Yeshiva University - Masmid Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 128 of the 1956 volume:

And the wolf shall dwell with the lamb. And the leopard shall lie with the kid; And the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; And a little child shall lead them. C r r% MASMID Yeshiva College June 1956 If l To the Teacher and the Man . . . Professor Alexander Lilniaii Twenty-five years of service to the students of Yesliiva Collece No iron thain. or outward force of any kind, could ever compel the soul of man to helieve or dishelieve; he will reign and believe by his own indefeasible light— that judgment of his. and it shall come to pass in the end of days. . . . And ihey shall heat thoir swords into ploivshares. And their spears into pruning hooks; JSation shall not lift up sword against nation Neither shall they learn war any more. Messages from the As you terminate your college education at Yeshiva University, I extend to you sincerest congratulations on your past achievements and wish you every success in your future endeavors. Above all, you should remember and be guided by the indigenous principles which characterize your alma mater. The very name Yeshiva College in itself is a symbol of our purposes and j)hilosophy. The Yeshiva stands for the concept that theory must be translated into practice, being into doing and learning must lead to moral and ethical disciplines based upon the divine and universal law of the Torah. The teachings of the Yeshiva are primarily dedicated to the acquisition of human knowledge; to give the human mind opportunity to search the mysteries of the universe; to acquire a better understanding of the world in which we live; and to attain a greater perception of the lives and destinies of people among whom we live. A college of arts and sciences is primarily concerned with Man and his World. The purpose of Yeshiva College is to create a unity between the Yeshiva and the College — the Yeshiva endeavoring to give a moral and spiritual purpose to the human knowledge which the student acquires in College. I have abiding faith that you will govern your lives by the standards of the Torah and that you will consider your edvication as a means to a greater end — consecrated service to G-d and fellow men. Remain a ben-ha-yeshiva in spirit and deed. I wish you all well-being and well-doing. Sincerely, SAMUEL BELKIN President Administration I .s another year passes and another class ])rcpares to hand on the tordi to its yonnger brotliers, the occasion calls once more for a restatement of Yesiiiva aims and of lieshiva relations with students, and students about to become alumni. It is often said that Yesbiva has a positive Jewish message to convey. This is true, but it is also necessary to understand the social significance of Yesbiva ' s dedication to a religious goal. This is a theme as old as Sinai but I have not seen it defined as successfully as was done by John Selden, a Seventeenth Century English erudite and man of affairs, with which I take the liberty of concluding this message. hat care I to see a man run after a sermon, if he cozens and cheats as soon as he comes home? On the other side, morality must not be without religion, for if so, it may change as I see convenience. Religion must govern it. He that has not religion to govern morality is not a dram better than my mastiff; so long as you stroke bim and please him he is a good moral mastiff: but if you hurt him be will fly in your face. It is a source of satisfaction to us at esbiva that the point of view represented by these remarks has proved more than a mere slogan to our students and alumni. I wish the meinbers of the graduating class bon voyage on their careers and much satisfaction in their, personal lives. CT - - - - SIMEOX L. GLTERMAX Dean MASMID 1956 ISIDORE SCHERTZ Business Manager HAROLD NEUSTADTER Business Manager PHILIP SCHMIDT Photography Editor DAVID STADTMAUER Associate Activities Editor EARL FISHHAUT Associate Photography Editor LAWRENCE FRIEDLANDER Associate Literary Editor ASHER FINKEL Art Editor FRANK HELLNER Art Editor MARTIN FINGERHUT Editor-in-Chiel STAFF Paul Kolker Ycluuli Fcldmaii Joseph Hartman Marcel Perlmaii Allen Greenspan Morton Seliwartzstein (,KRALI) FRIF.r)I.ANr)F,R LiU ' rary hditor jr ill J A HERBERT DANZGER ,4cfiii(ies Editor 5 ) k m MORTON VERTHEIMER Managing Editor JOSEPH BOOK Typing Editor BDI Dr. Helmut Adier Dr. Alexander Broily Mr. Eli Epstein Mr. Nathan Goldberg Mr. Joe Cassi Dr. Gottfried Delatour Dr. Aaron M. Marsalith Dr. Leo Junf Division of Social Sciences ' ' Dr. Joseph H. Lookstein Mr. Morris Silverman Dr. Emanuel Rackman Mr. Joseph I. Singer Mr. Joshua Mats Mr. Bernard Sarachek Mr. Arthur D. Tauber Mr. Hyman Wettotein DR. HELMUT ADLER Assistant I ' rojessor of Psychology DR. MARVIN L. ARONSON Lecturer in Psychology DR. ALEXANDER BRODY Professor of History and Economics MR. JOE CASSIUS Instructor in Physical Education DR. GOTTFRIED DELATOUR Visiting Professor of Sociology MR. ELI EPSTEIN Instructor in Physical Education MR. NATHAN (;OLDBER(; Associate Professor of Sociology DR. SIMEON L. GUTERMAN Dean and Professor of History MR. MARVIN HERSHKOWITZ Assistant Guidance Director MR. ABRAHAM HURWITZ Professor of Physical Education and Student Activities Director DR. LEO JUNC; Professor of Ethics and Philosophy MR. (;ILBERT KLAPERMAN Lecturer in Sociology DR. PHILIP KRAUS Associate Professor of Education DR. ALEXANDER LITMAN Professor of Philosophy DR. JOSEPH H. LOOKSTEIN Professor of Sociology MR. JOSHUA MATZ Assistant Professor of Statistics DR. AARON M. MARGALITH Acting Chief University Librarian and Professor of Political Science MR. SIDNEY PLESKIN Director of Audio-Visual Service and Assistant Professor of Education UR. EMANUEL RACKMAN Asaislunt Professor of Political Science DR. ELI SAR Vniversity Physician and Instructor in Hygiene MR. BERNARD SARACHEK Director of Athletics MR. MORRIS SILVERMAN Registrar and Assistant Professor of History MK. JOSEPH I. S1N ;ER Lecturer in Philosophy MR. ARTHUR D. TAUBER Assistant Professor of Physical Education DR. TOBIAS WA(;NER Lecturer in Education MR. HYMAN WETTSTEIN Assistant Professor of Physical Education MR. ISRAEL YOUN(; Guidance Director of Yeshiva Univer- sity and Assistant Professor of Guidance MR. SOLOMON ZEIDES Assistant Librarian MR. STEVEN JAFKE Assistant Librarian Mr. Solomon Zeides Dr. Mcvrr AiIm.h Mr. Daniel Block Dr. Jekuthiel (Tiiishiiri; Dr. Arnold N. Lowan Dr. Henry Lisnian Mr. Perez Posen Mrn. 1(1.1 Dohkiii Division of Natural Sciences f)r. Mow- I,. Ik;,j Dr. Rn.iH, ,. KiMl, Dr. Eli M. I.fNinr l)K. MEYER .ATL.A.S I ' rojessor oj Biolofiy MR. L). NIEl. BLOCK Assi.iluni I ' rofesxor of Malhemutirs MRS. 1D. OOBklN Tutor in Chemistry DR. JEKUTHIEL (;IN.SBUR(; Director of the Institute of Mathe- matics and I ' rofessor of Mathe- matics DR. MOSES L. 1S. A(:S I ' rofessor of Chemistry DR. BRUNO Z. KISCH I ' rofessor of I ' hilosophy and History- of Science DR. ELI M. LEVINE I ' rofessor of Chemistry DR. HENRY LISM.-VN Associate Professor of Mathematics DR. . RNOLD N. LOV.AN I ' rolessor nl Hhvsics DR. SIE(;FRIEb S. MEYERS Lecturer in I ' hysics MR. PEREZ POSEN Instructor in Physics DR. SHELLY R. S.APHIRE Professor of Biology DR. S. MUEL SOLOVEICHIK Lecturer in ChemstTv ' MR. MOSES TENDLER Instructor in Biology Mr. Mose Tendler Dr. Maurice Chernowitz Dr. Karl Adier Dr. Sidney D. Brauii Dr. Keiinetli Division of Languages and Literature Dai Mr. .Arthur Inierti Mr. . ' pvnioiir Laiiioff DR. KARL ADLER Music Director of Yeshiva University und Professor of Music DR. SIDNEY D. BRAUN I ' rofessor of French DR. MAURICE CHERNOWITZ Associate Professor of French DR. KENNETH F. DAMON Associate Professor of Speech DR. DAVID FLEISHER I ' rofessor of English DR. BERNARD FLOCH I ' rofessor of Greek and Latin MR. ARTHUR IMERTI Instructor in Speech MR. SEYMOUR LAINOFF Instructor in English DR. IRVIN€ LINN I ' rofessor of English DR. WALTER NALLIN Assistant Professor of Music MR. MACY NUIMAN Lecturer in Music DR. HERBERT ROBINSON yisiting Professor of English DR. RALPH ROSENBERG Professor of German MR. EARL RYAN Assistant Professor of Speech DR. LOUIS SAS Associate Professor of SiMinish MR. CHARLES SCHIFF Lecturer in Music MR. ABRAH. M TAUBER Assistant Professor of Speech DR. STANLEY WEINTRAUB Instructor in Speech MR. MAURICE WOHLGELERNTER Instructor in English MR. HERMAN WOUK yisiting Professor of English ji fl ! ' i Mr. Abralium Tauber Mr. Earl Rvan Mr. Herman Wouk Dr. Irvinfi Linn Mr. Maurice Wohlgelernter 12 Dr. Trvin( A. A{;iih Dr. Milton Arfa Rabbi Menacbcm Brayer Dr. Gersbon Cburfrin Dr. Hynian B. Grinsteiu Rabbi Miobael Katz Dr. Sidney B. Hoeiii li.il.lii A-li.:r :J F)r. SainncI !„ S.ir Dr. N.iili.iii iiHi-kiiKl 1 i i Dr. Solomon W iixl Division of Jewish Studies DR. IRVING A. A(;lS Axsociiile I ' rofessor of Jeuish Hislorv DR. MILTON ARF.A. Assislunt I ' rofesior of Hebrew DR. MICHAEL BERNSTEIN Assistant I ' rofessor of Hebreu RABBI MENACHEM BRAVER Instructor in Bible DR. (.ER.SHON CHURf.IN Professor of Hebreu RABBI AARON (iREENBALM Inslructof in Bible DR. HYMAN B. (;RIN TEIN I ' rofessor of Jen ish History DR. SIDNEY B. HOENK. I ' rofessor of Jeuish History RABBI MICHAEL KATZ Instructor in Bible RABBI DAVID MIRSkY Assistant I ' rofessor of Hebreu anil Bible DR. SAMIEL L. SAR Dean of Men and I ' rofessor of Bible RABBI ASHER SIEV Instructor in Bible RABBI JOSEPH SINCER Lecturer in Philosophy DR. N.ATHAN SLSSkIND I isitinf I ' rofessor ol Yiddish DR. SOLOMON WIND Instructor in Jeicish HLstor - Rabbi David Mirskv 13 And they shall beat their swords into plowshares . . . J-:i,FJ()TT AHKRHACII Malhematirs linuihlyn, l . Y. Math (Huh; Jcwiwli I ' hiloHopliy Cliil) IKo sooner said llian done — so arts your man of worth. STL ART M. ADiJ Pre-Med Pre-Mefl Society Lf ' arriing teacheih more {n one than experience in tiif AARON BAIT Chemistry Hartford, Conn. Senior-Freshman Advisor Science ever has been and ever must be, the safeguard of religion. JULIUS HERMAN Pre-Law Hartford, Conn. Student Council, Vice-President; Junior Class, President; Intramural Varsity; International Relations Society, Treas- urer; Co-op Staff; Commentator, Cir- culation Manager; Jewish Philosophy Society; Young Democrats for anything he loved greatness, it ivas because therein he might exercise his goodness. LOUIS BERNSTEIN Political Science Brooklyn, I . Y. Pi Delta Phi, Vice-President; Le Cercle Francaise: Co-op Staff; Commentator Business Staff: I.R.S. Executive Board; oung Democrats; Jewish Philosophy Society What is well done is done soon enough. 16 M l( IN lil. .K IA. ■- ' « Wi lin.oklyn. N. Y. Jcwinli l ' liilo -o|iliy (,liil : Mn rnifl: I. U.S.; ( .iiintnrnlnliir Ahility in a man in knotih-dfi i- uhirli rmanali-s from ditim- li chl. f JOSEPH BOOK Pro-Mod Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid Typing Editor; Pre-Med Soci- ety; Hebrew Club; CO-OP; Dorm Council ' Oiir prank department is iiorking overtime. i 1 J ilU ,d , r - ' ARNOLD S. BRAMSOX Mathematics Brookline. Mass. The preat pleasure in life is doing what people say ynii cannot do. 17 JOSHUA PHILLIP CHEIFETZ Sociology Windsor, Canada Sociolofiy Society, Vice-President; Y.U. Choral Group; Jewish Philosophy Club; Gabbai of Dorm; Eta Sigma Phi; Eranos; Psychology Club; Ha-Melitz Copy Editor There were giants on the earth in those days. GERALD COHEN Chemistry Brooklyn, N. Y. Tennis Team; Soccer Team; Y.U. A. A.; Commentator; Senior Council; CO-OP A friend may uell be reckoned a masterpiece of nature. r SAMUEL DANISHEFSKY Chemistry Bayonne, N. J. One ivise man ' s verdict, outweighs all the fools ' . MIIKHAY IIKKHKirr 1)AN (;KH Sorioloffv Urooldyn, l . Y. Mnsmid, (•livili ' H Kdilor; Jcwixli IMii- loH | liy Socicly ' I ' liouffli a man h wisv, il is ni slianir for him to live and learn. r% r; r 1 I It i THEODORE DISKTND Chemistry Brooklyn. N. Y. Math Club; l.liemislry Club: restling Team The hrsi pU ' asiire in life is tliQ sense of discharging our duty. ' ' ROBERT DAMS Mathematics Brooklyn, .N. Y. Matliematics Club: I.R.S.: Sociology- Club An abridgement of all that ! «.? pleas- ant in man. 19 AARON DOBIN Psychology Long Beach, N. Y. Orchestra: Intr;iimiral Basketball: restliiifi Team: Fencing Team: Senior Council, r.liairnian of Senior-Freshman Smoker B iv should thi dviil have all the good tunes. IRWIN LOUIS DRYSPIEL Sociology Spring Valley, N. Y. Tennis Varsity; Orchestra; Choral Group, Sociology Club And as for my hair, I ' m glad it ' s all there, I ' ll be awfully sad when it goes. t .1 HERZL EISENSTADT English Brooklyn, N. Y. Wrestling Team; CO-OP; Y.U. Drive; Blood Drive; Commentator; Deutscher Verein, Secretary-Treasurer pitv the man who can travel from Dan to Bcer-Sheba and cry, ' ' tis all barren . 20 MAiniN KF.KFANT Knulinh Hnxiklyn, S. Y. Miiiiii(. ' cr, HaHk tl .ill rcarii: I.IO CO-OI ' : Sof.fT T.iiin Kfjiiiri- YDiiiifi man in vniir yniilli. JACK ELLENBERG Pre.Med I (-ic York, N. Y. First Aid Instriiclor; Fireside ( .hat Com- mittee, Assistant Chairman; Pre-Med Society rhvsicians, i f all men. arc most happy. LEON ESTEROWITZ Phvsics .Veif York. . . ) . arsity Tennis Team: Math Club: French Club; Le Cercle Francais; Intra- mural Basketball Science ichen tvell digested is nothing but good sense and reason. 21 jU i EMANUEL ABRAHAM FEDERBUSH Political Science Bronx, N. Y. I.R.S., President; Varsity Fencing Team; Senior - Freshman Advisor; Author of Senior Play; Commcntalor Staff; Senior Council The philosopher says ' the chicken, is the most useful animal. You can eat it before it ' s born and after it ' s dead ' . MARTIN FINGERHUT English Brooklyn, N. Y. Masrnid. Editor-in-C hief ; Commentator, Feature Editor, Editorial Assistant; Senior Council; I.R.S.; Art Club Look. then, into thine heart and iirite! 1 v 1 ; ASHER FINKEL Mathematics Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, Art Editor; French Club; Math Club; Soccer Club True art is reverent imitation of G-d. 22 S ' I ' AM-KY I ISCIIMAN I ' n-M ' d lirooklyn, N. Y. Yoiiiif DciiMx-ralH, (lliairiniiii l ' ' iiiiincc Comiiiillcc; Pro-iVIcd Society; N.S.A. DclcHalc; Kxcculivc Dorm (!oiiii -il Knoulcdfif is tlw anlulDtc o fear. KAHI, J. H HIIALT I ' syrhiiliipy Minneapolis. Minn. Masniid. A soriulc I ' liolopra[ liy K li!or: ( ' .Dmmcniatnr. (lirnilation Manapf-r: Psycliolofiv ( lub: Senior a ily Show And ihrrr tias manhiiod in hi . look. ' PHILIP FLEISCHER Psych nlogy Brooklyn. N. Y. Psycliolofiv ( .luh Thv bi ' st strrnpth of man Is shoirn in his intelleclital works. 23 AARON FREIMAN ( hrmistrY Brooklyn. A. Y. C.onimcntator, Sports Editor A one but an author knoics an author ' s cares. GERALD FREIDLANDER History Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, Literary Editor; Commentator; Jewish Philosophy Club Blessed be he uho doeth uondroiis things. HAROLD FRIEDLANDER Psychology Brooklyn, N. Y Le Cercle Francais; LR.S. A mind full of knowledge is a mind that never fails. 24 HK.HAHI) (,A1«HKH ' .ivf io o y Urooklyn, A ' . Y. IVycliolojiy (Mub, Vic ?-I ' reiii lpnl; S.A.C (!liib; Irr;-Skatin(j (AitU ISvviT hi- afraid oj u hut i% ninxl: lh - good if aluavii iht: road lo uhal i iruf. NAT GELLER English Literature Bronx, N. Y. Commentator. Feature Editor; Eranos: Eta Sigma Plii; Author of Senior Play; Manajier of Basketball Varsity; Senior Council would rather my works were attacked, than ignored. I MARTIN M. GERBITZ Pre-Denlal Forest Hills. V. Y. Pre-Medical Society. Vice-President: Biology Pre-Dental Society: Co-Chair- man of S.A.C.: Publicity Committee: Blood Drive Campaign — 1955. Chairman To be content with what we possess is the greatest and most secure of riches. ' 25 SIDNEY GOLDSTEIN History Brooklyn, N. Y. Sociology Club; International Relations Society; Jewisli Philosophy Society; Pre-Law Society; Wrestling Team A mind forever voyapinp through jascinatiny:, seas of thought. HERBERT SAMUEL GROSS Pre-Med Long Beach, N. Y. Senior Class, President; Biology Society, President: J.V. Basketball, Assistant Coach; Commentator, Editorial Assist- ant; Debating Team The best of healers is good cheer. DANIEL SAMUEL HARRIS Mathematics Far Rockaway, N. Y. Varsity Tennis Team; Math Club; Y.U. Orchestra; Pre-Law Society The greatest success is confidence. JOSKIMI IIAHTMAN Prv-Mt ' d New York, N. Y. Prc-Mcd Socicly; Miismiil SlufT; Man- aner, Varsity ha.sk(-ll)all ' I ' caiii IVc ran do riiiirr f ood l v hfhi ood than in any other i(«v. FRANK HELLNER English Philadelphia, Pa. S.A.C., Vice-Chairnian; Masmid. Art Editor; Dean ' s Reception Committee ; Used-Book Exchanfie, Chairman: Co- Chairnian Y.U. Drive. If hen love and skill work together expect a masterpiece. JACOB W. Uhl.l.KH I ' olitiral Srii-nrc Hrooklvn. N. ). Sttulcnt Cnnnril. Prei-idenI: Debating Society, President: I.R.S., President: Dorniitorv Council, President: Younp Democrats. President I ' rarliral politics consists in ignoring facts. MENAHEIM HIRMES Mathematics i ' eiv York, N. Y. Matli Club It is tranquil people uho accomplish most. ARNOLD HOFFMAN Chemistry Brooklyn, N. Y. Sincerity is the face of the soul. SEYMOUR SOL HOFFMAN Psychology Brooklyn, N. Y. Psychology Club; Jewish Philosophy Club ; Varsity Tennis Team, Captain; Varsity Wrestling Team, Captain Humor is emotional chaos remembered in tranquility. 28 J K i IS J M I f-, l ' n-M,,l (Irflonil. Olitn Stii(li-nt (iduiicil, Si ' frflary- ' rn ' anurer: Soplioriior ; (JaHH, I ' rciii ' liTit ; Y.L. ( liorul Society; Sciiior-Frci ' liman Gui l- aiK ' c (ioiinHr-llor: I ' rf-.Mcd SorieM. TrcaHiircr; Kiolo):y Society; Sociology Society Di iloiii ' it IS ) jdv unpli ' a%anl ifiinfit in llir nirt ' it nav. I i SOLOMON S. JAKOBOVITZ History Dublin, Ireland International Relations Society G-d is good to the Irish, but no one else is, not even the Irish. t i-1 y MOSES JERLCHEM Political Science .Ven- York. .V. Y. I.R.S.: Jewish Philosophy Society: Soci- ology Society Moderation is best, and to avoid all ejclremcs. 29 a . CHAIM SZRAGA KALCHEIM Political Science Jerusalem, Israel International Relations Society They love their land, because it is their own. JOSEPH KAHANE Physics and Math Brooklyn. N. Y. Math Club; Tennis Squad Poet ' s food is ore and fame. m JOSEPH SOLTE KAPLAN Political Science Paterson, N. J. Commentator, Exchange Editor; Mas- mid, Associate Editor; Debating Society, President: Dramatic Society, Vice-Presi- dent; Choral Society, President; CO-OP Store, Assistant Manager; Y.U. Drive, Chairman; Varsity Fencing Team; I.R.S.; Pre-Law Society; Senior Council; Eta Sigma Phi Oratory is the art of making deep noises from the chest sound like im- portant messages from the brain. 30 KI« VI ' KA ' I Sorioliif y ' I ' olidii, Olild Fencing TfMni, (lo-Caplain : Smioldjry Society, I ' rcsidfMil ; Inlcrniilioiiiil Kdii- tions Society; I ' Hycliolony (lliil): S.O. ' l. Re|)reHentalivc: Dorm (idiimil l r|)n ' - aentative One su ir(l hfcps (imitluT in ihf shvalh. r ) V JACOB KAl FMAN History Hrnnx. A. . Masmid: Jcwisli l ' liilo npliy (lliib: (rcrmaii (Miili Toil, says (he pnnrrh. is the sire nf fame. LARRY KIRSHNER Sociology Bronx. I . Y. Sociology Club; Eranos; Commentator. Feature Staff A good name is like a precious oint- ment. 31 JIDAH KLEIN Political Science Brooklyn, I . Y. Associate Editor-iii-Chief of Commenta- tor; News Editor of Commentator : Man- ager of CO-OP; I.R.S.; Young Dem- ocrats, Eranos The marvellous rebellian itj mankind against all si ns reading ' Keep Off ' . t o JONAH C. KUPIETZKY English Forest Hills, N. Y. Varsity Basketball; Jewish Philosoph- ical Society; Swimming Instructor. Love is a many splendored thing. MORRIS N. KWALBRUN History Neiv Haven, Conn. Junior Varsity Basketball; Commenta- tor, Circulation Staff; Dramatics Club; resiling Team How note, Broun Cow. 32 j| : m SYLVAN C. LENT Hebrew Hollyicood, Calif. Jewish Pliiloaopliy Club: Advisor for Dorinitory Students A peace above all earthly dignities, a still and quiet conscience. MOIM I). KW K- ' IKI. lnmiMry I  r -M llilU. V. IntHliniun, : ()|)li ' .iii .r -. Junior and Senior (Aukm ' k Allil li Munii(i«-r; i.Uetn- iHlry Society; Swinmiinj; IfiHlriirior After love, book coUectinff i the most I xhihirnlinji %port of all. HIRSH LE S ITAN Mathematics eic i orA-. .N. 1. Math Club: Jewijli Piiilosophy Club: Hiph School Dormitory Counsellor A sublime soul can rise to all kind of greatness. S3 o tt HERMAN D. MANESSE Hebrew Brooklyn, N. Y. Le Cercle Francais; Hebrew Club; Dra- matics Society; Art Club Fortify yourself with contentment, for this is an impregnable fortress. HOWARD BEHR LINZER Psychology New York, N. Y. Psi Clii Chapter, President; Psychology Club; Y.U. Drive, Chairman. Lost in the spiral of his conscience he detachedly takes rest. CLEMENT MIZRAHI Pre-Med Caracas, Venezuela Fencing; Pre-Med Society All lif is a study. 34 SIDNKY I). MOSKNKIS Mathcnialics linmx, l . ). ( Idiiiinciicciiinit ( ioiiiinittcc; Matli (iliil); Sciiior-I ' Vcsliiiiaii Advisor Study l n (ilhi ' m(ilirs slidr iins ihf irit. % CHARLES NAIMAN Physics Toronto. Ontario Math ( ' lub. President: Swiiiiiniii In- structor All ntvn arc born free but some got DAVE MOSES Mathematics Brooklyn. A. ) . Kreslinian Class, FresirlenI; Slurlpnt Zionist Orpanization Representative A mind content both croicn and hinedom is. 35 MICHAEL N AIM AN Cht ' mislry Toronto. Ontario Science is vastly more stimulating to the imagination than are the Classics. NORTON NESIS Pre-Med Bronx, N. Y. Pre-Med Society; Senior Class, Vice- President Honor a physician uith the honor due him. HAROLD E. NEUSTADTER Mathematics Brooklyn, N. Y. Masmid, Business Manager; CO-OP; Math Club Never shrink from doing anything which your conscience calls you to do. 36 JACK NUSSBAUM Chcniislry Forest Hills, N. Y. Malh C.lul) Strctmth is a man ' s chnrm. ' ' JA(,K Ml Ml IM N I ' tyrliiiliinv linmx, .V. Y. W.iclit l.ifliiiir l.i-irii.i..r: CO-OI ' : l ' -yrliolo(£y (lliih Wil niflfti ' i IM nil ti II ill mill-. JOKL OWEN Mathematics Rnxbiiry. Mass. Malli Club A man he scorns nf cheerful slerdays and confident tomorrotcs. 37 JERRY POLANSKY Sociology Brooklyn, N. Y. Soccer Team; Sociololgy Society There were giants on the earth in those days. MARCEL PERLMAN Psychology Mount Vernon, N. Y. Sociololpy Society; Psycholofiy Club; Draimitic Society; Radio Station Com- mittee; Masmid Staff A gentleman makes no noise. JERRY PRUZANSKY Sociology Bronx, N. Y. Sociology Society; Deutsclier Verein; Jewish Pliilosophy Society Man goes into society not to lose, but to find himself. S8 AK ' I ' IIIIH HKICil I ' oliliial .S. .7.r. ' ' i( V.-rA, V. V. Ice Skaliiin Cliil), I ' r.sid.iil ; I.K.S.: Kill(! (loiniiiiltcc Fldshi ' s i)f nn ' rrimvnl ihul iccrc mtiil lit s ' l ihv lahlc at a rimr. GEORGE RIBOWSKY Political Science Brooklyn. N. Y. CO-OP. Manager: Dorm Council, Vice- President: Senior-Freshman Advisor; I.R.S.; Commentator: Dean ' s Reception, Chairman; Director of Canteen Hoic happy the life unembarrassed by the cares of business. 1 HAKI. H. HKISS Malhenialiis finltimorf. Mil. Malli Cluh .Alone at ni ht. I read my liible more, anil h.nrlid less. 39 HAROLD E. RICHTMAN EnfiUsh Brooklyn, N. Y. CO-OP, Manatrer: resiling Team: Cimimentator When my hvarl is filli ' d with ])raisc. can ' t hold back a sonti BERNARD ROSENBAUM Psychology Brooklyn, N. Y. Psychology Club Nature designed us to be of good cheer. CHARLES ROSEN Mathematics Bronx, N. Y. Soccer Team: Math Club; Pre-Med Club Love truth, but pardon error. 