil types of merchandise, from Yeshivo blazers to ball-point pens, at the lowest possible prices. Continuing its tradition of yearly growth Co-op has acquired a new and larger ofFice for the managers ' needs. Both the book store and the record department have greatly increased their gross and net in- comes over that of previous years, while offering greater savings to the student. Among the new items sold by Co-op this past year which gained immediate popu- larity were sweaters and jackets with the Yeshiva emblem on them. Co-op has kept up with the students ' increasing awareness of and pride in Yeshiva. Just browsing through the first 300 pages! 57 Debating Society Dean Simeon L. Guterman awards Metropolitan Debate Tournament victor ' s plaque to Bill Hodges and Patrick Casey of the St. John ' s of Hillcrest team. Watching the presentation are: (left to right) Joseph Chervin, tournament manager; Dr. David Fleisher, Debating So- ciety faculty advisor and judge; Dr. Shelly R. Saphire, judge; and George Siegel, Debating Society president. s. This year the Yeshiva College Debating Society compiled a record of ten wins, six defeats, and one tie on tour against top ranking colleges from Eastern, Southern, and Central United States. The group split into four teams to tour different areas of the country to meet the opposition. A first this year for the Society was the sponsorship of the Metro- politan Debate Tournament on March third at Stern College. It is hoped that this will become an annual affair. Eleven metropolitan- area teams attended the meet at which Yeshiva acted as host. Judg- ing the debates were Drs. Guterman, Saphire and Fleisher of Yeshiva. The winner in the all-day tournament was the negative team from St. John ' s of Hi llcrest which defeated the Fordham School of Education ' s affirmative team in the final round. Joseph Chervin ' 58, was director of the event. SI y Historic photo: The entire Debating Society with their mouths shut. Senior Freshman Smoker Plenty to eat and more to drink. Josf look ot it go! Yeshiva ' s budding talent came out in full force to acquaint the freshmen with the lighter side of life at Yeshiva. The occasion was the annual Smoker given by the Senior class to the Frosh in the Cafe- teria the night of November fifteenth. Louis Wohl ' s jokes and the free beer and eats made a wonderful combination and it was difficult to decide which left the more pro- found impression on the staggering Frosh. Operatic selections by Sol Epstein, a pantomime act by Daniel Sklar, and a semi-classical solo by Josh Miller highlighted the Show. Ben Turner song for us in his country-and-western style and then the T.V. film The Y.U. Story rounded off the program. Council president Fischer got the bird (this one) in a perfectly legal door prize 59 Project Greasepaint. A view backstage. Dean ' s Reception ' :  A «aLTI The Dean ' s Reception, having done some traveling in its time, alighted this year at the Joan of Arc Auditorium, February 17, 1957. Having been expelled from the bov els of Yeshiva ' s gymnasium and having traipsed across Manhattan to Stern College last year, it found in Joan of Arc a peaceful setting away from the cries of Gorelik and the pain of hard back chairs. The faculty, breaking v ith tradition, or rather, making tradition, presented a most discouraging account of them- selves in their presentation Lost in a Desert. At best, it was in keeping with the theme of burlesquing the ad- ministration since their play was nothing short of a travesty of themselves. The crowd of 600, consisting of faculty members, Yeshiva men, their notorious friends and assorted relatives were offered hors d ' oeuvres after the affair and at this time Weber did not outdo himself, as usual. The franks were good, they were so few and far between. In any event, the crowd dispersed happily after the display of Yeshiva talent and wondered where they would have to journey for the Reception next year. A tasty spread for the after-theater crowd. Sophomore Play J general Unknown From a synthesis of the style of Shakespeare and the form of comic opera emerged the prize-winning Sopho- more class play A General Unknown, His Reduction in Two Acts. Written by Norman A. Bloom and Arthur Eidelmon, the production captured the top place at this year ' s Dean ' s Reception. The hour long skit was both a comic parody of Shake- spear ' s Julius Caesar and a sharp satire on some goings on at Yeshiva U. To completely confound the Bard, A General Unknown sported original background music by Jules Rosenberg. Deon Simeon L. Gutermon congralolotci Normon Bloom and Arthur Eidelmon, co-authors of the winning ploy. . • A Caesar (Lenny Bernstein) upon his return from abroad. greets the populoce ■ - ' -v -t-S f;-. jJi vt - The first arrivals for a night of fun. Litmus (Yehudi Felmoni plots with Decius iBill Levin ' , Leviticus fEli Beriinger), Fleicus (Joel Goldberg), and Everyman (Hyam Zuckerberg ' to overthrow Coesor. The only principal not pictured is Mighty Mo (Willie Lereri. Senior Play « SeancA 0 )t The prophet (David J. Hammer) makes his startling appearance from the audience to announce the fate of the ship. Captain Moses D. Ahab (Nahum Gordon) urges his men on in search for IT . •1 An ill-fated sailor (Erwin Katz) signs on with the ■ purser (Herbert Charney) for Ahab ' s ship. Striving mightily to repeat their 1956 triumph, the Class of ' 57 sent forth a scin- tilating, sage, and subtle satire entitled In Search of It, by H. Paul Rogoway and C. Daniel Chill. The result was entertain- ing, but not enough so to win. The play was an imitation of Melville ' s inimitable Moby Dick. Captain Moses D. Ahab strutted up and down the stage looking for IT ( a solu- tion to the Minyan problem), while the preacher and the prophet beg Moses D. to desist. Eventualy, the ship and all those on it goes to the bottom of the sea, OS the prophet echoes his previous warn- ings. The top billers in the play were: Nahum Gordon (Ahab); David J. Hammer (the prophet); C. Daniel Chill (the preacher), Joseph Silverstein (Shmiel); and Eli Rosen- thal (Queeg-Quager). 62 Junior Play Rocky (Jerry Wohlberg) and Joe (Joy Friedman) explain their latest money-making scheme fo Mr. X (Moses M. Berlin). If lavish Broadway musicals are called vehicles, then Guys and Dorms, the Class of ' 58 ' s presenta- tion has to be termed at least a souped up jalopy. Written by Moses M. Berlin in collaboration with Larry Friedlander, Abe Shapiro, and anyone else who happened to wander into the dorm room at the time, the play had, to say the least, an unusual plot. In the dormitory of Spasmodic College a group of students conduct a gambling ring which is under the leadership of a mysterious Mr. X (Moses M. Berlin), who is really a chusid, Yankel Yankelo- vitch, in disguise. Two of the bookies. Rocky (Jerry Wohlberg) and Joe (Jay Friedman), put Yankel up to run for Student Council president, and bet against him, sure that he will lose. However, Yankel wins on a reform platform and the syndicate is broke. Mr. X reveals himself to the frightened pair as Yankel and forgives them. The curtain then rings down on some very repentant people. A rally of the Yankel for President club gets under way. Yankel, with his supporting cost in bock of hin finale to the show. Tgs the 63 SHO N For the first time in its history a Senior-Varsity show was presented by the students of Yeshiva lollege. The play, Choose to Run, on original lusical comedy written and directed by Nat Le- [win ' 57 , Joshua Miller ' 57, and Joel Schreiber 51 , boasted a total of fourteen songs and dance numbers. The choreography was prepared es- pecially for the show by Esther Halfon. The cast of thirty-six consisted mostly of seniors. The music was provided by the piano-drum-soxo- phone ensemble of Neal Berger, Irwin Dryspiel, and Joseph Singer. The show was presented at the Borbizon Plaza Theatre on the nights of June 17th and 18th, under the auspices of the Yeshiva College Alumni Association. The play is a parody on the national political scene, and shows how a know-nothing senator is nominated for, and elected to the Vice-Presi- dency of the United States— with the aid of his crooked afFiliates. The show was very well re- ceived by a sophisticated audience, with special plaudits earned by David J. Hammer, who was the lead player, and Alex Steinkoler, one of the principals. The music and lyrics were of the high- est caliber. Iggy Schpratz pleads his case before the Senate committee in a song entitled I ' m busted and I ' m broke. Big Barney expoundt political theory in the Senate woihroom. Five hired stooges obout to break into song over their various attributes. !• ft Bob Prophet tells the audience how his Dear Uncle Pinhead really got himself nominated. Edward P. Cholomondeley relieres himseK of an encyclopaediacal bit of information at the expense of Senator Pinhead and the boys. 5. VARSITY SHOW As the plot unfolds we see how one, Senator Alex- ander S. Pinheod, who is just what his name implies, rises to the position of Vice-President through the maneu- verings of his advisor and liaison with the underworld, an unsavory character known only as Spike. At the play ' s conclusion Senator Pinhead has been elected to the office he has been seeking, while all his unfortunate cohorts, with the exception of the wily Spike, go to prision for the rest of their unnatural lives. Irwin Dryspiel at the drums, Joseph Singei on the saxophone, °nd Neal Berger at the piano caught during a rehersol Tenni  asKetbal Fencing Bowling Wrestling Chess Awards Di r Dr Abraham Hurwitz, Professor of Physical Education Mr. Hyman Wettstein, Assistant Professor of Physical Education. Mr. Bernard Sarachek, Director of Athletics, Basketball Coach. Mr. Marvin Hershkowitz, Assistant Director of Athletics, Mr. Eli Epstein, Assistant in Physical Education Tennis Coach. Mr. Arthur Tauber, Assistant Professor of Physical Education, Fencing Coach. 70 i rv k.V Hp, ■ • «•■ 71 THE MIGHTY MITES OF 1956-57: Back Row: Coach Bernard Sarachek, Alex Feinstein, Sandy Ader, Sy Lebowitz, Irv Listowsky, Irv Bader, Herb Schlussel, Irwin Blumenreich, Al Heifer, Stu Badian. Front Row: Herman Bursky, Morty Krieger, Ira Steinmetz, Nat Meiselman, Willy Gold- stein, Fred Paulan, Leon Charney, Jerry Mallet. By completing the 1956-57 season with twelve wins and nine losses the Mighty Mites from Washington Heights, at one time one of the least successful quintets in the city, now boasts a three year record of 41 victories in 60 games. The Mites have a string of three consecutive winning seasons, and have not suffered a losing campaign in five years. Moreover, by winning three more games than they lost this season. Coach Bernie Sarachek ' s quintet has brought Yeshiva ' s all-time won-lost percentage back over the .500 mark for the first time since 1948. Yeshiva ' s basketball history now includes 189 victories and 187 defeats. SEASON RECORD 1956-57 ] Yeshiva 69 Paee 47 Yeshiva 80 Kings Point 60 Yeshiva 75 Brooldyn Poly 77 Yeshiva 83 King ' s (N.Y.) 63 Yeshiva 73 St. Francis 102 Yeshiva 81 Cooper Union 49 Yeshiva 55 Quinnipi ac 54 Yeshiva 75 King ' s (Pa.) 105 Yeshiva 72 Scranton 77 Yeshiva 59 Fairfield 49 = Yeshiva 78 Rutgers-Newark 42 Yeshiva 59 Israeli Olympic 61 Yeshiva 56 Adelphi 71 ' Yeshiva 73 Fairleigh Dickenson 84 ' Yeshiva 71 N.Y. State Maritime 59 Yeshiva 74 Newark Engineering 94 Yeshiva 75 Bridgeport 65 ' Yeshiva 79 Queens 96 Yeshiva 80 Hunter 63 ' Yeshiva 56 Israeli Olympic 49 Yeshiva 74 Brooklyn 68 ' ' Tri-State League Game Tri-State Record-5 wins, 2 losses. The game against Brooklyn also was the finale for seniors Al Heifer, Irwin Listowsky, and Herb Schlussel. And for Red Sarachek it represented a lucky ending to his 13th year as Mite Coach. Al Heifer sinks one against Hunter, as Red Blu- menreich and Stu Badian stand by. Blumenreich jumps, shoots, and its good for two. Jump boll! And Red gets Yeshivo off to on eorly start ogoinst Pace, the season ' s opener. One of the big reasons for the Mites suc- cess in recent years has been the play of Irwin Blumenreich, 6 ' 4 forward, star of the team. In his three seasons Blumenreich established new school scoring records in every offensive department. When his col- legiate career ended this term Blumenreich owned the following marks; most points in a career, 1360; most points in a season, 513; most field goals in a season, 21 1; most points in a gome, 44; and highest per-gome over- age in a season, 24.7. He capped his career with a brilliant performance against Brooklyn, scoring 25 points and capturing 17 rebounds. Morty Krieger on the line for two Time out Yeshiva! Red Saracheck gives the boys a few quick pointers during the Hunter gome. Irv Bader brings the ball down for Yeshiva Stu Badion scores two for Yeshiva as two Hunter men stand by. iiih ' ' Fencing 76 Chill (right) slips over and in for a touch against on anonymous Pace Foilman. Toub (right) cotches his man flotfoot ' .-d -. home match with Foirleigh Dickenson. The weapon is epee. i3 Coach Arthur Tauber, Willie Lerer, manager, and Aaron Lebowitz, timer, watch a tense bout from the scorer ' s table. Fencing At Bridgeport, Taub comes in at a gallop, and the camera catches Bridgeport ' s photographer, as well as the fencers, in action. FENCING FACTS YESHIVA OPPONENT 15 St. Peters 12 19 Adelphi 8 20 Queens 7 14 Brooklyn 13 15 Rutgers-Newark 12 13 Newark Engineers 14 9 Columbia 18 19 Fairleigfi Dickenson 8 18 Bridgeport 9 22 Pace 5 14 Brooklyn Poly 13 19 Cooper Union 8 12 Drew 15 The Fencing Team sets out on successful journey to Bridgeport, Conn. From all appearances the 1956-57 fencing sea- son was going to be a rough one, as the Yeshiva squad faced a larger schedule than ever before, and with most of their opponents thirsting to re- venge last year ' s setbacks. The Taubermen, how- ever, met the challenge and finished the season with a 10-3 record. This brings the team ' s three year record to 30-5, and marks fencing as Yeshiva ' s winningest sport. All non-starters and several reserves were re- turning lettermen, and Coach Tauber substituted novices freely once a match had been clinched. The newcomers to the squad acquitted themselves well, winning a large number of their bouts from surprised opponents. Captain Paul Peyser set a new one season win record by chalking up twenty-nine victories, while Danny Chill tied the old record of twenty-eight 78 On guard! Coach Tauber prepares to deliver a grueling practice lesson to Ronnie Rothman, foilman. Resurrected after a sudden demise in 1947, bowling was very popular this year and shows promise of continued success and expansion next year. Bowling classes were held weekly, with instruction given in position, form, and theory. Bowling intramurals brought some top- rate talent down to the alleys, with the Sophomore class winning in both the Fall and Spring semesters. Serious attempts at forming an intercollegiate team for next year are being made. This year ' s bowling program was headed by Michael Kramer and Jay Roths- child. Bowling Schuchatowitz, Newman, and Rothschild get vet to bowl three strikes (they think). No wonder the photo- grapher was nervous! BOWLING ENTHUSIASTS: Front Row: Harvey Sha- piro; Jay Rothschild; Walter Newman. Back Row: Joshua Schuchatowitz; Joel Kaplan. 79 Tennis The Yeshiva tennis squad turned in a disappoint- ing performance this year, the final result being a 1-6 record. Pressed for practice time and space, the racqueteers tried gamely, but, after defeating Webb in the season opener, could not do it again. Since only three of the eleven lettermen are graduating this year, the squad can look forward to a stronger 1957-58 season. noks op something o Rogoway cooks up serve. Levine backhands a long low one. 80 Ball, net, and Hoffman. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS Riv, ' 3 Coorh, the y .. ' ' -- ' s ho.. ' grounds TENNIS RECORD Yeshiva 5 Webb Yeshiva 2-1 2 Pratt Yeshiva 3 N.Y.S. Maritime Yeshiva 3-1 2 LI.U. Yeshiva 1 lona Yeshiva B ' klyn Poly Yeshiva 2 Hunter 1 Singles Doubles Hoffman 1-6 2-4 [ Schroder 2-4 2-1 Rogoway 0-7 2-3 Levin 2-4 2-2 Schreiber 2-2 0-2 Quint 0-6 1-1 Sodwin 1-4 1-3 Eidelmon 0-1 2-1 Singer 0-0 1-0 Polonsky 0-0 2-2 So met 0-0 1-1 Totals 8-34 16-20 4 6-1 2 6 5-1 2 8 - 9 7 O-f Until they were obscured by apart- ment houses the domes of the Col- lege in Washington Heights were a l . well known landmark on the New York Central ' s Harlem Division. ' ' An Institution luh cfi, Science Hall, the Pollack Library, and Graduate Hall seen from across Amsterdam Avenue. The Golden Domes of legend now ore painted green, but the detailed work beneath them still shines in the sunlight in shades of red, green, ond gold. by its uery mdividuality . , . ►f — ■ « « . r r The new dormitory on Amsterdam Avenue and 185th Street seems to lean when seen through a wide angle lens. Chess Another sport staging a revival at Yeshiva this year is chess, at one time a flourishing activity at the College in Washington Heights. With the ad- vent of World War II all extra-curricular activities were stopped at Yeshiva, and chess was never again revived. This year, led by team captain Charlie Patt ' 58, Louis Taubenblatt ' 58, president of the Chess Club, Mordecai Koenigsberg ' 58, vice-presi- dent, and Jackie Finkelstein ' 59, secretary-treasurer, the Chess Team re-entered intercollegiate competi- tion. With a budget expected to be approved by Student Council and with greater student interest, the team looks forward to a more successful 1957- 58 season. Team members not mentioned above include: Robert Toub ' 51; Nate Bryks ' 57; Joel Kaplan ' 58; and Sheldon Friedman ' 59. Yeshiva Yeshiva Yeshiva Yeshiva CHESS SCORES 3 St. Peters of Jersey City 2 St. Peters of Jersey City 1 Columbia 1 Columbia S s ' OOO Bernie Sarachek (left) congratulates Dr. Her- man Aronoff, recipient of the Y.U.A.A. Booster Award for 1957. Tfie winners of the Commentator Sports Aware pose with Dr. H. Grinstein. They are (left tc right): Herb Hoffman, tennis; Paul Peyser fencing; Dr. Grinstein; Red Blumenreich, Basket ball; and Herb Charney, wrestling. 84 Athletic Dinner JTERN COLLEGE r ' ' OR WOMEN SHIVA aRSITY Rabbi Abraham Kupchick delivers the bene- diction at the onset of the evening ' s program. The seventh annual Awards Dinner of the Yeshiva University Athletic Association was held at Stern College on Thursday, May 23, in the midst of a sweltering pre- Summer heat wave. The attendance was excellent, the speeches were long, and the list of awards and speakers was exhausting, and finally it, too, was exhausted. Those honored at the dinner for their support of the Yeshivo ' s athletic program were Professor Morris Silverman, Dr. Herman Aronoff, and Lou Eisenstein. The food was both good and plentiful and even the athle tes had more than enough to eat. The atmosphere was convivial and sentimental as the senior members of the various teams said good-bye to their mentors. Alan Greenspan (left) presents the Normon Palefski Memorial Award to Zaimon Schroder. The award, given to the varsity ofhiete with the highest scholastic average end interest in student government, was divided this year by Mr. Schroder and C. Daniel Chill. presented toshe.t :r° ° ° ' ° «- « Hurwitz. ° ' ° ' ( g ) by Dr. A. Hy W ' eru ' - -ityHighscioo, ::: :!;; ' ::- ' -- ' - ' Jewish High School el;J Z ' T Aword from Dr. Grinstem ' ° ' P ' ° ' P Senior Dinner Nathan Lewin delivers the Valedictory Address. Josef E. Fischer is congratulated by Dr. Guterman upon receiving the Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences Prize, given to the highest ranking graduate. Dr. Guterman presents C. Daniel Chili with the Rachel Wind Award for excellence in Sociology, as Herbert Charney looks on. On the night of Wednesday, June 19, the Class of 1957, together with Administration and faculty merinbers, gathered at Temple Zion, the Bronx, for the annuo! Senior Awards Dinner. The dinner was an informal affair, with a spirit of friendliness and conviviality that lasted throughout the evening. Highlights of the evening were the presenta- tions of the scholastic awards by Dr. Gutermon and of the activities awards by David J. Hammer, vice- president of the Class of ' 57. The Senior Award was presented to Professor Arthur Touber, fencing coach of Yeshiva, as the teacher who did most for student welfare. Nathan Lewin delivered the Vale- dictory Address at the dinner. The affair was opened with a note of welcome by Herbert Charney, class president, and the read- ing by George Siegel of the Hypothetical (and slightly hysterical) will of the Class of ' 57, which was full of well meant and well pointed suggestions to the Administration. Rabbi Tendler did not speak, and the event ended on a cheerful note. Herb Chorney, Dave Hammer, George Siegel, Allan Scher, and friends enjoy a poute in the nighKt occupation. Professor Arthur Touber accepts the Senior Award for 1957. The faculty was well fed, too: Professors Arthur Touber and David Mirsky, and other members of the faculty with their wives. 