Yeshiva University - Masmid Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 100 of the 1940 volume:

??1%? ' M ASM ID INNUAL PLCLICATIC N TEXHIVA COLLEGE ...194C... 19 4 MASMID WE DEDICATE ' I ' d tlidsc slndciils wild. Ill IIh scrx ic( n ' llicir Ncliodl. li;i c so utiRi ' iinsly i cii nf llicir tiiiR ' and L ' lRi-ny I ' dr IIr ' cm-irliiiunt dl ' the ;K ' ti ilics of the cdlK ' yr: (o tlld. ■ sliidriils who. ill their untiring ' ende;i ' di ' . Ii;i e identi- lied theiii.seh ' es with the i le;i df ' N ' eshiva: to those students wlio have thus endowed Ycshiva College with a spirit of sacrifiee and (kvotidii this Masmii) df lO-K) is yratel ' ully dedieated. 19 4 FOREWORD JTc of iiiiietccii-forl note UtJi ' C our place (iiiiiiii; Ihc (jmdudtcs of Vcslih ' d ( ' ollf( c. I it lilts vohiinc itT hdVf Iriid to aipliirf Ihc YcsJiivd ti ' ( ' lidvc hinncii. Bui iJicrc iirc ccciits tcJiicIi no -cords can paint — toe liaise onlij loiiclicd Ihc .shadoics of our hcrilai c. The deeper imprints of Veshiva ice take icith us. MASMID Contents: FACULTY CLASSES SENIORS ACTIVITIES ATHLETICS LITERARY 19 4 Seven MASMID Eight FACULTY 19 4 «- o BERNARD REVEL, Ph.D. President MOSES L. ISAACS, Ph.D. Chairman, Executive-Faculty Committee JACOB I. HARTSTEIN, M.A. Registrar ROSE LEVITAN, LL.B. Bursar DAVID A. SWICK, M.D. Medical Director MASMID THEODORE ABEL. Ph.D. Associate Professor of Sociology MEYER ATLAS, Ph.D. Instructor in Biology SAMUEL BELKIN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Greek SIDNEY D. BRAUN, M.A. Instructor in French JOSEPH H. LOOKSTEIN, M.A. Lecturer in Jewish Sociology 19 4 ALEXANDER BRODY, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History PINKHOS CHURGIN, Ph.D. Professor of Jewish History KENNETH F. DAMON, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Speech JEKUTHIEL GINSBURG, M.A. Professor of Mathematics ISAAC GOLDBERG, B.L.S. Assistant Librarian MASMID IRVING LINN, M.A. Instructor in English LOUIS MINTZ, M.A. Fellow in Latin 19 4 SIDNEY B. HOENIG, Ph.D. Instructor in Jewish History PHILIP E. KRAUS, M.A. Instructor in Education SAMUEL MIRSKY, M.A. Assistant Professor of Bible ISRAEL RENOV, B.S. Assistant in Art MASMID RALPH R. ROSENBERG, Ph.D. Instructor in German NATHAN KLOTZ, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bible ELI M. LEVINE, M.A. Instructor in Chemistry ALEXANDER LITMAN, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Philosophy ARNOLD D. LOWAN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Physics AARON MARGALITH, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science 19 4 SHELLEY R. SAFIR, Ph.D. Professor of Biology BRUNO KISCH, M.D. Professor of Chemlsfry ROBERT CALVIN WHITFORD, Ph.D. Professor of English MASMID MORDECAI GABRIEL, M.A. Laboratory Assistant in Biology Itrlinc in;- lislr,! II,, SELIGMAN BAMBERGER, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Chemistry BERNARD FLOCH, Ph.D. Instructor in Latin JACQUES GOLDBERGER, M.D. Instructor in Biology ABRAHAM B. HURWITZ, M.A. Instructor in Physical Education NATHAN SAVITSKY, M.D. Instructor in Psychology DAVID KLEIN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of English , „ i,ii,l„Ts icliiiii, ' jiiilurfH III,- i.ir.rdniil juli rs. ABRAHAM LUCHINS. Ph.D. Instructor in Psychology MICHAEL RUBENSTEIN, M.D. Lecturer in Biology SAMUEL L SAR Instructor in Bible SOLOMON ZEITLIN, Ph.D. Professor of Jewish History WILLIAM MARGOLIS, M.A. Laboratory Assistant in Chemistry JOSHUA MATZ, M.A. Assistant in Mathematics Tlic I ' lilloiciiiif arc iiiiii ii;i llic nii-niln iiiviiliiiihli- xrr