40 STAM.KI H()-I.Mil,|{(, I ' uliliinl Srirnrf Uroitklvn, ,V. Y. nmnifiitiiliir, [hiHilie n Maiia|ccr: (X)- Ol ' : I.H.S. I ' r ' winiism uhfti you gi ' l iitn ' tl Iti it it jiitt HI niirfi-ablf ax optimixm. HASKKI.I. UOSENBI.OOM Pre-Mid New York. ! . Y. Pre-Mcd Soci( ty; Druinatics Society Bo iviscr than other people but dont tell tliem so. JOEL ROSENSHEIN Psychology Bronx. .V. ' . Psychology Club: Choral Society; Ha ' Melitz, Associate Editor Whoso findeth a wife, findelh a good thing. 41 SAMUEL ROTH Hrt ' -Med Bronx. N. Y. Pre-Med Society: Math Club The noble mind knoivs the power of gentleness. ISAAC B. SADOWSKY Mathematics Baltimore, Md. Math Chib: Sociology Club: Student Dorm Advisor I ' d rather see a sermon than hear one, any day. JOEL M. SCHECHTER History Bronx, N. Y. Wrestling Team; Sociology Society; Circulation Manager of Commentator; Chairman of Canvassing Committee Blessed is he uho has found his work. 42 ISIDOKK SCI I KIM ' I ' niilical Scii ' nrc Uraohlyn, N. Y. Masmid, BiiHiiicHs .Slii(l ' ; Socrcr IVani, Caplain; Prc-Law Socicly; (iliorai Soci- oly; Lc (;cr ' l( KriiJi(ain; I.H.S.; ( ' .oiii- nn-nlator, Circiilalioii Staff H f rt ' chtin hours and niiiiiilfs to hr dollars and crnts. I ' Hii.ii ' (:HMIF)T I ' r.-Mrd Bronx, A. V. Masmid. I ' liolofirapliy K«iitor: (ilioral Society: CO-OP: I ' lioloprapliy Club: S.A.C.: Fn-Mccl Society A fi ' malc knvr i.s a joint and not an fnlfrlainn cnl i ? LOUIS SCHNEIDER Vn ' -Mi ' d Brooklyn, A ' . Y. Prc-Med Society IS not good that a man should be alonv. 43 LEON SCHOENHOLTZ Mnl ltrmatics Pascdrna. i.alij. Math Club: Soccer Team: Choral Society 7 Kiiiild rdlluT iitdki ' my luuitf llxiui inherit il. HERBERT SCHREIBER Political Sciencf Bronx, N. Y. I.R.S.; Eranos: Student Council; Com- mentator; Eta Sipnia Phi He profits most ivho serves best. MARTIN SCHUB Pre-Med Bronx, N. Y. Junior Class, Vice-President; I.R.S.; Senior Council; Ha ' melitz, Editor: Pre- Med Society: Biology Society. Not fling endures but personal qualities. - y 44 SI- VMOI l{ MIW AIM , I ' lilitical Sriimrr fuarl.. . J. I. M.S.; Y.U. Driv.r: CO-OI ' iilhinn i i impotnibli ' In ihi- niiin ii Uu run ii ill. (iiiil llifn iln. MORTON H. SC.HWARTZSTEIN Psychology Plainvieu N. Y. Commentator, Circulation Maiuifier: (Xl-OP: Fencing Team; Fsychoiofiy (.iub; Sociolofiy Club; S.O.Y.: Radio Station Committee; Special Events ( ' om- niittee; Publicity Committee; Masmid Staff; Dorm Council 9 Mil STANLEY SEAVEY English Boston. Mass. Senior Play: Choral Society; Sociology Society: Hobbv Club He norkcd and sung from morn till • nisht. no lark as blithe as he. 45 Of , NORMAN SINGER Classical Lanpuagos Bronx. N. Y. Eraiios; Eta Sigma Plii 0 all the creations of man. langnaf e is the most astounding. DAVID STADTMAUER Psychology Neic York. N. Y. Masmid, Associate Activities Editor: Fencing Team One verse of mine may linger yef. ' SEYMOUR STEINMETZ Pre-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Pre-Med Society, President; N.S.A., Chief Delegate; Swimming Instructor; S.A.C., Chairman; Soccer Team He who sows courtesy reaps friendship and he who plants kindness gathers love. MOHHIS SIM, I, MAN Clivniislry Hraiililyn, V. ' . ( ' ,()-( )r, Maiiiif cr; ConuiifiiKtlor; finlil Lil ' liiif lii.HlriK ' lor; (Ihairniaii of DcarTH l rcplioii lliisini ' say ITn sini [)li lis ollirr pi ' iiplrs ' iiioiii-y ISIDOHK n CHINSKY I ' lililical Srii ' nrr Hrruiklyn. .V. ' . I.H.S.: CO-OP: W restliiip Tfam ' Snlhini; )ir at teas oxer arhifird iiilh- iMl enthusiasm. ALBERT TUCHMAN Physics Brooklyn, A ' . Y. Math Club: Art C.liib; Student Council: Cowmcntalor: Chairman Dorm Council Gi ' i ' cn the force, any ;iivri Height might be moved. 47 WOLF WALTER Physics Bronx, N. Y. CO-OP: Matli Cluh: braeli Society; Student Guide Book. Ideals are like stars. You choose them as your guides and following them you uill reach vour destinv. f HI f 1 ' L ' -W MARCEL WEBER Political Science Far Rockaway, N. Y. LR.S. Vice-President; Eranos; Jewish Philosophy Club; Deutscher Verein The virtue lies in the struggle, not the prize. JACK WEINBERG Mathematics Brooklyn, N. Y. Math Club; CO-OP A gent who wakes up and finds himself a success has not been asleep. 48 I IMIK MM W KIN- I KIN I ' rf-Dmltil I ' eilrritiin. . J. I ' r -.M.(| So. ills: Hi.il.i(! CliiW: Srii l.iii (;ui.lr H.iok (,rriii M nni ,■ ntihlv lahnml In inrri-aof if l l-0[)ll- ' i jovi. MORTON L. WERTHEIMER Pre-Dental Philadelphia, Pa. Fencing Team, Captain; Y.U. Drive, Chairman; Commentator; Masmid, Managing Editor; Senior Council; Pre- Med Society ' Tis G-D gives skill, but not without men ' s hand ' s ■ 7; STANLEY ZAHNER English Brooklyn. A. 1 ' . Chairman .L . Drive; Canvassing Committee His icife not only edited his nx rk. but edited him. 49 I MELVIN ZELEFSKY P e-Med Brooklyn, N. Y. Jewish Pliilosopliy Society, President; Commentator; Senior Freshman Ad- visor; Pre-Med Society Dont miss the mark. Cut hard! Cut fast! Cut often! DAVID ZWEIBEL Political Science Far Rockaway, N. Y. Commentator, Business Manager; T.I., Secretary: Dorm Council, Secretary; I.R.S. Politeness is the flower of humanity. MARTIN GREENHUT Biology Neiv York, N. Y. Commentator; Senior Varsity Show, Producer They conquer who believe they can. HAROLD ZIGELMAN Mathematics Elizabeth, N. J. Commentator ; Chairman of Blood Drive He was a little lower than the angels. i m ' b l 50 . neither shall they learn war anymore. ' V,,.. J.? ;? ' w • • B ' mm ette to Ve .o « _«tot Mite! :o9 ' First ! ' !!f! ' j: ! y Successful : ' V „ Cere ' 131 ' ' ..M„rr Bes Jx ; ■- ' :.. ' ° ' S ' ' ' !? ' y Award OfC ?- . fc ; 9 -:?% .- . s . v ;f- J I Alma Maler l o. ' Q ' ch™, . . : = ?..5: Hldl t JOSKI ' H .SII.VKI .ST ;iN Nf. hdilnr It JUDAH H. KI.EIN Aisociule Editor-in-Chivl PAUL ROGOWAY Editor-in-Chief tm For the fourth time in its Iweiily-one years of existence, THE COMMKNTATOli was awar ' h-tl an All-Anicrican ralinj; hy llic Associated ( ollofiiiate Press. Continuing in its capacity as tlie oflicial voice of the Yesliiva ( ollej;e student hody, THE (.OMMEINTATOR devoted its news cohrmns to coni|)lete coverage of tlie many activities in and around Yeshiva. A statement by Dean Guterman in regard to collejie gradinf; policy in isstie No. 2 created wide student interest. Announcement of the resignation of Dr. Alexander Freed, the opening and dedica- fion of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, interviews with new faculty members and the appointment of a Religious Guidance (Committee were other highlights in the fall issues. Spring issues included news of a new college admissions plan, a T.I.-R.I.E.T.S. merger on the high school level and the raise in dormitory and tuition fees. Clubs received the most adequate coverage ever in a larger and more fre- quently appearing Club Notes column. Through its editorial cohnnns, THE COMMENTATOR continued to campaign for improvements at Yeshiva, guided by a policy of constructive criticism. Several times during the year, THE COMMENTATOR editorial columns saw fit to comment on situations outside of the immediate scope of Yeshiva. Secretary of State Dulles, and United States foreign policy in regard to Israel, were criticized strongly, and Miss Autherine Lucy ' s fight against segregation in the South was firmly supported. Serving for the fifth vear under alumni advisorship, TlIK COMMENTATOR re- iterated its stand that the present system could be accepted only as the final mea.Hure of administration association with THE COMMENTATOR, and not as the initial step on the road to cen. ' iorship. Feature columns achieved a balance between humorous and more serious articles of student interest. Special features were devoted to Ten ears of Growth of Yeshiva, and the Rabbinical Council of America controversy. THE COMMENTATOR added to tlie Purim spirit with a recounting of Dr. S. L. Butterman ' s four-volume trilogy on the United Seminary of America. Dr. .Samuel Beacon ' s reaction to the historv, a volume on the segregation problem of Miss Alalia Loosey, and a Simple Simon Says column were features of the issue. Jl III S I.ANriVUHTH SiMjrii Editor JACOB M. LEBOWITZ Copy Editor MARTIN HNGERHLT Feature Editor — Fall Term JOSHUA MILLER Feature Editor — Spring Term STANLEY ROSENBERG Business Manager JOSEF E. FISCHER Managing Editor — Fall Term JOEL KAPLAN Managing Editor — Spring Term r I i nMJbssmf h Music could be heard resounding through- out the dorm halls at all hours of the night this year. CO-OP had put on sale a large selec- tion of classical, Israeli and cantorial records which were quickly gobbled up by the culturally starved students. Pesach items, greeting cards, sox and ties, were sold for the first time at CO-OP, as some of the smaller services for the convenience of the students. As usual, breakfast and lunch were eaten in the CO-OP canteen. A hot chocolate and coffee machine was added to the milk, juice and cake machines, to add further competition to the cafeteria. Soda, candy, cigarettes and orange-drink dispensers for midnight snacks were also handy. The high-brows were able to find a wider selection of scholarly publications to satisfy their taste. Bookbinding kits were added so that students could bind their paperback books for prolonged use. For the more prosperous, a nearly complete selection of Modern Library books was available, as well as a large number of books of Jewish interest. The innovators of the new features were the managers for the year, Morris Stillman ' 56 and Harold Richtman ' 56. CO-OP Psychology Club The Psycliolofiy (llul) lliis year, made a com- preliensive study of Slorn and Yeshiva (lollcfics, lliroiigli tlie moans of a (|iiestionnairo (lislrihiilcd in botli scliools. Results are beinn; correlated and are expected by the end of this term. In addition, several interestinp lectures were sponsored by the (-lub as well as the bejiinniii}! of the dilTicult task of classifying and indexinj; all books of educational and psycholopcal interest in the (lollefie library. This has been acclaimed as one of the {jreatest contributions of any club to the better- ment of Yeshiva. Officers are: David Hammer ' 57, president; Rich- ard Garber ' 56, vice-president, and Bernard Rothman ' 58, secretary. riiriin;_ ' lic ul tin- M-.ir-. llir- iiciolojiical Society has IxMii one of the fnrcmo.-l chihti at Yeshiva Lni- vcrsity. Vi hen the .Student (Council inftiluted it (!hib Award in 19.54, the society was presented wiili till citation. Last year the .Sociolojiical Society a(:ain won this award, and they ho|ie to win it :tfia n this year. The purpose of the society has been not onlv to complement textbook sociology, but also to |)ro- vide informative and interesting programs of socio- logical import for the entire student body. This year ' s specific topic has been ' ' Thework of organiza- tions serving the American Jewish (lommunity and the problems facing them. In connection with this aim, representatives of some of these organizations were invited to speak before the society. Under the able leadership of Erwin Katz. Josh Cheifetz, and Joseph Book, a sister club has been established in the Stem College for X ' omen. in conjunction with the Psvch Club. Sociology Society % 1 • ' i - M ' iHltm ' - A Pre-Law Society Tlie Pre-Law Society is soinetlniif; new ai Yesliiva. It was founded in the Sprinf; term of ' 55 by Herbert Charney and Joseph Chervin. wlio be- came its first president and vice-president respectively. Tliough it is the youngest society in the school, it is one of the most active. This society ' s activities are both precedent breaking and varied. The mem- bers visited District Attorney Silver ' s office and sat in on an evening session of the General Court. Guest speakers at lectures included such a well known person as Prof. J. P. Gifford, Assistant Dean of Columbia Lniversity Law School. Alumni of Yeshiva now attending law schools also lectured. The society has acquired a special section in the Pollack Library for their use, and is now in the process of obtaining catalogues and applications from major law schools throughout the country. Activities include speakers practicing different pljases of law, alumni in law schools, day visits to the General Court, and films from the American Bar Association. The Pre-Law Society is growing rapidly and has already taken its place with the older and better established societies qt Yeshiva. Chess Club The legend of Yeshiva ' s chess team is one that is as little known as it is spectacular. Such names as Yanofsky, Steinberg and Rosen, which once appeared in the columns of the New York Times as they lead Yeshiva through victorious intercollegiate champion- ships, are hardly ever heard at YU now. The spirit they left behind in the form of the YU chess team and club, however, is witness to the fact that they have not been forgotten. Although the team did not compete this year, Yeshiva is still considered prominently in inter- collegiate chess circles. No less a person than Grand Master Samuel Reshevsky has shown interest in the new team Yeshiva is grooming for next year. Louis Taubenblatt, ' 57, president of the club and captain of the team, is confident that Yeshiva will regain its former standing in intercollegiate chess next season. Pre-Medical Society Our «f iIk- I ' liiiclioiiH ( f llw I ' n-IVIcdi.Ml S.ici.ly Ih I( ilid iIm Hliidrnl in llii- (irid of liin |iri ' -iiii ' dir.il sliidicH. (rllidaiK ' C ilHsiHlillK ' C IlilS Ixcll iivcil III llic Sdlicly by Dr. Shelly Sii|diirc iiid Dr. I ' M l,.viin- Ixilli of Ycwliiva. Dr. .J()liiiM)ii of .Syr;i(iiM- Miilir.il -iehool Uom H|ii-iil ill! -vfiiitif£ willi l if .Sorii ' ly to i ' |uainl llic iiicinlii ' rH willi IiIh rncdical hcIkioI. ' ' hapl ' T of Alpli. ' i KpHiloti Dcliii l ' r --.V1cili( ' , ' il lioiior.ir fnil -rtiit i- in llii- proi ' CHH of lir-in (•Ht;ii liHlicd licrr i| Y i lii«j. I liin piiHt yfiir, the ;irlivilicK of lli - -irirly Hrri- lii-.iiici! liy Srymoiir Slciiinicl . ( . |iri- id ' iit; iMartiii (nrhilz ' 5 1, virf.|)r Hid nl, and |{.i|di.i 1 Ijevine ' 57, i ' iTi-l:irv-lr -aKnr T. Biology Society The Biology Club supplements Biology courses through films, displays, lectures and discussions on various related topics. The club presented two di.-plays during the fall semester. One display depicted man ' s -truffle for existence and liow he suoived. The sf ond display called The irus advanced the idea tint the Virus may be the intermediate step in the • volution of the inanimate to the animate. The club was led this vear b lav Roths- child ' .ST. The Chemistry Society was founded in the Fall Term, and the honor of becoming its first president was accorded to Reuben Rudman. It was created with four principle functions in mind: 1) To heighten the interest of the students in chemistry; 2 1 To help broaden their knowledge of chemistry and supplement their courses; 3 1 To introduce the tudents to current research and industrial activity; 4 1 To aid the students in the achievement of their professional goals in the field of chemistry. It has had both guest speakers and speakers from within its ranks. The guest speakers, mostly from among the graduates of YU, have discussed topics in advanced chemistry, and also problems of graduate school. The undergraduates also present lectures. They are thereby introduced to current problems in chemistry, and they also get a chance to learn the basic techniques of library research in a specialized field. This term the club has planned a series of lectures to be given by its members, interspersed with a few guest speakers. The topics cover different phases of technical material, popularization of chemistry, and history of chemistry. Chemistry Society The purpose of the Math Club was to discuss topics of interest to students of Math which were not part of the College curriculum. Under the leadership of their president, Charles Naiman ' 56, such diverse topics as diaphontic equa- tions. Probability, and the Gregorian and Jewish calendars were discussed. Alumni of Yeshiva now studying physics, math and engineering at different graduate schools dis- cussed the opportunities which each offers. Mathematics Society Choral Society ' n: (ilioriil Socicly IIiIh yi ' iir m llic |iii il {;c of iiilrodiH ' iii}; iiri iiiiioviilioii in iIk collc iiilc alinoH- plicn! ill YcMliivM. The Dfjin ' M Itr ' ccplion liiiil :is ils finale tll itrcinicrr of llic Aliiiii IVIalcr t lln- (llioral Sc)ci ' ly, };arl i ' il in a|) anil piown. Tlie evont waw nni(|u( ' in llic liislors nl llir Society as well as thai of llic (i()llc), ' c in llial .joNliua Miller T)?, viee-pre.Hidenl, laii jlil llie lieanlifnl air, wliicli waH wrilleii and eoni|)()ned Iiy Joel Sclirciiicr ' 57, to llio Soeiety, and llwii eondiieted the (ilmnis at tlie reeeplion nuirkin the first lime lliat a iiicrii- ber of the student body eondiiclcd llic ( llionis al a ])iiblic afTair. Tlio words of llie Alma Malcr were firsi read to the aiidienee by Joseph Kaplan !J6 and then rendered in soiifi bv the (Chorus, after wliieh the entire audience rose and saiif; Golden Domes. Dramatics Society The Dramatics Society infused new life into the Dean ' s reception this year. Lnder its sponsorship a play was presented by each class. The classes for the newly instituted Dr. Simeon L. Gutemian Award for the best presentation. The Jiniiors opened the evening with their presentation, a musical comedv entitled Under here? This play told the story of a union suit factory called You Shiver. Louis t ' ohl .57. presi- dent of the Society appeared in the play wearing just gatkes. This act of braverv plus some sinpinp and danc- ing won the award for the Junior class. It was also under the sponsorship of the Societv that eshiva inaugurated an alma mater which was sung by the Chorus under the direction of Josh Miller 57. Music and lyrics were written by Joel Schreiber ' 57. 59 Debating Society An expansion of its tour progranj highlighted the Debating Society this year. Under the direction of its president Joseph Kaphm, and in conjunction with the Community Service Division of Yeshiva, a Chicago tour was added to tJie usual tours to Upstate New York. Boston, ' ashington. Baltimore and Philadelphia. In the Metropolitan area the Society achieved a noteworthy success debating Cohnnbia on the topic: ■Resolved: That the U. S. Should Send Defensive Arms to Israel. The team compiled a record of 25 wins and only 10 losses in debating the national topic. I.R,S. The International Relations Society attempts to promote understanding of international problems. To achieve this goal, the Society this year, conducted an intense series of lectures, discussions, debates and tours. The critical situation in the Middle East received particular attention. Israeli Consul Cecil Hyman spoke on this topic at Yeshiva under the sponsorship of I.R.S. Marcel Weber ' .56 succeeded Emanuel Feder- bush ' 56 as president when the latter resigned to produce the Senior Varsity Show. 60 Jewish Philosophy Society rii( Jcwisli IMiil()S()|(lii ;il Sociciv l)riiii;s llic stiidcnt Ixxlv inio coiilacl will) scholars in Jewish ihoii iit and ] liih s()|)hy. Durin;; lh( four years of its oxistoiiro, llic sociciv has playt ' d a role in Yeshiva life well beyond ihe hif;hesl hopes of its founders. This year four areas for discussion were einplia- sized hy Alviii Bohroff, president of the society. They were: II Science and relifrion: 21 Medieval .Jewish philosophers; ' i .Jewish influence on world literature and thoufiht; 4) Existentialism and Jewisli philosophy. Outstanding scholars discussed different aspects of these topics. Other controverial areas of Jewisli lhoui;ht were also examined. Dr. Menahem Breyer lectured on the Dead Sea Scrolls. This toj)ic so aroused the interest of the student body, that over 200 students attended the lecture. This society has a larpe follow- ing, and is watched with keen interest by the entire student body. This year saw the revitalization of the CJiiip Irri at Yeshiva (lollepe, a student (:ronp devole«l to the spread of Hebrew cidture and the Hebrew I.anpuage. The (.liiifi devoteil itself to creating a Hebrew atmosphere, where college students could get together for free and informal discussions, and keep abreast of the latest developments in matters pertaining to the Jewish State. Zionism, and other topics vital to a complete Jewish existence. Towards these ends, several prominent speakers were invited to address the club, amon ; them a lieutenant in the Israeli Armv who depicted the role of the army in integrating the new inimi rant$. Leaders of the Chup are Shlomo Feder !.i7. and Sidney Goldstein .t6. president and vice-president, respectively. Le Cercle Francais Le Cercle Francais and Alpha Omefia chapter of the Pi Delta Phi again, as in the past, nnflertook this year to further French culture at YU inuler the •luidance of Prof. Sidney D. Brawn, its faculty adviser. RACOXTER, the club ' s publication, presented lo the students articles of French interest. FLAM- BEAU, Yeshiva ' s nationally distributed literary maga- zine, won the Alliance award as the best college publication in the French language. The program of the Alpha Omega chapter of Pi Delta Phi included a special 1956 initiation meet- ing, and such eminent speakers as Prof. Habert, editor of France-Amerique who spoke on the French Press in America, and Prof. Guicharnand of Yale. The group also attended the American premiere performance of The Comedie Francaise production of Moliere ' s Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, upon which Prof. Braun lectured. Besides a group theater party for Les Lettres de Mon Moulin, a full length feature film was shown at Yeshiva at the last social gathering of the vear. ' uinMuuMif m Hp i fl ■P ■F i r JTf ■ j,;, M% hi Hi H .|. ' H lJI Hi 811 mi M Eranos Eranos, the classical society of Yeshiva, endeavors to bring its members closer to the realization of the vast store of human knowledge and experience which is encompassed within the Classical world. The comparison between the two driving forces of the western world, the Roman-Graeco culture and the ethical Jewish spirit, is also a leading objective of the Society. This is in line with the achievement of a better understanding of the moral and spiritual contradictions of our age. In a series of lectures Eranos explored the prob- lems, views and differences between leading Jewish groups during Graeco-Roman times. They also heard a talk by Dr. Feldman on The Greek Influence on the Talmud. Hobby Club lliidrr (lie hiiiincr iiiollo Diiiri liiiic your lali-iil in :i l)iirk -l; liriiin il to life, IWorriH NariiHliiiiskv 1( (1 llii llolthy (iliih ill tlic TiS- ' Sfi ncIiooI ynir, ' I ' lic; iiliililirs anil liolihics of llic inilividiiiil iiiciii- horH wurc iniitnivcd lo llio point tlial hiiimc iif ilw nicnibcrH arc now a ' ( ' oin|iliHlicil ciilcrlaiiK-rH. Tinil)(rr of the iliih pcrroriiwd al cliuMly fiinr- lioii , aH widl an al lio pilaU and old a(j - lioriicx. liny have aJHO ciilirraiiKd al W oiiifn ' x Auxiliarv fiinrlioiiH of YD anil al llic oiiiifr l(.ra l of ' lr Tnoiil. Ilic ciiili i ' ii()« i |ili)riii(; new media of cdiii-a ' linn llii(iii; |i rnli rl.iiruMi III and fday. S.A.C. The Student Activities Committee of the Student Council, is in charge of Council publicity. It is the function of S.A.C. to coordinate the activities of the clubs at Yeshiva which meet club hour every Thurs- day afternoon at 2:30. A total of 20 clubs and societies functioned this year. Chemistry, Chup Ivri. Hobby and Zionist Clubs were four newcomers. In addition there were three lionorary scholastic fraternities which are also super- ised by S.A.C. Prospects of adding two new honorarv fraternities by next September are bright. S.A.C. was headed by Seymour Steinmetz 56- ciiairman, and Allan Scher ' ,, co-chairman. 