88 Senior Class Officers Herbert Charney, president. David J. Hammer, vitfe-president. Reuben M. Rudman, representotive-at-large. 90 The Senior Class Council for 1957: Front Row: David J. Hammer; Her- bert Charney; Reuben M. Rudman. Middle Row: Louis Wohl; Sheldon Chwat; Marshall Luban. Back Row: Joshua Miller. Morton Axelrod. Absent: Walter Newman; Class History FRESHMAN HISTORY Ingillur uflli iIk- Dv.w ul ' iuniilxrr,! .,nr luiiuln.ll iliiily new Mudcms in Sc|)l(.-mlicr, l ' ;SV wiili rigiscranis from smh fiii-away i.xi)li( phucs ,.s nnioklvn aiul A.ldis Ahaliii. Wc- li.ul iliounl.i llial (he fanfare was f ir- ns, hnt we disiovereil ilial it was realh for oiir illiisirimis dassinacc, ' csliiva lilcially shook as we eniered );roiinil was broken for the new niedual s h(M.I .iml neiKhhoring K ' ' K ' . overwrouijhl h oii] en try (or possibly by the entry of the new Dean), conimilted no less than five assaults upon Ycshiva students within one month after ihev first saw lis. Our (irsi reactions «ere iu)t i|iiiii- so violent. We lasted the cafeteria food and joined the loiij; list of what Student Council euphemistically called dysentery cases. We became acclimated to luu- surroundings and our instructors (though we suspect they never be- came acclimated lo us). (!ollene was a new ex- perience for us, and we (irst decided to drink deeply of the rushi[i(; stream of knowlecifje. However, the more c]iiick-w ilted amonn us soon discovered that it was really much more com- fortable and less strenuous to lie lazily by the side of the bubbling brook and let education How past. So, in a short while, wc learned the ,iri of sleeping throuuh college, and we ciiiuimicd culilxating ibis talent mull we reached iIh ' eniib in luu senior year, Cxrtain of our boys started becoming Big Men On Caiupus as soon as the entered the school. Siegel joined the Conniniiliiloi staff and got our first by-line with his article on Freshman registration. Acller, Kolker, and Schcr took on cub reporter jobs. Rogoway, with an eye on the Sports editor ' s desk, joined the Sports staff, and Rudman put bis nimble fingers to work bunting and pecking on Com- mie ' s broken-down typewriter. Lewin and Siherberg stepped out as our first political figures — with a united Uptown T.A. bloc be- hind thetn they bec inie our first Class President and Vice-President. We were invited to attend the Senior-Freshman Smoker, purportedh an annual afTair held for Seniors and Freshman alone, but by the time we arrived all the beer and cigarettes bad been consumed by Sopho- mores and Juniors. So we sat back and tried to make out the entertainment through the haze. We decided that this would be the last afTair at which we would accept so passive a role. We were informed, for the first time, c f the existence of a Dean ' s Reception to honor our elder class-mate. We were further told that this affair could not be held just anywhere — it required some special location to give it its unique llavor. It was most preferable, the faculty advised us, to stash it away somewhere in the cellar. It was only when Student Council raised some sort of fuss (we later discovered that raising a fuss was the activity at which Council was most expert) that the faculty agreed to bring it above-ground. It was eventually held at the cafeteria (then known as Stern ' s not to be confused with a later institution bearing the same name). We soon discovered that Minyan was a prob- lem at Yeshiva. We did ciur best to solve the problem and stayed up to the wee hours of the night working out solutions. This tired us so that we slept right through the problem. We were told that Rabbi Bulnian would check on our Minyan attendance; that the registrars would cluck on our Minvaii aitendance; that the bur- s,ir cMiuJd III k ' Ml iiur Minyan atteiidanic: ancl liiialU dial ihi di.ili liiiard would c lui k on our Minyan aiieiidanc e. We yawned and iiirnrd on our other side. Yeshiva was leaching us new things every day. Wc learned that ' esliiva bad a Hoard of Trmlcc when its Chairman, Mr. Samuel Levy, passed away. I sine.! di I idcd to console Adiai Slevcnwin Willi .III liDiiorary LI. D. Sicvcn-ton accepted and, sualing l.itman ' s thunder, advised all lis- teners ihai ■eshiv.l iiieani a hyphenation of ilu-ologv and science. Our lii s started moving into ihc sports pic lure Sihlussel, Hochdorf, Listowsky, and (barney made it to the basketball varsity (Char- ney I ' layed in four games, scored two points, broke his leg in a practice session, left the varsity, and became a star on our glorious intra- mural team): a large crew of fencers turned out to be instructed by Artie Tauber in the fine art of fencing; Hoffman, Aronson, Rogoway, and Schrader began taking lessons in tennis (Rogoway and Schrader, excelling in the table ariei , made it to the intramural ping-pong semi-finals): Freedman, Aronson, and ' udofsky (all of whom were not heard from again) walked off with the honors in the squash and golf imr.i-niurals. An inniucni lillle iioiice in ( omnniilnlor in- formed us that Middle States was sending its Board of Accreditation around sometime in l ' JS7. Wc unknowingh dismissed this as un- important. Some of us went to the Dean ' s Reception, over the anguished cries of our Riiihe ' i-Ycsljiiui. and we were taken aback by the innocuciusness of the event. As we ended our first term at Seshiva and waited anxiously for our report cards (which didn ' t arrive until mid-March), we looked around and decided that if we took it in the right spirit, college might yet be fun. So we decided to coast from here on in. Soon after the second term began, we heard from Norman Thomas, who advised us to lay down our guns. Mr. Thomas convinced us not to fight with Russia, so we trained our sights at the administration instead. We waited anxi- ously for opportunity ' s knock. We saw our first Purim Coniniciiliilor and understood none of it. The pink sheet left us cold, but we saw Seniors doubling c er with laughter at the cartoons and articles. Vie looked forward to our Senior issue, which, we felt sure, would be darned funny. Suddenly a bomb fell. We were informed that a College for Women would be opened by Yeshiva the following September. Our en- thusiasm waned somewhat when we were told of its location — some ISO blocks, sciuth of us. .At the same time Yeshiva, realizing that co- education meant propagation, decided that it was time to look out for future Jewish com- munities — ergo, the Communitv ' Service Divi- sion. We were being kept busy preparing for our first affair. The Freshman Council finally re- vealed it on a Wednesday night in April — the Freshman Frolic. Franks, beer, and Phil Fuchs, as M.C. of the affair, highlighted the evening, which also featured Charney and Teitell (since gone) doing a stag Lindy, and presented a poetic play stolen from Norman Ccirwin. The class ' r(.-aiii in was somcwhai less ihin rnthusiaslit, but ilic (lass ptiliiicians, undaunted, Itcfcan |ilin- ninx aniiihcr such affair fur the f lli skinfe year. Student Oiuniil ssas s| rndinf{ its lime doubled over with intestinal pains, and ii passed moliiwis rebuking Sirrn ' s and Moisli and Harry ' s for their mniribuiiiins lo the tttn inn lit) ' f dys- entery ia«c . The Messrs, Stem, Moish, and Marry, sccminKly unaffetied b) larKe dosrs i f their own fiHid, were equally unaffected b) Stu- dent (.iiuniil ' s rebukes. The students, funs- ever, were not quite as lutky. Alihiiufch our diet ssat ivii the best, ssc had healthy hliMid, Yeshisa ssiin a timtesl held In find the m hiMil with the Ihtsi iK-rccntafcc of Red ( ross bIcMid donors, and ue staKK red around the schiKil, liMiking rather pale, for ihc next few weeks. The Dean ihcerird us up b - in- forming one and all that bliMtd ssas thicker than water and that we would not be required to take exams on the day on sthith ste |C c bllH.d. Flections were u|Min us, and we participated in schiHil-widc soling for the first time. VC ' c re-elected Lewin Class President, and sse picked Fischer for the Vicc-Prcsidc-nc). Rofcossas. still eNcing the Sports job, became C ops Editor of (.ommiHlalor, and Sicgcl, Schcr, Landssirth. and Fischer moved lo the AsscKiaic Board. X ' c all came down at night to hear James Wcchsler, Editor of the Pot l. and Chesly Manly of the Chicago Trihiine. speak on McOrthsism and the seeds of our Senior Varsity Show befun to sproui. The year drew quietly to its close. and we discovered that wc had finished one ear at ' eshisa and were, surprisingly, none the worse for it SOPHOMORE HISTORY Together with the Dean we mosed on lo our sophomore year. To make jure thai neither of us would feel lonely, Yeshiva look its first bold step towards integration. Just about one hundred and fifts- blcKks south of the once-golden domes. Stem Cx llege opened its dcMirs to thirty-two Chagiga-hungry females. and the Dean, in his annual Commentator Message, looked forward lo an Intensified social life. The Class of ' S , oblivious to the come-hither looks and storm warnings from downtown, began planning the Soph Shindig (a stag affair) and selecting its first theater party. Dan Vogel went to Stem as an adsance scoui and was so captivated that he decided to stay all day. After taking an intensive surses course in sophomore English from the Class of ' 5 , Mr. Vogel was able to mumble incoherently enough to win his F h. D. from Columbia- We tcx k proud notice of the fact that twenty-six of our prodigies had made the l ean ' s List in their freshman year. The Seniors, to make sure that such preposterous feats wouldn ' t happen again. Set up a Senior-Freshman .Advisory sys- tem to confuse and discourage airy budding geniuses. Mr. Weber replaced the two Messrs. Stem (it was a fair trade, pound-wise) and revolutionized the cafeteria by serving [ tes with his cakes. However, this innovation was scx n eliminated, since it was felt that Yeshiva boys were being excessively pampered and that it would be more advisable for them to learn of the rigors of life while yet at college. We also welcomed Doctors Ausebell (pardon us. 91 Ausbubel — er — maybe ih.it shiiuld be Ausubel) and Lyrett (or is it Syrett?) our new Visiting Professors of History. Dr. Ausubel informed us, ia a Commcittiilor article, that ' eshiva students were friendly and nice. But the sweet atmos- phere overwhelmed him, and both Visiting Professors cut their visits short. In the mean- time our boys had risen to great heights. Rogoway, as Commie ' s Copy Editor, was mum- bling apologies for the .Ausbubel-Lyrett bobbies, and he soon apologized himself into line for the top job. Siegel, Fischer, and Scher made it to the Associate Board, with Lebowitz and Landwirth following right behind. Lewin seriously attacked the food problem (as Food Committee chairman), but it gained him only a steady case of indigestion. Fischer, as Building chairman, scurried from room to room testing light bulbs and finally managed to plug the holes in room • ■ - . Schlussel made it almost to the starting live, while Listowsky and Hoch- dorf continued their great playing as subs. Chill, Fischer, Siegel, and Taub competed in the AFL. matches, and Chill made it to the final round. Wohl was appointed to lake charge of the Dean ' s Reception, and we spent our time reading, rather disinterestedly, of some Gradu- ate Record Exams that the seniors were being forced to take. We dismissed them (both the exams and the seniors) as distant plagues. Things began to move in the Dorm. A Dorm Council, composed, logicalh enough of Dorm Counselors, was created, and one Rabbi Abraham Pelberg was appointed Dorm Supervisor. Serious scholars ha e questioned the historical authen- ticity of this Rabbi Pelberg, but records do seem to prove that if he did exist, he was never seen in the vicinity of the Dorm. We eagerly at- tended assemblies (attendance was taken) and slept right through Messrs. Newbold Morris, Abraham Multer, and, after quite a bit of hag- gling by Student Council, Joseph Burg. We woke up long enough to hear Herman Wouk in- struct us to be ourselves (this dispelled any notions ue had of being either Napoleon or Her- man Wouk). We continued to flaunt our athle- tic prowess as Singer, Charney, Chwat, and Twenty-five Second Friedman all grunted loudly enough to become charter members of the Wrestling Team. And, with Red Blumen- reich here, we could really boast of being an all-star class. So we extended our perfect intramural record by losing again to the Seniors, Juniors, and Freshmen. We finally settled on our majors — twenty-three hardy pre-meds chose to see it through to the bitter end; several budding physicists, convinced that their heads were empty and they were insane anyway, and relying on Luban ' s notes, became Physics ma- jors; some of us were so inspired by Political Science 1 that we decided to become English majors, and others, looking for a convenient spot to catch up on their sleep, chose to stay and hear about Mrs. Roosevelt; some chose Sociology and were disappointed to discover that this meant attending classes and not socials; some enjoyed watching Rosenthal and Luban teach the professors and they became Math ma- jors. Stillman became our only language major, automatically qualifying himself for the presi- dency of Pi Delta Phi, and Bobroff, whom we really couldn ' t understand anyway, decided to spend his college career sleeping in the back of Dr. Litman ' s classes. Professor Young listened graciously, smiled, and signed his name so we could register. Wohl was working on the Dean ' s Reception all this time, and he scheduled it for an outside site, — so far outside th t it could not be found, but not far enough out- side to escape the notice of Rabbi Gorelik. The Rabbi, between iolent fiis of expectoration, informed us that our accent on secularism was harmful. This almost convinced Doctor Joe to become a Rosh- ' eshi a. .- i any rate, prodded with gentle hints, Wohl became ex-chairman of the Dean ' s Reception, and Student Council (as usual) passed violent motions over the iolation of student rights. Rabbi Gorelik. unperturbed, damned Student Council to eter- nal perdition. So Wohl became editor of ou, the Student, and waged a bitter, but most silent campaign against violation of stu- dent rights. Finally, for the first time in eleven years, we beat Brooklyn in basketball, 69-64, with Blumenreich contributing 2.S points. Rabbi Pelberg having anished, a super-committee was set up to give religious guidance — Rabbis Tendler, Felblum, Parnes, Weiss, Greenbaum, Besdin, Schechier, and Brayer would have done better to have stood in bed (as we did). Litman, the famous Divine, announced casually, before a non-existent fireside, that Maimonides and Spinoza were essentially similar. So, we de- cided, are Litman and Gorelik, We were shown the artist ' s conception of our new million-dollar dormitor and assured that it would be ready for occupancy by September, 19 6, We went to the Dean ' s Reception and were overwhelmed by Miller ' s booming baritone and Rothman ' s sweet fiddle. We began considering the possi- bility that some talent might be hidden away in our class. At the same reception we watched Mr. Vogel defeat three other faculty members (rather decisively) in a toilet-paper-unrolling contest. We began to feel new respect for the future Dr. Vogel. Soph Shindig, for which no- body was prepared, suddenly burst upon us one cold December night. Weitz at the piano, Wohl at the drums, and Miller with his iron- clad lungs, engaged in friendly decibel com- petition. Wohl won easily and banged the others into submission. The franks, when fin- ally served, were cold, and the beer was, of course, hot. The Soph Council wisely decided that this was the affair to end all affairs and that we were now too old to enjoy ourselves in male company alone. So we looked forward to our theater party which was eventually held on Lincoln ' s Birthday, We managed to occupy seventy-eight seats at Sidney Kingsley ' s Lunatics iind Lovers (and we infinitely preferred the latter). Our varied exertions vNon us mention in the Commeiilnlor, v hich printed a special editorial about the Class of ' 57, Wholesome expressions of school spirit . , , merits attention, respect, and ccmimendation etc, etc, etc, We agreed. As the term ended, Abba Eban de- livered his historic address at ' ' eshiva and convinced us that Toynbee wasn ' t worth reading anyway. We had completed three terms at ■cshiva and th e halfway mark was near. We returned, after about a two-day inter- mission, to learn that Joseph Ellenberg had become Secretary to Dr, Belkin, replacing Mrs, Schechter, who was pregnant. After deciding that we couldn ' t get rid of the new Secretary in the same manner, we decided to write a play about him instead. So Under Where was begun by a nine-man committee, which even- tually dwindled to two. Our Commentator boys decided to get after him for their Purim fest, and Yokum Fclonburg was born. In the meantime, the Class of ' 57 kept rolling along. Fischer made it to Governing Board of Commentator; we had five of our boys on the Associate Board; Lewin became chief delegate (m Faculty-Student and was kept busy talking to the Women ' s Organization and Alumni; Kaiz and Peyser were leading the Saber Squad and Siegel had the best record of the Epee men; Hoffman and Rogoway became the number two cfoubles combination on Eli Epstein ' s semi-pro- fessional tennis squad (Epstein doesn ' t teach anything less than semi-pros); we lost more basketball intramural games and ended in last place, as usual; Wohl ran around preparing for the arrival of Dr. Faustus (Mel Lieberman kept running after Louis, but finally gave up when he found that Wohl wasn ' t going any- where); Siegel traveled north and Gordon south to overwhelm the nation with their forensic powers. The faculty kept itself busy working out a program which included about 1. 6 credits of required courses, but, to the Dean ' s disappoint- ment, nothing came of this plan. Dr. Churgin decided to leave for Bar-Ilan, and a presidium was app iinted in his place. This, of course, served to confuse everybody even more. Blumen- reich finally ended the season with 513 points for a new record; the team stood at 13-8. The Fencing Team, with five of the starting nine being members of the Class of ' 57, finished its season with a 10-1 record. Elections were upon us again, and before we knew quite what hap- pened, Lewin was elected Student Council Secretary-Treasurer, Chwat became Athletic Manager, Fischer was elected Class President, Wohl became Vice-President, and Charney was chosen for the new job of Representative-at- Large. In the meantime, on the other front, Press was elected Secretary-Treasurer of the S.O.Y. The next night, after a stormy meeting, Rogoway became the first junior to be Editor of Commentator in the last five years. Fischer, Siegel, Landwirth, and Lebowitz moved to Governing Board. In the meantime, Cutter, Gordon, and Kassin won T. I. scholarships and left for six months in Israel. As the year ended, we were notified of the new Three- ear S ' micha Plan and the number of future rabbis dropped sharply. In June we marched off to see Damn Yankees, our second theater party, and between ogles at Gwen Verdon we appreciated the music and book. On this happy note our second year at College ended. We were now upper classmen, and we knew that we knew it all. JUNIOR HISTORY Together with the Dean we moved into our Junior year. Having decided that the first year of Stern was not a rousing success, the admin- istration tried a new tack to lure our boys. Beautiful Organic labs were placed at our dis- posal in the Stern building. But this plan suf- fered from typical mismanagement. We were only allowed in when the girls were out (this seemed to be defeating the whole purpose). We returned to school to hear that Rogoway and Spar had become the first to bite the dust, and we congratulated them on their engage- ments. We also heard that the new Medical School opened, to the great surprise of the fifty-six registered students. We discovered that Pollack -Library had been remodeled and would now accommodate thirty thousand more books. We noticed that thirty thousand cards had been added to the catalogue, but that there were no corresponding books on the shelves. Rogoway began in his campaign to please the Dean by warning the Freshmen that Ye- shiva is not perfect. The Dean, in his annual message, spoke of the usual tale of changes 92 which have hooinc pun if the Vc-shiva (.