DR. ROBERT ROTHSCHILD DR. ARNOLD CASSELL DR.ISADORE FISCHER DR. JACOB LEVINE DR. HAROLD MARGULIES DR. BENJAMIN ABERMAN DR. HARRY KANE DR. HERBERT KATZEV DR. SOLOMON SCHIFRIN ) ■ llir Midical Slalf Ihnt Iiax rendered I,) the sludrnU. DR. PHILIP PRINTZ DR. BYRON GARSON DR. JACOB GOLDBERG DR. JACOB APPLEBAUM DR. SAMUEL BOORSTEIN DR. JOSEPH CROCE DR. JEROME PELTZ DR. DAVID PELTZ DR. FELIX LEFRAK DR. PHILIP GREENFIELD 19 4 MASMID Eighteen CLASSE 19 4 o CO MASMID Twenty o CO 19 4 T centy-one CO o I u MASMID Twenty-two ENIOR 19 4 CO on o Z LU LO MASMID Twenty-four ' ' ...The Days That Are No More September 1936, .in,! .-.(i l„u ild.iv,! ri-,,sii ,vlru ,ir il ;;:,is ..f lii r|, s.-luml (■oTniiuiicniirnls ;ui(l siiniiiur . ' UmI ions Id llic ri-.-ilin nl ' |j|rasaiil incmcirics . Ii)tO? Jiisl an awrsDMif innnln r riprcscnlinn- a yrar nl ' unknown |iirfi ' cti( ii which we doiiht we ' ll n, rr iva.li. June 1940 I ' ' iH-|y ])laiiil s(ni(n- Imwcd Kiu willi llic ' wciuhl of years march in solemn pvoi ' ession oul of llie Laniporl .•nidiloriurn willi a eollcfriati ' career behind llieni and a hard world ahead. . . . tears from the dejilhs of some di ine des|iair rise ami lo.ik upon the days that ari ' no more? - no miire ? . . . f(n-i;-otteii , ' . . . Impossilile- On! of the treasure d ' fond nuinories that erowd our tlioiii; ' hts ina?i - ol these monKiits will iM-r live on. I low can we forncl . ' 1936 — . . eosniopolitaii bunch of rowcly hut scholarly freshmen fjcl their first look at Ycshiva . . . Ycshiva, a place where students Ic.irn lotimatiks throiij li the parabolic dips of the profcs.sor . . . That ' s the course where our class first begins to function . . . ' hcrc Robins migrate North instead of South — Jerry and Leo from Cleveland and Pittsburgh respectively . . . ' here young men go I ' .ast to seek I)an ' on fortune leaving the Hollywood atmosjihcrc behind — that ' s Maimon and Newman from (he West coast . . . Where Hinchin beats the Theatre CJiiild to it ,is he brings the first act of A Philadelphia Story (o N.Y. for a Y.C. opening . . . Hartford contributes Meyer Shapiro lo this eon-glamour-ation. He is a fairv nice fellow . . . Where Sid Merrin mak( s Mihatma (ihandis loincloth look like a full dress suit as he unveils his gym unifm-m in Doe Hurwitz ' s class . . . he almost un- eils himself, to(i . . . This is Yeshixa . . . ' liere the Class of 10 becomes a euphemism w h;U with the administratiim ' s ideas of making college a life career . . . An extra year of schooling, they claim, will give us more time for study, so we end lip pl.iying ball Tuesday afternoons . . . At least two of us, Dlugaez and Povzca. leel at home with this five year plan . . . Somewhere and someplace there was an election ami we find Krutman our president and Blachowitz the vice . . . Yeshira. where a Rhodes scholar teaches French, a French scholar teaches German and a man of the world (handsome hobo R ' laaz ) teaches Knglish . . . February, and twenty more conscripts choose the paths of glory that Icadetli but to Yiras Sho- maim . . . (u ' llcr gives us all a thrill one fine dawn ' s early light when lie invites Us .all to witness his first snowfall. Sho ' niitl ' you all don ' t see seeh things do vn ' I ' exas way where ah comes from . . . Freshmen come Trupin onto the varsitv as Koslowe tops the scorers, Avrech stars, and ]5ob Schwartz coaches the class team Ttcenty-five 19 4 MASMID Iroiii liis |)l;u ' i- on tin- ;irsity luiuli . . . ' i ' woiulrr wliy w r ilun t h;i f two iiuire men on Ilk- xarsity. as Kri sky ;uul Mli ' I ' Iii almost l)rin ; ' us an int i-arnural cliam- l)ionslii|) . . . 