63 Student Council Ex| ansion of ;u-ti ilN. coo|)or;ilion and improved service to tlie student hodv best describe tlie work of Student Council. Manv of our goals have alreadv been reached, other lontr-ranfre projects iiave been initiated by Council and await completion. Student-administration cooperation facilitated the institution of several new projects and improvement of other areas of activity, while Stuilent Council in turn sponsored and designed many projects to aid the faculty and administration in the work, in the interest of improving the University ' s program. i ■ _ r _ mh 1 The work of the religious guidance program and the Religious Guidance lecture series which were both instituted at Council ' s request have made much progress with Council ' s cooperation. The Senior- Freshman Guidance Committee assisted and supple- mented the work of the Guidance Department. It also participated in the orientation of Freshmen during freshman orientation week which was held before the start of school. The Library Committee helped to improve the University ' s library service, and, as in previous years. Student Council produced the Dean ' s Reception, an administration sponsored affair, which this year achieved unparalleled success. It featured the presentation of class plays and the introduction of the official Yeshiva College alma mater, coniposed under the auspices of Council. Student Council Medical Committee recom- mended and obtained improved medical service, and Council ' s recammendation for an health insurance program awaits administration approval. As part of the improvement in health service this year. Council organized and maintained an emergency car brigade to help secure immediate medical attention in emergencies. The Curriculum Committee is conducting an evaluation of the College Curriculum based on stu- dent reaction and desires. The report when com- pleted will recommend Curriculum improvements in many areas. Student Council has been instrumental in securing the introduction to the Curriculum of the new Fundamentals of Religion course which will be offered next year. The Student Coinicil Building Repair Com- mittee and its Cleanup (Campaign Sub-committee obtained various environmental improvements. The food and cleanliness in the cafeterias were improved at the re(|uests of the Food Committee. Student Council was also instrumental in satis- factorily resolving issues in certain areas where there were varying degrees of disagreement with the Administration. Among these problems arose; Sched- uling of courses and closing of sections in the language and science departments: attempts to stifle student expression and activity: Admissions policy for the College; programming during Club Hour; arbitrary disciplinary action; and finally, the prob- lems of individual students in which Council helped the students in their negotiation with the adminis- tration. There was much student activity on the club level this year. In addition to the 16 clubs already functioning several new clubs and honorary- fraterni- ties were added. Among them was the Chug Ivri, Zionist, Chemistry and Hobby clubs. Club activity under S.A.C. was better organized and more effective this year, owing to reorganization, efficient manage- ment, and installation of new bulletin boards. Stu- dent Council Club Hour has been proven successful once again. The cooperative stores continued to expand their services. The main store open for 5 hours daily added a record and greeting card department, and expanded the appliance and book departments. A coffee machine was added to the canteen whose machines provide the student body with convenient 24 hour service. Commentator was published on a bi-weekly basis. The newspaper appeared 15 times once again. Student Council in addition sponsored a varsity show featuring a 2-hour operetta presented by the senior class, started work on a radio station, facil- itated travel to basketball games by offering free bus service, revived You the Student under a new format, organized art, typing, and public relations squad, and improved Senior Rings, and the service award program. Other activities of Student Council which were maintained once again were the Yeshiva University Drive for Charities, the Blood Drive, the Used-Book Exchange, Fireside Chats, Freshman-Senior Smoker and Alumni Committees. The brightest side of extra-curricular program at Yeshiva tlus year was the appearance of a school spirit which permeated all areas of activity. Its mani- festation is indicative of the enlivened interest of the student body in their student government and student activities at Yeshiva College, and their sin- cere dedication to the continued improvement of Yeshiva College — the desire of Yeshiva College Student Council. 64 JACOB HELLER Prvsidont SENIOR CLASS Herbert Gross, President Norton Nesis, V ice-President Herbert Schreiber, Delegale-al-Larpe JUNIOR CLASS Josef Fiscber, President Louis Wobl, f ice-President Herbert Cbariiey, Delegate-at-Large SOPHOMORE CLASS Leonard Sbapiro, President Josepb Cbervin, Vice-President Abrabani Becker, Delegate-at-Large JULIUS BERMAN Vice-President FRESHMAN CLASS Josbua Gershon, President Cbaim Fleisbnian, f ice-President Yelmda Sorcher, Delegate-at-Large NATHAN LEWIN Secretary- Treasu rer 65 I MASKF ' THM.L VAKSITY From row: i. Ilodicloi f, II. SrliJiisM ' !, A. Hrlf.r. M. kriipr, I. .Slcinmclz. M. T.-irli.T, N. M.-is.lii.iin. Toi row: Coacli RimI Suiu li k, , Eiiplard, I,. H.rk-I iii, 1). M.lilinan. I. Listowsky, A. Soddi-n, I. Hluiiifiircirli, H. IJur ky. ' r . Basketball The 1953-56 athletic season at Yeshiva saw the Mighty Mites soar with success to an all time hiph, backed by keen student spirit. Coacli Bernie Sarachek and his hoopsters took off like a streak, starting with the opening Norman Palefski Memorial Game again Bridgeport, and took five straight before running into tiie fabulous St. Francis Terriers. The televised ball game was the season ' s highlight, and won for Yesliiva many new metropolitan area fans as ' Red ' Blumenreich and Hot Hands Sclilus- sel led tlie Mites in a gallant fight. Everything clicked for tlie cagers as they knocked off the city teams: Hunter. Queens and Brooklyn, and upset highly touted Adelphi. Others that fell before the Yeshiva drive included Quinnipiac, King ' s Point, and Toronto, each with its own sensational story. Bulwarks of the club were the inimitable Red Blumenreich and mighty Abe Bam Sodden, whose combination of scor- ing and rebounding kept the Mites in control of many a ball game. Red, the first Yeshiva ballplayer to be elected to the All-Metropolitan team, wrote his own page in Yeshiva basketball history by liis phenomenal feat of icily scoring five do-or-die points in the closing seconds of the Kings Point game. The 16-2 season record of the Mites, best in Yeshiva ' s history, was climaxed by a two point victory over Brooklyn College. k ' h ' A ' How The Ball B ounced G FG FA F FP TP A PF Bluinenreicli 18 177 156 92 .589 446 24.7 51 Sodden 18 115 132 81 .614 311 17.3 50 Srhlussel 18 80 53 31 .585 191 10.5 36 Teirher 18 54 48 25 .521 133 7.4 51 Heifer 18 50 56 31 .554 131 7.3 49 Steininelz 16 12 28 17 .607 41 2.6 31 Mehlnian 8 9 11 1 .091 19 2.1 17 Li towsky 6 4 2 2 1.000 10 1.7 7 Hoclidorf 13 5 14 8 .571 18 1.5 10 Team totals 506 502 290 .577 1,302 72.33 313 — games. FG —fie Id goal , FA — foul atten pts, F- -foul shots made, FP— | foul shootiiif! pereen age, TP —total points scored A — per game average, PF — personal fouls coinmi ted Fencing FENCING VARSITY Bottom row: D. Sladttiiaucr, M. Wertheimer, J. ' . ' hinilz, P. Peyser. Top row. P. Kolkrr, A. Creeniipan, D. Chill. J. Kaplin. J. Danzger, L. Lclircr, J. Fisrher, A. Schcr. csliiNa ' s IdiifiT- roiitiimci] to prove tlieir prowess as they attained a 10-1 mark for tlie second successive year. Tutored by mentor Art Tauber and sparkcil by Capt. Morly X ' e l- beinier, Danny ( .liill, who went on to the semi- finals of the •Intermediate Fencinp Tournament. Joe Fischer, and tlie scrappy sabre trio — Pey- ser, Danzfrer and (lo-(!Qptain Eruin Kalz — tlie foilers romped throuf;h tlieir schedule. It took the national fencinjr champs, Columbia, to put the skids on the fast moving squad. The three sabre aces liit a 22-7 seasonal mark each, which made them pretty toufih to beat. Knocking off Drew University, the fencers were toasted by the losers as the first team ever to beat them twice in a row. This make another year in which Yeshiva has turned out a squad of spirited masters of the stri] . thanks to their suj)erb coachinj:. 69 ;:; r ■1 TENNIS VARSITY Bottom row: Z. Sclirailer, P. Rogoway, H. Hoffman, I. Aaroii- on, M. Sadwin. Top ran: D. Harris, S. Hoffman, J. Quint, S. Sclnoiber, B. Levin. Tennis This year niarkerl the second year of Yeshiva tennis competition in tlie Metropolitan Tennis Conference and the Bhie and Wliite managed to compile another fine record. Despite the loss of graduated number one man Dave Lifshutz, the squad was able to make use of young newcomers along with Captain Herbie Hoffman to round out a fine team. Playing the home matches at Riverview Courts, the Yeshiva racquetmen faced such top notch oppo- nents this year as Armv, lona and Hunter. Seymour Hoffman, number four man, was awarded The Commentator award in tennis for his fine play and s|)ortsmanship during the season. 70 Wrestling i ' or llic f ' irsi liiiii ' in isliiva iii l(ir , i liliic aixl W liilc wrestlinfi Icaiii was or ruiiized on an inlercollcfriato level, (toadied l)y pro wrestler Joe Cassiiis, llie fjrapplers put three niatclies on their (h ' liiil schedule, winninj; one. Yesliiva students were presented with a thrillin : |)erf()rnKui( ' e as tlie wresth rs took on Hul(:ers of ewark in tlie YL f;vni and won tlie first eshixa intercollepiale niatcii. Intraniurals took on a new lifiht tliis year as eshiva was invited to participate in the St. Peter Intercollejiiate Tournament. After completing an ex- tensive intramural haskethall circuit run by school Athletic Manager Shelly Chwat, the senior class emerfied champs and went on to represent Yeshiva in the tourney. Soccer and swimming were two other organized athletic activities at Yeshiva, each showing signs of developing into a major varsity sport. The soccer team, now in its second year of limited competition, played one match against Columbia and expects to expand its schedule next year.  tte 71 Class History A class history in tlieory should deal in major part with the events that occurred during its four years of college. If theory would be turned into practice, the history and achievements of the Class of ' 56 would be summed up in a few short para- graphs. Through the means of exaggeration and turn- ing a class historv into a college history, we have managed to compile what you find on the succeeding l)ages. Any resemblance between this and the actual history of the Class of ' 56 is pure fantasy on the part of the reader. tidbits of information. Those who failed the test in the credit-less course would have to pay a fee for a make-up exam. Tiie Commentator in its first issue welcomed us to the College and told us how fortunate we were to have chosen Yeshiva, a veritable haven of friendship and goodwill. Right underneath, there was a scathing editorial about censorship of Commentator and how it would not be tolerated. So this, we concluded, was what they meant by co-existence ! For the first few weeks, this was the only observation we had time for. It seemed they had a form to be filled out for everything conceivable, and a few for those that weren ' t. So this is the land of synthesis and co-existence; it almost looks like any other school. Of course there are little differences, like gymnasiums with ceilings 16 feet high and a swimming pool eight blocks away, but after all it ' s little things like this that make a college unique, and it is such uniqueness that binds members of the same school together. It was quite apparent from the start that our class was destined to be a trail-blazer. Not content with the usual system of Freshman Orientation in which we learned such valuable facts as that the building is located in New York City, and that it was founded in a hovel on the East Side, the Admin- istration decided that we were to be tested on th se 72 Il ii|i|)iMn ' il tli. ' il (or rvcry I ' Vi ' mIiuimii cImmh iIi.iI cnlcrcd, one iiiHlniclor wmh uradnatrd. Duriiif. ' our l ' ' rcsliiiiaii year a IVIr. Maicr, liiHlriiclor in  Tmaii, waH lilicralcd. Somcliow coiirirclcd with iIiIm waH llic | M ' iiiiar amioimccnu ' iil llial all llircf-crcdil coiirHi ' H liiid to iiicci ihrcc liiiuM a wcik, cxccpl for lliOHf lliiil didn ' t. Holli of iIk-hc policicH wcr Hironfrly (d)jc ' l( ' d lo l)y lln ' Sindcnl (ioiincil wlio hIiowccI oner and for all llial lli -y were no) lo he laiii|)crcd willi, hy pa.s.sin;; a rcsolnlion condrinniii}! the altovr arlH. Tliis i)old acl was llxi rcHull of a nioflinfi anoiiy- nioiiHly annoiniccd l)y llio circnlalion of niiHif ncd liandhills tliroii lionl llic l)iiildin| . In a nicctiiic liild soon aflcr hclwcon D( an iHaacs and Sludcnt (ionncil, manors wi rc discnssod, and llu Slmlcnl Coiniril was convinced llial llir Administration was correct. ■So this, we concluded, is what is meant by synthesis. Towards the end of the first semester we had the Senior-Frosh smoke, or at least we think we did. Everytime one of us w ould fight his way towards the beer and free cigarettes, a groups of seniors would intercept us and demand proof that we were freshmen. By the end of the evening it was a sorry lot of Freshies who had to help carry the giggling intoxicated Seniors back to their doitii rooms. As in all election years, the bovs at et liiva took an active interest in the forthcoming election and, through a poll taken, it was found that the student body preferred Stevenson 16-1 over President Eisenhower. Oilier wi iifiil tliiiikiiig was fxhihilerj in the expectation of an early solution of what wan called the Cafeteria Situation. An outside caterer wag called in and lie expressed the feeling that while the food was of good quality, it had no eye appeal. The statement issued by the caterer made no men- tion as to whether he actually tasted the foo l or paid the prices for them. In the next to last i.ssue. The Commentator came out with an 18 page anniversary edition, denoting the twenty-fifth anniversary of Yeshiva College. The magnificence of the entire project almost outshone the fact that Marty Greenhut was the first of our class to make tiie Commie Editorial Board as News Editor. ' e had just been in the school for one year when Dean Isaacs resigned. Everyone began to point accusing fingers at us, but we looked as innocent as only a Freshman could. And so. almost before we knew it, our first year in college had come to an end. As of yet we hadn ' t learned anytiun r. but we looked forward to our Sophomore year witli the realization that College was, after all. nothing more than an overgrown high school. Sophomore Year A new year, a new Dean; it seemed that our Sophomore year started with Simeon Guterman assuming the rather unenviable position. The Social Science professors walked through the halls with a happy smile on their faces as they anticipated large grants to their departments from the Dean who alter- nated as a Professor of History. Their joy was turned to dark despair when it was announced that the ground-breaking ceremony of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine was scheduled for the near future, and that a million dollars a month would have to be raised. Some of the more suspicious English instructors were seen hiding their books to prevent them from being sold. The Dean in his first statement made an appeal to the students for cooperation. The appeal brought in ten dollars and a suggestion for a three day school week. The I.R.S. showed its willingness to help by inviting Norman Thomas down to talk about disarmament. His talk had no effect on the fun loving hoodlums around Yeshiva. and the police were called down several times to break up the melees. A marked interest in weight-lifting was noticeable soon after the skirmishes began, and a new course in judo was instituted. One sage suggested that we rid ourselves of tlie vermin by asking them to eat at the luncli- eonette or cafeteria which was undergoing their annual bombardment by The Commentator. The dirty spoon did remodel their establishment, how- ever. New tables and seats were installed. It is estimated that the old food held out for two weeks before it too was replenished by a new supply. The College announced that Political Science had assumed the position of number one major. Ps ychology rated second, and when one takes into consideration the mental condition of those students after four years of delving into such questions as International Relations — A Dormitory Problem, With Special Consideration Given to Scotland, it 74 l) -c()inc.4 clcur iImI iIic hiiddiiij lic;i(l hliriiikirs juHl foil llicy liiiil a roiuly-niii(l ' cliciilclc. Later on in llic year, liaMii Fiiiliriiin niiiilc aiiMllicr atl(-in|il al Dorinilory ( iii(laii(-c. One iif the iiiowt iiii|) )rlaiil iniiovalionH was |iiiHliinp: Miiiyaii lime in lli moriiiiif; from 7:tr) to ({:()(). The iniiiieili- iile rospoHHo was heyond expeelalioii the feMows ihul liad l)e( ' n eoiiiiiif; (h) vn hcf an over-sleepinf:. Feiieinn (loaeh Artliiir Tauher went off to l raid to o|)( ' n a physical therapy eenler there. Al the time, 8omo said that h was more needed Ix-re to rehahili- lalo the pliysieal wrecks roaming the halls. However he cannot lie hlanied too much, as the sifihl of some of us would discourafjc anyone. Onr .Sophomore year was also the one in which 8ome of us came face-lo-face witli onr year ' s require- ment of science. Tn ( .hcniistry, it meant havinp Dr. Sannicl Solcvcilchik. Intoxicated with the newly found power of chemicals, several of the fellows decided to find out if silver dollars are really made of silver. All they succeeded in doin;;, iiowever, was letting loose a tank of hydrofjen sulphide, whose aromatic fumes spread throuph the halls. The Co-op was quick to seize this opportunity to intro- duce the sale of clothespins. So successful were we, that the sale was continued for two weeks. A new marking plan was studied by the faculty. The Dean, while niakinp; it clear that he had com- plete confidence in the instructors ' ability to issue proper grades, still in all felt that there should be the formulation of a uniform sy lem of marks. The student protest against anything that even resembled marking on a curve was second onlv to the howl of the several professors % ho were faced with the necessity of giving finals. And what could be w-orse than marking them? There was of course a lighter side, the Dean ' s Reception. In the true spirit of Dean ' s Receptions, past, present, and probablv future, confusion was the keynote of the entire affair. At first they in charge thouglit that we might have it in the gym. After surveying the proposed area, they felt that perhaps it was not the proper locale for such an affair. After all, it would entail fixing the lights, polishing and cleaning the floors, fixing the clock that bad stopped at 12:20 A.M. in 1936, and other comparable matters. So the Student Council decided it would he held in Lamport Auditorium. So the Administration said no ! The reason for the refusal was that the Dean ' s Reception held in Lamport would not benefit the institution. After but one postponement, the reception was finally bundled up and taken to the Cafeteria where it was immensely unsuccessful. Tlie Sociology Department, which was quickly cndearint; itself to the Administration hy posing the question: Do you feel that you were adequately prepared for the problems you encountered? to 500 ordainees of Yeshiva, found that a majority of them answered negatively. To prevent such surveys, the Administration planned to test all in-coming freshmen for proper placement and guidance. Among the major fields that the new test included, were Chemistry, Physics and Reading French. As the year wore on, we did too. Finals were upon us and preparations were made for the forth- coming struggle for survival. Armed with everything from sleeve-covered notes to note-covered sleeves, we confidentlv went off to battle. Jmk Joar Dl Arc luAi{o ' Junior Year 6 ' « ' (f X Just two more years to go! Amidst a storm of protest, Dan Vogel was sent as registrar to Stern College. It is still not certain who did the protesting. This however, proved to be just one of many changes that were taking place. Joseph Ellenberg, who for years had held down the job as commissar, in charge of stipends, was elevated to the position of secretary to the President. This task was formerly held by Mrs. Schechter who was forced to leave when it was found that she was carrying too much of a load. The appointment of Mr. Ellenberg who couldn ' t be so burdened, was hailed as a stroke of genius. For the prospective rabbis, a new three year plan was introduced. Just what it meant was at first not generally understood as far as we know is still confusing. Everyone seemed in favor of it however, mainly because it meant another year of unemploy- ment in this mecca of the idle. The Old Dorm Council, in a sudden spurt of aggressiveness and action, voted itself out of exist- ence. J. Heller was elected president of the New Dorm Council and it was thought that this new position gave him the captive audience which was of invaluable aid to him in rehearsing for the N.Y.C.J.A. Oratory Contest which he won. COMMENTATOR decided to settle once and for all, the question whether there should be synthesis or co-existence at Yeshiva, by a series of interviews 76 Willi llio ral)i)is of IM.E.T.S. It wa.s cstahlislK-fl lliat llioro slioiild and .slioiililil ' l, could and rniildiri, would and woiddii ' l. ' I ' lio series was considered enlifjlileninf;. Alter ail these years, tlie faculty decided that we were not peltinfi; a broad cnoiif li education. The proposed curriculum chan ;es were a failure. The trouble beinfj that the science professors wanted to stress their courses to the students of the Humanities, while at the same time watering down social science courses to the nature boys. The departments of the Social Sciences had opposite views. It was finally decided that notbin;i could be decided and the plan was sent back to the committee ice-box until next year. There was some talk that the scientists had even gone so far as to invite Abba Eben down to speak on the Toynbee Heresy in an attempt to discredit the History Department. Our i( ill.