(illc c growth. llanwncr dc. idid K. ind.x all ihr |.sn. l...lnKN hooks ill the lihiary, llius (diiviiuiiiK Dr. Adlei that he was a real ease. In the meaiilinie, (liar noy was workinj; lo form the I ' re-I.aw Soiieiy, and Wohl was preparing to reel Dr. I ' aiisnis. Rogoway eontinued to (ilease the Dean hy printiiif all inllainiiiatory letter from a hot iiieniher of the faiulty. I ' rofessor Silverman then annoiinied that there was a quanliialive grading policy at Yeshiva, and Dean Ciiiterman announced that such a polity did not exist. Rojjoway further pleased the Dean hy putting these facts on the lirsl and second pages of Comvnnttilor. We were preparing to send Rogoway hack to Dcbhy when we suddenly discovered that he had decided to stay around after all. Continuing along our merry way, we lost our opening intramural basketball game. We ran into a scare as our Commie Cjoverning Board inen were lectured on butter prices and Homer Cummings by the Dean, but the only result was that Rabbi Miller resigned as alum- nus advisor and Marv Ilcrshkowitz took over. Silverstein became Commie News Editor, as Mr. Siegel announced that he had the dubious distinction of having fallen prey to the ' Mark ' . We missed Mr. Siegel, since most of us had approved of his penetrating queries regarding the butter economy. One Rabbi Moses D. Tendler was appointed Guidance Counselor for the Dormitory (or is it Residence Hall?), and we expressed general approval. Our boys kept moving. Schlussel, Teicher (who joined our class) Listowsky, and Blumen- reich made up four-fifths of the starting five, and we had Heifer and Hochdorf on the bench. Miller joined Edelstein and became the second ' 57 on Commie ' s Associate Board. Josh also took over the Alma Mater Committee and wrote three songs. None were accepted. We held the first Yeshiva Athletic Rally in years and heard from Many Glickman, Herb Rich, Haskell Cohen, and the Dean, whom Commie called one of ' .U. ' s staunchest sport fans. Louis Wohl having finally escaped from the clutches of Rabbi Gorelik, took over the Dean ' s Reception. Miller and Lew in were working hot and heavy on Under Where, and the m usical farce about the You-Shiver Unionsuit Factory soon went into rehearsal. In the meantime we went to see The Diary of Anne Frank, which, we decided, w as pretty good. There were innovations in the school. We suddenly noticed the new ashwells that had been set up in the halls as part of a Clean-L ' p Cam- paign. Our aim was as bad as usual, and the butts still settled on the Hoor. But now each butt was buried under a little mound of sand. Litman spoke about Means and Ends at a Fireside Chat with about a dozen students in attendance. This provided a rather mean end to the Fireside Chat program. We finally made it to TV, but fumbled our chance to become nationally famous as we were mowed under by a strong St. Francis five, 93-68. V. e made it again the following week with the. Yeshiva L niversity Story which went on over ' OR-T ' . We refused to believe that wc- were- really seiing Vohiva over TV — until v KKigni cd die Yeshiva Univcrjiiy sweat- sIjims ilic Sum girls were wearing. More o( our boys were making the grade. Katz and I ' eyser were named as dollesman Scholars for their scholastic work, character, and, no doubt, fine fencing recoKJs. Si her was busy pois,,iiiiig himself on Weber ' s food, Oel- bauiii anil Hci kmaii were sucking hliiocl lor the beautiful Red Ctoss nurses, Fischer was writing letters about Medical Insurance, and Messrs. Aronson and Lilly were put in charge of culling clown noise in the dorm. Messrs. Aronson and Lilly were not heard from again. We were happy to hear that Mr. Abrams ' daughter was getting married, and we were even happier when we became aware of the fact that the corridors between RIF.TS Hall and Lamport were being renovated for the occasion. We noticed that Mr. Fllcnbcrg was out of a job, since the new Oldsmobile given to Dr. Belkin came ready equipped with a chauffeur. The Varsity Basketball Team was setting all kinds of records, and our class intramural team was too. Wc found ourselves with a glorious 0-Ci record in the intramural standings, but we always fielded a fighting team (they managed to fight among themselves). Purim Commie tame out on a blue sheet and told us of Dr. S. L. Butterman ' s Four-Volume Trilogy about United Seminary. We under- stood most of it now, but we really looked for- ward to next year ' s. (lorcloii .ind Siegel again went traveling norih and siHiili with their mouths wide open. Schreiber and Fuchs became co-chairmen of the ' .U. Drive, and even they were unable to reconcile T.l. and S.O.Y. Schreiber ' s song was picked as the Alma Mater and was sung, for the first time, at the Dean ' s Reception by eser - one (except Dr. Adler). After the Chag Ha-Semitha was held, the blessings of 131 miis?iuichim went with the bas- ketball team which beat Brooklyn again, 86-84 (Blunienreich scored 28, Heifer 19, and Schlussel 14), and closed the season at 16-2. Chill was running down his opponents; Katz, Peyser, and Danzger were hacking away at theirs: and Roihman, Fischer, Siegel, and Taub were also adding to the Fencing Team ' s win total. We finally began to reveal our talent. Bor- ick went into a Purim imitation of Dr. Belkin and was immediately type-cast for all future shows. We went racing down to Stern in the snow to rehearse for our Dean ' s Reception show which finally was presented on a stormy night in March. Needless to say, it won the first Dean ' s Award as our chorus line brought down the house. Blunienreich m.ide the Metropolitan Writers ' .Ml-Cit Team, of course, scoring a grand total of 446 points for the year. The fencers ended with a 10-1 record, and our boys headed all three squads. Elections tame round again. Fischer was eletted President, and Schreiber was elected Nice-President of Student Council. Lewin con- soled himself with the ' arsity Show, and Wohl consoled himself with Gilda. Charney became class President, Hammer became Vice-President. and Rudman w as elected Representative-ai-Large. The Dean instituted a new final exam politv . requiring finals in all courses. He insisted that Ycthiva ' t philowiphy calU for examinjiiont. Having iu%i one philotuphy major in ihc iUm, we were noi qualified lo | ait judKmcni on ihi siaicmcni. LeiMiwii was ciciicd hdiior of ihe l ' )Vf l Commrniaior, at I-jmiKirih and Silvrrticin be- came Asviciair Idiiors, K.dclsirtn became Bu«i- ness Manager, Miller slaycd on at Feature i-jii- lor, and Kuclman joined at Typing Kdiior. In ihe meaniime, Scher wat cbote n at fidilor of ifie MasmicI and Chill l ecame Attociale hdilor. Wohl wat elected S.R (). Pretideni, and SamwMi wat chosen at Vice-Pretideni. Cilick and Silver- berg icKik over at Managert of 0)-o| , Preti, on the other tide, became Vice- Pretideni of ihe S.O.Y. Finally, we were in ihe driver ' t teal. To round off our perfect record, we Anithcd ihc intramural batkeiball tcawin stiih a flying 0-10 record. Wc ttere riding hijjh. SENIOR HISTORY We joined the Dean in our Senior year, and the entire schcMil seemed lo be Icxiking forward to our graduation. To forctiall the pottibiliiy of a vacancy just in cate ihe Dean thould de- cide to graduate with us, Rabbi Moses Tendler was appointed Assisiani Dean of the College. Wc applauded politely, and ihe nest Attittani Dean of ' ' cshiva College began lo lake charge of everything that had nothing lo do with ihe College. The solution to the minyan problem was a masterful triumph of brawn over brain as the yad chazata was used to throw ut oui of bed. As senior advisors we interviewed and offered suggestions to quite a few timid and naive freshmen. If our advice seemed confuted, it was onl the total effect of three sears at ' eshiva. Groom Rogoway arrived from Los .Angeles with Debby in tow. We were all charmed, and some of us (particularly the Editor and Associ- ate Editor of MASMID) were fed. We waited with bated breath as Lebo«itz llev (in a plane) to Cornell to interview Vite- President Nixon, only to fly back (same means) with his carefully prepared cjuestions unanswered and unasked. .As our boys were getting ready to graduate T.I. by absenting themselves from all classes. Dr. Grinsiein announced thai a seventh year would be added to the Teachers ' Institute curriculum. This, in the opinion of our experts, just meant an extra year of sleeping till twelve o ' clcKk. To counterbalance this added weight at the end. a class was also added at the beginning — we took careful oote of the Mecbinj class, to which the only pre- requisite was a height of V 11 (in stcxking feet) . The traditional election-year poll was taken at ■ ' eshiva. .Again we went madlai for .Adlai. but the rest of the country seemed to like Ike, so Ike it was. Louis Wohl spent his time (as President of another of our myriad of alphabetic organiza- tions — SRO) trying to make the dormitorv more of a student home by introducing a handbcxik of rules and regulations (like those issued at home), showing Technicolor movies about Violent Men (by the warm fireside), and serving subpoenas (like Mother used to make). We congratulated Louis and Rilph Nussbaum on their engagements and struck ibem off our list of eligible ' ' i bachelors. We looked around and discovered that Barry 93 aware of our A Rough night in the dormitory! responsibilities , . . ff I ' ll stick on a few signs and get my picture into MASMID. Who ' s this Chervin anyhow? 11 59 on a Friday morning. ARNOLD ASHER Psychology Passaic, N. J. Pi Delta Phi, president; Raconter, associate editor; Psi Chi, secretary; Concert Bureau MELVIN ADLER Pre-Denf Brooklyn, N. Y. Student Guide Book, editor; Art Club, presi- dent; Jewish Philosophy Club, secretary; Varsity Fencing; Co-op; Commenfator; Food Committee MORTON AXELROD Pre-Med New York, N. Y. Eta Sigma Phi, president; Senior Council; Senior-Freshman Advisor 96 EPHRAIM MARK BECKMAN Pre-Denf Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, business manager; Blood Drive, chairman; Varsity Basketball, manager; Bi- ology Club PHILLIP BANNER Sociology Brooklyn, N. Y. Sociology Club NACHUM BENATHAN Sociology Flushing, N. Y. Sociology Club, secretory; Zionist Club, sec- retary; Senior-Freshrron Advisor; Swimming Instructor; Music Appreciation Club 97 IRWIN BLUMENREICH Philosophy Rego Park, N. Y. Varsity Basketball ISMAR BERLINGER C iem sfry New Yorfc, N. Y. Chemistry Club; Math Club ALVIN BOBROFF Philosophy Brooklyn, N. Y. Jewish Philosophy Club, president 98 KURT BORENSTEIN English New York, N. Y. Varsity Tennis; Photography Club; Pre-Law Society AKIVA BRILLIANT Sociology The Bronx, N. Y. Canvassing Committee; Sociology Club IRWIN S. BORVICK Engliih Kew Garden Hillt, N. Y. Commentalor; Senior-Frcshmon Advisor; Jewish Philosophy Club 99 HERBERT CHARNEY Polifical Science Bayonne, N. J. Senior Class, president; Pre-Law Society, president; Junior Class, representative; Var- sity Wrestling; Varsity Basketball NATHAN BRYKS Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Chess; Varsity Soccer; Varsity Wrest- ling; Math Club; Pre-Med Society ISAAC CHESIR Sociology Brooklyn, N. Y. Zionist Club; Sociology Club 100 SHELDON CHWAT Biology Brooklyn, N. Y. College Athletic Manager; Sophomore and Senior Councils; Varsity Wrestling; Senior Varsity Show; Commenfator; Student Guide Book; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Committees: Awards, Fireside Chats; Book Exchange; Bi- ology Club; Eranos; Eta Sigma Phi C. DANIEL CHILL Sociology Providence, R. . Masmid, associate editor; Sociology Club, president; Senior Class ploy, co-oulhor; Vor- sity Fencing; Eranos, vice-president; S«nior- Freshmon Advisor; Senior Varsity Show; Dean ' s Reception Committee; Pre-Vorsity Debating; Eta Sigma Phi CHARLES CUTTER Hebrew Brooklyn, N. Y. Chug Ivri; Sociology Club 101 MEYER EDELSTEIN Matbemaiics Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, art editor; Commentafor, adver- tising and business managers; Raconter, managing editor; Hobby Club, president; Le Cercle Francois, vice president; Pi Delta Phi, vice president; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Co-op; Moth Club; Young Democrats JOSHUA DANZGER English Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Fencing; I.R.S. SOLOMON FEDER Sociology Brooklyn, N. Y. Chug Ivri, president 102 JOSEF E. FISCHER Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Student Council, president; Junior Class, president; Sophomore Class, vice president; Freshman Council; Commen ofor, managing editor; Chairman: Medical Insurance, Ring, Building Repairs Committees; Varsity Fenc- ing; Pre-Varsity Debating, manager; Pre- Med Society, corresponding secretary; Com- mittees: Curriculum, Food, Intercollegiate; Masmid; Art Club; I.R.S. AARON FRIEDMAN Engliih 6roo y , N. Y. Varsity V reitlmg; Pre-Variify Debating; Commenfofor; Dramotici Society; Le Cercle Francais; I.R.S.; Jewish Philosophy Club; Pre- law Society ISAAC FURMAN Hisfory Chess Club The Bronx, N. Y. 103 JEROME GEYER Chemistry The Bronx, N. Y. Chemistry Club, vice president; Biology Club, secretary-treasurer; Bowling Instructor; Sen- ior-Freshman Advisor; Senior Varsity Shov ; Junior Class, athletic manager; Commenta- tor; Math Club MOSES FURMAN Chemistry The Bronx, N. Y. Chemistry Club JOSHUA GLATZER English Philadelphia, Pa. Commentator; Deutche Verein 104 JACOB GOLDMAN Pre-Med The Bronx, N. Y. Co-op; Concert Bureau; Fireside Chat Com- mittee EDWARD CLICK Sociology Brooklyn, N. Y. Co-op manager; Photography Club, prcii- dent; Senior-Freshman Advisor; First Aid Instructor RAPHAEL GOODMAN Psychology Brooklyn, N. Y. Chug Ivri, Psychology Club 105 BERNARD HALON Physics New York, N. Y. Masmid, associate photography editor; Se- nior-Freshman Advisor; Moth Club NAHUM GORDON English Broofc yn, N. Y. Debating Society, manager; Dean ' s Recep- tion Committee; Dramatics Society; Le Cercle Francois DAVID J. HAMMER Psychology Harrisburg, Pa. Psychology Club, president; Psi Chi, presi- dent; Senior Class, vice president; Sociology Club, vice president; Senior-Freshman Ad- visor, chairman; Senior Varsity Shov ; Weight Lifting Instructor; Student Guide Book; Com- mittees: Curriculum, Dean ' s Reception, Food, Student Activities, Building Repair; Choral Society 106 i ALLEN R. HELPER Pre-Dent Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Basketball; Commentator; Canvass- ing Committee; Biology Club; Pre-Med Society BARRY HOCHDORF 6 o ogy Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Basketball; Biology Club i SHALOM Z. HIRSCHMAN Chemisfr Brooklyn, N. Y. Chemistry Club, president; Jewish Philoiophy Club, vice pesident; Choral Society; Le Cercle Francois; Moth Club 107 HERBERT HOFFMAN Mafhematics Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Tennis, captain; S.R.O. IRWIN E. KANAREK Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Fencing; Commenfator; Committees: Canvassing, Student Activities; Art Club; Pre- Med Society EARL D. HOLLANDER Sociology Maftapan, Mass. S.R.O.; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Choral So- ciety; Eronos; Eta Sigma Phi; Sociology Club 4 108 ERWIN KATZ Sociology Toledo, Ohio Sociology Club, president; Varsity Fencing, co-captain; Senior-Freshman Advisor; S.R.O.; Pre-Med Society; Psychology Club LEON J. KASSIN Hebrew Broot yn, N. Y. Chug Ivri MEYER KATZPER Physics The Bronx, N. Y. Gammo Rho Sigma, vice president; Chess Club; Eranos; Eta Sigma Phi; I.R.S.; Jew ' nh Philosophy Club; Math Club 109 MICHAEL KRAMER Political Science The Bronx, N. Y. Masmid, activities editor; Blood Drive, assoc- ciate chairman; Senior Varsity Show, busi- ness manager; Assembly Committee, chair- man; Junior Council; Senior-Freshman Ad- visor; Bowling Instructor; Commentator; Com- mittees: Club Activities, Emergency Medical, Publicity; Choral Society; I.R.S.; Jewish Phil- osophy Club; Pre-Law Society; Young Demo- crats PAUL KOLKER Pre-Med Massapequa Park, L. I. Junior Varsity Debating, secretary; Com- menfofor, art editor; Masmid, associate art editor; Student Activities Committee; Varsity Fencing; Pre-Med Socie ty JOSEPH KURTZ Philosophy Brooklyn, N. Y. Y.U. Drive; Eranos; Jewish Philosophy Club; Pre-Law Society 110 PAUL S. LADERMAN English Denver, Colo. Masmid JACOB M. LEBOWITZ Physics Brooklyn, N. Y. Commentator, editor-in-chief; Choral Soci- ety; Math Club f ' 1 r Jq M 1 JULIUS LANDWIRTH Pre-Med firooPZ n, N. Y. Commentator, associate editor, sports edi- , for; Biology Club, president; Pre-AAed Society 111 JOSEPH LEWIHES Physics Montreal, Quebec Math Club RAPHAEL S. LEVINE Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Pre-Med Society, president; Masmid, assoc- iate business manager; Co-op; Emergency Medical Committee NATHAN LEWIN English New York, N. Y. Student Council, secretary-treasurer; Sopho- more Class, president; Freshman Class, presi- dent; Eta Sigma Phi, president; Masmid, lit- erary editor; Senior Varsity Show, co-author, director; Junior Class Show, co-author, co- director; Eranos, secretary-treasurer; Chair- man: Food, Finance Committees; Commento- for; Alumni Delegate; Committees: Awards, Club Plaque, Curriculum, Finance, Intercol- legiate, and Medical Insurance 112 MARSHALL LUBAN Physics Scatfle, Wash. Math Club, president; Masmid, co-typing editor; S.R.O.; Senior Council; Senior-Fresh- man Advisor; Coinmenfolor; S.A.C. SIDNEY M. LIEBERMAN Physics Brooklyn, N. Y. Moth Club, vice president; Vorsity Wreil- ling; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Chess Club IRVING LISTOWSKY Chemisfry Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Basketball; Chemistry Club ■ ' j 113 i JULIUS H. MANDEL Psychology The Bronx, N. Y. Psychology Club, vice president; Senior Var- sity Show; Bowling Instructor JOSHUA MILLER Pre-Med Haversfraw, N. Y. Choral Society, president; Commenfotor, fea- ture editor; Senior Varsity Show, co-author, co-director; Senior Class Ploy, co-author, co-director; Junior and Senior Councils; Al- ma Mater Committee, chairman DAVID BARRY MORRIS English Rochester, N. Y. I.R.S.; Pi Delta Phi; Pre-Law Society; Soci- ology Club Jlij 114 WALTER NEWMAN Pre-Med New York, N. Y. Senior Council; Dorm Council; Co-op; Senior- Freshman Advisor; Curriculum Committee; Pre-Med Society MORRIS NARUSHINSKY PreMed Jar-.e City, N. J. Student Guide Book, editor; Hobby Club, president; S.A.C.; Canvassing Committee; Commenfofor; Chess Club; Chorol Society; Pre-Med Society RALPH NUSSBAUM Chemistry Rego Park, N. Y. Chemistry Club, vice president; Dramatics Society I ' r I c PAUL PEYSER Chemistry Brooklyn, N. Y. Varsity Fencing, captain; Chemistry Club SAMUEL B. PRESS Sociology Springfield, Mass. Sociology Club, vice president; Senior- Freshman Advisor; Food Committee: I.R.S.; Jewish Philosophy Club; Psychology Club ERVIN PREIS Mafhemafics The Bronx, N. Y. Varsity Soccer; Le Cercie Francois; Moth Club; Pi Delta Phi; Raconfer 116 PHILIP RABINOWITZ Pre-Dent Bradley Beach, N. J. Co-op; Canvassing Committee; Biology Club; Pre-Med Society YAKOV RABINOWITZ Sociology Toms kiver, N. J. Maimid, associote ocfivifies editor; Co-op; I.R.S.; Sociology Club H. PAUL ROGOWAY Mathematics Seattle, Woih. Commentator, editor-in-chief; Masmid, mon- oging editor; Senior Class Ploy, co-outhor; Varsity Tennis, captain; S.R.O.; Building Re- pair Committee; Math Club 117 BERNARD ROTHMAN Psychology Rochesier, N. Y. Psychology Club, vice president; Dorm Council; Sociology Club ELI ROSENTHAL Chemisfry Newark, N. J. Chemistry Club; Math Club RONALD M. ROTHMAN Pre-Med The Bronx, N. Y. Masmid, photography editor; Pre-Med So- ciety, secretary-treasurer; Varsity Fencing; Co-op; Emergency Medical Committee 118 JAY I. ROTHSCHILD Pre-Denf The Bronx, N. Y. Biology Club, president; Masmid, associate business manager; Sophomore Council; Bowling Instructor; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Senior Varsity Show; Commenfafor; Chem- istry Club; Dramatics Club; French Club ARTHUR L. ROZMAN Pre-Med Brooklyn. N. Y. Biology Club, vice president; Motmid; Co-op; Emergency Medico! Commiflee; Art Club; Pre-Med Society REUBEN M. RUDMAN Chemistry Far Rockaway, N. Y. Masmid, co-typing editor; Commentator, typing editor; Chemistry Club, president; Senior Class, representative; Junior Council; Curriculum Committee, chairman; S.R.O.; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Senior Varsity Show; Committees: Awards, Ring 119 ALLAN J. SCHER Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, editor-in-chief; Commenfafor, as- sociate feature editor; Club Activities, co- ordinator; Chairman: S.A.C., Food Com- mittees; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Building Repairs Committee, co-chairman; Varsity Fencing, associate manager; Committees: Club Plaque, Dean ' s Reception; Senior Ver- ity Show BENJAMIN A. SAMSON English Baltimore, Md. S.R.O., vice president; Canteen, manager; Publicity Committee, chairman; Food Com- mittee, co-chairman; Student Guide Book; Commenfafor; Building Repairs Committee; Chess Club STANLEY SCHIMMEL English Far Rockaway, N. Y. Pre-Varsity Debating; Commenfafor; Chug Ivri; Drpmatics Club; I.R.S.; Jewish Philosophy Club; Le Cercle Francois; Pre-Law Society 120 ZALMAN R. SCHRADER Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Senior Class, athletic manager; Varsity Ten- nis; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Pre-Med Society HERBERT SCHLUSSEL Pre-Denf f he Bronx, N. Y. Varsity Basketball; Commenlofor; Biology Club JOEL M. SCHREIBER English New York, N. Y. Student Council, vice president; Almo Mater, composer; Y.U. Drive, co-chairmon; Senior Varsity Show, co-author; Alumni Committee, chairman; Co-op; Committees: Convossing, Emergency Medical; I.R.S. 121 GEORGE J. SIEGEL Pre-Med Miami, Fla. Masmid, associate literary editor; Commen- tafor, news editor; Varsity Debating, presi- dent; Varsity Fencing HARVEY SHAPIRO Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Commer)tator; Blood Drive; Senior-Freshman Advisor; Biology Club; Pre-Med Society ARNOLD I. SILVERBERG Pre-Med The Bronx, N. Y. Co-op, manager; Freshman Class, vice presi- dent; Pre-Med Society 122 JOSEPH D. SILVERSTEIN Physics Brooklyn, N. Y. Commenfafor, associate editor, news editor; S.R.O.; Choral Society; Math Club NORMAN R. SINOWITZ Physics Brooklyn, N. Y. Junior Council; Commenfofor; Math Club; Pi Delta Phi ARNOLD SINGER Mathematici BrorAlyrt, N. Y. Varsity Wrestling, captain; Senior-Freihmon Advisor; Commenfo or;. Chess Club; Dromo- tics Society; Math Club 123 ALEX STEINKOLER English New York, N. Y. Varsity Basketball ELLIOT T. SPAR Political Science Astoria, N. Y. Pre-Law Society HERMAN G. STILLMAN French Long Beach, N. Y. Masmid, associate art editor; Pi Delta Phi, president; Co-op; Choral Society; Eronos; Eta Sigma Phi; Le Cercle Francois; Le Flam- beau; Raconter 124 MARVIN TEICHER Sociology The Bronx, N. V. Varsity Basketball ROBERT TAUB Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. r. Varsity Chess; Varsity Fencing SHELDON TRAVIN Pre-Med The Bronx, N. Y. Concert Bureau; Committees: Book Ex- change, Fireside Chat; P re-Med Society 12S MARVIN WEITZ English The Bronx, N. Y. Masmid LOUIS S. WOHL English Brooklyn, N. Y. S.R.O., president; Student Guide Book, edi- tor; Junior Class, vice president; Dramatics Society, president; Chairman: S.A.C., Dean ' s Reception, Special Events Committees; Sen- ior-Freshman Advisor; Sophomore and Senior Councils; Senior Varsity Show; Co-op; Choral Society; I.R.S.; Pi Delta Phi; Pre-Lav Society Camera Shy IRA J. OELBAUM Physics New York, N. Y. Math Club NOAH J. TEITELBAUM English Brooklyn, N. Y. 126 GRADUATION the qraf „ c were „„e-bHn9 .he-ing on V e A- . ,, ■,„. crashed ove ' e , „,,de,n,c P .