15uililin!;s lo tlir rij lit of ns. buildings to the k-ft of us. anil now huild- inii ' s iio u]) in front of us as the rivets volley aiul thunder . . . Satir earries on for tile dormant Dramatic Society with his vivid Hio lectures . . . Mr. Sar (he teaches ]?iMe. you knowe) uses totalitarian methods liy liquidating- (51.1 111 ' J of the class as he mis-lays his liijih marks . . . Koslnwe is still Koslovsky . . . I5ut don ' t get us wrong, we love Yeshiva. 1937— I5aek from our first vacation as full-Hedged collegians to that same Ycsliiva with tlie Harlem view blocked out by Venetian I)linds . . . Jilachow it , has by now talked himself into the class presidency while Goldman starts u]) the poli- tical ladder as V.P. . . . K idently !iot acquainted with Yeshiva bottlonim, Shipley endeavors to teacii us the art and science of wasting time. ' hat a course! A diarrhea of words and a constipation of thought, to quote the ])rof . . . YESHIVA, where Biblical confusion reigns: Chem prof gives way to atom and .Jacob gives way to Isaac(s) as the clamoring for a dean produces results — ; but he prefers to be called Assistant to the President . . . Goldman becomes Business Manager of Com- mie and a fortunate Burro Park lassie sees all the leading Broadway shows . . . Hinehin is startled by Doc Frecd ' s revelations on sex . . . Our stage debut at the first Class Xite is a success but our screen test in Damon ' s roof garden class remains in the negative . . . like ' Abromowitz shows us that a sneeze is not always a sym]3tom of a cold . . . He redeems himself by flashing light on the sub.ject in Dr. ISrody ' s class . . . an iineiita, no less . . . Written reviews are what they now call term exams . . . A rech joins the Levin bandwagon and gets himself elected Athletic Manager in the landslide . . . Oh yes, Kos is still known as Kosloxsky. . . . But don ' t get us wrong, we love Yeshiva. 1938— YESHIVA, a place where Alexaiuler the Great teaches Philosophy and history is made by another Alexander . . . where kings will be ijhilosophers and philosophers would be on the Semicha committee . . . Where the Sar and a Ger- man caterer beat the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact by a year . . . where soup pots become rat traps . . . !Merrin and Klaperman, at a loss for amusement in the evenings, sit in on Levin ' s Council . . . where the Psych class storms the Bastille .-.nd bombards the Sells with chalk ... A psychological experiment in self-analysis reveals the startling fact that Schechter ' s emotions are more easily stimulateil by a pencil than by a KISS . . . Sclmall covers his head with a Yarmulke antl himself with glory as he keeps the class team in the intra-mural running . . . We lose our dignity and Bronstein his pants in the Junior-Freshman blitzkrieg . . . America votes a dummy its top entertainer and Yeshiva follows suit with top class nite honors going to Sliikey Bard ileCarthy . . . Organic Chemistry is one small night- mare. Wait till next year for the big one . . . The fellows begin to meet major catastrophes . . .Three of us get a preview of things to come as they aisle it at the 1939 commencement . . . Povzea cops the Junior medal, Bronstein gets the Matli award, and Goldman receives the Fishel Essay prize . . . The latter becomes a fifth columnist by writing On the Sidelines while breaking onto the faculty via the Physics laboratory . . . Bobby Schwartz spends quiet evenings at home picking out splinters from his basketball uniform . . . Irv (yes, sir, still Koslovsky)- captains and irtually coaches the basketball team . . . The 1939 class leaves us a Shaer and the bad debts of Sol Aber . . . That ' s Yeshiva, but don ' t get us wrong. We love it! Twenty-six . 