- Iii(. ' lilii ' lil- of the yar w.ii. a pl.iy put on l s rlic DratnaticH Society, which niakcH an ai | ear- ;ni(c on Yenbiva HtajiCH every three or four yarc Till- production wan MarloweV FaiintiiK. The lii(. ' li- lijilil of the iierforrnance wan the announcement by McpliiHtopholeH Siep-I with band ' - h ld out b f r ' him to I ' auKluH Kaplan. This line brou(!lil a lar(;e rcMjionKe of applauw and eJK-erinji from the aht-endd -d ibronp. The Cuini- Mutiny, wbij ' h wan the next Kcbeduied ( iay. wax called off, |)robably at the rerpieHl of a faculty mem- ber who was p.irlicni.irly fond of tin- play and Viii-hcij no harm to befall it. Clubs also plaved a prominent role in an attempt to become self-educated. The Psycli Club invited a hypnotist to lecture. Some of the students were carried away by the demonstration and attempted to mesmerize their professors. So far, it lias been hard to tell whether or not they were successful. Dr. Belkin made one of his infrequent puest appearances at a Dorm Council meeting in R.I.E.T.S. Hall, where he spoke surprisingly enough, about synthesis. The significant point here was that the students were allowed to visit R.I.E.T.S. Hall and marvel at the wonders they beheld there. Some of us felt that it was now time to assert our maturity, and no fewer than four of us became engaged. Kupietsky and Kwestel. who were deter- mined to stick together, engaged sisters. The Chester- field Cigarette people were obviously unimpressed at our .nanbood and discontinued the distribution of free cigarettes. Geller was immediately inspired to write a Commie feature (about the art of mooch- ing cigs. In response to tlie {leneral plea for increased fruidance, a new ordinance was handed down from tlie top to the effect tliat all registrants needed the signature of their guidance professor. In keeping with the spirit. Physics teachers were assigned Sociology majors and the English majors. Physical Education Instructors. The best piece of advice seemed to be, Where do I sign? Towards the close of the year elections came into sharp focus. A new era in electioneering was introduced as Jack Heller took to the airwaves in an attempt to brainwash the student body into voting for him. They did and he swept into the presidency of the Student Council. Julius Berman also grabbed a broom and became Vice President. In our own class Gross, Xessis, and Schreiber won offices. Finger- hut and Kaplan having nothing left to choose from assumed leadership of MASMID. Friedlander and Danzger also fell victims to the rush for positions and became MASMID ' S Literary and Activities Edi- tors, respectively. Schmidt took the pictures and Finkel and Hellner assumed the positions of Art Editors. Schertz and Newstdater chased everyone through the halls in search of ads. The rest of the class, whose numbers had now dwindled considerably, did the best they could in preparing themselves for next year, in which they would be kings of all thev surveyed. ' ell, here we are! This is the top! Just this year to go and we will be finished with our educa- tion. We will be able to leave school far behind and go out and earn a liv . . . Well anyway, the school term started out happily enough. The medical school finally opened and all the jire-med fellows breathed a sign of relief. The largest entering class of all time passed through Yeshiva ' s portals, disproving the idea that Yeshiva was a school thriving on wars. The increased explosion of H. Bombs was discounted. In tho second issue of COMMIE there was an editorial about confusion in the college office that threatened dire results. In anticipation of any due consequences. Student ( ' ouncil quickly planned for the establishment of Health Insurance. As a result of all the confusion a new three man rotating advisory group was set up to replace Rabbi I. Miller and Rabbi M. Teadler was appointed Dorm Advisor. Rabbi Teadler ' s idea was to have the guidance program a success by making the students realize that the service was for our own benefit. The idea was fine. During the fall semester Professor Litman gave a fireside chat on Means and Ends, to which only eighteen students came. It was due no doubt to sub- gartelians pressures that forced the fellow elsewhere. The Ford Foundation gave a grant to some two hundred thousand for raises in teachers ' salaries. It almost affords them a living. For some reason, which is still a mystery, T.V. Station WOR came down to Yeshiva one bright morning and spent the day here taking pictures for what was termed Yeshiva University in Action, which was subsequently shown on their T.V. Station. The film was later shown at our school twice the same night, there being a large demand from most students to see whether their eyes were deceiving them or whether the films represented actual scenes of the University. Nothing seemed familiar especially the quiet serene attitude of everyone. 78 For llw (oiirlli Hlriiinlil yrar a ioiiiiiiillii- wiih foniKMl l)y llic Dorm (iomicil l() iil down on noittc in tlio Dorm II:iIIh. ' I ' Imh lime lli« y I ' ixl  : n. A Dorm (loiirl wan cHlaljIiHluMl wliicli waw im|iow« ' rc l to lovcl Hueli Icrrifyinfi piiniHinncniM hh two hour t ;l(■| llOll Hcrvicr or four liourH in tin- library. One Hliidcnl found Hiiilly and Hcnli-nccd to anHwrrinfj; pliono calls did so, hiil at Iuh own diHcrclion, wliicli nioanl afl ' r al Icasl fiflciii rinjiH. Tlic Iwo nliidcnls who wen- llic first lo Uv conviclcd were tlu- I ' .dilor-iii- Chief of. COiyiMKNTATOn and a candirlai. for Secrolary-Trcasiin ' r of Sliidcnl (iouncil. ' I ' lic l ' rc-l,aw Society look inunrdialc advanla)ic of llic situation lo set u|) a dcf( ' ns( oflicc where all those accused could turn for li fjal aid. The only ones who look advanlafic of the offer were the Iwo convicted mentioned above. An assembly was held lo lainich the New Huidanc( prof;rani. Tl started a half hour lale and featured {;ucst s| eakcr Herman Wouk who followed the party line in praising the f;rowth of Yeshiva and telling us bow hicky we were to be here. The Dean ' s reception was held at Stern College and turned out to be a very fine evening. The seniors participating in an intramural theatrical competition put on a play which was similar to a motion ])icture called Trial. As a matter of fact the only difference most of lis could see was the name. It was listed as a psychological drama but we referred to it as a tragic-comedy. The Purim edition of COMMENTATOR dealt with a four column trilogy by Dr. S. T. Butterman of United Seminary. The president of the seminary. Dr. Samuel Beacon, was quoted as saying that the facts as interpreted by Butterman were usually unreliable. e have no comment. A cheering note during the year was a message delivered by former Dean of T.I.P. Chusgin, in which he confidently stated that there was no doubt in his mind that a war in Israel would mean destruc- tion for her enemies. This statement by the noted au- lliorllv on iiiililary r.iiii|i.ii(. ' ii ' ' w;ih inilicil In Mrti-niri !. The Mcnirir rlnnn in a ile .perale .illcmpl lo do Honiething before they graduated (irepared an orig- inal musical comedy wrillen by al fji-ller and Kmm. ' inuel l- ' ederliuxh. Nalurally, it did not come off. ' i ' hc- reasonH were n« ver clea rly Mated bill one ' an guess that the adminiHlralioii wan of no parlic- iilar source of comfort lo the brjyi- who were pcndin(. ' their own free lime working on the play. H.dihi Brayer H|iok« ' on the Dead Sea Scroliit and ulicn one of them u.is lalcr iniMi-ing. il wai assuiiicd that a lud.iil Ii.mI r|.( Irli d to rdiirii il lo the Dead Sea. I ' lic- lieu lioriiiilory was announced as goilic up ;uiil o were tin- prices. hill- talk of ibis new innovation was going on. Consolidated Kdison made a survev of the lighting situation and found that mil of forl -fi i- locations investigated only seven were found lo have adequate lighting. It was no surprise iherefore under these dangerous condititms that I ' re-Med majors totaled Iwenty-seven percent of the College students. Closing out our slay in (College was very similar to our humble beginning in that we inau(;urated the first Graduate Record Exams. The .Administration wanted to know just how much we had learned in College and we were determined to show them. At first there was some mutinous mutterings from us but when we were assured tliat the grades established on the exams would not be sent to the Graduate Schools, we consented. And so the curtain is slowlv falling. By the time this book is published we will have graduated. S e have come a long way, especially Lous ' Schneider who has become a father. We ' ve had our trouble? and frustrations, of course, but we ' ve also had our fun. I guess when you really come down to it. it wasn ' t so bad, was it? neither shall they learn war anymore. In Retrospect Hrrljcrl OroHs Sfninr (.lfi%y I ' riMtlriii Tlie past four years have been Hedicaled to iln- pursuit of truth, to the shalteriiifr of niylli. ;iii l | erhaps to a certain orientation in specific disci- plines. Tliey have constituted a nionunienlal inili- vidnal and social experience. Kacli new personality and idea was leste l to determine if its outlook, or a portion thereof, was worthy to assimilate into our own. These were the {loals that the tradition of a university education had set for us. In the hef inninfi; of our stay at Yeshiva we were more convinced by expostulation than hy reason. Certain j;rand generalizations were accepted as fios- pel truth. We were cautioned by upper classmen to take everylhinp with a grain of salt, but to little avail. Somelimes one instructor would contradict another and we would brinp; questions from one class to another. We began to doubt the competence of the instructor; yet, when the instructor criticized the book, we began to doubt the book. Our skepticism increased and with it our insecurity. The more prac- tical among us called for guidance, but the situation did not call for it. The questions we asked could only be answered from within. The next stage in our college experience was to exploit the rational faculty. e consciously rea- soned, and evolved certain systems and ideas. We were wont to discuss these attitudes at the drop of a hat, and many a night was spent testing them among ourselves. During this period of development, our attitudes could probably be best characterized as extreme positions. There was little room for compro- mise. We were left or right, black or white, big Indians or little Indians. Our attitudes were not indexible liowe er. In- deed, many a time we would adopt polar positions for the sake of a night ' s debate. These oscillations caused us to be skeptical of the extremes. The inlelieclual onlogeiiv for ome of u oloppeil .il this point. We bowed to conxenlion anil adopted iiiicldic rif llii- road ulliludc thai are -o cliarac| Ti«lic of iiur iiiDilcrii rlav sorielv. • Mhcr- .iiiioii;; ii-. Ii i mmt. were Iroubleil. Rea- on. lli.il l,i(iih wliicli i- li.id come lo Iru ' l — justified the extremes. We recognized llie extra- curricular pressure of conformilN lf the mean- and we realized that not all of u i-mdcl become collepe professors. This is the stage in which we now find our- selves. W e are skeptical of reason — we cannot retain cur extreme positions for the weight of convention and the responsibilities of life are upon us. If this is all that remains for jis. to blindh 81 adopt the conventional moves of tlie masses, then our efforts of tlie past four years have heen in vain. I don ' t believe, however, that our four years in collejie were four years wasted. It remains for us to apply tlie pragmatic test to the intellectual odyssey of the past four years. It was during this period that we discovered our rational faculty. At first overwhelmed by this discovery we thought that reason was a means to Universal Trutli. After four vears of search, we realize that there is no such thing as Universal Truth: and that which does exist, is only mortal striving towards such a goal. Vie shouldn ' t despair, for even though the racing liounds never catcli the rabbit, they may win the race. We have found and we have exercised the faculty of reason and we are trained in its application. The greater number of our years lie before us. These will be years of responsibility and decision. If these decisions are arrived at rationally, then our college education was certainlv successful. As we develop personality patterns, Certain constants emerge as characteristics of our individ- uality. If upon graduation, we abandon reason, we will lose our individuality. e will become indis- tinguishable from one another; we will lose respect for self and respect for others. This is the real danger. What is contemporary anti-intellectualism if not an abandonment of reason. ' e are a nation that boasts of more college graduates than any other, yet we are a nation that is fast losing its respect for the dignity of the individual. The results of anti-intellectualism are manifest in our literature and they are even brought into our living rooms by the advertising industry. e should not allow ourselves to live and act in a maimer that vitiates our college experience. We should be aware of the trends in our society and critically evaluate them. We should apply the tests that we developed in vitro to the real life situations that we are to meet. The Missing Star Norman Sinowitz The sallow stars, punctuating the sky, Seemed to sadly whisper and ask: Why Are the heavens drearily dim instead of bright? here is the lustrous luminescence of the night? A sonorous voice thundered from afar: You have lost your most scintillating star. The star that illumined the intellectual night Will no longer sparkle, no longer flash its light. Scientist, thinker, layman on the terrestial plane below Quickly saw the vacuum filled by the absent glow Of the star whose rays the universe did bind And did indelibly impress on each agnostic mind The potent might of the minute mortal brain Which could such empyreal thoughts entertain. The formerly effulgent firmament Through the night, lachrymosely did lament. And on the crushed, cremated residue An elegy was said by the mourning dew. The star of science, called from his ethereal place. May no more to the heavens lend his grace. ' Though the star, called Einstein, may no longer shine In the hearts of men he has found his shrine. The Philosophical Significance of Maimonides Alexander Litman To understand Moses Maimonides ' position in the history of thoufjlit it is necessary to planre at the conceptions of nature and man prevalent in the centuries that intervened hetween Aristotle and Maimonides. With the march of time the view of nature as an ordered whole yielded gradually but steadily to the conception of nature as a con- jilonierate of evil forces, and the conception of man as a stranger in the desert. Never was a man more disillusioned or more disheartened, never was there greater failure of nerve or less faitli in man ' s abilities to understand the world and his place in it than the fifteen hundred years that separate Maimonides from Aristotle. But though this loss of heart was bolstered slightly by the Romans in their glorifica- tion of political activities, this regained confidence was of short duration. With the substitution of Caesar ' s dictatorship for the republic the decline continued and the despair became accentuated. The contempt for the body as the seat of lusts and follies, proclaimed by the dying Socrates and reemphasized in the Gospel, became the prograni for man ' s way of living and the pre-requisite for his salvation. Only by freeing the soul from the tyranny and shackles of the body could man aspire to sit at the right hand of Glory and enjoy eternal blessed- ness. Aristotle ' s delight in the proud high-inindedness of the Greek gentleman and Ciceros exaltation of the t ' ir Romaniis gave wav to the conception of man as a fallen angel in a hopeless pilgrimage through a valley of tears. And, as the reconnoitering dove in her aimless flight over the lashing waves of the flood longed for llic gentle hand r.f tin- righteous Noah to return her to the warmth of the ark, no did the soul encased in the prison of the body pine for her return to the bosom of GOF). Again ' -t fuch tendencies in the direction of other-worldlineM Maimonides determined to emphasize the superiority of the Jewish-Aristotelian naturalism. It was his purpose to show that nature was on the whole an orderly system, that man was a part of nature, and that human blessedness can not be achieve l through the transformation or transfiguration of man ' s being but in completing and perfecting it. Not there but here. not in walking on his head but in walking on this feet can man find his happiness. Man ' s earthly happiness constitutes M aimonides all-embracing interest and the extent to which Maimonides aspired to a knowledge of nature was controlled and guided by the search for this happi- ness for man. To clarify and further this aim he sought materials in the world at large, in the works of Arabic thinkers, and in biblical and rabbinical dicta. Allegorical interpretations of terms, half- concealed statements of facts, hidden allusions, ambiguous references, and explained-away difficulties could not mar his conviction that the perfection of the human micro cosm is a primary aim. Armed with the belief that the realization of the nature of man ' s make-up is paramount he turned to man as a natural being, an organic whole of matter and form, the foundation and nucleus of all moral values. Bv insisting that matter is never found without form nor form without ma ter and by defining form or 83 soul as function, lie indicated once and for all the dependence of soul upon the bodv and the impossi- bility of their separation except for purposes of discourse. As function soul can no more be dissoci- ated from the orjian of which it is a function than vision can be separated from the eye that sees or sharpness from the knife that cuts. He thus dis- pensed with the Platonic views of soul as a substance forced upon the body and adveiitiously united to it. with soul as a dance of Democritean atoms, and with the augustinian dichotomy between the outer man and the inner man. But though the term soul denotes a hierarchy of functions beginning with the nutritive, passing through tiie sensitive, imaginative, and appetitive, and culminating in the intellectual, when applied specificallv to man as man it denotes the intellectual function. Without the intellect man is not really man. As Maimonides says: It is acknowledged tha t a man who does not possess this ' form ' (the nature of which has just been explained I is not human but a mere animal in human shape and form. Soul presents a continuous series of functions, a series of potentialities and actualities. No higher level is pos- sible without the lower, no sensation, without nutri- tion, no imagination without sensation, and no intellectual activity without the presupposition of a living, feeling and imagining animal. Having shown the inextricable relation of organ and function and the dependence of the latter upon the former, Maimonides sets forth the ways and means by which man can actualize himself and thus find his happiness. For virtue and vice are not innate in man, ready-made and given to him. It is impos- sible, says Maimonides, that man should be born endowed by nature from his very birth with either virtue or vice. These are capacities or potentialities to be brought to perfect realization through activities in the world of men and things. To say that virtue is an actuality bestowed upon man or denied him, that he is from his very birth intelligent or stupid. is to repeat the arguments of astrologers and fatalists who say that from all eternity it has been decreed that this or that man should be either virtuous or vicious. Such a view, Maimonides insists, dispenses with all human initiative and makes the entire moral and intellectual life of man impossible. In order that man may work out his nature and thus become virtuous he must enter into active social and political relations and feel himself an agent in shaping them. It must be understood at the outset that virtue for Maimonides is not an extreme but rather a mean state, a middle path between opposing forces. The virtuous man will be neither ascetic or sensuous, mirthful or desponding, miserly or liberal, cruel or merciful, faint-hearted or bold. In the endeavor to satisfy his nature he will follow the mean dis- covered by the application of rational insight. Maimonides ' insistence upon guidance by the mean must be understood as a polemic against the dog- matic extremism of the various sects of his time. He saw only too clearly the impossibility of harmo- nizing extremes either within society or within any one individual. Having in his ov n person felt the cruelties and boundless miseries that accrue to man from fanaticism, he strove for an amelioration of intemperate attitudes. In place of a blind dogmatism that excludes rational procedure and mutilates, if it does not destroy, the moral and social life of man, Maimonides offers the mean as the catharsis of all dogmas and the dissolving acid of all extremes. In the proper maintenance of his body lies the first step in man ' s endeavor to realize himself. Every detail necessary for the maintenance and preserva- tion of physical strength and bodily health is laid down by Maimonides with masterly detail and with a thoroughness of which only a disciple of Aescul- apius can boast. If man is to exercise his intellectual functions he must never forget the body which sup- ports them. He must know what to eat and when to eat, what to drink, when to bathe, when to work, and when to play. Those, says Maimonides, who deny themselves all bodily pleasures must be con- demned in the same fashion as those who glorify them. The proper care of the body and the satis- faction of biologico-physiological needs is not an end in itself. Eating, drinking, and sleeping do not constitute man ' s purpose and aim in life. Man does not live for the sake of living but for the sake of living well. Maimonides reiterates, In the world to come, there is neither body nor frame, but the souls only of the righteous dwell therein divested of body. There is no sensuous paradise of the Mohammedans in which the bodies of the faithful 84 will | arli ' i| iilr ;ifl T «lc:illi. ' I ' lic h;iI iHfiK ' tioii of llic body a ' (|iiir ' H ilH iiii|i()rliiiirc from llic f:i(l ilmt it Hervos aH iIk- haHJH aii ! i-onililio sirif i iiii nun of llii- riirllu-r rcalixalioii of riiaiTH |tolciilialili -H, TIiiih llic hndy Ih no loiiffcr a [(rinoii of llic hoiiI, a liiiulrancc ill niaiTH scarcli for linp|iiiicHs, hiil ilH iialiiral (Jvvcll- place. It iH only llic ignorant, MaiiiionidcH would Hay, who lliink lliat llic altaiiiincnt of irliic