„,„, o.e ' . 1 ' ° , „ ,„9. AU cpndl- jTO ning- excelled 5 ° ere on The class n ode a ,„ „, A,. ,„„s o, .he des-e „„ Oeon _,, ,uei, teel v .th ' ' Belkin to seno . from Vesh.vo s h . acqu esced f ,esl n eresH D . B . U o ,33 OS on ox -; ' ,,gM to ef .t, enjoining -o Hours -ere P be ' .ng be o ,d •Iten r g o the gues Ber.ea.d or. • ns. The n- ? r enae T ot the f-e. aeV- ci by ° ; ., ,roa.o.ng o . Conodo, - ° .,,, ,,ot st cs the Y ,,g.. n th s oge o 3,e w thout f.on -° ten honor g- uotes , The - ' ' e sun.n.a, -ogno, on , categories. , 5 o co S0° ' ° ° ' .!htreonaabroaa. , ,,e C oss schools both here r na ourteer. more Ust, but not eo ' ' Hose secret- of ' 57 -- -: tto soy noth-.n9 oM , ,. definUeW ; ;,coc ous crew, to soy y sVipP ' ng- ' — — GRADUATION The honorary degree-ers marching past the new dormitory are sheparded by Dr. Samuel Belkin, president of Yeshiva. The dignitaries are (left to right): His Excellency Abba S. Eban, Ambassador from Israel to the United States; Dr. Harry M. Zimmerman, Director of the Laboratory and Chief Pathologist, Montefiore Hospital; James E. Allen, President of the University and Commissioner of Education of the State of New York; Wil- liam L. Laurence, Science Editor of the New York Times; and Roy E. Larsen, President of Time, Life, etc . . . 128 The ' same gentlemen, bringing up the rear of the academic procession, file down the aisle of Lamport Auditorium. Dr. Allen seems to be smugly satisfied as Dr. S. Sor and another faculty member place the visible symbol of his degree on him. Dr. Belkin (left) confirms the degree of Doctor of Laws, as Rabbi Joseph Lookstein, who presented the candidates for the honorary degrees, looks on. Dr. Belkin and Abba Ebon seem glad that it is all over as they chat in Dr. Belkin ' s office. . . . but not more so than the Seniors, as they turn in their cops and gowns and become alumni. Articles . . . Research . . CONCEPTS OF TIME IN MEDIEVAL JEWISH AND ANCIENT AND GREEK PHILOSOPHY Nathau Leii ' ni The philosophic concept of time is im- portant to Judaism because of the great interrelation between theories of time and the principles of Creation. In spite of this %ery explicit dependenc)-, very few Jewis h philosophers have actualh bothered to present their iews concerning the nature of time. In secular f)hilosophy also, among the ancient Greeks, this problem was too often neglected. The ancients were prone to clothe their views of time in mystical language, and even Aristotle failed to make his definition with his usual clarity. Maimonides, who so ably covered the entire breadth of Jewish philosophy, did discuss time. He recognized the inherent difficulty of defining something so ab- stract, and noted that to those who do not examine the nature of things, ' time would seem, as it did to Galen, something di ine and incomprehensible. - ' However, in spite of the difficulties in- volved, some philosophers have sought to clarify the concept of time and define it in relation to the physical world. Their solutions have been many and various. Foremost among the ancients, both in the clarity of his definition and in his analysis, was Aristotle. In the Fourth Book of the Physics, Aristotle analyzes time and finally concludes that it is the measure of motion or the number of movement in respect of before and after. ' ' Due to the lack of clarity in the definitions of other ancients (such as Plato and Plo- tinus) and due to Aristotle ' s over-all popu- larity, this concept of time was almost universally accepted and thus became the cornerstone of the Jewish analysis of time among the earlier Jewish medieval phi- losophers. The difficulty involved in adopting the Aristotelian concept into Jewish Philos- ophy lies in the relationship developed h Aristotle between time and motion. If time be the measure of motion, then time cannot exist exclusi e of motion, or, more specifically, cannot exist where mo- tion is impossible. Thus, prior to the beginning of motion there was no time. Following this to its logical conclusion in Jewish belief — time did not exist before Creation. Ergo, time and motion were both created in one fell swoop. In Aristotle ' s system this difificulty does not arise, for, matter being eternal, time is also eternal. It is only when one postulates a beginning for matter that one must also ascribe a beginning to time. In regard to the problem of time in Medieval Jewish Philosophy, the leading exponents of various points of view were Maimonides, Gersonides (Levi ben Ger- son) and Hasdai Crescas, reading in the order in which they progressively departed from the Aristotelian view. II Maimonides completely accepted the Aristotelian definition of time among the twenty-five propositions which he borrow- ed from Aristotle and which he used as the basis for his proofs of the existence, unity, and incorporeality of G-d. Thus Maimonides says, Time is an accident that is related and joined to motion in such a manner that the one is never found without the other. Motion is only pos- sible in time, and the idea of time cannot be conceived otherwise than in connection with motion; things which do not move have no relation to time. ' This definition is in complete accord with Aristotle ' s conclusions concerning time in the tenth and eleventh chapters of the Fourth Book of the Physics. Aristotle, in the Physics, analyzes the concept of time and concludes that, being fleeting and not existing in itself, time cannot be sub- stance but must be an accident. He con- tinues his analysis by relating time to motion, but clearly making the distinctions which prevent him from identifying the two. ' ' But motion can be measured by time (i.e., by speed, which is a form of measurement by time), and this measure- ment is taken in regar d to the before and 132 lifter — (lie iiKiiiiciil licfoix- lliL- iiioiioii and the monic-nl aflcr. I ' hus lime is llie nurnbc ' i ' (or mcMsiirc) of riiovcincnl in rcs|H( ( of hfforc jikI ;iftcf. SoDictliinj; :it rcM hiil cipahlc of mo tion is, acTortling lo Arisioilt, also in time. Siiu ' c time is the measure of ino tion, it is also the measure of rest insof.ii as rest is the (einporary absence of motion. Sucii measure can only be matle of a thing which is capable of motion, but (hose which cannot move, as, for exam|)le, the Intelligences, are not in time. This analysis of time is perfectly con- gruent to that offered by Maimonides in his Ciuide. The distinction between Aristotle and Maimonides arises not in the linguistic definition of time, but rather in its nature ami characteristics. l ' or Aris- totle matter is eternal, and time has there- fore always e.xisted to measure its motion. But to Maimonides, who strongly advo- cates cretilio ex nrhilo, ' as do almost all Jewish philosophers, matter had a begin- ning, and thus time could not exist prior to this beginning. Maimonides is there- fore forced to conclude that time did not exist prior to Creation, but began with it. ' ' Before Creiition there was no motion, and therefore no time. ' Exclusive of this difference in regard to the eternity of time, Maimonides and Aristotle concur as to the nature and definition of time. Ill The second of the three Medieval Jew- ish philosophers who concerned himself with this problem was Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson or the Ralbag) whose staunch Aristotelianism and objecti e analysis led him to conclusions which often radi- cally dififered from those of other Jewish thinkers. ' - In his Milhamot Gersonides begins his treatment of time by following the Aris- totelian analysis, and he arrives at the temporarv definition of time as the meas- ure of motion. ' ' It is only when faced with the problem of accounting for the be- ginning of time that Gersonides is forced to veer awav from Aristotle. Time, ac- cording to Gersonides, did ha e a begin- ning, and is not eternal. ' And, although a certain primal matter did exist prior to Creation, movement is not eternal. ' ' Ha ing accepted a beginning for time and motion, Gersonides takes upon him- self the dutv of refuting Aristotle ' s proofs for the eternitv of time and motion. The second of these is the proof based on the nature of an instant or the immcdiaie present ( nnvn )• ' •■■ insiani, accord- ing lo Aristotle, can be perceived r nly as the borderline between what is prior lo it and what follows it. Thus, Aris- totle proves, there could never have existed a first instant, for, by dcfinitifjn, vimc measure of time must have existed pre- vious to it. Ciersonides denies this proof - by contending that the instant is mcjrc than just the dividing line between | asi ,111(1 future. If it were no more than just such a borderline, then how could time be measured by it. ' lor both three hours and three days ha e as their extreme limits two inst.ints, each separating the past from the future, and the two periods of time would therefore be ecjual. Gersonides concludes that an instant has two forms of existence — ( I ) as the border line be- tween past and future and (2) as one limit for a continuous stretch of time or mo- tion. ' (Continuing along this line of reasoning, time cannot be the number of movement in respect to before and after because the before and after (the extreme instants) are not sufficient measure. He therefore concludes that time is the measure of mo- tion in that it is the collection of instants which make up the movement, and not the prior and posterior alone. ' ' IV The third of the group is Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas, the renowned critic of Aristotle, Maimonides, and Gersonides. Hasdai ' s view concerning time, as well as the whole breadth of his cosmology, is the antithesis of Aristotelianism. Crescas analyzes all four premises in Maimonides ' definition of time ' - ' and discards each of them. His conclusion is that rest can also be measured bv time, and that time is not necessarih ' the measure of motion alone.- This statement led to Crescas becoming the object of much ridicule among later Jewish philosophers, who accused him of not understanding Aristotle. Evidently, even according to Aristotle, the rest of an object capable of motion can be measured by time.- ' Crescas based his opposition to Aristotle ' s definition on the faa that rest can also be termed long or short and great or small. Later philosophers pointed out that Aristotle had recognized this possibility and had therefore stated that whatever is capable of motion can also be measured by time when at rest. According to the literal interpretation of Crescas ' statement, we must conclude 133 that he failed to understand Aristotle. However, H. A. W ' olfson-- has proposed a alid interpretation of Crescas which doe ' s not make Crescas as ignorant of Aristotle ' s intentions as an off-hand read- ing would. W ' olfson interprets Crescas to be speaking of time as measuring chira- t ' loii, which he adduces from the use of the word mp2 nn . Thus time, as a mea- sure of duration, is independent of mo- tion and matter, and does not imply the existence of capability for any motion. Making use of this interpretation, we can understand how Crescas could take literally the Talmudic statement by Rabbi Judah to the effect that time existed prior to Creation.-- ' Since time is not at all dependent upon matter, it need not be considered as coming into being with Creation. However, both the iews of Gersonides and Crescas still are rather shadowy. Quite a haze yet rests over both concepts. V W ' olfson, in his discussion of Crescas ' philosophy of time,- ' insists that the con- ception of time as a measure of duration did not originate with Crescas. He says, ' In Plotinus we have the clearest and l robably also the first statement on the identification of time with duration. He starts out with a denial of all views that make time dependent upon ph sical mo- tion . . . . - ' Plotinus, in the Seventh Tractate of the Third, Euiiead, does discuss Time and Eternity. While it is true that he denies the conceptions of time formulated by his predecessors, his conclusion does iiol define time as the measure of duration. Plo- tinus ' objections to the views that make time dependent upon physical motion are not objections to the fact that time is de- pendent upon motion, but rather to the method whereby time is dependent upon motion. To Plotinus, there is no question of time ' s dependence upon motion; the question is rather, How is time dependent upon motion. ' ' He does not accept it as the number of movement because the term number is to him inapplicable to time. He does not accept it as the meas- ure of motion because this does not ex- plain its nature — It must have some na- ture of its own. - ' ' Rather he says, Time (is) the Life of the Soul in movement as it passes from one stage of act or experi- ence to another. - Thus, according to Plotinus, time is relative to movement, for the ceaseless forward movement of Life brings with it unending Time. - ' ' W ' olfson attempts to build an identifi- cation of Crescas ' views on time and those of Plotinus. But the identification is inore semantic than philosophical. In spite of the similarities between Plotinus ' use of the word sequent and Crescas ' dura- tion, ' - ' ' and in spite of the fact that both Crescas and Plotinus gi e Aristotle a stab in the back by insisting that motion is the measure of time, the two philosophi- cal concepts are entirel} ' different. Cres- cas ' time is an absolute one; it depends on nothing other than the mind of the knower; it requires no motion for its ex- istence. Plotinus ' Time, on the other hand, is a principle moving forward by smooth and uniform changes following silently upon each other; ' it requires motion for its existence. But if we turn once more to Gersonides ' theory of time, we find that there is more purpose behind it than just, as Wolfson says, to refute thereby (Aristotle ' s) con- tention elsewhere that time must be eternal. Gersonides, as Wolfson points out, ' •- al- so uses the term PDino in reference to the second existence of the instant. ' ■ ' ■ Thus we may assume that he sees the collec- tion of instants which measure motion as a continuum. Although their purpose is to measure motion, and although the in- stants cannot exist where motion is im- possible, their existence is a sort of flow. This concept now, which visualizes a flow- ing time whose only purpose is as a meas- ure of motion and which cannot exist in- dependent of motion, is surely very close to Plotinus ' ceaseless forward movement of Life which can also not exist indepen- dent of motion. The passing from one stage to another, the smooth and uni- form changes are all closely allied to the flow of instants which comprises Ger- sonides ' time. Plotinus and Gersonides seem to complement each other in their views concerning time, a-nd when we are presented with both concepts, we find that they mesh together and one scheme of time emerges. VI We are left then with one more con- cept of time in ancient philosophy — the vague definition given by Plato in his Tintaeus and described, in corrupted form, by Aristotle in his Physics. In the Timaeus Plato says, When the father who had begotten it (the world as a living creature) saw it set in motion and alive ... he rejoiced and . . . took thought 134 fo fii;il c i( yd more like ils p.illciii. So as thai pattern is the f.ivin; Ik-ing that is for ever existent, lie soiif lit to make this universe also like it, so far as mi lii be ill (hat respect . . . He look ihouglil to make as il were, .1 mo iiij4 likeness n( eternity; and al llic same (ime lli.ii lie ordered the Heaven, he made, of eternity that abides in unity, an e erlastin like- ness niovinj atcordinf; to number— that to which we have f;iven the name Time. The |ioetic agueness of a jihrase like the m() ing likeness of eternity is beau- tiful enough for us to mar el at it, but ambiguous enough for us to frown upon it once we ha e basked in its first beauty. If it is moving must it then depend on motion. ' Platonic motion is not nec- essaril} ' the same as Aristotelian motion, and it would seem that time itself could be in motion while all else is at rest (ac- cording to Aristotle this could not be). Thus Plato ' s time, while in motion itself, could measure rest. This view was too much for Aristotle who confused his teacher ' s lesson into some inane gibberish about the sphere of the uni erse. This he considered too ridiculous to e en bother disproving. What then is Plato ' s meaning. ' ' What is his definition of time as given in the Tim lie in? Professor A. E. Taylor has come up with the following solution: The sensible world is a thing of pas- sage, but it never passes away; its passage fills all time, and, of course, the formal laws of its structure remain the same throughout. So it reallv is a mo ing or passing ' image ' of the abiding. Time, which is measured duration, ' ' ' may be said to be, in virtue of its char- acter as measurable, an image of eter- nity. - ' This is the distinction we (or rather Professor W ' olfson) made with respect to Crescas. Time, according to both Plato (as interpreted by lay lor) and (.rtscas is a measure of duration. To Ocscas, time is not dependent upon motion. f  Plato, the image of eternity ' can also not be dependent upon motion in that it is eternal (and Plato does not postulate the eternity of motion). Thus the replica of eternity is surely not dependent u( on something whose nature is not eternal. Again we find that in the total view of the Jewish and secular ripinion we find a clarifu alion for I101I1, VII I- ' or Pl(;tinus as well as for Plato lime is an image of eternity, but in a rather different sense. Whereas Plato empha- sizes the mathematical nature of time as image, Plotinus neglects this completely, l- ' or him the concept of life is the impor- tant one, because time seems to be related somehow to the motion of the uni erse, vN ' hich proceeds from the life of the soul. ' ' 1 his analvsis of the two views seenii to bear out our comparisons. Crescas does see time onl) as a measure — it is a measure of both motion and rest, but it is unques- tionably mathematical in nature. Gerson- ides also sees time as a measure, but that is only half its existence. It is also a flow of instants. To Gersonides, time is re- lated to the motion of the universe; it is entirel) dependent upon such motion. To Crescas, time is a measure of duration, in- dependent of any motion whatsoever. We may conclude then, that as regards the concept of time, Maimonides is the most staunch Aristotelian of the three; Gersonides is the neo-Platonist, or, to be more exact, the Plotinian; and Crescas, in his zeal to discard Aristotelianism, has embraced Platonism. Notes ( 1 ) Guide of the Perplexed. Book I. Chapter LXXIII. (Translation bv M. Friedlander.) (2) Ibid. See also Book II, Chapter XIII. (3) Both of these definitions are clari- fied later in the paper. (4) Guide. Introduction to Part II. (5) ; ■( .. Proposition XA ' . See also Part I. Chapter LII. and Part II. Chapter XIII. (6) Motion or change are only in the moving or changing objects, but time is evervwhere. Furthermore, time cannot be judged as fast or slow, but motion is so judged. 