or of knowledge of llic universe can In- acc()m|ilislicd on coiidilion of an Icarus-like flifilit from tlie body. Even as the lipht dove, piercinp; in her easy fliplit the air and perceiving; its resistance, imagines that flipht would be easier still in empty space. Man can walk with his head in the skv onlv because he walks with his body on earth. Perfect bodily health is to be considered frodlv because only then can man be led to a true knowl- edge of Him. ' lien properly managed the body is the organ of the soul and not merely the source of loves, lusts, fears, fancies, idols, and follies that prevent us from the proper exercise of our rational faculties. Suppose, says Maiinonides, one should say: since jealousy, lust, ambition, and the like passions, are bad, and tend to bring man to an untimely end, T will withdraw from them altogether, and remove to the other extreme — and in this he might go so far as even not to eat meat, not to drink wine, not to take a wife, not to reside in a respectable dwelling house, and not to put on any proper garments, but only sackcloth, or coarse wool, or the like, just as the idolatrous priests do — we should object to this also as being an evil way, and unlawful to pursue and he who walks in this way is called a sinner. Participation in the divine does not presuppose the stifling and suffocation of natural desires but their completion in accordance with the me. III. ir for tlie iieo-l ' l.i|riiii ' t - .iiid eoriteiiipl;itioii iif Pure Heiiig reipiireil the . ' ibaiMloiiliienl of iIm l)i)il . for MaiiiioiiidcH the rlem.iiidi- of the body rii(iiire(l the .ilciiiilonment of cori-err.ition lo Pure Heing. Ill tile allempi to pro i ie ||ie h.iri- ricrci i ilieH of lif(! man in ihriiHt iipf ii other for help. Wr. i not a Hclf-HiifTtcicril being an the fiflli-ceriliiry KOpiiintii took him to be, nor can he live in eoniplete iMilatioii, for a being ho inolated would hooii pcri li becaiiM- of liiH inability to Hcciire iIiohc lliingK wliicli hix nature reqiiircH. Mori ' tli.iii thai. .Man in e Henlially a [lolitical animal .md .m only realize liimcelf in llie social organiHin of wliieh he in a |)roiluct. To become an actuality, virtue miiHt be practioed. it niiiol b« exercised in relalionHliipn between man ami liin neighbor. X itlioiit this actual exercine man can neillier be called just, liberal, or righteoiiK. If man io lo act justly he must find himself in the pro| er Mirial medium. In his insistence that the moral character of the individual depends upon socieU. Maimonideo reechoes the cry of the Hebrew prophets for social justice, although their [loelical zeal ) ield lo the prose of the mean and their superabundant gener- osity to the calculating coolness of political sagacity. Unfortunately the persecutions Maimonides bad witnessed from his early boyliood and the nomadic life he was comjielled to lead pre ented him from composing a treatise on the best form of political organization in the manner of a Plato, an .Aristotle, a Cicero or a Thomas .Aquinas. But from hi.s insist- ence upon man as a political animal and his emphasis upon the importance of social life it is clear how fundamtntallv vital he regarded moral and political activities for the realization of man as man. Indeed, so vital were these relationships for Maimonides that he felt they controlled the whole intellectual life of man and that the character of man ' s knowl- edge of nature would depend upon the degree of his successful adjustment in his moral and social life. 85 It is not tlie social outcast, not the man who sepa- rates himself from others, not the dweller in cata- eonibs or hermitafres, it is rather the man firmly rooted in society, who is prepared to commune with Pure Form. For man, accordin to Maimonides, is not a knower, a passive contemplator, a disinterested spectator in a cosmic drama; he is mainly a doer, an active anient in a moral and social context. Here aimoIlides follows Aristotle ' s distinction between the absolute actuality of the Prime Mover and the most total and continuous happiness of man. hereas God as Pure Form eternally contemplates, man ' s siimmtim bonum as a moral and social being consists in the fact tliat he is able to imitate divinity only sonn ' times. Man is a social being with some moments of solitude, and not a lonely thinker with some social moments. God must be worked for: in order to achieve divinity one must be a participator in all human activities. The final stage in man ' s search for earthly hap- piness consists in the knowledge and love of God. But though such knowledge is the ultimate goa l of man as man, it does not consist in a direct intuition or embrace of God: it is not an immediate grasp of the essence of God. Another accepted axiom of metaphysics, says Maimonides, is that human reason can not fully conceive God in His true essence, becaue of the perfection of God ' s essence and the imperfection of our reason, and because His essence is not due to causes through which it may be known. The inability of our reason to comprehend may be compared to the inability of our eyes to gaze at the sun, not because of the weakness of the sun ' s light, but because the light is more powerful than that which seeks to gaze into it. hatever knowledge of God man may be able to acquire, that knowledge must be mediated by the senses. It is from the raw materials presenting themselves in sense-perception that reason is able to extract universal principles. Reason performs its operations only as a consequence of the contact of the human body with things. In bis insistence upon the importance of sensory experi- ence Maimonides follows the Aristotelian-Scholastic tradition that nothing can be in the mind which is not in the senses before. In denying the possibilitv of man ' s jump into divine essence Maimonides dealt a death-blow to all Platonists and mystics for whom knowledge of God without the mediation of the senses, direct intuition of God, was the acme of bliss and perfection. He clasps hands with authoritative Jewish and Aristotelian doctrines that while some may walk uith God it is impossible for anyone to walk in God. Thus, as the Romans built a system of duties around their republican virtues to kee|) them free from foreign contamination, and as the Hebrew sages built a fence around the Law to keep i intact, so did Maimonides con struct a fence around God ' s essence to glorify the moral and intellectual life of man on earth. More than that. By insisting that God ' s essence is beyond man ' s ken and that the study of God must be ap|)roached only by a well-adjusted moral and social individual Maimonides dispenses with any partial and one-sided view of the cosmos. The universe, of which God is the form or the actuality of actualities or the highest genus, must not be seen through a partial defeat or success obtained in man ' s communal life. He would have man know that success and defeat are inherent in earthly life and that they must not be employed as points of departure or as categories for the understanding of nature as a whole. He would in one breath damn the Leibnitzian optimism, which proclaims this to be the best of all possible worlds, and turn in dismay fr om the self-contained Schopenhauerian motto that this is the worst of all possible worlds. Give up your prejudices, control your fancies, dispel your illusions, repeats Maimonides again and again, study logic, mathematics, and natural science, and then will you be able to approach nature with a single mind and an open heart. For those who approach nature through the phantoms of their brain will endeavor to adjust things to their prejudices and will thus be unable to see things in their true relationships. We merely maintain, says Maimonides, that the earlier Theologians, both of the Greek Christians and of the Mohammedans, when they laid down their propositions, did not investigate the real properties of things; first of all they considered what must be 86 [ u: |)r()|) ' rli ' H of llic lliiiifis wllicli hIiiimIcI mI(I |ir iri( for or iiniiiiiHl ii ' ' rliiiii crcf-d; ami wlicii iIiih waH found llicy aHHirtt-d lliiil llic lliiiif; iiiiihI Ix- endowed willi llioHc pntperlics; llx-n llicy employed llie Hiinie iiHHcrtion an a proof for tin- idenlieal arf innenlH wliieli I mI to llie aHwerlion, and hy wliicli lliey eillK r Hiipporled or refilled a cerlain opinion . . . I It ' ll you, hitwi ' vcr, as a ficiicnil rule, llial Thctiiistiiis was rijfhl in savinii llial ir iirnixrtics of lhinf(s can not nddj)! ihcmsclri ' s In our opinions, hut our opinions niusi he udajjli ' d in llu- xislinf( iiroprrtics. (Italics mine.) It is clear llierefore llial Iriic knowl- cdfje can nol lie olilained hy sniollM-rin ; nature in a faiieifiil formula hiil llial wliimsieal concoelioiis must I e piven up for the sake of intellectual irisi|j;lil. Alllioiipli immedial( knowlo(ln ' of God is impos- sible, kiiowledfie of His nature can he obtained llirouf b His works, and it is tbrou xb contact with the variety of things in the universe and tbrou{;li a grasp of the forms exhibited by these things that man can arrive at true knowledge of the Form of Forms. You, however, know, says Maimonides, bow all these subjects are connected together; for there is nothing else in existence but God and His works, the latter including all existing things besides Him: we. can only obtain a knowledge of Him through His works; His works give evidence of His existence, and show what must be assumed concern- ing Him, that is to say, what must be attributed to Him either afiirmatively or negatively. This knowl- edge of the works of God consists in the understand- ing of the field of action, of the myriads of particular substances, the orderly succession of natural processes, and the laws governing these processes. The universe is discovered to be a stable entity and not a hap- hazard configuration of atoms. Just as the human body constitutes a microcosm so does the universe, whose parts are inter-related to form an organic whole, constitute a microcosm. But in spite of the (.Ml lliil llir iiiiiverHC- in (jrjverii ' -d l) l.iw- .iiid ixliiliil in .ill i.crv.idini. ' ordr-r il in not a klriclly ii( li I jiiijii ii( - -l iii .1- llj ' Miil. ' ikallemim look il III 111 ' . Il i- iii-li ' .iil nil o|i ' ii uiiiviTHC ill which the riir. ' ii of I. nil I iloi-K not preiliide the occurrence of iiovellv and iliange. Maiiiioiiidch ' ' polemic ai aiiiHl deleriiiiiiiHiii and Imh endeavor to rer ' oncije order with novelty miixl be iindr-rxlood i ' l lernin of hi all-embracing iiilere-.t in manV earlhly huppinCM. Just as in the- t-ocial and (lolitici life man mu l feel himself an aili e agent in working out hi own natiiri- .mil In identifying himcelf with oociely, no niu-t hi fi I I hiiii-elf a factor in the nniver ' « ' of which lie i- ,1 part. Man can not feel at home in a world faleil from all eternity lo remain an il !• . In the light of llii-e coiiHideralioiif. it t nol difTicull to see vli Miiimonides fought againxl the notion of the eternity of the universe, an idea identical for him with strict determinism. An unbiased and dispassionate knowledge of nature teaches us that things were not made spe- cifically for man in order that he might enjoy them. They do not come into being to serve man. although by discovering their natures and purposes man can employ them for his use. I consider llierefore, says Maimonides, the following oj inion as most correct according to the teaching of the Bible, and best in accordance with the results of philosophy: namely, that the Universe does not exist for man ' s sake, but that each being exists for it- own sake, and not because of some other thing. Through the application of reason it is possible to liscover the place and value each thing has in the scheme of the universe as a whole, and it is only through reason that man can learn to control things for his benefit. ' hen man arrives at such an intellectual view of nature he truly knows and loves God, and this love of God it is which constitutes his supreme blessedness. Through this knowledge he becomes a member in the cosmic order and feels at home in it. just as through moral knowledge be become a member in the social order. And it is in the harmoni- ous svnthesis of the human and the divine, the moral and the intellectual, the material and the spiritual, that man finds his fullest realization and his highest happiness on earth. The philosophy of Maimonides is not that of a lonelv contemplator drawing a faith for living out of an intellectual love and total embrace of God. His ideas are not the outcome of a spiritual resurrec- tion attendant upon rejection by the world and man. He is not a solitary thinker spinning universal panaceas from the pinnacle of despair or devising a universal 87 formula of happiness that would apply to all men under all conditions. Man ' s happiness does not con- sist in a selfless devotion to infinite Being or in an absorption in the One of Plotiinis. Spiritual life, according to Mainionides, does not consist in a laughter of Democritus or in the cry of despair of an Ecclesiastes that All is vanity; there is no Epicurean garden or Painted Porch of the Stoics in which to find refuge from the defeats and frustra- tions of this world. Human life is no longer an accidental occurrence in a universal pandemonium, a Platonic mcditatio mortis, an ante-chamber to the world to come, or a longing for a sensuous paradise. either the persecutions which he witnessed nor his personal misfortunes could mar his conviction that the ideal must spring from the natural and not the reverse, that human blessedness can not be dis- sociated from its material basis, and that immortality can only be achieved in living and not in dying. If the neo-Platonists exalted the transcedental. realm of Ideas as the natural dwelling place of the human spirit, Mainionides exalted the realm ot nature as the womb and matrix of all spiritual values. . . . Iwrc, cries Mainionides, is man ' s uorld, here is his home, in ivhich he has been placed, and of ivhich he is himself a i i rtion. (Italics mine.) In this emphasis upon mail ' s earthly existence lies the philosophical significance of Mainionides. He suggested a way of life that required more reason and less authoritv, more analysis and less enthusiasm, more searching and less quibbling, more action and fewer words. And in praising Mainionides we can do no better than apply to him the celebrated dictum of Aristotle: When one man said, then, that reason was present — as in animals, so throughout nature — as the cause of order and of all arrange- ments, he seemed like a sober man in contrast with the random talk of his predecessors. Wordsworth and Keats: Studies in Hope and Despair Nat Lewin The main purpose of poetry, in the minds of many of the most devoted and discriminating readers, is the elevation of the spirit. Poetry, according to these interpreters, must in its reflections upon its subject, seek to instill a certain loftiness into the soul of the sensitive reader. Such an interpretation would seem to negate completely the large store of poetry of despair which we find in most all of literature. For despair does not elevate the soul, nor does it benefit the spirit, and despairing poetry, then, by definition, would be self-destructive. Just such a criticism is often levelled as certain of the nineteenth century Romantic poets in English literature, and particularly at Keats. In comparison with his elder contemporary Wordsworth, whose mood was a joyous one, Keats may be considered a despair- ing poet. His poetry is attacked on this ground, and IiIh (IcIriiclorH coiiHidcr it HiilTi ' i -iilly wcifilily l i l -ny Imh rcatiK ' HH on iIiih (uxiiiI iiloiic. Ill coinpiiriiif the, poclry of Wordnworlli lo lliiil of KcalH, OIK ' iH Hlruck hy a Hiiifili- Hlarllin rlifTiTciicc (aiiioiifj iillicrH IcHM Hlarlliti} ! in the allilii l - of tlic two. WordworllTH poetry in (jcncrally one of Malin- faclion il cxprcHHCs llw poclV joy in what he findH in lift-. ' I ' lu ' poetry of Kealn ' on the oilier hand, i«  )ii( of frii.Hlralion. Keats eoiiHtaiilly yeariiH for traits or abilities wliieli eaniiol possilily lie f ranted liiin. Wordworlli iiiif;lit lie terni ' l a positive poet, in that lu; (Hineeriis liiniself with man and with the abilities tliat man is f ranterl upon this w irld; Keats, in the same sense would be leriiied a iicfralive poet, in thai his interest lies in llie slu rl( i)iiiin;. ' s of man. Thus Wordsworth ' s poetry lends to imparl an air of joyousiiess, Keats ' produces an aura if despoiidt ' iiev. If re(|uesle(l lo condense the iheiiie of Words- worth ' s poetry into a concise phrase, we would remark that his poetry describes the beneficial effects of nature on man. This narrow interest in nature ' s benevolent aspect perforce turns Wordsworth ' s poetry into a profession of optimism and a declaration of hope. There are manv occasions where, in spite of hi.« preconceived notions, Wordsworth ' s optimism could have turned into les|)air. His lament over his faded powers of appreciation of nature in the celebrated Ode is concluded with a double ques tion: Whither is it fled the visionary pleam? Where is it now, the {ilory and tbe dream? ] A less optimistic poet than W ordsworth would now have [:roane l in despair and proceeded to lose all hope. W ordsworth however, returned to his manu- script after a span of several years and found hope in his newlv develo|)ed emotions. A less optimistic poet than ordsworth could surely not have bubbled over with the cry of O joy 2 with which W ords- worth ijreeted his discovery of new-bofn hope. A less optimistic poet would have concluded on a note of trrief and not continued as Wordsworth did: Vi e will :rieve not, rather find Strength in what we find behind. 3 This unbelievable optimism and refusal to accept the possibility that nature could be harmful to even the sliftbtest extent is most clearly expressed in Tintern Abbey, in which the poet remarks that nothing Shall e ' er pre ail against us. or disturb Our cheerful faith, that all which we behold Is full of blessings. 4 This faith becomes an assertion in The Tables Turned : Shr I,.,- ,, u.ul.l „f ready wealth Our mind- .iiitj l)f,irl. lo i fK- ' , U ' ordHWorth wa not ko h.mm- .i- lo belii- e ih.il f{ood niiixl rehiill from Nature for tin- .iiiie poem aJRO Hlales that nature may teueb yon more of men . . . than all the «a(ieK ean. 0 Ami yet, lie clearly expreHHCH bin opliiiii -m uitli ref ard to Nature: Aiirl I riiiisl think. lo all I can, I li.il llnre was plea ure there. ? Tlir eoiiipiilsion ilidieated by the word muol is a sign of NX ordHworth ' H coni laiit and inceManI optimiHiii. His oulhiok wa nere . iarily a cheerful one. f ir he Haw Natiire ' t. efTeci on man a iillimalely beiiefieial. W ord-uiirlli ' - |) iiiil of v iiw low.ird- llie ohjecl he described are also evideiK-e of the joy and hope be found in life. Hi« opinion of the wretched Cumberland Beggar is surely a joyful and opti- mistic one. A less cheerful poet would have cIioM-n to describe tlir- beggar ' s proximity to death or hin disabilities and not have lingered on the benevolent effect he has on his surroundings (as Wordsworth did). Tbe same attitude is noticeable in .Animal Tranquility and Decay, which, in the hands of a poet like Keats, would have turned out morbid beyond description. Wordsworth ' s ajiprnai h. holli in hi ' - central theme and also in his mean- for expanding on the theme, is one of joy and thankfulness, and it thereby implies hope. But was Wordsworth truly an optimiM, or was bis optimism limited to a sort of joyful poetical didacticism? Was he personally optimistic, and. when dejected, did he actually foresee happiness? Hints of his personal reactions to despair and suffering are scattered throughout bis poetry in lines like: Not without hope we suffer and we mourn. 8 In TItp Prelude he also dwells on his seemingly eternal optimism. W hen liberals around him began to despair of the French Revolution following the September Massacres. Wordsworth optimistically be- lieved the massacres to be ephemoral monsters, to be seen but once. 9 Even after the reign of terror, when Robespierre was finally put to death. Words- worth still clung to his hope: Elsewhere will safety now be sought, and earth March firmly towards righteousness and peace. 10 When finallv the poet was forced to lose all faith, he would still not give up his hope for mankind. Rather than sink into a despondent stupor. Words- worth selected Godwinian optimism as his hope for humanity, until 89 Wearied out with contraries Yielded up moral questions in despair. ! 1 At this point, in spite of his innate optimism, a helping hand was needed, ' ith the aid of his sister, he returned to his original Sweet counsels hetween head and heart 12 and to his abiding faith in humanity. e see from this, his spiritual autobiography, that Vi ordsworth was ever an optimist. His prefer- ence for the budding rose over the full rose bloom ! 3 is a sign of this optimism. In all sorrow or pain. Wordsworth retained a faith in Nature and in humanity and thereby found joy in life. However, Wordsworth ' s joy was founded on false premises, for, as Matthew Arnold remarked: Wordsworth ' s eyes avert their ken From half of human fate. 14 Wordsworth refused to even consider Nature ' s deleterious effects, and thus remained apart from human suffering. By excluding a segment of the real world from his view, Wordsworth developed an air of artificiality around his poetry, and thus failed in his attempt to inspire the reader. Wordsworth ' s les- son seems like a distant message from a strange land, where joy abounds and no speck mars Nature ' s eternal benevolence. The reader cannot identify him- self with such a poet, and the poet ' s message remains uninspiring. Nevertheless, Wordsworth ' s optimism was sin- cere, his faith, pure. The message he tried to express was, indubitably, hope. Keats, on the other hand, saw the bleak side of life. He enjoyed and admired many of life ' s pleas- ures, even excluding those that are purely sensual. His appreciations of literature and Nature have been immortalized in his poems ( Upon First Looking into Chapman ' s Homer, Lines on the Mermaid Tavern, Great Spirits Now on Earth, To One W ho Has Been Long in City Pent, To Autumn, On the Grasshopper and Cricket ). However, Keats could never find satisfaction. The future of every- thing around him is described as very black, and Keats spent great efforts worrying over this future. His greatest works describe Time ' s nullifying effect on life. Surely a poet who says: W hen old age shall this generation waste Thou shalt remain in midst of other woe Than ours . . . !.5 cannot be considered an optimist. A poet who believes that melancholy is to be found in the very temple of delight, !6 or who, when describing the wonder of natural emotions, refers to Beauty that must die, . . . And Joy bidding adieu . . . and aching Pleasure, . . . turning to poison !? is certainly a very great pessimist and can surely not be said to be preaching hope. Keats often introduced an unpleasant note into his happiest poetry, and this too is characteristic of bis utter despair. He is not satisfied with his description o f the delights of Autumn, for the presence of Autumn implies the absence of Spring. Thus, he suddenly interrupts with: Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? !8 And his answer is one of resignation, not one of hope. He does not rejoice in the memory and effects of Spring as Wordsworth would have done, nor does he even look forward to the coming Spring as Shelley did. Keats rather answers: Think not of them, thou hast thy music too. !9 Though Spring is preferable, our sad lot forces us to console ourselves with Autumn. Even a nightingale ' s beautiful full-throated voice is to Keats no more than a reminder of human frailty: Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! No hungry generations tread thee down. 20 And even Love, the supreme emotion, falls vic- time to this despair in La Belle Dame Sans Merci. In his dedication of the poeins of !8!7 to Leigh Hunt, Keats moaned over the fact that Glory and loveliness have passed away, 2! and the solace he found was not in the memory or effect of this bygone loveliness, in which Wordsworth would have rejoiced, but in the meager fact that his poems of despair could please ... a man like thee. 22 Keats ' pessimism was undoubtedly largely due to his fatal illness and to his fear of death. The sudden conclusion of the sonnet beginning with After dark vapors is evidence of this gloomy out- look which clouded Keats ' pleasure in being alive. 