135 ( ) The words number and measure are used interchangeably bv Aris- totle. See H. A. W ' olfson, Crescas ' Crlllqiie of Aristotle Har ard Se- mitic Series, Vol VI, Proposition XV, Note 24. (8) Guide. Part II, Chapter XIII, First Theory. It is undoubtedly a fundamental principle of the Law of our teacher Moses. (9) IbiiL. — I: en time itself is among the things created. (10) Ibid.. Chapter XXX discusses the relation of the word JT ' U ' XT to this concept. (11) See Introduction to Milhumot: ' urso nx-i ' :; ' no nf-it f ' x D j ' jvn i xa umx ■T;nr D mmn ' j o u v:d: u ' ' ' n n? ,n-iinn ' 2? minn ?y p?in nr px ' d ,m?Dxn onn I ' Dsn Unix n- ' -y dicj n-,inn px ' d ,noxn umx n-c D x-n- dx .nun n onmn .noxn n;c ' n? -icax:; ' no n Dn (12) The outstanding difference is Ger- sonides ' rejection of cretitio e.x ii- hilo in fa or of a form of modified Platonic idea. (13) Milhamot, VI:i:10. (14) Ibid., VI:i:ll. (15) Ibid.. VI:i:12. (16) Ibid.. VI:i:21. (17) Ibid.. VI:i:21. □ms ' jti ' • ' 7 ixvo ' nnvnB ' ixud xin ,-iSDD 13 tJ ' iin ' ' ntj ' x xin nnxn .mx xono n 25n xin nnxni ,inxno onipn npi n xini nnxn p?nn n ' ?i ' jr xim ,p2inon niaDn .iDtno (18) Ibid.. n ?32 nyunn -vti ' D xin [otnc nxino xin nvD x ,nj;i:nn nv Dn on itj ' x ninyn nvn .nnfi -nxnono mipn nn ipfin ' ti ' ninyn (23) Bereshith Rabba, Chapter III. See Maimonides ' Guide. Part II, Chapter XXX, where Maimonides accepts this statement onl allegoric- ally. Even Crescas could not have accepted the statement in its complete literal sense, for it would postulate the co- eternitv of time and G-d. See Albo, Ikkarim 11:18 — Time existed prior to the Fourth Day, but it could not have existed before Creation. Crescas ' Critique and Notes on Cres- cas ' Definition of Time. Crescas ' Critique, p. 654. Plotinus, Third Ennead. VII :9. Ibid., VII :11. Ibid. Plotinus discusses Time and consid- ers it a Principle, then, whose At (sic) is . . . sequent. Third En- nead, VII: 12. Ib ' td., VII :12. Crescas ' Critique, p. 653. See supra. Note 19. That of being one limit to a col- lection of instants. Wolfson also makes an ingenious case for Crescas ' reading of Plotinus (see Crescas ' Critique) and the same may be made to show that Ger- sonides could have read Plotinus. However, this is not essential, for the thesis here is not that Gersonides is identical with Plotinus, but rather that his conception is similar to that of Plotinus. (35) The italica are mine. (36) A. E. Taylor, A Commentary on Plato ' s Timaeus, p. 187. (37) John F. Callahan, Four Views of Time in Ancient Philosophy, p. 196. (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (19) Hasdai Crescas, Or Hashem. 1:2:11. (20) Ibid.. niVB ' xins- nxT iota pojn mjn ni i .niny tib ' pac nnuon ix nvunn niPDinn (21 ) See supra, p. 3. (22) H. A. Wolfson, Crescas ' Critique of Aristotle, Prop. XV, N. 23. Also H. A. Wolfson, Sotes on Crescas ' Dep- nilion of Time. Philadelphia, 1919. 136 AN INDIVIDUAL REACTION TO THE PROPHETIC BOOK OF JONAH I Muri ' Hi c iricclLnidcr The following essay was seleiled as (lit winner of the lijihrairn Meisher Memorial Award, f iven annually to the writer of the hest essay expressing an individual re- action to a Hebrew |)i()|ilic(. Jonah is one of the most niisiuiderstood |iro|ihetic works. The reasons for this are many; the story is deceptively simple, told with an economy of style and a bare starkness which are sur|irising even in the Uible. Jonah is neither introduced nor is he disposed of; as is the case with a modern short story, we enter ' « niedlus res and we exit before the final diiioue- mciii. All that we receive is a sober re- jiort of iiuiicents, of many small actions: Jonah did this, went there, said that. The book breaks into l rical imagery only once, in Jonah ' s prayer of thanksgi ing. This brevity is all the more confusing as the motives which lead G-d and Jonah through the simple patterns of action are never really explained. We know nothing of the reasons which prompt Jonah to his behavior, and, since it is Jonah who dom- inates the book, the entire work remains obscure. The whale has also pla ed a significant role in puzzling the reader. From the Bib- lical fish, he has grown, in the com- mentaries, to the alarming proportions of a Le iathan. No discussion or analvsis of Jonah seems to strav from the questions, Was it a whale or wasn ' t it a whale? Is such a thing possible or isn ' t it pos- sible. ' And the discussion rages ad iiau- seiim. These questions are seized upon bv a public which has chosen to ignore the true nature of the book, which has been too lazv to climb over the huge carcass of the fish and see what lies on its other side. The book itself does not emphasize this miraculous incident; it doesn ' t spend more than one or two erses upon it: it is evi- dently more concerned with telling us a significant tale than repeating, with child- like awe, a miracle, ' f ' oo many of us dr not rcali c that the stf ry docs continue after the iniident of the whale. Hut it does. After his rescue Jonah is again asked (o go to Nineveh. He does: Nineveh is saved; and Jonah retires in despair to the desert outside the city. There d-d provides for him a very very obscure object lesvin which involves a shelter and a gourd. To return if) our discussion, howe cr, the book does seem, at first glance, frag- mentary and over-simplr. ' I ' his deceptive simplicity is shattered as soon as one ap- jiroaches for a closer look. It is the enigma of Jonah himself which must be solved before the meaning of the book can unfold itself to us. A Jonah who moves through its pages in a constant flurry of action — always doing, doing, df)- ing — yet never stopping to say why. We are told nothing of him. Now the word of the Lord came unto Jonah the son of Ammittai. Unlike most other prophetic books, this one leaves us in complete ignorance of the prophet ' s birth- place and chronological location. Yet the immediate effect this omission has is to raise the story of Jonah above any specific time and place, to universalize him by cut- ting him free from a contemporary setting, to make his story the story of Man. He and his story stand apart from the stream of human affairs. We feel that this hap- pened vesterdav, tomorrow, or even todav. Although we are told nothing of him. we are privileged to accept this supposi- tion: Jonah is not an ordinary man. The Lord came to speak to him. To be a pro- phet, even a recalcitrant and disobedient one, is to attain a certain height of under- standing and a corresponding depth of moral power and perception. Jonah stood above his contemporaries, and. as we shall see, was held direalv responsible for his greater knowledge. Let us first go back to the story. G-d apjftars to Jonah, but not in a dream or in a vision. He comes and speaks to him directlv. perhaps out of a whirlwind, as He did with Job, or perhaps in a yweet still voice. In any case the majesty and awe of the Lord appears to Jonah, com- manding: Arise, go to Nineveh, that great citv. and proclaim against it; for their wickedness is come up before Me. 137 And Jonah refuses. Here we strike against the central prob- lem the book poses: Why does Jonah re- fuse to obev the direct command of G-d? The problem divides itself into two parts: VC ' hy is he so frightened and so unwilling to perform this task? And what does he hope to accomplish bv his aborti e flight to Tarshish, a cit - on the edge of the world? In Chapter I ' we gain a glimpse of the reasons for his actions. There we find that, after G-d decides to forgi e Nineveh, Jonah dons sackcloth and ashes and begins to mourn. He complains bitterly to G-d that he knew this would happen: For I knew Thou art a gracious G-d and com- passionate . . . repentest Thee of e il. Jonah foresaw that G-d would forgive the citizens of Nineveh, and this was as e entualit ' too o erwhelming for him to face. Traditionally, the commentators ha e pointed out that Nine%eh was the long-standing enemy of Israel and that Jonah could not bear to see her forgiven by G-d. This e.xplanation, while perhaps touch- ing on the truth, is too bare and simple an answer to be satisfying. Can it really be that Jonah, a prophetic man and con erser with the Lord, was led to this violent disobedience, to this drastic rup- ture with his Maker, out of mere patriot- ism? Ninexeh, it is true, was the militar) ' ene- my of Israel. Yet she figured in the Is- raelites ' minds and li es in quite a different way; she fulfilled a function which had become a necessity for Israel. Nine eh was the incarnation of abso- lute e%il; she was colored by the black and red f)f her sins; her children were wicked beyond redemption, deser ing of everlast- ing hate. Thus the city of Nineveh gave Israel what she desperately desired: an object worthy of complete disdain and hate, an eternal symbol of Evil. Like the two sides of a coin, like the two-faced Janus, Israel and Nine eh stood side b} ' side, eternally opposed. The world was divided in a Manichean struggle between Good and Bad. Israel was chief of the forces of good, pure and shining white, basking in the reflected glory of the Lord who dwelt amidst her; Nineveh was the chief of the cohorts of darkness, lying in the shadow of Sheol, where the forces of Evil met in jeering council to plot against G-d. The pefjple of Israel found deep solace in such a iew. The reality of e il; its ineradicable presence on the earth, re- lieved them of their responsibility towards the world, separated them from it. There was no need of doing, of charging forth to the forefront of the stage; only a justi- fiable need to withdraw, to p eser ■e the pristine purity, to remain untainted in the remote areas of life. If evil is tangible and inviolate, then we are not the brothers of all men; their acts, their sins, do not fall unbearably upon us. Their guilt is washed from us — we stand vindicated by their evil. It is we who dwell in the Kingdom of Heaven, only we rise above the crowds, only we stand on the mountain peaks. And if e il is real, we are permitted to hate, and what a relief that is! The strain of brotherly love (not in the Christian sense, but in the sense that we are all commonly immersed in the situation and condition of mankind from which we all must rise) is too great. Through Nineveh, this strain was alleviated. Israel could turn to Nineveh in its darkest hours and stand for a moment free of doubt and guilt, vindicated by the sigh of G-d ' s damned. But that there are no damned in the eyes of G-d was the message that the Lord sent to Jonah. We are all involved, with each other, in the sin and guilt of mankind. It is the prophet ' s task to preach to the gentiles ( Arise, go to Nin- eveh ); we can no longer escape our re- sponsibility through hate. The world is not a black and white drawing; it is a con- fusing, dissolving, changing gray. The Lord told this to Jonah; He endowed Jonah with this crushing knowledge; He asked him to rise up, to be more than an Israelite or a Man, to be a Prophet. Jonah failed; the frail structure of his life and faith was too strongly dependent on this outer-directed hate; his world pic- ture was too starkly drawn to be able to support this knowledge. G-d told him that the only evil in the world was within Man. So Jonah ran away. Jonah was a man of G-d who knew, full well, G-d ' s power and omnipresence. But he found the demands of G-d insupport- able; he found it necessary to escape from G-d ' s insistence that he transcend his own humanity. He fled in horror from G-d ' s demand that he learn to forgive as the Lord himself forgives. This he could not do. He needed his humanity — the warm covering of self-deception and hatred. He could not ascend to that G-d-like level of 138 Miprciiif l n()wli l);c ind love. He boards ;i slii|) lui l.iisliisli. Ilic sea, riiiin ' s |)riniili L ' mother, symbol of ctcrniil, forgetful, iiisciisale life, rises about him, obscuring his duties ,ind ornissioris in j heavy mist of (nofiolon . |(iii.ili is niiniinj backwartl returning I(j ihc c liildlKHid ji resp()nsibilil of rn.in. Jonah w.is gone down iiidi llic iiiini lllosi parts of the ship; .uid lie l.i .iiid was fast asleep. He had fled ileep uilh- in the ship anti himself, seeking a relief from the necessity of acting. I ' he sailors, a miniature assembly of the nations of the world, turn to their iiuli idual gods for help from the terrifying siorni. ()iih Jonah, the gmlty one, sleeps. I ' or is noi sleep, after all, the original (ondiiion of his guilt. ' ' The others are incenset! In his bcli.n ior; they insist that he share in the common activity, that he pray too. But the book never says that he does pra} ' . He has gone too far down into the bowels of the ship, has retreated too far within himself to be raisctl h the communit ' endea or. Man- kind lias lost its power () er him, only G-d is left. He himself but continues in his regression — a regression heading towards a complete negation of himself and the world. So the storm continues and his fate un- rolls itself inc itab! . He makes it in- evitable h his own inaction. He is resigned to his death; he looks for- ward to it. The warm, all-engulfing arms of the sea will gentiv receive him and carr ' his guilt into obli ion. It is he, in fact, who suggests to the sailors that he be thrown into the sea, an eventualitv which he fervently desires. Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not, for the sea grew more and more tem- pestuous. The sailors attempted, b this final spurt of shared responsibility to draw Jonah into the communitv of man — but they could not. The call of the sea was too strong, his withdrawal too com- plete, his crime too great. So thev took up Jonah and cast him forth into the sea; and the sea ceased its raging. Jonah achieved his wish: self- immolation in the depths of forgetfulness. But the Lord was not to be cheated; no one can escape His terrible voice and the blind- ing light of Truth. The Lord has pre- vented man from doing what Jonah did by putting part of himself into man. G-d is within us all and G-d can never forget. Jonah, therefore, is reborn — in the tight einbrace of the fish ' s woinb. Weill In the holloiil of ihv ntoiiuluim: I hv larll) iiilh Iter hari lo%etl Hfion me I ' irci cr: Yd hiisl I I ' oii hrmit hl iiji  i) life from Ihc pi I, (). I urd m C,-d. II hen III) ioiil fiiiiited uilhiii me. I remembered the Lord . . . The earili (.in never close on us for- ever; the l.orti compels us in remember Him. Jonah was snatched from tbc depths of the sea, from his frantic desire to escape. I li- was reborn, I here is no esc.ipe frr)m duty — the sea itself will not hold us. The Lord spake unto the fish and it vomited f)ut Jonah on the dr land. He is vomited back into the world to carry out, with unsteady legs, the inten- tions of the Lord. He goes to Nineveh, proclaims its destruction, waits till its peo- ple repent, then retires in absolute despair to the outskirts of the city. He declares he has always known the city would be forgiven. Now there is nothing left for him. save guilt. For all the vears that the people of Nineveh had lain rotting in sin and ignor- ance, he had chosen to absf)|ve himself of his absolute rcsponsibilitv towards them. He had left them to suffer, in order to pro- tect himself. The chimera of Absolute Evil and Eternal Damnation had been useful in shielding him from his own eves. All evil has been sanctioned these long years as the irremediable will of the Almightv — he had eagerlv accepted the lie of Evil so that he might not have to live a life of Good. But he had erred, and the heavy re- sponsibility of Good now returns. Evil is temporarv; it can be fought against. There are no more excuses left to us. No more excuses — what a shattering thought! There are no elect. no children of G-d. no chosen or damned. There is only man in his infinite capacitv to rise — and G-d with His infinite will to forgive. From the moment of this new know- ledge we must be continual I v tortured bv the realization of what we can be — and what we are not. V ' e now have unlimited responsibility, and unlimited guilt, for we ourselves are unlimited. This is G-d s gift. Jonah was reborn to face this. Once again he fails. Again he flees — into another sea. the 139 sea of the desert wilderness. He goes out of the city — there innde him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city. VC ' e can picture him there — seated in his pitiful shelter in the heat of an angrv sun, hoping, with an obstinate hate, that Ninexeh would fall, that man would fall with her. The end of the stor grows near. G-d prepared a gourd and made it to come o er )onah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to dcli er him from e il. But G-d prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd, that it withered. The gourd gone, a ehement east wind attacks Jonah, and Jonah faints. What does this mean? Is not this action of G-d ' s almost childlike? Upon ponder- ing the verse, we percei e that G-d erected the tree as a protection against evil. He grants Jonah ' s wish to be ignorant of the evil in the world and of his resulting duty to remedy it. He grants him forgetfulness, but only temporary forgetfulness. He grants him relief from the heat of the world ' s guilt. Why? So that He may deprive him of these comforts the next day. This fragment is a commentary on the entire tale. G-d had constructed a shelter for Jonah and Israel, allowed them to live in ignorance. But then G-d withdrew his shelter, told Jonah to go to Nineveh and reveal the truth. Jonah then turns to G-d and pleads for death; he is not strong enough to forego the shelter. And the Lord answers him. Jonah has had pity on the gourd. He says. for which thou hast not labored, neither madest it grow, which came up in a night, and perished in a night. And should not I, continues the Lord, have pity on Nineveh, that great city where are more than si.x score thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left, and also much cattle. G-d displays His final lesson to Jonah. G d cannot accept the gourd, symbol of man ' s concern with himself, of man ' s flight from the community of man, an ephemeral object grounded in lies and deception, in lieu of the common fate of Alan, of the great, blind, striving mass, moving in ignorance and innocence of their guilt to an unknowing plea for for- giveness. Jonah has sinned tragically in separating himself from humanity, in con- structing an individual shelter. The gourd is a hollow, empty thing in comparison with the driving, compelling reality of mankind and of our duty towards it. We can never flee; the sea and the desert refuse us; the sun and the east-wind pur- sue us. We only die to be reborn. Our knowledge is sin when we fail to use it. Ignorance is no excuse for guilt so long as one man has knowledge. And that man must use it. Jonah must bow before this last terrible judgment of G-d. There is nothing left to say. The book ends. Jonah melts back into the obsurity of Time. His later history is involved with the history of mankind. Whatever we are, it is the Jonahs who have formed us. 140 SILENCE liy Allan ff up ' St her I lay abed one winter ' s night And looked up to the sky. The moon was shining silvery white, IMuffy clouds drifted by. All was quiet in the night. The air was pure and clean. The clouds sailed on, out of sight. What could this silence mean. ' Far out, beyond a sea. Upon some foreign land. Men fought to keep men free. Their blood had stained the sand. The cannon thundered through the da . Then shattered the silent night. The warships answered in the bay. Each shell said Might is right. To many who were dying Night and day were the same. And still more go on dying. Pawns in a mortal game. But back, across that ocean. In houses throughout my land. Letters without emotion Are held with quavering hand. We regret, was the beginning Of the note — impersf)nal — brief. But how can a bit of writing Convey any feeling of grief. ' Then there was silence. More potent than sound. As the faces grew tense. Tears dampened the ground. And now they walk no more. The grass has conquered the brave. Together, the rich and the poor Have surrendered to the grave. And bv the fading light of day The quiet graves are seen. So still, the anquished heroes lay. What can this silence mean. ' ,iA« v- ' - f 1 141 THE PROSE OF PERETZ Aiiroti Tr ' icdniau Peretz did not write mereh ' to enter- tain. His writings are symbolic, allegori- cal works. He erects