90 (■ (luslr.il idii iriiKt MM III Very poMnihly, iiiidcr (liffcniil irciiiiiMliiiici-H, KimIh would liav(! (-njoyrd life lliDroii ldy, uiirl Iiih view Wdidd Iiavo hccii a difrcrciil one. Fiiil a.M we read Imh poetry, wo find liiiii to i)c very sour ;iiiil (ir.indK poHHiniiHiic. On llin other liaiid, lii.s pess lieeii caiiHed hy Imh utter friiHlralioii wliieli oecasioiied : IJrif iit Hlar, would I were art. 23. Kcata, evidently, was not easily satisfied. Life, willi all its pleasures (sensual and ollierwise), was iinsatisryinjJ!, siiire it was iiol |)crfe(l. Tlie alijeet surrender of life to Time Ixillier Keats, and il iiia have oeeasioneil his pessimism. However, Keats ' pessimism, unlike Wdrdswortli ' s optimism, was the result of a visualization of human life in its entirety. Keats saw both pood and had in life, and, to him, the latter oulweinhed the former. He could find solaee only in the one thinp that was a joy for- ever, 24 in Beauty, for In spite of all. Some shape of beauty moves away the ])all From our dark spirits. 2. ' i Keats finds man ' s sjiirit to be dark not because he looked only to the darkness and averted his eyes from the light. To the contrary, Keats loved and admired Nature and all its blessinps. But life ' s sacrifice to Time (tbe importance of wliicb was emphasized by his illness) overshadowed all other considerations. At any rate, we find ourselves witli tbe poetry of a Wordsworth, a poetry founded on joy, thank- fulness, and hope. We also find ourselves with tbe poetry of Keats, a poetry based on despair, pessimism, and imperfection. Which is greater? We are forced to conclude tbat, on this criterion alone, Keats is the -greater poet. Wdrdswortli ' s poetry may have been one of hope, but it was not one of true hope, not one of founded optimism. Wordsworth based his philosophy of joy on a non-existent foundation aiirl liiiill lii . I ' .-iflli ' i. of liapiiiiM ' - ill lliiii air. lie imagined a Naliire Kindly benevolent and erected bin philosophy upon iImh dream. Kealii, jiowevcr, i-ii ili .ed, huiiiaii life. IIih illnenK may have given ill III a slightly dislorled view, but bin (dcervulion was ihoroiigb. Hin mexhage may li.ne been ine of depair, but il was rral. I Imn re.ililv raises (lie i-eeniingly aliiele .i. poetry iif (li-pair lo a le el higher than that i f Wor I - worlb ' s Neeniingly Naluable poetry of lio| e. For in true di-spair one can find elevation of the i-oiil, Itotli in sympathy for the leH|iairing and in an iinder- slanding of man ' s lot on earth. A true poet of despair, whose resignation is not a groiindlesi- one, but who actually views life despairingly can bring about greater and deeper emotions in the heart of his audience than can a poet of hope who lilindly grasps optimism without attempting to iliscern the true value of man ' s existence. In case of a poet of true hope and one of true despair, one may choose lo one ' s liking. But in the case of false hope as against true despair, one muKt inevitably choose the poet of true despair aa tbe greater. (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) ■Ode on the Inlimations ot Imnvirlalily. II. 57-58. Ibid, I, 130 Ibid.. II. 180-81 Lines Composed a Few .Miles above Tiniefn .Abbew The Tables Turned. 11. 17-18 Ibid.. 11. 22-24. Lines Wriucn in Early Spring. 11. 19-20. Eleiraic Stanzas - I ' eele Caslle. I. 50. Tlic Prelude. Book X. 1. -16 Ibid. 11. 58S-89 Ibid., Book XI. 11. 304-5 Ibid. 1. 353 11. 46-48. Ode on a Gi Ode on Melancholy. 1 Ibid.. 11, 21-24 To Autumn. 1. 23, Ibid,. 1. 24. Ode to a Xishtinsale. To Leifih Hunt, Esq.. Ibid.. 11. l.!-14 , onnel - BrishI Star. Endymion. Buck I. I Ibid.. II. 11-13. 25. i?= -=0 91 Some Notes on Progress: tta .! Special Attention to Condorcet Gerald Friedlander Louis XIV, kiiifi of France, and divine emis- sary of God, must have smiled smugly to himself, as the ornate clocks of Versailles rang in the New Year, 1687. France lay prostrate and subservient beneath his gilded glove. Peace and order covered the land with a stifling weight. No dissenting voices were raised in challenge of Louis ' absolute rule. The bothersome Hugenots had been expelled, persecu- tions of the heretics were proceeding at a lively pace. Louis ' smile would have quickly changed to disbelieving despair had he been able to peer into the forthcoming hundred years of history. We, from our vantage point in time, can see how wrong he was. An exceedingly astute man in that year might also have noticed some portents of things to come. The cracks in the stately edifice Louis had built were beginning to show and would within the next few years bring the whole system tumbling down. The central agent of destruction was the notion of Progress. During the Middle Ages, it lay dormant, because the church represented after all, the final perfection of society. It was therefore idle, if not sacrilegious, to hope for any change. The force of the idea was there, however, and the tradition though dormant was strong. With the breakdown of the Medieval system, the adoption of new, more human- istic and naturalistic values, the idea was again brought into focus. It still had powerful enemies to contend with. Classical humanists, the heirs of the Greeks, insisted on looking back to the classics as the Golden Age and vigorously opposed glorifica- tion of the modern and new. In 1687, in the famous Quarelles des Anciens et des Modernes, the central problem was progress. When Cliarles Perrault in the Sorhonne read his poem in praise of modern practices, he seemed like a lonely figure, battling against the force of an entire era. Yet, he had the future in his hand and the course of the next century was contained in his lines. His poem, an innocuous and quite j)oor dis- sertation on the relative merits of contemporary authors over the Classical writers, became the focal point of the struggle between the progressive and conservative groups in France. It was the first sign of rebellion against the 17th century thought. It was an appeal for a break with the past and a condemnation of the classical tradition. And, as with all such movements, we must first understand the object of its rebellion — here, the 17th cenutry. The Cathedral of Reims represented the medieval spirit but the formal, elegant, and static Palace of Versailles best represents the spirit of the 17th century. The great thinkers and writers of the period abhorred the idea of progress. The glory of Louis XIV was at its peak, and the classical influence at its height. 17th century thought was preoccupied with the luiiversal, the formal, the unchanging, and the imper- sonal. A critical spirit was non-existing. Classical Aesthetics and discipline rigidly constrained the bounds of thought. All believed that mankind was at its apogee, and art, basking in the reflected glory of the Greeks, had achieved a harmonious, successful and permanent deadlock with progress, time, and all other disturbing factors. This glorious state seemed bound to continue forever. The disillusion- ment of the thinkers of this period was, however, drawing close due to a complex of events. First, in 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes. This 92 rdvocalioii left l ' ' riiii -«- ' ' H :ilw;iyH iiiihIiiIiIi ' rcoiioiiiy aIniiiHl ( ' omplclfrly wrecked. Tlir fiirioiiH ixTHcriilimi of llie niimicnols HlirriMl many wrilcrH lf pIcaB (or tolerance. Tin ' f rowinp Hcnilily of llic kiiiK, IiIh con- slant need for nu)ncy and levied laxcH made llie people ' H lot an inloleralde one. ' I ' lie ruinouH foreinn wars llial France liad |)lMn(ie l into, were hIowIv hicedin;; Iwr of licr slrcnulli and men. ft is al this lime llial we nolice liie .i| |Haraiic. ' of tlie PliiloHopIw. Tlie I ' liilosoplie was essentially a critic and a |iropaf;andisl, and not a pliilosoplier. Tlie two main props of llie IMiilosoplies are the notion.s of reason and profiress. Holli these notions are based on an almost religions faitli, tli.it ilie c men shared in the order of nalnre. All thiM ' men were profoundly influenced hy Newtonian Mechanics. The universe was exact, orderly, and all forces were inevitable and predictable. Man could therefore, by an assiduous application of bis natural reason, investi(;ate and eventually come to know all ibinfrs. In science, Matbematics was the supreme power. It bad accomplisbcfl so much. Mathematical reasoning, abstract and deductive as it was, became the vogue, and was applied to all fields of knowledge. It was therefore inevitable that someone, imbued witb the conlem|)orary ideals of Reason and Progress and induenccd by the success IVewton had had in Physical Science, sboidd attempt to apply these methods and ideas to History. As our interest here is not in a general history of the Age of Reason — but in that singular and specific plienomenon called Progress, it would be more in tune to examine, closely, one man partic- ularly associated with this phenomenon. ( ondorcet may be considered, in a limited sense, the father of modem history and sociology. bat distinguishes him from previous historians was bis attempt to find the basic underlying patterns in history. He wanted to establish laws for history as definite as those Newton had establisbed for Physics. This law, which he thought he had found, was tbe law of progress. Before we continue any further in an investiga- tion of Condorcel, something more must be said about tbe 18tb century. As we have indicated before, tbe Pbilosophes were mainly critics of their society. The emphasis on tbe impersonal and universal in tbe 17tb century bad shifted to an interest in tbe personal and the present in tbe 18th. e travel from Racine to Voltaire, from tbe impersonal observer of human passions to tbe violent polemist and critic of human institutions. In tbe 18tb century tbese Pbilosophes represented tbe reappearance of tbe Messianic ideal. The belief in a Golden A(;e li:ir| Iiiim. Iiowimt. liiriKil frnni .1 re|i(rioun irjc.il Id ,1 -Dci.il iiiii-. I liinki-rM were ab orbed in lb - priihli 111 of .ill idi-.il -iiriely, of the perfect  lale. not as a iheoretical eoiuipl, but a a definile jjoal towards which bumanily wan inevitably marebini:. Condoriel parlakcH Hlronglv of tliiH tradition, lie starts with iImh asMunplion man i lieadint: upward continually. The Janu -like ideal of Kea on ,ind Prf)greus appeared to !ondoreel. nol ju l a a pii ' -ihilit of the human condition, but a a xlrontc ainio-t -npcrii.iliiral force, an an impersonal and iiii ilililr- fiiric iiiliiriiil in -ociely. Tliey are teleo- jdjiieil iioliiiii-. Ilr- -.lu Mi-tory ax nnfoldinc arrord- iiiil Id M ,i-t pliii, towariN a definile goal. Tbi goal is llie I topi. Ill -ociely. ft is ibif convirlion that enables (iondorcet to dixidi- history fo exactly into ten periods, prtigre-sing upwards like the lepn on a l.idder. Progress, however, does nol work in a .ii ' iiiiiii. Il- medium is human reason. X ilboiit reason. there can be no progress. The inevitable march of progress, however, is insured by the prei-encp of reason. Man will use bis reason. Of this Condorcet and his centurv were eminently sure. And so the progress of humanity is assured. Tbe influence of mathematical tliougbt is all pervasive. His remedies for society ' s wrongs are as pat and as final as algebraic equations. Tbey are a product of deductive reasoning and have no place for anv evolutionary procedures. The constitution of the U. S. is an example of such a mathematical faith, in part. It sets down principles and complicated formulae for government without taking into account anv organic evolution of such institutions. It was possible to write such a document because the thoucht of tbe age was so sure of the end. Tbey 93 felt tliat one had only to show the way, establish iho formula, ami the people would immediately follow. Condorcet, in this sense, sums up the thoiijiht of his ape. His main assumptions are (and they are assumptions, for they are all a |)riori and, like mathematical axioms, not subject to proof I that; man is basically fiood: man is rational and will use his reason if taught correctly; man, being endowed with these ([ualities, must without any doubt con- tinually progress; and that this progress is orientated towards a specific and definite goal, which is pre- determined by the very nature of man. Taking these principles, he applies them to a study of history which turns out to be, not so much a study as an alTirmation of these principles. In his ' Esquisee (I ' lni Tableau Historique des Progres de I ' Esprit Humaine, he plays down such periods which do not suit his thesis and leaves out such facts which do not jibe with his contentions and time. This naive faith in Reason places Condorcet within the pale of 18th century thought. ' Condorcet contains, however, within himself the seeds of the destruction of his own system. He is the spiritual father of Comte, and of an empirical investigation of history. Being the first one to turn back directly to History, he iniwittingly aided in the destruction of his own edifice, which coidd not withstand the brutal force of fact. His influence on the sociologists and the Utopians of the next century, on St. Simon for example, is unquestioned. They however would not swallow his unreasoning belief in reason. Progress becomes in the 19th century more practical and more revolu- tionary. The lOih century rejected the matematical influence and turned to the biological sciences, more and more. But Condorcet and the 18tli century ideals have lived on and strongly influenced even modern life in the Constitutions and National Ideals and in a great part of our thinking. Progress was the great mover in the 18th cen- tury. The French Revolution was its child and its destruction. It destroyed a great deal of the people ' s belief in rationality and goodness of mankind. From 1687 to 1789 it had its field day, though. It helped to dethrone kings, upset the most established social order in Europe, and sent Louis ' descendants scuttling out of France. And if Louis in 1687 had ])aid more attention to poets and Philosophes, and less to Protestants, History might yet have changed. Democracy in the Jewish Constitution Solomon Jaroljowitz Soiirct ' of Ji ' irish C.onstiliilion. Looking I);ii-k iiilo Jewisli liislory V(- do iiol ;u-tii;illy fiinl llial a clear well defined eoiisliliition ever prevailed over a major period of lime. It a|)pears thai Israel always liad an e(Teeliv - absolute ruler, whether native kiiifi, high priest, or foreif n ' on pieror. To find the ele- ments of a Jewish eonstitution we must look i the Jewish writiufTs, and of these the Ramham, in his Mishnnli Torah presents the hesi work for our pur|)ose. Problem of Jcirisli History. From ihe rele anl parts of the Bii)le it is evident that the laws out- lined by the Rambam were never completely put into eflfect, not even dnrinji the time of David and Solomon. The Sanhedrin. as envisap,ed by the Talmud and Rishonim. is never mentioned in the time of the First Temple. The term itself sujrpests that no such major institution had been established before the Hellenistic period. However, we must still look to the portions of the Talmud dealiu}; with laws con- cernini; Rings an l the Sanhedrin for the political section of the Jewish constitution. The major prol)lem of reconcilin;; this with the known facts of the Biblical era. is one that merits much inquiry ' . The apparent discrepancies are not confined to the ])olitical sphere: it is a question of reconcilini; the entire oral law with the written law, and ancient Jewish history, with medieval and modern. But within the scope of this short article we shall not treat this matter in any detail, ' e wish only, to analyse certain political aspects of Jewisli law as set forth by the Rishonim. Rambam: Mishna Torah. — A Jewish state has three main branches of government : The Kingship, the Priesthood, and the Sanhedrin. To a certain extent the King resembles the American Executive, while the Sanhedrin on the same basis would repre- sent a combination of the Legislature and Judiciarv. rill- I ' tii-lK I I.I-- li.i- ,1 uiiiipir- pr .ilion. and the (illic- of iiijili l ' ri(-l i- not rr-lrieterl to ritual funr- lidii il ihr lliilv |iiii|,|i-. lie i the only man before uliiiin the Kin ' inii-l ri-i- and hiit relationship Vkilh the f rim I I ' umini lends liiH decixions Iremendoim importance. His work appears, often, to have been p;iralleled, sometimes e en eclipse i by thai of llie Prophet, particularly, during the time of Samuel and athan. But the Prophet, as such, does not reprew-nl an established institution of state: he is rather the link between the state and G-d. comjiarable. perhaps, with the occasional Bat Kol of later times, i Accord- ing to one Midrash. the prophets who anointed kings were the heads of Beta Dinim and rlid not act in indi idual capacities, i The Elements of Democracy. — ' e are not primarily concerned here with the specific functions of each branch of government, ' e, rather seek to discover any democratic concepts that may be envisioned in their structure. On examination we discover two distinct concepts. The first is the law of Achrai Rabim L ' hatos which, as far as govern- ment is concerned, ajjply only within the Sanhedrin. The second is the law that a king ninst be acceptable, not only to G-d. but also to the people as a whole. Sanhedrin. — Achrai Rabim L ' hatos. is an essen- tially limited jirinciple. It applies only within a specified group and in no way represents a form of public franchise. The general public has no say in the choice of judges and the qualifications of a judge consist, solely, of his personal Yiras Shamaim and his abilifv to perform the duties of his office. The position of the Sanhedrin is thus comparable with that of the philosophers in Plato ' s Republic. ithin this rabbinical assembly, however, deci- sions of the majority are binding, and take effect as decisions of the entire body. On the surface this would appear to be a limited application of natural 95 democracy — the rule of the majority. (A natural system means one that is logically developed on natural lines without artificial influence; a doctrinal system is one that is produced by human thought or acceptance of given ideas, such as socialism or theocracy, i But in truth we have here an entirely different approach. Relationship of Ritual to Goi rnmcnt. — The Gpniorah I in C.hulin and elsewhere I derives from this precept of Achrai Rabim Uhatos the general Din Bititl B ' rov. We can see from this that the Gemorah understands Achrai Rabim L ' hatos as one of the examples of Bitiil B ' roi: In other words, the Torah declares that the minority becomes absorbed within the majority, clearly a doctrinal, not a natural concept, and quite incompatible with basic democ- racy. Again, we know that Issur is Batol in Hetter but Hetter is not Batol in Issur, which could not be the case if Bitul were a natural process. Obviously, then, it is a precept, applicable in those situations for which it is prescribed, one of which is the case of the majority in a court. Here we have discovered the fundamental diflfer- ence between Jewish civilian law and its secular counterpart — indeed between the entire Jewish code of human conduct and the secular attitude to life. Greco-Roman Philosophy. — Socrates taught that knowledge is good if it leads to a good life, and Aristotle expressed a similar idea in different words when he said that to live the good life is to live according to one ' s intellect. To them, as also to most of the modem Western world, the human race is its own supreme arbiter, and men ' s conduct and sense of values tries to be measured and judged in human terms. The supreme good is a man-made ideal, and in matters of government it is logical that people should utilize such natural means as majority rule — let the majority of the supreme arbiters, human beings, decide ! Fundamental Jeicish Philosophy. — Judiasm, however, begins from a far-reaching premise that affects every phase of existence and life. Man him- self and everything within and around him, physical and spiritual, is the creation of One G-d. This Creator, since He is the only Creator, is the supreme ruler and sole arbiter. Good is what he defines as good, irrespective of man ' s thought or men ' s existence. Therefore, while secular society declares that it is good to help one ' s neighbor, because of man ' s natural feelings and because, in the long run, benevolence is conducive to expedient living. Judaism declares the same act to be good because G-d enacted it as such in His TORAH. In the same way, Judaism includes the rule of the majority not because it is by nature the only logical system to follow, but because the TORAH decrees it. We follow this rule, also, only within the limits the TORAH herself has proscribed. Laws of Sanhedrin. — Majority rule thus applies only within the Sanhedrin, not among the masses; the area of jurisdiction is limited, and simple majority is not always sufficient — e.g., the death penalty requires a majority of two. Secular Political Science Excluded. — We can see then that in Judaism natural democracy, and natural freedom do no exist. All Jewish socio- political concepts are doctrinal and belief in a per- sonal G-d necessitates that it cannot be otherwise. The King. — On many major matters, e.g., on the declaration of a Permissible War, the king must consult the Sanhedrin. This, as we have seen, does not represent a national check on the activities of the monarch, since Courts of Law are to be appointed according to given qualifications, not elected accord- ing to popularity. Democratic Consent. — But there is a national check in the stipulation that the king upon his appointment must be acceptable to the people. This public consent is not expressed in terms of an elec- tion by votes, but it is very important since the king has important executive powers which are arbitrary and extend even to questions of life and death. It is he, in fact, who enforces law and order because every Court of Law, apart from its lack of means of enfoi ement, is very restricted by the stringent requirements of the criminal law — for 96 oxiuiiple, Witnosses and X ariiiiif;. G -ii Tal ( ' coiioinip aiul inlcriiatioiial matters are also tlie eoncerii of tlie kin . I lnn an a Si-rvant iij C-f . Hut it ix important Ir) iinil TKlaiiil, even tin- kiii(i in all placvi. win-re lii jiiriHilii ' tion applieH iloen not rule um an alo-oliite nionari-li. He reniainH the (.ervant of ( -rI, hy wlio«e law lie niiiKt al iili-. He riile li virtue of llie rijjlil • onditionally (jranled liim liy f d. TliiK eould liardly lie niorr- aptly xliowii than in the rule llial the kin(! cannot deelinc- honor due to him, for the Kin(! of [sraei is not only a ruler, hut aUii a reprenenlalive and iiuman • ymhol of tlie Kin|:doni of ( -d, ( lii liliilii ns nil- Oni- l ' iir[ n%i-. Here, tin-n. u - Ij.im- iIii- main elr-nn-nln of the Jewiith prditiral .s l(n]. I)«iii(irraey doen exint in it to a rerlain extent. hut it is not natural deiiKieraey and itn manifehta- tions are not limile.l in llu- politieal Kpliere. For in Juihiism there can In- no complele reparation hf-luer-n politics and I ' lhics, hetween law and ritual, or hetween State anrl faith. All lhe«e are part of one all-emhracinp religion wliieh relates every facet of life to the dntv of the create l towards the Treator. and which has influenced and fruiderl Jewi-h hi lory throuf;!i the millennia. Gestalt and Art Joshua Cheifetz A noted authority lias defined art as the per- sonal experience of the artist, compositionally organ- ized in a sensuous medium serving as symbols. In line with this general definition we propose to examine the relationship of Art and Gestalt. Gestalt is commonly understood as a technical term originating with a certain group of German psycholo- gists. The broad or general outline behind the con- cept, however, has had a long currency in history. The early Greek thinkers repeatedly stressed relationships or modes of organization, continually searching for a law of arrangement, a principle of synthesis or order. In this, they stood dynamically opposed to the atomists and elementarists of their day. Many eminent men had a precognition of some of the basic ideas of Gestalt. William James (1840- 1910) deflated the atomists ' theory by exposing the psychologist ' s fallacy: the assumption that when one has reduced a complex to its supposed parts, the parts must have been present throiighoul the whole process. The famous French philosopher. Henri Bergson. noted that the perceptual whole which we expcriencSe on a starlit night, includes an integration of every- thing from the stars we observe to the processes of the brain during the act of observation. Von Ehrenfels concluded in 1890 that over and above various sensory ingredients there must be 97 qualities belonpng to organized forms. He coined the term ' form quality, ' I ' Gestaltqualitat ) , to describe that quality which a melody or painting possesses which cannot be ascribed to the component tones or colors. It was Max X ertheimer, however, who inaugu- rated the German school of Gestalt Psychology in Frankfort in 1912. Following his observations on the Phi Phenomenon, the Experience of Movement, he was led to insist upon the realitv of tlie experience of motion as something dynamically distinct from the awareness of position and of temporal succession of such positions. He subsequently protested against the general modern scientific movement from the particular to the general. We cannot achieve, he said, an understanding of structural totals by start- ing from their ingredient parts. An understanding of the component parts follows only from an under- standing of, and insight into, the whole. This led to two basic laws concerning the relationships of wholes and parts. The first is the law of membership character. The tones in a melody do not have fixed definite qualities, to which a form quality is some- how added. It is rather that each such tone manifests qualities which depend upon the specific placement and contact. A patch of color in a landscape, far from being an ingredient in a total, depends for its value upon the context which nature, or the artist, supplies. Gestalt psychologists therefore insist that the attributes or aspects of component parts are defined by their relations to the system in which they function as a whole. The second main feature stressed by Wertheimer is the law of pragnanz, or goodness. This states that with a knowledge of the underlying structures, one can determine what form any unstable structure will assume. It will be that kind of organization which is most orderly, most comprehensive, most stable, and most free of the casual and arbitrary; in short, that which is most good. Pragnanz is the dynamic attribute of self-fulfillment, intrinsic in all structured totals. These two laws are generally representative of the Gestalt system, in which one works not with an infinite number of tiny independent particles, but with a limited, finite number of possible modes of stable organization. These modes, because of their orderly, rational, and intelligible form, are capable of being discovered and of having their dynamics understood. There are at least two applications of Gestalt principles in connection with art; one, to the observer of the work, and another to the artist. The first is the problem of what occurs when we ' look at, or listen to, a work of art. The usual explana- tion of artistic expression is not based on the physical I)attern of the painting, but on the past experience which the pattern brings back to mind. Wertheimer emphatically denies this. He claims that neither past experience nor logical conclusions are necessary for an understanding of the elementary features of expression. Their meaning is perceived at least as directly and spontaneously as the shape and color of an object by means of what has been termed the tertiary qualities of sensory phenomena. Kindness or aggression, straight-shooting determination or hesitation; are expressed in the curves of the physical movements — or traces of movements — which ac- company such mental altitudes. A geometry of expressive features is anticipated. This would describe their characteristics with as much scientific precision as our present geometry is able to describe the difference between a straight line and a curve. The underlying idea is that the dynamic character- istics of timidity are always identical. For example. it makes no difference whether we trace the path of the timid man who approaches the office of his boss 98 in terms of timo and direction, or whetlicr wc trann- latn into a f;ra[)li llu; HucccHHion of liin pHycliolngical ini|)ulH(!H, willi r ' M|)(- ' l to IiIh aim. ' I ' Imh llirory of an iHomorpliir (idcniily of form) ooiuicction Im-Iwci-o |)Hycliolof!ical and |)liyHiraI [iroconHCH Hrienlifically corrohoraloH l]w oliHcrvalion that we rail I lie tnovc- ments of a dancer mournful Ix-caiiHc llic (l ii;iriiii- featnroa of monrnin !; an pliyHically prcHcnl in licr niovonionlH and can he dirc ' clly perceived. Therefore, llio tiieory of ( ' xpresHJon in art Hliould not proceed from the attitudes of the human l)ody and exphiin tlio flamini excitement of Van (ionh ' s trees or Kl Greco ' s clouds through sonu sort of anthropomorphic projection. One should rather proceed from the expressive (pudilies of curves and siiapes, and show how, by representing; any sid)ject matter throufih these curves and sliapes, expression is conveyed to human hodies, trees, clouds, etc. Analopnis to the theory of isomorphism is the statement by Francis Reitman in Psychotic Art. Ho states that it is in the structurinp; of a pattern that the feelinfis of satisfaction, experienced hy trained observers, (h ' pend when thev view certain pic- torial products. Differences in the effectiveness of structnrinp. constitutes the scale of aesthetic values, and thus effect our artistic judgment. What the previous authorities have failed to mention is a much more basic question in Gestalt and Art; the problem of whether painting must constitute a whole and is so seen by the viewer, or whether it is divisible into parts and sections. Reit- man is extremely critical of the application of Gestalt and configuration to all sorts of phenomena. He believes that a painting is a whole only in the sense that it is a self-sufTicient aiid self-contained system in relation to its actual surroundings: the frame, the wall, etc., .and that the various relations constituting its pattern are usually all consonant with each other according to the criteria of art. However, he objects to the over-emphasis on whole- ness in a painting, since it is only one of many relations. He also states that it is entirely wrong to argue that a painting can only be appreciated as a whole in our first immediate visual contact with it. Most artists and aesthetic authorities will testify that an artistically satisfactory painting has manifold relations in its structure. ' W hen the spectator views the painting on different occasions, he is impressed by different aspects of its varied aspects. The relation of the whole is thus usually present only in the back- ground of awareness as a schema. A similar con- tention applies to the effect of music, literature, and other arts. A work of art is. therefore, a complex, isolated system of relations of various types. If that is wli.il in irii iiil hy conflgor.ilioii. iIiik- aiithriritieit ciincluile, then a work of art ii- loerilv a confitfura- tioii. What they failed to comprehend ii- that al- though ( cHtalt implicH in ilH concept of whole nnn-h more than certain relationH of tlie [larlH, never- ihelcBK, at any given time the Mpeetator ce the whole painting aH a fienlalt whi ' h liaH idiKorhed and xuper. • cried llir iti ' l i V id ii. ' i I partH and their relationi liipi . Miili.inl ' iili|iiii. in liih article ' I ' wo Mode of I ' lri r|ii iiiii .iiid I ' .xpreHnion F ' erformed by Arlixlo licii I ' .iiiilint; givcH uk the wconrl fruitful applica- tion of Gestalt to art. He does this by describing the use of Gestalt in the creation of a work of art. According to Seddon. an artist does not merely create a Gestalt image from his sensations, con- template that image for liis own sake, and then embody it in an external medium. In fact, this image is not complete until it is expressed, for it is during this process of expressing that the image during the process of struggle assumes it final form. There are two types of artists. Seddon continues. The per- sonality of one type contains more of the conceptual tendency of thought than of the imaginative. Such an artist, therefore, starts by paying attention to an object through a sensory experience whose sense data he gestalts into an image, and forming it into a concept. In bis expression, he splits up this concept into minor ideas, the sum of which is the original concept. He then selects those minor con- cepts which suit his purpose, and places them over against each other to form a new cohesion of minor concepts. These can ihen be regarded as a single 99 new coiuei t. In paiiitin;z a tree he takes it leaf by leaf, dissecting it into its component parts, and leaves out tliose minor concepts wliicli do not suit his purpose. A second, more ima inatiNe type of artist uses a process whicli Seddon calls Anfrestalt. ' Here, the artist reacts to the sensation, frestalts on tiie imag- inative (instead of conceptual) level, and then forms the concept on the rational level. He then reverses the process from conception .-through imagination back to crude sensation, selects what he wants from the sense data, and again gestalts the selected parts into an image, transferring his image to paper. This process mav he rei eated many times in each painting. Seddon ' s theory of selection of essential parts is somewhat similar to the methods of Oriental artists who do not paint the actual appearance alone, but also the essence of the object. They do not depict a trne. hut rather the tree. Tlip paintings of mentally deranged artists exhibit the same mixture of the reproduction of perceptual reality and also its abstracted concept — the existing plus the essential. A final interesting application of Gestalt to art is Arnheim ' s clarification of the phenomenon of productive perception, that activity which allows us to understand, remember, identify, and recognize things. This can be explained by Gestalt as a grasp- ing of basic structural features which characterize and distinguish certain things from others. There is a tendency in the organism to produce simple, balanced shapes whenever circumstances allow it to do so. and to organize sensory material under the patterns of simple, good gpstalten. This also ex- plains artistic balance, generally considered as some- thing added by the artist to the image of the objects, but is actually one aspect of the basic effort of an organism to assimilate stinndi to its own organiza- tion. Balance is a state sought for by all physical forces whenever they interact in a field. Thus, the pleasure aroused by balance is its psychological correlate, not its cause. Sources Gardner Murphy — Historical Inlrodurtion to Modern Psy- chology, 1949, Harcourt, Brace Co., Chap. 20, Gestalt. Francis Reitman — Psychotic Art, 1951, International Uni- versities Press, N. Y., Chap. 1. Robert Arnheim — Gestalt Art, Journal of Aesthetics, 2 8, 71, 5, 1943. R. Scddon .... This essay was written for a course in Aesthetics given by Dr. M. E. Chernowitz. A House Divided Nal Oilt.r Tlic .small scliull on Faile Street occupied llie prouiul floor of a two family house. For many years, its congregation had heen solely composed of Lithuanian Jews. But, since the end of the war, Galelian Jewry had made an inroad into the neiph- horhood and most of the Litfoxs had moved away to the better residential sections of the city. As a result, the Poles took over the directorate of the synagogue, and with this transition of government came a Galetian rabbi and Galitzyanish sextons, and of course, new prayer books were bought to accommodate the change of liturgical tradition from that of Russia to the customs of Poland. Messrs. Lipperman and Rosenblatt were of those inifortunate Lithuanians that remained as congre- gants. Unfortunate, because they, like the political party out of office, continually found fault with the present administration, and everything and everyone got on their nerves. Having been dispossessed from their seats in the front of the synagogue, they sat on the benches in the rear of the schull. near the door, and viewed the situation pessimistically. bat they saw re])resented Paradise Lost, the Iron after the Golden Age, the splendor that was once Rome; and they never let an opportunity go by without informing the Polish Jews of their sentiments. Look here, Rosenblatt. It ' s Shabboth and we barelv have two minvanim. It ' s like I keep saving, Rosenblatt, no one comes to davin here anvniore. Well what can you expect from them, Rosen- blatt said, stroking his greying Van Dyke. They should barely have twenty people on a Shabbotb. Four, five minvanim, that ' s what I . . . And the minyan that they do have, Lipper- man iiitrr jicli-d. i- niiidc up of ;i few f)l(l I ' olukim and a couple of college boys who stand in the back of the schull and talk right through the whole service. You ' re right about tlios« ' rolle( r- boys. They talk as much as old women, and it wonlrln ' l surprise me if the president told them to stand in the back so that they should annoy us. They don ' t let von davin a word. Lipjifrman said, pounding his hand on the bench for emphasis. Talk quieter. Their Rabbi just turned around to look at us, cautioned Rosenblatt. Their Rabbi? Just because he curls his side- burns and puts on a Shtraimel, does that make him a Rabbi; I know liow to put on a black, fur-covered hat, also. A word he doesn ' t know how to learn. Lipperman was getting excited. Vi ' hat do you have to get mad for? Nothing will help. That ' s why I get mad. Alright. .Ailright. Let ' s davin a little, ' e have some catching up to do with the Chazan. ' And that ' s another thing; that chazan up there. He davins like he bad hot beans in his mouth. The man can ' t sav the words right. He makes an ' ooh ' sound like an ee. and an oh like an ' ooh. That ' s their Herr Aubercanter. he said siiTiically. Talking about that chazan. Rosenblatt con- tinued, do you notice the way he runs to the Ahniood. They don ' t even have to ask him to lead the Service, but he ' s up by the ' Ahmood ' waiting. It ' s a sickness. Lipperman said knowingly. Just like some people have got to have a glass of shnapps. that man has got to lead the Service. It ' s 101 a craze. I know, Rosenblatt agreed. And after a slight pause, Let ' s not talk anymore, for awhile. I want to davin a little. The two Lithuanians pulled their prayer shawls over their heads and began to pray. They raced through the various psalms and turned pages with great rapidity. Finally they caught up with the rest of the congregation, and they settled back in their seats to enjoy the Service. To enjoy, of course, meant to poke one another in the ribs every time the ' Galitzvanisher Cantor made what they thought to be an error in pronunciation. Not infrequently would they look up from their prayer books and wink at one another, as if to say, Well, v hat can you expect from a Polock? By a quarter of ten, three of the college boys came into the little schull. There was Red and Josh, two Engineering students from the city; and Moishe, a Chem major from Columbia. They opened their prayers books indiscriminately, not caring to find the right page, not bothering to sit down, and began to talk. Say Moishe, Red said, is that Chem pro- fessor of yours still living? You ' re damn straight that son of a gun is still living. An ex-Yeshiva boy shouldn ' t curse on Shab- both. Josh teased Moishe. Go to hell. Listen, ' Red, ' that madman gave us an open-book test tliat nearly killed all of us. What did you gel? Red asked. Lousy. Moishe answered. Did you flunk? Josh queried. No, Moishe said flatly, I pulled a ninety- two. Lousy, the man says, Red laughed. I should get ninetv-two ' s on mv engineering exams. Josh giggled, all these Cohnnbia men flunk unless they get a hundred. Go to hell, Moishe said. Hey ' Red ' , Josh said, did you hear what happened to Dr. Eisman in my electrical engineering lab? Did he short-circuit his toy airplane motor? Moishe asked. He had heard from Josh and Red that Eisman built airplane motors. Nah, Josh yawned, he took a two thousand volt shock. Moishe laughed out loud, and Red asked, What happened. The damn charge picked him up and flung him across the room. Lucky there was no force behind the charge; otherwise we would have had one professor well done. Red asked, Isn ' t Eisman the guy that tells you to work with one hand in the pocket? Yeah, Josh answered, and that probably saved his life. How does that work? Moishe wanted to know. Well, when you hit a live wire, the tendency is to reach out with your free hand to grap on to something. So? If you happen to reach out and grab hold of some conductor, you ' re grounded and once you ' re grounded you ' re cooked. So? Well, if you keep your free hand in your pocket you can ' t reach out with it, and if you can ' t reach out with it, you can ' t grab anything. That ' s interesting, Moishe said. Yeah, Josh agreed, you should see those guys taking the advanced courses in E.E. They walk around the whole day with one hand in their pocket. It ' s become a habit with them. Red said, they look like they ' re playing pocket-pool. All three of them laughed out loud, and a sexton walked to the back of the schull to try and quiet them. You ' ve been taking from the moment you came in, the old man said. How about keeping quiet for the reading of the Torah? 102 They lold lli - hixIom llml liny would ! ■ |iiirl. lyCt ' H }i ) oiil for Hoini ' iiir, MiififiCMird Kcd. Miiylx I ii(;lil lo Hliiy iiiKidc, Hiiid MoiHlic I liavfiri HJiid a word. You ' ll davcii loiiiorrow, .IomIi Haid. I.ci ' m (iri Home air. Moislic a};r ' cd, and all llirrc walked oiil of llic small .syiiaf;of;no. Tlu-y .stood on the stoojt of the .sfiiull. It was cohl, and they pulled up their jacket collars to keep warm. ' I ' his is prohahly the last .Satunhiy in a hinp time hefore 1 eoiiie to ' sehiiH ' a iain. Moishe said between chattering teeth. How ' s that? Josh asked. My folks are poiuf; to Florida next week, and when they ' re {!;one, I won ' t come here. No such luck for nie, Red replied. My poj) throws me out of bed every Saturday niorninp, and I got to go to ' Scliull ' . Josh remarked seriously, Our parents should realize that a little extra sleep is more important for guys who put in a solid week of mental labor than geltinp up to go to ' schull ' . Josh continued, If I stayed liome, I ' d probably ' daven ' more too. Inside the synagogue, they were reading from the Torah, and Messrs. Lipperman and Rosenblatt resumed their conversation. Rosenblatt, you ' re a ' Laivcy ' aren ' t you? Yes. When was the last lime they called you up to the Torah? About five weeks ago. That ' s Polocks for you, Lipperman said. Thev wouldn ' t call us up to the Torah unless thev were desperate. I don ' t know. Everytinie they call me up, I donate a few dollars. They have no objection to my monev, I ' m sure. Money, Lipperman repeated, ' hat do thev know about money? Look at the condition of this schull. You ' re right. Lipperman. They buy the cheapest herring for ' Sbalot Sudeot ' and the gefilte fish is made entirelv of flour. I ' ve nolircd lli.il. I .i| |ir-rmail. I.i| prrman oiitiiiiK l. I don ' l wuni lo huv tlii . lull I ' ll wager win tlial iIk- win ' - tli ' -y um- for Kidiliich 1- diliili-d with water. ft wdiililii I iirprioc me. Ito-iiiM ii (. ' riiiii ' -rl. I lie llir.r rollege bov relurmd In the . nagogiif- ill III.- mi. I. II.- of the VIiiHar ' M-rvire. Red Vka l.lling Moi-li. ,111.1 ji)«h about a cerlain VH illianii - hurg hloiidi- willi uli.iiii w he had a dale that niphl. The boys laughed loud and frr ' piently ah Red gave them the book on the girl, and  tanding riglil behind Rosenblatt and l.ipperni.iti. lb.- ridhgiale aggra al.