a s)mbolic super- structure on the literal story so that the casual reader gains one view, and the cultured reader another. The two do not alwa s see eve to e}e because the tale speaks to each in a different language. It is in the deeper meaning that the true Peretz lies. Isaac Loeb Peretz was born in the year 1852 in Zamosch, Russian Poland, of an orthodox Jewish familv. As a child he showed much talent and abilitv. His father, though pious, |iermitted his son to gain secular knowledge while pursuing the traditional Jewish studies. Peretz gradualh turned from the Talmud to other fields. He became interested in mystical jihilosophies. In his youth, he had a taste of the Haskalah, and although it left an indelible imprint on his mind, it failed to sway him from the traditional Judaism which held him so firmly. For Peretz, this feeling of alliance with his religion was a li ing source of inspiration. Yet he did not ask for strict adherence to the letter of the Law as laid down at Mount Sinai. Biblical Judaism was to Peretz the base, not the ape.x, of the Jewish pyramid. Peretz believed that indi%idual fulfillment was essential; the minutae of the Law were unimportant. The Znddlk is that man who is always ready to help others e en while sacrificing himself. Peretz implied this in his story Beside the Dying, which told of a man who is ready to sacrifice his share in Paradise and endure the suffering and torments of Hell, because it is there, and not in Heaven, that he can help others. Peretz began to write at the age of fourteen, when the Haskalah was in full swing and Polish Jewry was declining. Lor many years he was uncertain of his med- ium, wavering between Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish, and experimenting in verse, prose, narrative, and drama. His writings never brought him any mentionable profits, but he never had any real financial problems. He did not be- come widely known to the Jewish people as a writer until 1894 when he began to issue his Yom-Tov Bletter, a magazine of which he was often editor, publisher, and main contributor, all at the same time. B) the beginning of the twentieth centurx, he was one of the leading figures in the Jewish world. Peretz was an ethicist in his thinking, but in the expression of his style he was a true esthete. He was as much interested in his st le as in his theme. Once a literary idea was ripe for expression, he concentrated not so much on the idea per se as on the form it was to assume. He was alwajs seeking the exact word, the exact phrase. He rewrote his works many times, often in arious forms. Ne erthe- less, this polish did not gi%e his works the artfullness of a consciously perfected st) le. On the contrar) ' , it impresses one with its seemingh ' genuine spontaneit) ' . Though Peretz is considered a neo- Romantic in Hebrew Literature, he also maintained moments of realism. Yet, while he had this ambivalence, funda- mentally he was a Romantic. Folklore is a part of Romanticism, and it is in folk- lore that Peretz excelled. The theme of Elijah frequently recurs in Peretz — Elijah the prophet, whose pres- ence is still felt in Jewish homes on Pass- oxer night, and whose intervention is dreamed of in times of ad ersity. The stories Self-Sacrifice, He Who Does Wonders, and Se en Years of Plent) are examples of Peretz ' s use of this great figure. In Peretz ' s stories, Elijah wanders through the world, unrecognized, and ex- erts his efforts on behalf of the humble and pious individuals who merit divine inter ention. For Peretz is a singer of the underpri ileged, the ignorant, the suf- fering. Peretz ' s main forte was allegory. He never used sharp words. Rather he con- eyed his thoughts through allegory. The crisis, the crucial point, is the foundation of the Peretz story. It arises usually out of the personal relationships of his char- acters. It is hard to find a story of his in which this contrast, this strife, this crucial point is not evident. The Golden Chain, for example deals with the spiritual vicis- situdes of a people in the moment of their crisis. He tells of a family, of four gen- erations, and its attitudes towards Jewry. The attitude of Peretz, incidentally, is that one must accept both the gifts of science and of the spirit. Of the two, the spirit is more vital. 142 With Pcrci . the aciion is subordiiuiic to the psychology. The in li iclu;il in I ' tici is unimporlaiK. Il is (lie siiiialion rather (han the in(li itiiial which nio es us. We do not laugh at Honlsthe hut rather at the system which has enableii a man to de- velop in such a manner. I ' eret is not interestcci in nniliiiing characters; his characters are never e, traorclinary. Rather Peret tries to make us reflect and jioiuler the problems he raises. It is to this end lli.K lie prcsc ' iils llu- sitii.uinn .incl icLiliim ships. Not oiih does IVtcI give In III erature new themes and a fresh st le, but he also discards the conventional methods of saying the obvious and ex|K ' Cted. I ' cretz does not pretend to give us read -madc conclusions; he recjuires the reader to think, often indicating the ambiguous solu- tion with a series of dots. This method of leading the reader to the point of reflec- tion, of forcing him to his own conclu- sion, led Da id Frischman, another He- brew author, to criticize him for ob- scurity. Peretz was ersatile and prolific. He was a master of almost e ery form of iit- erarv expression. He wrote essays, |io|iu- lar, scientific articles, tra el jiictures, bal- lads, short stories, and he died while writ- ing a children ' s lullaby. Peretz also wanted to write great plays and he was er) ' hurt when a critical audience of sev- eral of his friends told him his plays were of little alue. His dramatic efforts cer- tainl - do not measure up to his writing in other media. Perhaps Peretz ' s true greatness lies in the fact that he was always a pusher. He always created, originated, and initi- ated. He was perpetual l seeking new ideas, methods and st les to introduce them. At the ' same time that Peretz was pro- ducing his literar works, the Haskalists were in deep trouble. Religion, economy, politics were all changing. Hasidisni seemed a fulfillment of the spiritual needs of the iieople and Peretz became interested in it. Peretz, as a vouth, had an interest ill nn sticism. This is e ident in the storv of ' oclianan, the water-carrier, and also the storv of Avrolom. the bass-player. In the former, the protagonist had the mystical gift of being able to tell who was learning the true Torah and who was using the Torah for evil purposes. In the latter, the bass-plaver dies while perform- ing at a wedding, and it is revealed that be was called to the heavenly orchestra. But mvsticism is a treneral term, and Pcrcfz ' more .pecific interest was in Masi- disin. Peretz was not a li.isici hiriiM-lf, but it was his gift to be able to tacch and tiiake accessible to us the spirit of (he llasidic world. He transmits the bliss of the llasid with an inicnsiiy known to ihc Hasidim only from within. Mc captures this spirit in stories such as If . ot High- er, and ' Joy X ' ithin Joy. both of these stories give expression to the inner striv- ings, aspiraticms, and yearnings f f M.isi- (lism, and help us rccogni c its beauty. Peretz seemed to lean toward the llasi- dic point of view, but he believed that the petty observances recjuired by religicm were unimportant. Thus, while he accepted, and raised to a level of primary import- ance, the llasidic emphasis on humane values, he entirelv discarded the six hun- dred thirteen precepts which the Hasidim. as any observant Jews, c( nsider vital. Thus Peretz preached humaneness but re- jected observance. He regarded ritual ob- servance as dependent on the individual. He distinguished between ritual obser- vance, which he considered merely a means towards an end, and humaneness which he regarded as the final good of religion. Peretz criticized mechanical adherence to the law without regard for the spirit animating it. The Diamond character- izes just such an attitude, and it is in this story that Peretz brings his lesson home. A similar storv is his Pious Cat. ' which satirizes hypocrisy bv means of allegorical reference. But the real Peretz. the true Peretz. the enduring Peretz is the Peretz of the folk tales and the Hasidic stories. It is the Peretz who loved the Jewish people and was tied to it with all the fibers of his heart. Essentially, this love is the preva- lent motif of Peretz stories. However, the author also had moments of frustration, of bitterness, of sardonic self-deprecation. Peretz satirical comments on Judaism are usually infused with a quality of grace, almost loving tenderness which tempers the basic bitterness. There were times when he bitinglv criticized and satirized the verv things he loved. It was the pious and traditional world which touched him most deeply and which fur- nished him with the material and motiva- tion for his greatest works. It was also the pious and traditional world that stung him to his fiercest revulsions. For ex- ample, Peretz would often criticize the Rehbe. He felt that the Rebbe was more anxious that people observe ardiaic cus- 143 toms than that they improve their general condition. He saw the Rebbe as an ob- stacle to progress because of the negatix e influence of his spiritual guidance. But Peretz did not spare the people. He sympathized with their economic plight, but their spiritual letharg) raised his ire. He sometimes depicted them as egetating nonentities, neither ali e nor dead. His desire was always to awaken his people so that they would become aware of reality. Peretz also expressed bitterness o er the low status of the Jewish woman. The Outcast makes the extreme point of sug- gesting that conversion is one of the few outlets permitted the Jewish woman. In Mendel Brainnes ' Peretz castigates the Eastern European Jew for forcing his wife to provide for the ery necessities of life. Peretz described the Jew as he saw him: still influenced by medieval attitudes in life, dressed in clothes of an ancient pat- tern, practicing extreme piety, and regard- ing prayer and study as the primary goals of his existence. It must nevertheless be kept in mind that, paradoxicalh enough, Peretz had deep re erence for the man who withdrew from the struggle for mundane satisfac- tions and chose instead to sit and learn — such as Reb Chiya in Peretz ' Mesiras Nefesh. But in the final analysis, the Peretz who emerges is the lover of Judaism. He ap- pears as a man who loved his people with the exaltedness of a devoted leader and with the zeal of a prophet, and who sought to cleanse and purify them, both body and soul. Peretz realized that a definite problem did exist with regard to the survival of the Jewish people. He did not, however, propose an) concrete solution. The Jew- ish national ideal was attractive to him, but he was skeptical of Zionism. He preached the missionary ideal, viewing the Jews as the Messianic people, but he be- lieved that Jewish self-emancipation lav in the Diaspora. On the other hand, he opjiosed the assimilationist element with all the trenchancy of his penet rating pen. His most venomous darts were directed against those Jews who placed their hopes for the salvation of the Jewish people upon liberal (;hristian forces which de- manded the disownment and the denial of Judaism. He exposed their myopic attitude and the pathetic futilit} ' of their striv ing. He regarded them however, not as traitors, but as weaklings. He scorned their behavior, but he pitied their social misplacement. He scorned the way in which they rejected both the good and the bad of their Jewish inheritance; he felt contempt for their loss of personal pride and racial honor; he hated their fawning and cringing before the non- Jews. Peretz ' hope for Jewry lay in a com- bination of things. It lay in the humility, self-effacement, and love preached by the old teachers, and in the social and eco- nomic principles formulated by the new. But Peretz ' heart leaned towards the form- er, and he fulfilled both himself and his people in his folktales. Peretz did not believe that Science could probe as deeply into the heart of man as had the great Hasidic Rebbes. So when he searched for the m)steries of man ' s behavior, he turned to the Baal Shem-Tov, the Rabbi of Nemi- rov, and the entire galaxy of Hasidic rab- bis. If anything, Peretz in his stories and essays urges the rejection of alien ways of life, and a return to ancestral roots, a rejuvenation of Jewishness. This was Isaac Loeb Peretz — always the champion of Judaism, always unswervingly tied to it. He was the mystic, the cham- pion of the down-trodden, the master of the folk-tale, the teller of Hasidic stories, of stories with happy endings. Peretz the many-sided, always Peretz the genius. 144 FREE SPEECH IN LOCKi: AND MILTON (.. Ihinitl (hill John Milton and John l.ockc lived and wiolc in the seventeenth century. Both wrote articles concerning freedom and toleration, antl in our day, we would con- sider then) outstanding liberals. Both championed freeilom of expression: Mil- ton in literature and Locke in religion. Their views are seemingly very similar, but a careful analysis brings out a basic difference between them. Milton, in a pam|ihicl addressed to Parliament ( Areopagilica), advances a number of reasons why he feels that books should not be subject to censorship. At the outset, he states, I shall now attend with such a homily as shall lay before ye first, the inventors of it, to be those whom } ' e will be loath to own; next what is to be thought in general of reading, ivhulevvr sort of honks he; and that his order avails nothing to the suppressing of scandalous, seditious and libellous books, which were mainly intended to be suppressed. Last that it will be purely to the discouragement of all learning and the stop of truth not only by disexercising and blunting our abilities in what we know already, but by hindering and cropping the disco ery that might be yet further made both in religious and civil wisdom . He goes on to give other reasons of a more practical nature. (How can we thrust the censor. ' We would have to repeal books already in print, etc.) But, basically Milton pleads for com- pletely free expression. Thus, we should brook no outside influence or control whatsoever. It is true that he states in one paragraph that one should watch care- full) ' over books. I den) ' not but that it is of greatest concernment in the church and commonwealth, to ha e a igilant eye how books demean themselves as well as men. However, throughout the rest of the speech, Milton suggests complete freedom of expression. For example, he quotes the epistles of one Dionysius Alexandrius a churchman of the year 240. Read any books what- ever come to thy hands, for thou art suf- ficient both to judge aught, and to examine each matter ... to the pure all things are pure; not only meats and drinks, but ail kind of knowledge whether good or evil; the knowledge can ' t defile, nor conse- quently the books, if the will and con- science be not defiled. iMiiton jioints out that (tnd and evil are inseparable and thai man must be given the choice to deride for himself. Using the same argument that live used against Adam in Piirudiic l.oil, Milton says, Since therefore the knowledge and survey of vice is in this world vi necessary to the constituting of human virtue, and the scanning of error to the confirmation of truth, how can we more safely and with less danger scout into the region of sin falsity than by reaching all manner ii tractates and hearing all manner of rea- son? I- or truth to flourish according to Milton it must be allowed to run free with ab- solutely no restrictions. Well knows he who was to consider, that our faith and knowledge thrives by exercise as well as our limbs and complexion. Milton believes that man left to his own choice will be responsible enough to separate the truth from falsity. Nor is it to the common people less than a re- proach; for if we be so jealous over them. as that we dare not trust them with an English pamphlet, what do we do but censure them for a giddv, vicious, and ungrounded people; in such a sick and weak state of faith and discretion as to be able to take nothing down but through the pipe of a licenser. Milton has con- fidence in the English writers, in the Eng- lish people, and above all in truth itself. And though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth, so truth be in the field we do injuriouslv bv licens- ing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength. Let her and falsehood grapple; who ever knew truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter. Thus. Mil- ton, throughout most of the speech advo- cates complete freedom. This is not so with John Locke. Locke, in his first Letter Concerning Toleration. makes a plea for tolerance but in a dif- ferent vein. He points out that man has both ci il and spiritual interests. TTie Commonwealth exists in order to deal with man ' s civil interests. The Commonwealth seems to me to be a society of men con- stituted only for the procuring, preserving and advancing their own civil interests. Civil interests I call life, liberty, health and indolencv of money; and the fxissession of outward things such as monev. lands, houses, furniture and the like. 14S But Ldcke goes on to discuss man ' s spiritual nature. In the spiritual realm of man the ci il magistrate has no right to interfere. The Civil power is impotent in spiritual matters. Matters of faith are neither provable nor dispro able but simplv believable or disbelievable. Hence anyone could propose them but nobody has a right to impose them on others. Man ' s spiritual nature may take on the form of church worship. But, Locke points out that this is different from the Commonwealth. Let us now consider what a church is. A church, then, I take to be a voluntary society of men joining themselves together of their own accord in order to the public worshipping of God in such a manner as they judge acceptable to Him and effectual to the salvation of their souls. I say it is a free and voluntary society . . . Thus, therefore, that matter stands. No man by nature is bound unto any particular church or sect, but everyone joins himself - oluntarih ' to that society in which he believes he has found that pro- fession and worship which is truly accept- able to God. The hope of salvation, as it was the only cause of his entrance into that community, so it can be the only rea- son of his stay there. For if afterwards he discover anything either erroneous in the doctrine or incongruous in the wor- ship of that society to which he has joined himself, why should it not be as free for him to go out as it was to enter? . . . No member of a religious society can be tied with any other bonds but what proceed from the certain expectation of eternal life. Locke believed that the human mind was fallible. Absolute reason could not in certain instances perceive the entire truth. Therefore, in matters of religion, God, and eternity, each individual has to judge for himself. No one man could set forth absolute doctrines for another. In a primitive form Locke pleaded for a separation of Church and State. Rend unto Caesar what is Caesar ' s and unto God what is God ' s. According to Locke, Man ' s actions are subject to the jurisdiction both of the outward and inward court — that is to say of Church and State. Each of these governments is assigned proper and specific limits and one is not to in- trench on tHe other. A good life, in which consist not the least part of religion and true piety, concerns also the civil government; and in it lies the safety both of men ' s souls and of the Commonwealth. Moral action belong, therefore, to the jurisdiction both of the outward and in- ward court; both of the civil and domestic governor; I mean both of the magistrate and conscience. Here, therefore, is great danger, lest one of these jurisdictions in- trench upon the other and discord arise between the keeper of the public peace and the overseer of souls. Thus, according to Locke, the magistrate has a right to do anything to protect the civil interest. This logically would in- clude censorship of books, speech and newspapers, if they could be proved detri- mental to the civ il interest. Only in things not entirely knowable to the human mind, such as matters of religion, did Locke be- lieve that the civil magistrate should not interfere. But, if for example, a book advocating treason were published, the government would have the right to censor it as being detrimental to the civil interest. Milton, on the other hand, pleaded for complelely free expression. On this point Locke and Milton differed. Locke believed that in things not of religious nature the government has a right to regulate what it believes to be harmful. This is the original, this is the use, and these are the bounds of the legislative, which is the supreme power in every commonwealth. I mean that pro ision may be made for the securit) of each man ' s priv ate possessions; for the peace, riches and public com- modities of the whole people; and, as much as possible, for the increase of their inward strength against foreign invasion. Milton, on the other hand, pleaded for a completely free and individual choice not only in religious matters but in all con- troversial matters. In our present day and age, there is no question that Locke ' s views are more apropros. Perhaps in Milton ' s time, when society was not as complex and the issues at stake were sharper and more clearly de- fined, we could leave the individual free rein. However, in the twentieth century, with the vast increase in the scope of the media of mass communication and with the increased complexity of modern life, the average man is a bewildered individual Thus, it is the duty of society to protect its members. Freedom of expression must be related to responsibility. Those who are in a position to express opinions on controversial matters are bound by a cer- tain responsibility in the expression of their opinions. If they do not realize this responsibility themselves, then society must take a hand in seeing that they do. The issues were brilliantly examined by W. E. Hocking in his discussion of free- dom of the press. {Freedom of the Press by W. E. Hocking— pages 228-230.) As 146 widi ;ill (ic ' cdoiii, |)ii-ss (iccdiini iriiMiis fieedoDi from and also freedom fur . . , A free |)ress is fiee from (ompulsioii from whatever sookc, ;;o ci ninciil or so(i.i ' external or inlcrn.il. Ironi iom{ iilsrori not from jiressures; foi no press (.m I free from pressirres (■ ((|ii in ,i inoiihun society eillpty of ( onli-ndiuL; for((s ,ni beliefs . . . The lice press nmsi he dee lo all who have something worth saying to the piihlif since the essenlial ohjeit for which a free jiress is .d(ied is ihal ideas deserving a public heaiin shall ha e a public hearing . . . j here is an aniilhesis between the cmrent concejnion of die freedom of the |ires.s and the accoiinlabiiii of the press. Accoimtabilii) like subjec- tion to law, is not necessarily a net sniv iiaiiioii (lum liberty; the affirmative fuc- tor of freedom, freedom for may be en- hanced . . . ' I ' hc situation approaches a ililiiiima. The press must remain private nil! free, er ri human and fallible; but I Ik press dare no lon  cr indulf;c in fall- iluJK) — it must supply the public need. 147 RENE DESCARTES AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO MODERN SCIENCE Dr. Litnia i January 1937 Rene Descartes is one of the giants upon v hose shoulders modern science rests. He helped to clear the mist, which for cen- turies had obscured the workings of the physical world and the nature of man ' s place in the universe. Descartes taught man to think for himself, to seek truth within himself, and not to rely upon authority, convention and tradition which would impede the search for truth. Man can fathom even the most hidden secrets of nature, but, in order to ad ance, his road must be cleared of all obstructions. Descartes ' method is to lead him invari- ably to truth. He begins with complete skepticism, questioning the truth, first, of commonly received opinions and beliefs, and secondly, of sense-data. The schools and my senses tell me that the sun mo ■es around the earth; I now learn that the schools and senses alike decei%e me. (Discourse on Method) At the outset, the mind must be purged and cleansed; the sediment deposited by dogmatic indoctrinations must be washed away. Thus Descartes states the first rule of his method. ... to accept nothing as true which I did not clearly recognize to be so: that is to say, carefully to avoid preci- pitation and prejudice in judgments, and to accept in them nothing more than was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly that I could have no occasion to doubt it. (Discourse on Method) The remaining three rules state the pro- cedure for learning and discovering. They present what I shall call the method of analysis — whereby one starts with a simple, self-evident truth near at hand (which may not turn out to be logically first in the completed system) and from it works in simple steps to more difficult and remote principles. The second was to divide up each of the difficulties I examined into as many parts as possible, and as seemed requisite in order that it might be re- solved in the best manner possible. The Third was to carry on my re- flection in due order, commencing with objects that were the most simple and easy to understand, in order to Shalom Z. H ' lnchnnui rise little by little or b ' degrees, to knowledge of the most complex, as- ■ suming an order, even if a fictitious one, among those which do not follow a natural sequence relati%ely to one another. The last was in all cases to make enumerations so complete and reviews so general that I should be certain of having omitted nothing. (Discourse on Method) By the application of his method, Des- cartes wanted to construct a universal sci- ence possessing the certainty which mathe- matics attains in the limited field of num- bers and figures. We find the conviction expressed that all the sciences form an organic unity; one master method of study applies to them all. The method is the method of mathema- tics, the uni ■ersal science that deals with order and measurement generally, and in which all data are clearly, distinctly and succinctly stated. Indubitable knowledge can be obtained in the sciences of arithme- tic and geometry. Descartes had great success with his method in the development of analytical geometry, which strengthened his belief in a mathematical universe. Analytical geometry presupposes an exact one-to-one correspondence between the realm of num- bers — arithmetic and algebra — and the realm of geometry — space, extension and figure. The nature of space was such that its relations could be represented in alge- braic formulae. Numerical truths could be fully represented spatially. It thus be- comes clear that all our knowledge of space and spatial relations can be trans- lated into a new language, that of num- bers, and that by this translation and trans- formation the true logical character of geometric thought could be conceived in a much clearer and adequate way. Descartes ' analytical geometry gave the first convinc- ing proof of this relation between ex- tension and number. The lang uage of geometry became part of a much more comprehensive language, that of a univer- sal mathematics. We see that Descartes had great faith in the truth of mathematics. Its propositions are clearly and distinctly conceived. Can we find the same certainty in the study of 148 material ohjccis in the Mirl(l .ihnm ir, .-• Again let us ajiply ilic jikiIhkI .ukI ilms clcrive the answer to this (|iiLsiioii Descarlcs hegitis l) (loiihiiiif .ill nniil lie airi i ' s al soiiiclliiiii indiilili.ililc, I shall llu ' fl MI| { OS ' . MUI ill. II (,.hI will) is sii|iiciiiel good and ilii- I oil nil in ol I null, hiil some e i I genius no( less jxiwerful than deceitful, has employed his whole energies in de- iei ing me; I shall consider dial (he liea ens, the earth, colors, figure and sound, and all other external ihings ,ire nauglil hiil (In- ilhisinns .ind dre.inis ol wliiili ihis giiiius li.is a ailed himself in oidir lo l.i ii.ips for my credulity; I sli.ill loiisidir iii - self as ha ing no li,iiuls, no e c ' s, no flcsii, no hlooti, noi .in senses, li falseh belie ing myself lo possess all these things; I shall remain ohstinateh attached to this idea and if h this means it is not in my power lo arri c at the knowledge of any truth, I may at least do what is in ni) power (i.e. sus|iend nn judgment), and with firm purpose a ()id gi ing credence to an false thing. (Meditation I) Descartes then disco ers tiie first thing that cannot be doubted, his own existence. The truth of his own existense is as clear and distinct as an ' mathematical proposi- tion can be. Was 1 not then likewise persuaded that 1 did not exist. Not at all; of a surety I myself did exist since I per- suaded myself of something (or merely because 1 thought of some- thing). But there is some deceiver or other, er}- powerful and very cun- ning, who em|5lo s his ingenuity in deceiving me. Then without I doubt 1 exist also if he decei es me, and let him decei e me as much as he will, he can ne er cause me to be nothing so long as I think that I am some- thing. So that after ha ing reflected well and carefull examined all things, we must come to the definite conclusion that this proposition : 1 am. I exist, is necessarily true each time I pronounce it, or that 1 mental 1 con- ceive it. (Meditation II) This first principle of the philosophy for which he was seeking, Descartes classi- cally stated as I Think, therefore 1 am . By applying his method of analysis Descartes proceeds to de elop his ontologi- cal proof of the existence of God. He has the idea of a more perfect being . Recog- nizing his own deficiencies, this idea cer- tainU could not proceed from himself. Perhaps the idea of substance was within him owing to the fact that he too was substance. Vet h  w could he have the i lea ( an infinite substance since he is hiHic ' Descartes ntniludcs, therefore, ill. II I he jjerfect being , (idd, exists. This |)roof is predicated upon his own existence, for then (he idea is in something which exists and the object of the idea in (his case Ciod — exists. By the name Ciod I understand a substance that is infinite (eternal, im- mutable), independent, all knowing, all |5owerful. .ind by which I myself and e erything else, if anuhing else does exist, have been created. .N ' ovs all these characteristics arc such that the more diligently I attend to ihein. the less lo they appear capable of proceeding from me altine; hence from vsh.ii h.is been already said, wc must conclude that Ciod nccessaih exists. (Meditation III) The very notion of Ciod. the most per- fect being, necessarily carries existence with it just as the idea of a triangle carries with it the e(|ualit of the sum of its angles Id two right angles. This jiroof highl objectiimable. Descartes seems to base the realit of Ciod u|ion the idea of God. What we have is a definition. The Being does not neces- sarily exist apart from its definition, and therefore, may be onl) a definition, that is, an idea or belief. The question now arises as to the reality of mathematics. ( ertain definitions, postulates and axioms form the founda- tions of mathematical thought and we mav raise objections against the eritv of mathematics similar to those raised against the existence of God. Yet. there is a fundament.il difference between the two. The validitv o( the mathematical defini- tions mav be tested by the fruits they bear. If we can construct a logical system of mathematics based on these definitions, a system free from contradictions and in- consistencies, we may have a clear concep- tion of their truth. Furthermore, the statements derived from the original de- finitions can often be subjected to physical measurement. For example, -the validity of the Pythagorean Theorem, which may be derived from certain geometrical de- finitions, for a given right triangle, may be ascertained b actual measurement and is thus demonstrable in terms of number. Hence the axioms are uniquely determined bv their consequent propositions. How- ever, no unique definition of God exists and therefore the definition is but a be- lief. Inquiring further into the existence of material things the following conclusions 149 are drawn by Descartes. He has a certain passive faculty for the perception of ideas of sensible things, which must be produced by some acti e faculty. This acti e faculty for the production of the idea cannot re- side within him, for his perception of these sensible things is passi e and often against his will. The active faculty must reside in some substance, other than himself, which contains the real object of the idea. This substance is either a body, a demon or God. It cannot be a demon or God, for God, the perfect being has no defects and cannot be a decei%er. Hence the idea is not an illusion, was produced by cor- poreal substance and we must allow the corporeal substances exist. The} ' may not be exactly as comprehended by the senses which are often obscure and confused; but we must at least admit that all things which I conceive in them clearly and distinctly, that is to say, all things which, speaking generally, are comprehended in the object of pure mathematics, are truly to be recognized as external objects. (Meditation VI) Descartes makes the distinction between the mathematical aspects of material bodies and what may be termed the sense as- pect of material bodies. The mathe- matical aspects are those qualities which mav be reduced to mathematical entities, described in the clear and distinct lan- guage of mathematics. Those qualities which may be handled mathematically are real. Those qualities arising from the sense aspect of material bodies are in- capable of mathematical treatment. They remain obscure and cannot be considered real. Of course, they aid us in the percep- tion and identification of bodies, but they only serve to give the mind the opportunity to conceive the true qualities. Descartes describes those qualities which are unreal and those which are real. The latter are to form the basis of his Physical Theory. However, Descartes failed to de- ■e op a satisfactory theory of physics. The aforementioned dichotomy leads us to a general consideration of Descartes ' dualism. Descartes divides reality into two categories, extension and thought. They are two separate worlds — The res extensa which is the realm of mathemati- cal objects strictly controlled by mechani- cal law, and the res cogitans in whose realm resides the thinking substance which is the true I, unextended, immortal, dis- tinct objects strictly controlled by mech- anical law, and the res cogitans in whose realm resides the thinking substance which is the true I, unextended, immortal, dis- tinct from the body and not subject to mechanical laws. Thus what 1 ha •e called the. sense as- pect of material bodies belongs to the res cogitans . It is completely within the mind and has no external reality. The mathematical aspects of material bodies would then belong to the res extensa . Descartes ' dualism raises a grave epis- temological problem. If each of the two substances exists independently of the other, how do extended substances produce unextended thoughts, and how do we know that the distinct conceptions of the res cogitans are valid for the res ex- tensa ? If the soul is totally distinct from the body how can it have that thorough and intimate contact with matter which is necessary in order to have the know- ledge of any extended thing? The prob- lem is fundamental and a satisfactory solution has not yet been provided. De- scartes realized that his dualism repre- sented an imperfection. The imperfection cannot be present in God and the two Worlds merge in Him. But because I had already recognized very clearly in myself that the nature of th e intelligence is distinct from that of the body, and observing that all composition gives evidence of de- pendency, and that dependency is manifestly an imperfection, I came to the conclusion that it could not be a perfection in God to be com- posed of these two natures, and that consequently he was not so com- posed. (Discourse on Method) As for the interaction of mind and matter in the human body . . . ... WE must know that the soul is really joined to the whole body, and that we cannot, properly speak- ing, say that it exists in any one of its parts to the exclusion of the others . . . (Passions of the Soul I Article 30) It is likewise necessary to know that although the soul is joined to the whole body, there is yet a certain part in which it exercises its functions mo re 150 particuliirly ihaii in all (he others . . , (Passions of (lie Soul I. Artidc 1 ) I ' lie appeal lo (ioci seems only lo rejire- senl one of (lie many medieval, relij ious notions of which Descaites (ould not rid himself, it (eriainly does nol suffice as a scientific exjilanation. Yet, this dualism led Descartes to a very novel conception of the bioloj ical world. Descartes stands as a new starting jioint for the view of living creatures working, as machines. ... and as a clock composed of wheels and weights observes not less accurately all the laws of nature when it is ill made, and points out the hours incorrectly, than when it satisfies the desire of the maker in every respect; so likewise if the body of man be con- sidered as a kind of machine, so made up and composed of bones, nerves, muscles, veins, blood and skin, that although there were in it no mind, it would not fail to move in all the same ways as at present, since it does not move by the direction of its will, nor consequently by means of the mind but only by the arrangement of its organs. I easily discern that it would also be as natural for such a body, supposing it dropsical, for example, to experience the parched- ness of the throat that is usually ac- companied in the mind b) ' the sensa- tion of thirst, and to be disposed by this parchedness to move its nerves and its other parts in the way required for drinking ... (Meditation VI) Descartes excludes will and reason from his machinery of the individual. Those apart, Descartes ' indi idual was a machine. Thus all the animals lower than man, hav- ing no mind, are complete machines. They are automatic whose actions pro- ceed necessarily from their phvsical nature. Only the presence of mind, of the thinking I, distinguishes man from all other ani- mals. Descartes ' view of man ' s doings was in line with his view of the doings of the physical universe. He was bringing them both into one picture. isible bodies such as planets and terrestrial objects swim helplessly in an infinite first matter or ether. This first matter , divinelv put into a certain quantity of motion, falls into a series of whirlpools or vortices, in w-hich the visible objects are carried around or impelled toward certain central points by the laws of vortical motion. Hence, the world of extended bodies is nothing but a vast machine. Descartes ' automatized doings of man were a piece with his auto- matized doings of the heavenlv bodies. The movements of animal bodies, all iheir physiological processes which arc inde- pendent of (onscious thought, and ihc motion of the heavenly bodies follow the same mechanical laws. Man is an automa- t ' ln with super added mind. Man ' s kindred, the ' brute creatures arc auto- mata without mind. The importance of this concept for the progress of modern biology cannot be overemphasi ed. Life becatnc subject to the same laws that controlled matter. The difference between life and death is the difference between a smoothlv running machine and a broken machine. ... let us Cf)nsider that death never comes to pass by reason of the soul, but only because some principal part of the body decays; and we may judge that the body of a living man differs from that of a dead man just as does a watch or other automaton (i.e. a machine that moves of itself), when it is wound up and crtntains in itself the corporeal principle of those movements for which it is designed along with all that is requisite for its action, from the same watch or other machine when it is broken and when the principle of its movement ceases to act. (The Passions of the Soul I. Article 6) Wohler ' s synthesis of urea in 1828. two centuries after Descartes ' death, which demonstrated that there is nothing more extraordinarv about an organic substance than an inorganic subsance. should not have been so shocking. Organic substance does not contain special mvsterious vege- tative forces, nor is there a life force which controls physiological acti ity. The li ing machine is the sum of its specialized parts, muscle,- blood, nerve, veins and the various tissues, coordinated and integrated by an elabrate system of transmission lines, relays and signal stations along which travel electrical messages. The en- ergy of living substance is provided by ordinarv chemical oxidations. Descartes ' example of the unconscious wetting of a parched throat (see above. Meditation Xl) seems to foreshadow the idea of reflex action which was first stated clearly more than two hundred years after his death. Thus even mental physi- ology could be reduced to the ordinan. mechanical processes. Applying the idea of the unity of knowledge to the studv of that which we call living substance we realize that we must integrate the methods of phvsics. chemistrv ' and mathematics in order to gain a complete understanding of physi- ological activitv ' . The fields of biochem- U1 istr and biophvsics coalesce into the field of general physiology. Yet only when we shall ha e described the essence of all ph siological activity in the language of mathematics will we have a clear and dis- tinct conception of living substance. Ac- cording to Descartes ' Method of Analy- sis our inquiries in this direction should begin with the stud of the chemical con- stituents of the simplest call, passing on to the stud of more complex phenomena in orderly steps. After ha ing studied the chemicals of the cell we may study the chemical and physical properties of the previously studied components: then we ma - proceed to study in order the proper- ties of the various tissues, organs, systems and finally the complete organism. Today we are yet at the frontiers of this study. Molecular medicine has just recently been concei ed and general physiology is still in its embryonic stage. Descartes pointed the wa towards the understanding that the study of physiology is the study of all science. Descartes failed to developed a satis- factory mathematical physics. By his vor- tex theory of motion which did away with the problems of force, weight, velocity, acceleration and gravity raised b} ' Galileo, Descartes imagined that he had achieved a geometrical world. However, he did not realize that b - introducing vortical motion he defeated the goal of his method. He described the ague and obscure e.xternal features of the world machine, the features that belong to the res cogitans . The clear and distinct description of a machine is the mathematical formula which depicts its motion. Thus Descartes ' physics re- mained a network of arbitrary assump- tions. But if Descartes as physicist erred in his means, he did not err in his funda- mental philosophical aim. Newton rein- oked the theories of Galileo and applied Descartes ' philosophy. Motion could be described by a mathematical formula re- lating two fundamental properties of bodies to force — mass and acceleration. (Descartes had dismissed mass as an es- sential property of material substance. . . . again we reject weight, because we see that fire although very light is yet body. Principles of Philo. II Prin. 11) In ail its single branches phvsics tended to one and the same point; it attempted to bring the whole world of natural phe- nomena under the control of number. Yet certain problems remained. How could we account for action at a dis- tance , that is, such pheonomena as gravit) ' and the attraction between distant bodies such as was postulated for the celestial planets? In our own era, Einstein has come closer to Descartes ' ideal of a thor- ough geometrical universe. Motion, grav- it ' , action at a distance all become part of the geometrical properties of space and are clearly described in the general field equations. Algebra and geometry blend in the study of the motion of corp- oreal substance. It now remains to in- clude all field phenomena, such as electro- magnetic radiation, attraction and repul- sion, in these equations to achieve the goal of a complete mathematical physics. 