-d thr- two gentlemen. Rosenblalt was exafperaled. (.an ' t oii bo stop talking for a few minuleM? Moi.she looked the man wfjuare in the fare, dome .iff il I ' op, he said. I ' ve been kee|)ing my eye on you Litfox ' and you just stojiped talking youroelve . You sheygitz, Rosenblalt roareil. Don ' t talk back to me. Take it easy. Pop. M.,i-lie ai l. All von ' Litfox ' want is a good piece of ' Sehmaltz ' herring. Rosenblatt ' s face was turning red. This is the last time I ' ll ever daven here, the old man -aid very angrily. Oh stop it, ' Litfox ' . Moishe said tbreateninely. Tlie boy ' s insolence was choking Rosenblatt. The man was getting horribly worked up. and with no thought of consequence, he spat out the most terrible invective tluJt be knew. You sheygitz. Rosenblatt siiouted, go sit with the Polocks up front. Red, Josh and Moishe laughed at Rosenblatt. The man turned to his friend. S hat can vou expect from a Galizvanah? he wheezed. I ' m hungry. said Red. I ' m cutting out of here. Same here. ' Josh greed. Let ' s blow. Moishe said. This place kills me. 103 Veblen Lawrence Friedlander Tliorstien Veblen was a stranpe, lonely man, a man wiiosp bitterness and contempt for man alienated liim from society. He was a misantbrope, a cynical dis-iruntled man. Yet be was tbe most profound observer and critic of society America lias ever bad. It is a moot point wbetber bis alienation was caused bv bis understandinf; of man ' s selfisbness, or wbetber it was tbrougb tins alienation tbat be was able to arrive at sncb detacbed an observation. Wbat- ever tbat may be. and bowever sorry we may be witb Veblen ' s dissatisfaction witb life, we must be tbankful to it for baving delivered to us tbe full force of bis genius. eblen ' s function was ever as tbe critic. He ])ossessed a penetrating mind, tbat all-seeing eye, tbat pierced straigbt tbrougb society ' s every preten- tion. He could not be fooled by tbe tbin layer of rationalization and conventional cant we wrap about our actions. He saw tbem in tbeir stark naked primeval selfisbness, and be wrote down wbat be saw. He was disliked by many during bis life, for be told tbe trutb, wbicb is tbe bitterest pill of all. Tbere was never a time in American bistory, wben tbe people of our country so desperately lacked a clear-eyed, realistic observer and critic. It was tbe period of tbe growtb of big business, tbe decade tbat covered tbe last years of tbe 19tb century. It was tbe time of tbe intrinsic rigbtness of all business metbods, wb en unscrupulous, often rutbless, means were taken as a normal part - f business procedure. Man worsbipped success and wealtb only. It was tbe age tbat bad produced a Marx, and would produce a Veblen. ' ben be did appear on tbe scene, bis eccentrically j)brased tbeories swept, like a clean wind, tbrougb tbe stuffy cbambers of classical eco- nomics. However, because of tbe need for a careful evaluation of existing economic conditions, be failed to outline any constructive policies of bis own. We now feel this failure very strongly. In bis essay, Tbe Intellectual Pre-Eminence of tbe Jews, Veblen betrays, perbaps, tbe secret of bis intellectual independence. In tbe essay, be attempts to explain Jewisb ])re-eminence in intellectual fields as a result of tbeir essential estrangement from society and convention. Forced from bis Gbetto to tbe Cbristian world by curiosity and disbelief, tbe Jew finds bimself in alien corn. He is unable to accept tbe Western ideas be finds, for tbeir failings and inconsistencies are evident to bim. At tbe same time be bas unwittingly, disassociated bimself from bis former environment. We need only substitute a few words, liere and tbere, and we gain a sbarp insigbt into tbe source of Veblen ' s own alienation. He was raised in a Norwegian farm community wbicb tborougbly distrusted American institutions. As a cbild, be was so imbued witb Norwegian religion and social practices, tbat wben be first attended scbool be was forced to learn, practically anew, tbe Englisb language. Tbe sbarp pressures wbicb ])ulled on bim from both sides, forced bim to free bimself from any one of tbem. By rejecting botb tbe Nor- wegian (Old World) and tbe American patterns, be sbook bimself free from botb tbeir conventions. He tbus gained for bimself an airy, if uncomfortable, percb above all of tbem. It was tbis detacbment tbat enabed bim to see and write about man witb a clearness, intelligence, and passion almost unequalled. To understand Veblen, one must understand bis time. He was born in an era wben Darwinian evolu- tionism was still being argued, a baute voix, across tbe lengtb and breadtb of tbe Western world. One came across evolution in every book, magazine, pampblet, and periodical tbat one glanced tbrougb. It was an essential part of tbe atmospbere, one not easy to escape from. It is not surprising, tlierefore, tbat we find a decisive trace of evolutionary tbougbt, even in bis early works. Veblen, bowever, did not study only tbe modern doctrine. He was a voracious 104 nuidcr, ami if lie HliHli il S|iiiiH(r, lie iiIho Hlii li il h-fi , Kaiil. and llu- urial (coiioiiiiHlH. So wiil( ' waH IiIh kii((wlc(l|;(! of llio Hiiiidry and llic Hilly, thai In- wan called, llic laHl man wlio knowH cvcrylliint, ' . Vchlcni look Imh docloralc in |)liiloKO|iliy. Il waHn ' l lon|i, li iwcv( r, brforc I lie y  nnn and Hlarvinj; profcHHor liirncd lo EconoinicM. ' I ' lic iniporlanl place psycliolctpy occiipicH in our world, Kcononiics pos- acHHod ill llioHe dayw. Tl wm the ranfje, llie fad. The BolicniianH and ( ' (dl( ' H( ' inlelle ' lualH ttf llie day adopU-d il wilh rcii.Hh. ' I ' Ik ' e pialitarian, cLihs- consciou.H ihcories of Marx, Knn( ' In and the entire hody of Krcncli SocialiHls and IJlopiaiiH, had drifted across tln ocean and canfjlil fire in the provineinl l)ackwg()ds of America. I ' iayinf; a prominent role in these lh( ories was the constant stru|.;jilc I)elween the bosses and tlic masses. All institutions of any iniportaiicc, i.e. the Ministry, newspapers, le), ' isla- tiires, etc., were considered the handmaidens of the hloaled ( apilalists. This inlelleclnal fever could not fail lo sweep yoimp Vehlen ofT his feet. And so, fortnnalely for us, Vehlen turned to Economics. Even as a student, Vehlen could not exhihit much interest in the dialectical, pseudo-Hcpelian materialisn; developed hv Marx. The typically Ger- man antithesis of (Capitalist and Proletariat was too cut and dry, to metaphysical and abstract for a study of people. Vehlen always emphasized that people do not act on a purely idealistic level, or in conform- ance to any rifiid economic laws. Therefore, in tracinp; the development of Economics, it is people ' s emotions, the whole ranpe of their desires and vanities which are the deciding factors. He attacked the afso-old, classical notion that we work merely to exist, and by doing so he formed an entirely new concept of society. When be was 42, be published, The Theory of the I.,eisure Class, the first of a lonp: line of remarkable books. The primary point of Veblen ' s departure is that, as an evolutionary philosopher, be refused to discuss history in terms of absolute or ideal laws. He was always speaking of people. In forming bis theories, be did retain much of the current pbilosopbies. In bis bands, however, tbev underwent a complete metamorphosis. Society, be states, is characterized by a conflict betw-een ex- ploiters and tbe exploited. This conflict is tlie essential fact in society. It Jiiav vary though from pbase to pbase, in tbe degree of naked force dis- played by these predatory powers. Thus, the robber- baron of tbe Medieval Age becomes tbe captain of industry of our epocb. The man remains tbe same; be just changes bis dress. Tbe elaborateness of tbis structure of exploitation depends upon tbe fruitful- iiiHH of the proeei. , upon il« capacity lo %ield a hurpltiH wliirli VNill be appropriable. W h.il ,illr,ii liil many readern to Vijblcn, at firi-l. v ;i ' his ,1-iiite diHKeeiiori of eonlemjiorarv mor« ' i!. lie I ' oiiii iliiiii il many lerm and ideac whicli have oincc lieeonii- a common part of our modern berilap -, Onf of liiH moHl Hirikiiig ideaH ih the principle of pecuni- ary evaluation, or keeping up with llie Jonewn. X hen anlH lieennie firmi) e lablii-lied in Horial custom, they exercii-e a Hort of tyranny over llin individual eouHumer. The individual in not fre« to (iip.irl friiiii whal in eont-iilered gorid form aii l pood li lr-. ill- (l;ir - iiol violate the imitation of the ircni ), lest he beeonu ' an outcast. The clandardH of faf-bion impose arbitrary reslraintH upon the coiis unien- ' free. (lorn of rhoice. It i not so much the individual will wliiili chooset as it is the social will. Thefte codes of behavior force a pattern of uniformity upon tbe consunwrs ' choi -e. Obedience to the canons of good form is taken as a lest of sound and ' afc citizenship. Also closely involved in this pecuniary emula- tion is the principle of cons| icuous consumption. Tbis involves comitless ways of displaying luxury and extravagance. Prestige, in our society, i.« obtainetl bv ostentatious expenditures, mink coats, Cadillacs, etc. Social esteem is accpiired by making a prominent show of useless luxury. Tbe result is competition among consumers to determine v ' bo can make tbe most glaring and gaudy expenditure of money. Sucb competitive extravagance penetrates all modem standards of living. The leisure class, at tbe top of society, sets tbe pace, which is why newspapers have Society pages. Their conspicuous indulgences in tbe sports, the arts, constitute a standard envied by all Giber classes. The middle class seeks lo emulate tbe fads of those higher up in the scale of spending, and even the laboring segment is prone lo copy. - f: 105 Each attempts to keep u ) with the class above it. Macv ' s carries twenty-dollar copies of Balman and Dior dresses. The pecu niary canons of taste filter down from rich to poor. In our society, and tliis remains a forceful truth, a man is known and judged by the size of his income. ( He makes ten thousand a vear, or They bought a fifty thousand dollar house, arc common enough remarks. Life hasn ' t changed much, i This rat-race, it should be noted, occurs more strongly in a society, like ours, where class lines are not very sharply delineated. There is no other way to establish any rigid demarcations of ])rivilcged classes. In Europe, with its rigid class lines, this need is not felt as strongly. Veblen has also formed a sort of antithesis, or struggle, between industry, which is interested in the production of goods, and business, which con- cerns itself with making ])rofit. This principle was graphically displayed in 1929 when industry ' s pro- duction far exceeded business ' ability to sell or make a ])rofit. Or, in the case of scientific research, it is often advantageous for business to stifle technological improvement in the production of new goods. (This point is in great debate today, and many companies are spending a great deal of money in an effort to disprove this notion.) Veblen believes that such a system i.e. this com- bination of conspicuous consumption and of the struggle between industry and business, is essentially unstable and incapable of long survival. The constant recurrences of crises is a proof of an inability to adjust, which is inherent in the structure. He believes that it must eventually fall. What form succeeding economic organization will take is not completey clear from his works. However, he does vaguely sug- gest a system of controlled production. He is, in this ' itt .tfi T sense, an important influence in those modern circles which support a strong government control of industry. hether he would have agreed to a form of government control, is not certain. New Dealists, however, often regard him as a founding father. Yet, though Veblen is known ])rimarily as an economist, his analysis of society was a far cry from the materialistic dialectics of Karl Marx. That Vcb- len ' s first degree was in ]ihilosophy is significant. Veblen ' s great depth, clarity and creativity comes from the anthropological basis on which he formu- lated his theories. This attack on classical economics extended itself into criticism of the existing social system. From his reading in archaeology and history, he formulated an evolutionary scheme. He thus ascends from the bare level of pure economics to the loftier pinnacle of social philosophy. As he sees it, mankind in the Western World has progressed through four main stages: the peace- ful, savage economy of primitive times; the progres- sion into a predatory barbarian economy, to which he traces the origin of such modern and related institutions as war, prosperity, masculine prowess, and his leisure; the Handicraft economy of pre- Modern times; and our own Machine Age technology. Veblen considers technology as the future saviour of man. Man, in Veblen ' s idea, is basically endowed with peaceful, productive tendencies, the instinct for workmanship. However, over this basic layer, certain habits and propensities accumulate. Some of the crucial ones have already been mentioned: emula- tion, conspicuous consumption, etc. It is these that force inequalities on man,, lead to the worship of prosperity, and to the glorification of war. Because man is not rational but possesses deepseated super- stitions, he is led to such things as a virtual worship of wealth. But man, Veblen asserts, can overcome this by a devotion to his pure, natural and primitive sense of curiosity, i.e. sciences, technology. Thus, Veblen stresses the importance of the machine as a 106 force wlii ' li hIi:i|) -h iiicirH iK ' lioiiH iiiiil ( ' .111 rnnii-iv;il)ly lend llii ' iii from iinilcr llic iiiiinllf- of siiili iiiiliiiiiiliil iriHliliiliniiH MH pro.Mpcrily hikI war. After liaviii ! deall willi Vel)leii an a erilie, wlial alxiiit VeMeii llie revoliitioiiary, (ho creator? Unfor- tuiiali-ly, lie wnde little on tliiH lf)|iic. At the erifl of IiIh life, willi the advent of the HiiHsian revolution, ho exprewHed some Hynipathy with the ( loniniiiiiiHtH. But hasically, he is very opposed to Marxian Dialec- tics, though he does place eni|)hasis on the inter- relationships of war and properly. Hut their differ- ence is more striking than their likeness. He dismisses the labor theory of value and the theory of surplus value, the keystones of scientific socialism. Vehlen, beinn a much more astute observer of human nature, also expressed f;r ' at disbelief in the supposed inevit- able revolution by the masses. He realized that the more suppressed man l)( ' om ' s, the more abject and submissixe he is. The poorer we are, the more we need to dream. The downtrodden can only live vicariously throuph the activities of the rich, and therefore there is small possibility of revolt. Then, also, Vcblen was a Darwinian evolutionist who shied away from the teleolopical, inevitable unfoldinfi by history that Hepel and Marx adopted. Their difTerence, i)rimarily, is a question of psy- chology. The sidjtle questionini; psvcholofiv of the Freudian school which hovered in his intellectual Zuitpust, foimd a ])lace in Veblen ' s work, but Marx sorely lacked it. [n evaluating i-hleii, we inuxt pav eternal tribulc to the );eniuH with which he laid wai-|e to ko niucli th.it we had taken fr r rant -d. He condiieled a forceful canipai(;n to trarii-form economicr ' into a dynamic, evolutionary ncience. He ili -triii-|ed and hated what we know as indiixlry and buKincim. .Sonic of bin writings on other Hocial topic . micli an llip brilli. ' iiit cHK.iy on rlirixlian Klliici.. would be eiioii{. ' li to (:raiit .1 lehHcr man a niche in the Hall of I ' ame. Milt we cannot overlook bin faiillH. He prophesied, for inHtance, a revolution of enpiiieer ' , which we I ' learly HCe is ridiculous. Hi) deep faith in the machine and, by extension, lo their (fiiardiani ' . lead him perhap- In llii- iririchi-ion. Thai faith i . however, narrow .iiid iiiilinable. And allhrtiich we have shown difFerences between him .ind Marx, llicy both a ree on tin- prime importance of economicd. Tn ussifiniiifj such a dvnamism to economy and economics alone, they both r-rr. for man and society are not llial simple. And wlial were elilcn - hope- for the future? Ts the New Deal, as so many claim, an outcome of his ideas? He does not sav and we can but pue  . Duriiif; his lifetime. Wblen found few reader ' who could unilerstand him, and even fewer disciple?. His work was constantly in danper of beinp misinter- preted. However, today his ideas and terminolopy are f:raduallv and effectively transforming many areas of social thoufrht. Vi ho can tell what would happen if Veblen would have lived fiftv vears later. 107 c omptlmen Is of , . . A Friend of Klliol AlMihacli Aide Slide Fastener Ify Ahrams (; )rn{)any Ad ance lire (loinpany Alexander Alternian. 0.1). S. Mr. and Mrs. Abe Haunif arlen Meryl Joy Berkowitz A Friendof Julius Berman Esther and Freida Berman Mr. and Mrs. Saul Broome David Chassler, Inc. Chatham Clothes Empire Custom Hatters Empire Drug Shop Eliezer Jaffe Fass ' Restaurant Fleischman and Hyman Florence Sachs Dresses I. Goldberg and Sons Bernard Gross A Friend of Herbert S. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Hausman M. Hizme Gutman and Mayer- Ko-hir I ' .iili lien- Mr. and Mrs. Harry II. Ihirri- Men Kalz led iitiil Hill Kaiirin.iii Kingston I ' mil- Mr. and Mr-. .}. I.. Kir.-i lii)anm Mr. and Mr . Mamiie Lazarus Ledner Quality Cleaners Lipscluitz Kosher W ines Marleen ' s Clothiers A. Meyers and Sons (Jorp. A Friend of Jack Nussbaum Councilman Simon S. Panusli Regal Oil Distributing Co.. Inc. A. Reich and Sons L. Rose — Wholesale Hardware Roxy Barber Shop Rabbi and Mrs. Aaron Sadowsky S and L Housefurnishing Store Alan Schreibnian Spring Valley Fish Market Dr. and Mrs. Meyer Tell Turkeltaub and SchifTer Mr. and Mrs. ertheimer Best W ishes and G-ds Blessings to the Graduating Class of ' 56 and Future Alumni Yeshiva College Alumni Association Compliments of . . . M. WEISBROD Manufacturing and Wholesale JEWELERS 110 (] nfi,r(ital(it ions l Nathaniel Geller from Mrs. Adda Geller Mr. and IVlrs. Isidore Strasfield Mr. and Mrs. David Kurland Mr. aixl Mr-. i l()ii] iri Geller Dr. and Mr. . W illiain G.lj.r Mr. Morris Geller AND FAMILIES Congratulations to MARCEL — from — DR. SIMA and DR. LEO PERLMAN and MRS. HEYMANSON III PILGRIM PRESS CORPORATION yearbook Division 124 WHITE STREET NEW YORK 13, N.Y. WORTH 6-0755 Compliments of . . . SARONY INCORPORATED 362 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y. Official Photographers for Masmid 112 (longraliildlioiis l . . . HKHZL rJSKNS ' I ' ADT from CUMBERLAND PACKING CO. BEN J. EISENSTADT, Manager MR. AND MRS. G. EISENSTADT MR. AND MRS. M. V. ASHINSKY AND FAMILY ( .iini rdliilnliiins hi . . , THE ST rr Ol M -MII) BROOKLYN ICE PALACE Mr. and Mrs. CHARLES M. BATT and Family Hartford, Conn. Greetings from . . . SENECA SPORTS EAR MFG. CO. 113 Bi ' St Wisln ' s L pan Graduation . . . to JOE POLANSKY GARBER EAGLE OIL CORP. Distributors oj KOSHER FOOD PRODUCTS Congratulations (o . . , SIDNEY Mr. and Mrs. H. GOLDSTEIN and FAMILY Congratulations to . . . THE CLASS OF ' 56 Mr. and Mrs. Sidney C. Kaplan Joseph Soke, F. Molla Deborah Naomi 114 Write for bro.lmn ' s of Harlon ' s .lio.-oLil. ' aasorlincnlH iiiid fiills for racli Jcwisli II(ili(hi and Festival. 65 Conliiirnliil ( ;l.,.c,.li.li- SI  In New York, I ' l.ll.i- .l.-lphia, Di-lroll, iiiid N.-wiirk. (:l..-c,l . ,i iIm- Sal.l,,illi and all Jewish Holidays. no DeKall) Avenue Brooklyn 1, New York Ciinnralulaluins jrurn . . . YESHIVA IMVKK.SITY WOMEN S OKGAMZATIO.N MRS. WALTER J. DIAMONF) National ' resident Compliments of A FRIEND Congratulations to . . . OUR NEPHE H. ROLD NEUSTADTER IZZY SCHERTZ AND THE GRADUATING CLASS OF 19.i6 from Mr. and Mrs. FRIEDMAN 115 Compliments to . . . YESHIVA COLLEGE COOPERATIVE STORES On Their Twenty-first Anniversary BLOCK PUBLISHING CO. Jewish Book Concern CO-OP SALES CO. Appliances EASTERN VENDING CO. HOLLAND VENDING CO. RUDDOFF and GOTTLIEB Stationery and School Supplies BURT SCHWARZ Juice Machines SWIFT, Inc. Ice Cream UNIVERSAL UNIFORM College Apparel IN MEMORY OF Our Dear Parents and Grandparents ABRAHAM and ANNA CHASINOV From Their Children and Grandchildren Congratulations to . . . OUR SON BENNY Mr. and Mrs. CHARLES ROSENBAUM Congratulations to . . . MARTY Mr. and Mrs. JACK FINGERHUT and FAMILY Best Wishes Mr. and Mrs. HYMAN KOLKO 72 Huntington Park Rochester, N. Y. 116 ( ' ,( iif!;r Hiil(ili ns lo . MICHAEL Mr. and Mrs. ISRAEL NAIMAN ConnnUiiIatioiix to . , . JOSEPH BOOK M. E. NIGHTINGALE, Inc. OPTOMETRIST 271 Broadway Brooklvn 11. N. Y. Compliments oj . . . HOTEL FURST Now York Offico — PLaza 7-8691 SID and GEORGE COLLEGE LUNCHEONETTE Phone: LO 8-2885 lirsl It ishri . MAX J. KTHA ABRAHAM BLAU FUNERAI, niRKfTORS 410 Grand Stroot New York 2, N. Y. Congratulations from . . . MIRIAM, ETHEL and FAMILY LEAH GLICKE and FAMILY Success and Best (T is ips to . . . THE CLASS OF 6 MR, AND MRS. HENRY JAFFE Cleveland Heiglit? Mazel Tov to . . . YAKOV JAFFE THE SCHVk ARTZ FAMILY Clovelanil. Ohio rhono: COluiuhu? 5-0800 BERGEN ZAAGER All Sundard Brand; — TIRES — 228 r. 56th Street New York 19. N. Y. 1! A LS ON ' S MEN ' S and BOYS ' WEAR 1600A Blue Hill Avenue Matlapan, Mass. MR. and MRS. D. SKLAR Friends of M. A. ZELEFSKY MENAIIEIM from ALLAN PAUL, MARILYN and MINDA LAYA Coniirutitlulions to Our Son . . . MARTIN GERBITZ from MR. and MRS. GERBITZ MAGEE CARPET MAKES A HOUSE A HOME H. and S. SILVERSTEIN BUTCHER SHOP 883 Nostrand Avenue Brooklyn, N. Y. Congratiilutions to . . . JOSEPH BOOK WILLIAM NAUS Congratulations to . . . RUBY MR. AND MRS. H. DAVIS AND MYRNA AND NORMAN HARRY ' S CHICKEN MARKET Flushing Avenue Brooklyn, N. Y. Congratulations to Our Son . . . MELVIN MR. AND MRS. A. ZELEFSKY WEBER ' S CATERERS Extend Sincerest Wishes To All Our Boys and the CLASS OF ' 56 NEWLAND CONTAINER CO., Inc. 408 Washington Avenue New York, N. Y. GILBERT and KATKIN HEBREW NATIONAL KOSHER DELICATESSEN and RESTAURANT 1446 St. Nirholas Avenue Congratulations to . . . MELVIN from MR. AND MRS. SAM AUERBACH MR. AND MRS. ISIDORE BOBICH AVONWOOD ESTATES, Inc. 115 Woodhill Lane MANHASSET, N. Y. Phone: MA 7-9702 SPring 7-6383 H. WEINSTEIN CO. Makers of HIGH GRADE PANTS 692 Broadway New York 12, N. Y. I 118 Hrsl K i.s ic.s to . . . NAT (;i;i,i,i:i{ KHADLKY MAIM ►NY COAI. COKP. Y. IJ. WOMEN ' S ORGANIZATION miONX .in l ASMLNr.TON IIKIMI ' t IIMTKIl 1 II 1 II K Mil N 1-,. ,.|.,,i ( oiiipliiiiinls i l . . . M. KUBIN AIM) SON 21 Bond Stri ' cl Now York, N. Y. ( iingriiliiliiliiitw III Our Son . . . ISI( F.r. HABKl AND MRS. S MI 11 |{| ISS AND 1 MII. ISo.M U ishvs lo . . . HEKBIE l)A (,KK Iroin PIONEER TEXTILE MILLS (: itiiiniliihilin„ In (liir Son . . . IHANK MR. AND MRS. L. B. HELLNER CoiiKr(ttuliilions to . . . STANLEY ROSENBERG TIIKODOKi: KAIMI Licenced ELECTRICAL CON.STRUCTION Plionr: ST 9-8f)98-9 Congrutulutions to . . . JUDAH MR. AND MRS. HYMAN KLEIN AND KENNETH Congratulations In . . . CHARLES S. NAIMAN from MR. AND MRS. JOSEPH S. NUSSBAUM Congruliilations to . . , BLUEBIRD BINDING CO. Comiilimenta oj . . . MR. AND MRS. D. GOLDBERG Compliments of . . . CLASS OF ' 56 ALEX EISENBERG Compliments oj . . . MR. AND MRS. J. BIE ENFELD Congratulutions to . . . ARNOLD Upon His Graduation MR. AND MRS. L. BRAMSON AND SONS Compliments of . . . MAPLE CAMP Livingstone Manor, N. Y. Phone: GE 8-6544 119 PILGRIM PRESS And the wolf shall dwell with the lamb. And the leopard shall lie with the kid; And the calf and the young lion and the fat ling together; And a little child shall lead them. c: M ' w; M