152 o T L R 153 Mel Adier K K Market ' Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Kass i Andrew ' s Barber Shop Gabe Kopperl Areola Plumbing and Heating, Inc. William Kosowsky Milton Baker, Ph.G. Benjamin Kramer Rev. and Mrs. J. Baskowitz Mr. and Mrs. James J. 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Gordon Sam Stein , ' Graham Distributors, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Julius Sureck ' Mr. and Mrs. B. Gross Dr. and Mrs. Meyer Tell , Mr. and Mrs. Israel Grossman Isidore Tevelow , ' Harris Motors Utica Ave. Plumbing Supply ' Mayer Hermelee Abraham Weberman and Co. , Joe ' s Fruit Market Mr. and Mrs. A. Sol Weger , ' Joe ' s Meat and Poultry HiUel Wilfowski Rabbi Leo Jung S. Barry Winet ' Joseph Zeller 1S4 a a C oiiijru III la lion .) w o Herman G. Stillman FROM DAVID SILVER BLANCHE COTTON MILLS AUGUSTA, GA. 0- =:: i$s L oiitjruliilulioiu Jo RAPHAEL Upon His Graduation MOM, DAD, DAVID AND SHULAMITH ( otnniinients of Hie SCHREIBER FOUNDATION x:i 156 • C omf litnrii i ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' 1 STANDARD BAG CO., INC. 1 AUGUSTA, GA. ■ ' ' ' ' ' Hill L. Silver 1 ( omfy imcnfj Uy • • • NEWPORT KNITTING CO. ., Inc. 132 WEST 36th STREET ' NEW YORK, N. Y. ' ( 1S7 Best Wishes To Our Cousin ER VI N LElBi;. CHAVE. BEILE. AVROM AND ZISSE EINHORN DORCHESTER, INC. hnporltr jtij Oi trihntors 60 RAILROAD STREET HASBROUCK HEIGHTS, N. J. PIONEER COUNTRY CLUB GREENFIELD PARK, N. V. Strict Kosher Modern Resort Hotel Elevator — Air Conditioned Best Of Luck To SH LOMO Frorn MR. AND MRS. M. FEDER LAckawanna 4-2276 Pardes Goodman, Inc. Mjniifjiluritlg llnritrs 252 Vi ' EST 30th STREET NEW YORK 1, N. Y. Congrulultitions To MORRIS NARUSHINSKY GARTENBERG AND SCHECHTER ' S Best Wishes To C. DANIEL CHILL from RABBI AND MRS. ABRAHAM CHILL MISS DEANNA CHILL Best Wishes To NAT From KURT AND OLGA LEWIN (Beit WhLj Do ALLAN JOSEPH and his classmates From MR. AND MRS. DAVID E. SCHER MR. AND MRS. SIDNEY WEIN MR. AND MRS. GEORGE AUMAN MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH ELBOGEN and Families 158 DELMA STUDIOS 521 Firm avi:ni;i: NEW YORK, N. Y. oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo OUR OFFICIAL YEARBOOK PHOIOCRAPIUR OOOCHK JOOOOOOOCKKH Oa 1000000 H3 Main Office and Lnhorutory 9 W. 20th Street New York 11, N. Y. Telephone: WAtkins 9-1880 Cr= S L onaratiilationS to The Class of ' 57 FROiM THE CLASS of ' 59 CT V -- ' - ' - « -— - I 159 s- i ■ Congratulations To . NAHUM « Memory of Upon His Graduation MOlllE HAIPERN MOTHER, DAD, AMIEL, ' S= REENA AND ZEEVA [ Best Welshes For A Successful Future Greetings and Best Wishes From To Our Son YESHIYA UNIVERSITY PHILIP BANNER WOMEN ' S ORGANIZATION MOTHER, DAD AND BROTHER ARTHUR • MRS. JOSEPH S. GREENBERG ' National President • 160 1 H= Best Wishes To ARTHUR ROZMAN nonumouA From 1 [ THE ROZMAN FAMILY ' ' ' i SCHAFFER BELTS, INC. • Judge and Mrs. 330 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK CIT ' Morris E. Spector ; ■ ■ « 161 worth 2-3264-5-6 i A l-nend Of H. WOOL SONS, INC. ■ Btitter, Eggs and Cheese MICHAEL KRAMER ' 137 READE STREET 1 NEW YORK 13, N. Y. 1 %= Congratulations To Compliments of JOSEF Mr. Philip Berkowitz MR. AND MRS. MAX FISCHER MIAMI, FLA. ■ ! HARVEY AND SHLOMO ( • • 162 • MR. AND MRS. I. lAlIB ARTHUR lADH, M. I). Congratulate 1 ROBERT O; H ' jf Emergence ( nngratiitiiliinn In JOSMUA MILLI-R iron Hi-. Parents ' MR. AM) MRS. SAMi;i:i. Mill IK And His Brother DANIEL MILLER, ' 53 ■ 1 A New Experience in Modern Hotel tiling . . . THE LAUREL PARK SO. FALLSBURG, N. Y. Tele. FAlls 360 N. Y. Phone -HY 8-4952 Dancing Nightly • Excellent Cuisine All Sports Facilities Solarium and Sun Deck Filtered Swimming Pool , Professional Day Camp Newly Decorated Lobby ' Broadway Entertainment ' Air Cooled } Dining Room and Main House Special Rates for You Graduates • Best Wishes To PAUL ROGOWAY From ' HIS WIFE DEBBIE ' MR. AND MRS I. A. ROGOW AY and Family ' 1 MR. AND MRS. T. KANDEL | and Family 163 • , Congratulatiom To IRWIN KANAREK t From HERMAN REICH, INC. 5 -02 48th Street Maspets. N. Y. Congratulations To DAVID J. HAMMER From MR. AND MRS. DAVID MILLER MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH HAMMER ' MR. AND MRS. HARRY SCHNEIDER BARBARA AND PAUL ; Honor Of NAHUM ' S Graduation - Best Of Luck To CHARLES CUTTER From MOM, DAD AND SEENA In Honor Of My Netf Nepheiv Neil Lawrence Herskowitz ' MORTON AXELROD Compliments of JUSTRITE IMPORT CO. 54 WEST 39th STREET NEW YORK CITY Congratdlations To Our Son ARNOLD MR. AND MRS. LOUIS SINGER Silver Motors Used Cars Bought and Sold 50 REMSEN AVENUE BROOKLYN, N. Y. Tel. PResident 8-7100 Congratulations To ■ THE CLASS of ' 57 From The UATH SOCIETY PRE-MED SOCIETY LITERARY SOCIETY ' BIO SOCIETY PRELAW SOCIETY 164 CmnliliiiHiils ii ASCOT TEXTILE CORP. hh ' ) wi:si 35tii sriu:rr 1 NFW YORK 1, N. Y. ( iiinliliini tili of ( SKYLAR TEXTILE WASTE Corp. 387 SOI III 1st SIKEET I5KOOKI.YN II. N. Y. , STagg 2-32W Best Wishes To MICHAEL KRAMER WILLIAM YANOFF Mazel Tot To ... NORMAN SINOWITZ MR. AND MRS. M. SCHEIBERMAN atul Vamily St. Louis, Missouri , LOUIS J. SEPTIMUS CO. ' Certified Public Accotnitants 335 BROADWAY NEW YORK 13, N. Y. Write for brochures of Barton ' s chocolate assortments and gifts for each Jeuish Holi- day and Festival. 30 DeKALB AVENUE BROOKLYN 1, NEW YORK Congratulations To Our Son and Brother PAUL and The Class of ' ' on Their Graduation RABBI MRS. MANUEL LADERMAN MIERLE LADERMAN Best Of Wishes anJ Good Luck To HERBERT From THE SCHLUSSEL5 AND RITA B.A.ROXHOLTZ 1 165 , Mazel L ' Brocha To YAKOV RABINOWITZ MOTHER. DAD, RENA MAYER Complitnents of NUSBAUM ' S Department Store Ill JOSEPH AVENUE ■ ROCHESTER, N. Y. ■ Congratulations To Our Son REUBEN MR. AND MRS JOSEPH T. RUDMAN 1 Compliments of ' RABBI AND MRS. M. LEWITTES Compliments of RABBI AND MRS. SIMCHA LEVY Compliments of KENT WOOL STOCK CORP. 505 KENT AVENUE BROOKLYN, N. Y. In Memory of JACOB AND SARAH SALZMAN MR. AND MRS. ISIDORE GORDON, DAVID, DANIEL AND BARBARA ■ In Honor of NAHUM ' S GRADUATION SCHWARTZ MDSE. CORP. Lab Coats and Aprons - Athletic Apparel 91-70 111th STREET RICHMOND HILL 18, N. Y. VI 9-5487 ' Congratulations To JERRY GEYER Compliments of , PIONEER TEXTILE MILLS 115 SPRING STREET NEW YORK 12, N. Y. In Memory of LOUIS BRODSKY 1 Congratulations To ' DANNY CHILL upon His Graduation ' A FRIEND 166 i To JULIUS Vroni • JOSEPH AND CEUA SAMEL JULIUS, SHIRLEY, ARTHUR, JEFFREY AND DAVID SAMEL SOL, FRIEDA AND CHARLES SAMEL TIBOR AND RICKIE NEUMANN III Mtiii ' iry of Af) Hchn ctl I ' lirciili ■ JACOB SARAH A cl M) licloiceJ lirother ABE ■ PHILIP SALZMAN Congratulations To EARl HOLLANDER MR. AND MRS. M. HOLLANDER MRS. F. BORNSTEIN MR. AND MRS. J. MARGOLIS KABATZNICKS DEPT. STORE BOSTON CHAPTER OF [ YESHIVA UNIVERSITY ' S LADIES AUXILIARY • Best Wishes To • DAVID J. HAMMER Our KESHER ISRAEL CONGREGATION Harrisblrg. Pennsylvania 1 167 CROWN HEIGHTS HEBREW BOOK STORE 560 EMPIRE BOILEVARD BROOKLYN 25, N. Y. Finkelsfein and Son Kosher Meats and Poultry ■ 110 W. BURNSIDE AVENUE BRONX, N. Y. RUBIN ' S FOOD STORE Kushcr Delicatessen Our Specialty Hot Corned Beef Sandwiches 401 MAIN STREET BRADLEY BEACH, N. J. SID AND GEORGE COLLEGE RESTAURANT ACROSS FROM THE YESHIVA ' From A Knish — To A Complete Dairy Meal Compliments of D. A. B. WRECKING CO. BROOKLYN, N. Y. NURSERIE TOGS, INC. 515 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY ' ALICE FOOD DIST., INC. Baking Supplies 190 FRANKLIN AVENUE BROOKLYN, N. Y. Compliments of YALE FOOD MARKET 1474 ST. NICHOLAS AVE. NEW YORK CITY MR. HENRY ROSENFELD 207 MT. EDEN AVENUE BRONX, N. Y. i In Memory Of My Beloved Great - Grandfather Rabbi Chaim Bogansky JAY ROTHCHILD NEW ENGLAND DIAMOND CORP. Diamonds - Cutters and Polishers LAPIDARY Precious and Semi-Precious Stones 43 WEST 47th STREET N. Y. 36, N. Y. PLaza 7-0647-8 GRamercy 7-2347 S. Greher Select - Public Laundry and Dry Cleaners 5. 9 WEST 187th STREET NEW YORK CITY BURNSIDE MANOR CY 5-2177 CLINTON WINE LIQUOR CO. License No. L719 Closed Saturdays 62 CLINTON STREET NEW YORK CITY Phone Evergreen 7-8298 Manhattan Outfitters Simon Singer Men ' s, Young Men ' s, Boys ' Clothing 9 MANHATTAN AVENUE i Bet. Broaduay and Varet St. BROOKLYN 6, N. Y. Best Of Luck To ALLAN SCHER , From WYNWEAR COMPANY EUGENE JUTKOWITZ MINYAN SFARD OF BOKO PARK Best Wishes To JACOB MORDECAI and His Classmates From MR. AND MRS. SAMUEL H. LEBOWITZ and Family 1 168 Cumlilirnriil „l PARAGON FABRICS CO. To KURT 11 III) 1 oir anil ttrtl Vl ' nhri 1 or A 1 Suteeitlul 1 ulurr 1 LEE, DORA and BRUNO BORENSTEIN 1 ( Olinralulalioiii am Uril ol 1 ui I I ' l MEL I mm f.KANOMOTMF.R, LNCLF. SAM and AUNT LAURA 1 L. KARLIN, INC. Comlitinunis 0 George Grodin Pens, Inc. 126-15 HVth AVliNUK RICHMOND HILLS, N. Y. C.omfilimeuli 0 - Unifed Bilgorayer Benevolenf and Aid Society, Inc. , Co ' israliilalioii ' I ' o MOISH [ MR. AND MRS. D. LIEBERMAN ' ' he Aristocrats of Kosher Catering ' TENNENBAUM CATERERS BROADWAY CENTRAL HOTEL Congraliilalioiis ' I ' o MARVIN ' On His GraJiiution From MOM, DAD, JERRY AND SARA Yeshiva University Women ' s Organization Bronx aud W ' aihiiiglon Heights Chapter AMSTERDAM AVE. IS ' th STREET NEW YORK 3. . N. Y. Your Host Al Ytdi ' nj V itiusit WEBERS CATERERS Extenil Siiicerest Wishes To All Our Boys Upon Graduation May Success Follow You Through Your Lives Complnrnnli ' ,1 IDEAL KNITTING MACHINE CORP. I4--32 JAMAICA AVENUE JAMAICA 35. N. Y. i ANONYMOUS It! Mcmori r,t , Rabbi Chaim Israel ' Yetta Bogansky Beloved Grandparents and Great Grandparents ' In Memory of CELIA STERNFIELD RATNER ' S RESTAURANT BAKE SHOP 111 SECOND AVENXE NEW YORK CITY- 169 NATHAN BUTWIN COMPANY, INC. ' — Insurance — worth 4-2141 ( o,npln„c,lls ol QUAKER SUGAR CO., INC. I ' il FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT DRIVE NEW YORK CITY [ LOUIS HACKMEYER 1-9 ESSEX STREET NEW YORK CITY Compliments of MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH G. HALL JAY BUTTON CO. 249 WEST 3-ith STREET NEW YORK CITY IR. AND MRS. J. HAROLD SMITH Extend Their l-elicitations To The Graduating Class and To ELLIOT SPAR A Member of The Class 1 . Best Wishes To ELLIOT SPAR ' Vor A Happy and Successful Future MR. AND MRS SAMUEL INTRATER AND SONS Best Wishes To ELLIOT SPAR For A Bright Future MR. AND MRS. HARRY ROTHMAN SONDRA AND BARBARA Compliments of A FRIEND SAM KIRSCHENBAUM special Agent ' The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States 2457 East 26th Street 101 West .Mst Street Brooklyn, N. Y. New York 1, N. Y. TeLNI. 8-5318 Bus. LO. 5-7865-6-7 • NAGLER AND MANDEL BUTCHERS MOTT AVENUE, FAR ROCKAWAY, L. I. Congratulations To ZALMAN upon His Graduation RABBI AND MRS. ELI ROSMAN NAOMI AND JOYCE 1 Congratulations To ZALMAN upon His Graduation MOTHER, DAD, MAL, LILLIAN AND MARTIN Compliments of ' SILVERBERG FAMILY Compliments of JOSEPH LEWITTES Compliments of ' MORRIS PALMAN 170 ( omi.lim,,,! ' . ol JESSICA FASHIONS }J W. SSih SI Kill Ni:w •()KK en Y MK. AND MKS, IIAKK ' ' (.I.KK llonn, ol 1 hell- So EDWARD On 1 he O.i.nio, ol lln f, . , . ; « ■! 11 ' I XM ■ MEYER EDELSTEIN l,o,„ CONG. PiriRIKOIl ANSIIHI SI AKI) 493 HERZL STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. MAPLE LAKE CAMP SV) Mth STREET i  RfK)KLYN. N. Y. J, , If . .,. • , ,; ER VI N 1 I () 1 HIS lAIHIR. .MOIHKR ' , l) Hl r)l HI l KOHFK r ' Hi. 11 . ... lo ' YAKOV 1. RABINOWITZ (ONO. ii NAI ISKAtL , TOMS RIVER. N.J. , 1 1 Cofigrutulutifins Vo • PAUL PERSER FROM MOTHER AND FATHER Biit U •( ' . lo Our Dcjr Siphtu BENJAMIN SAMSON On I h, Oil. - . oi II, ' C, j,iujl! ' ,u RAHHI AM) .MRS IH.MAN L. SAMSON Congriitiiljtioiis 7 u Our Son BENJAMIN 0« Hii GiaJiijtioii • RABBI AND MRS. JOSEPH SAMSON 1 Riverside 90650 -0651 MORMUR PAINT SUPPLY CO., INC. PuhiteriSupplui - W huUijU jnj Rcluil , 70.1 AMSTERDAM AVENUE NEW YORK CITY Max Nathanson — Irving VC ' cinberg Congratiiljtions To REUBEN RUDMAN Vrom MR. AND MRS. MAURICE FRIEDMAN SAMUEL AND DAVID Congrjliihliom To Our Stpheit REUBEN RUDMAN MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH B. ViACH S.MAN AND FAMILY Congrjtulutions To 1 RONALD M. ROTHMAN MAX SCHOENHOUT . 1 Compliments of ' KAHAN FURS 21 WEST 29th STREET NEVt YORK. N Y. ' • 1 Compliments of JOSEPH GREENSPAN Compliments of ( CANTOR PREIS 171 Satior Directory Melxin Adicr 846 — 16 Sircei Brouklyn 20. N. Y. Arnold Ather 10 Temple PIjcc Piiuk. N. y Monun R. Axclrud 50 Mdnhaftjn A%c. New ork 25. . . Y. Phillip Banner 860 Ncnirjnd A e. Bruuklyn 25. . . ' , Ephrjini .Mjrk Beckmjn 259 Penn Sireei Brouklyn 11, . . Y. N ' ihum .M. Benjihcn -5-32 16 ) Slreec Fluihing 66. . . Y. Unur Berlingcr •I49 Audubun Ave. New York 3. . . . Irwin Blumenreich 97-50 Queens Bhd. Rego Park A. N. Y. Alvin Bobroff 92-( 50 Street Brooklyn 19, N. Y. Kurt Borenstein 1 ' W. 96 Street New York 25. N. Irwin S. Bor ick 155-02 Rojd Kew Gardens Hilh, N. Y. Akiva Brilliant -60 Pelham p ' kwv. South Bronx 62. N. Y. Nathan F. Bryks •(01 Alabama Ave. Brooklyn T. .N. , Herbert Charney 80 West 32 Street Bayonne. . . J. Isaac Chesir 1956 69 Street Brooklyn A. N. Y. C. Daniel Chill 24 Sumter Street Providence ' ' . R. I. Sheldon Chwat 1308 E. -is Street Brooklyn 54. N. Y. Charles Cutter 1345 E. 10 Street Brooklyn, .N. Y. Joshua Danzgcr 162 S. 8 Street Brooklyn II, N. Y. Meyer Edelstein 157 Riverdale Ave. Brooklyn, N. Y. Solomon Fedcr 7 Balfour Place Brooklyn 25. N. Y. Josef E- Fischer 47 Balfour Place Brooklyn 25. . . Y. Aaron Friedman 4901 18 Ave. Brooklyn. . . Y. Isaac Furman 995 Aldus Street Bronx 59, N. Y. Moses Furman 995 Aldus Street Bronx 59, N. Y. Jerome Geyer 881 Fox Street Bronx 59, N. Y. Joshua Glatzer 5321 Diamond Street Philadelphia 31, Pa. Edward A. Glick 477 E. 95 Street Brooklyn 12, N. Y. Jacob Goldman 270 E- 176 Street Bronx. N. Y. Raphael P. Goodman 1285 53 Stt«et Brooklyn, N. Y. Nahum Gordon 823 Avenue J Brooklyn 30. N. Y. Bernard Halon 156 Rivington Street New ■ ■ork 2. N. Y. David Joseph Hammer 2437 N. 5 Street Harrisburg. Pa. Allen Richard Heifer 966 50 Street Brooklyn 19, N. Y. Shalom Z. Hirschman 0I 20 Ave. Brooklyn 14. N. Y. Barry Hochdorf 621 Lefferts Ave. Brooklyn, N. Y. Herbert Hoffman 1037 Lenox Road Brooklyn. N. Y. Earl D. Hollander 5- Clarkwood Street Mattapan, Mass. Irwin £. Kanarck 1603 President Street Brooklyn 13, N. Y. Leon J. Kassin 2158 67 Street Brooklyn 4, . ' . Y. Erwin Katz 2416 Putman Street Toledo. Ohio Meyer Katzper 1135 Boynton Ave. Bronx 72, N. Y. Paul Kolkcr 84 Aster Place Massapcqua Park, L. L Michael Kramer 1895 University Ave. Bronx. N. Y. Joseph Kurtz 2052 77 Street Brooklyn, N. Y. Paul S. Laderman 4300 W. 17 Ave. Denver, Colorado Julius Landwirth 189 S. 9 Street Brooklyn 11, N. Y. Jacob M. Lcbowitz 1450 49 Street Brooklyn 19, N. Y. Raphael S. Levine 116-1 E. 22 Street Brooklyn 10, N. Y. Nathan Lewin 258 Riverside Drive New York 25. N. Y. Joseph Lenities 1942 Clinton Ave. Montreal. Quebec. Canada Sidney AL Licbernian 159 S. 9 Street Brooklyn, N. Y. Irving Listowsky 250 Crown Street Brooklyn, N. Y. Marshall Luban 305 Temple Place Seattle 12. Wash. Julius H. Mandel 1631 Walton Ave. Bronx 52, N. Y. Joshua Miller 137 Hudson Ave. Haverstraw, N. Y. David B. Morris 489 Oxford Street Rochester, N. Y. Morris Narushinsky 32 Gilford Ave. Jersey City, N. J. Walter Newman 530-D Grand Street New York 2, N. Y. Ralph Nussbaum 61-41 Wetherole Street Rego Park, N. Y. Ira J. Oelbaum c o Mrs. T. Straus 4300 Broadway, N. Y., N. Y. Paul Peyser 1942 Bath Ave. Brooklyn 14, N. Y. Ervin Preis 3330 Rochambeau Ave. Bronx 67. N. Y. Samuel B. Press 67 Webber Street Springfield, Mass. Phillip Rabinowitz 406 4 Ave. Bradley Beach, N. J. Yakov Rabinowitz 2634 Old Freehold Road Toms River. N. J. H. Paul Rogoway 415 35 Ave. Seattle 22. Wash. Eli Rosenthal 706 Bergen Street Newark. N. J. Bernard Rothman 158 Vassar Street Rochester. N. Y. Ronald M. Rothman 2109 Paulding Ave. Bronx 62, N. Y. Jay I. Rothschild 2391 Webb Ave. Bronx 68. N. Y. Arthur Rozman 1739 49 Street Brooklvn 19. N. Y. Reuben .M. Rudman 22-32 Collier Ave. Far Rockaway 91, N. Y. Benjamin A. Samson 2101 Linden Ave. Baltimore 17, Md. Allan J. Schcr 922 44 Street Brooklyn 19, N. Y. Stanley Schimmel 792 C ornaga Ave. Far Rockaway, N. Y. Herbert Schlussel .3039 Scdgewick Ave. Bronx, N. Y, Zaiman R. Schrader 5100 15 Ave. Brooklyn 19, N. Y. Joel M. Schreiber 160 Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. Harvey Shapiro 305 Crown Street Brooklyn 25, N. Y. George J. Siegel 444 S.W. 7 Street Miami. Fla, Arnold I. Silverberg 1762 Clay Ave. Bronx. N. Y. Joseph D. Silverstein 1123 A enue K. Brooklyn 30, N. Y. Arnold Singer 601 Lefferts Ave. Brooklyn 13, N. Y. Norman R. Sinowitz 3024 Avenue W Brooklyn 29, N. Y. Elliot T. Spar 21-55 .34 Ave. Astoria 6, N. Y. Alex Steinkoler 1505 St. Nicholas Ave New York 33. N. Y. Herman G. Stillman 517 E. Broadway Long Beach, N. Y. Robert Taub 2867 W. 30 Street Brooklyn. N. Y, Marvin Teicher 1310 Morris Ave. Bronx 56, N. Y. Noah J. Teitelbaum 1704 Ocean Ave. Brooklyn 30, N. Y. Sheldon Travin 1700 Harrison Ave. Bronx, N. Y. Marvin Weitz 1188 Grand Concourse Bronx, N, Y. Louis Wohl 712 Crown Street Brooklyn 13, N. Y. 172 • -■% « jn: ' -♦ ? J % ' ' ■ .■ . • f ' - W ;Ji4 v- k i |rf . •4 ' ! ir4«ltti (y A ,4 i« ' ' cA-Z I:.. H; - ,■ V . e ' «f S 7 ' %,•• % ' ♦ ' 4 r;!3r-i: I ' l ' SiT ♦ ' f ?., ' ' ' • i ' t -■.►jjjjCiNft.ir A. .■% T ' ■,.■• ,«.  ii  ' i.r « ' S? - f v -f  t,. « . li ' - ' •♦ « : ' V ;. . ,  ALMA MATER Golden Domes across the sky, A heritage of years, These humble hearts are mindful now Of your pride, your joys, your tears. Citadel of mind and faith endow us with your soul. Inspire our days, our years, our lives to fulfill your lofty goal. Oh, spark of light throughout the ages, Guardian of the solemn truth. To thee we sing our Alma Mater, From hearts with love imbued. Golden Domes for ever be a symbol ' cross the land. That where ' ere your sons under heaven reside. They shall strive both for God and man. Joel M. Schreiber Class of 1957 p fk. ts . ■.-• ■  ■ Jr ' ■ ' •  v? -|r . • i 4t« in, i.m - r 5i,Tu ' I I i F ' ■— .■ ' ■ v ■M M