1939 W, rchiiii Inr ciiir l;,sl dos.- nf ' i ' l where rresliiiuri yd llieir ye;u- supply iiT iiispi ply .r ciKarcltes at Hie I ' we inejiii siiiiK ' re il enll K iseli. leiii .-inil h rails (a Ijcjilllediis i;irl speaLer lieiiii; ' p female voiilli oi America Inr inilil ir r s siipi ll Senior s ker . leaeliers in lli p Due jjlinan drau eap; ilal, life Ih ll III sell,. , In I (I nl ' lae, il . . . selinnl I. a, le also la Aii.l nil lersliip. kl, V.s, llie same Ycxliivn . . . ml V( mnneli niir yedr ' s sup e I lie K KK is lielielicini . . . I Messiiiirs iiiul I ' rofessors Iv ernuils III prace, iisscirilily I ' efiistrnr trains the. illi sis liniir I liariffes of seerrlaries . . . rsiil.iil ,.l III. selinol . . . His V.I ' . i.S M III. iiaiiii siMinils vn){iicly fainiliar . es, . ' -iliiki r.;ir(l is niir Secretary . . . Krev.sky serves nii I lie I ' .ieiilty-stlKlent 11- (lillieiilt . f. sMii edihirship. and. In- nlniiraplier ulin lakes pi ' liires willinid Iriends uhn i .-in wrile I ' .nfilisli In wrile — and — i)elieve it or not. he ffcts ' i ' ok (ioldnian is .snni: ' neweonier I hut we jiisl e.an ' l ' J o eoniplele I he reliltions ennmull ijellier with A Mans. ■•(•Is lis ;! iniraeli- pli iilni . . . Mike Abraniowilz m.arslialls .-ill liis Ids name in on the l.allnl Inr Allil.lie Mai ill . . . l5ob Schwartz eniisnUs himsell ' with Ihe .•idvcntures of on : llichard Tracy in the dormitory corridors at 1:00 A.M. . . . We niv.- sniiK (,lher .lass a hance at the lirst class nitc by not Jiarticipatinij; . . . Gil Klaperm.iii. Seliii.ill and linhhy Schwartz iio through the loups as they gain official reeoiinilioii .is wnhcs . . . Henry Zeisel takes the good Doc seriously and joins the raidis of the jiroletariat. leaving lis sans proxy . . . Sid JSferrin takes over and Hiiiehiii aehi( v.s his life ambition by getting into council so that be may second all th. ' m.ilinns . . . Jilai li.iwitz modestly dis- claims all honors concommittant with being . 1. il. .1 pnsid. nl nl llii d.liatiiig society . . . But don ' t get him wr.mg . . . Hlaeki. lines llkuki. . . . I ' liysies knowledge goes TAUv ' an lower as Solly Maininii intimi.l.di s tin Iriple int. gr.-il . . . ' i ' iie C ' lieni boys begin to size up Eli as tliey .sla . ' .iw.iy ,il ( n.ili and Quanti . . . We lose our inferiority complex when we visit King ' s Cninly uiuler Doe Sa itsky ' s guidance . . . they let us out . . . Our presentation at the second class nitc comes dangerously close to winning but we can hardly blame them . . . they just couldn ' t see us . . . Ulackie and j Iike Michaly travel around the country on S.C. dougli but show that they ' re Yeshiva bread by out-talking opposition . . . Dlugacz and (iorodetzer go deeper into red, the latter as Business Manager of Commie . . . Caj) and gowns flutter in the Spring breeze as we prepare for graduation . . . and then eimimeneemcnt brings it all to an end . . . Yes, this is the Yes hiva that we stand ready to leave; but don ' t get it wrong, the Y ' eshiva undoubtedly loves us. 19 4 Ticcnty-seveii MAYER ABRAMOWITZ Tel Aviv, Palesfine MASMID ABRAHAM AVRECH Brooklvn, N. Y. ISAIAH BARD Dorchester, Mass. M. ELIAS BLACHOWITZ New York, N. Y. Twenty-eight JACOB BRONSTEIN Baltimore, Md. GERALD ENGEL Brooklyn, N. Y. SIDNEY FEIGENBAUM Brooklyn, N. Y. SAMUEL J. FOX Rochester, N. Y. 19 4 Ttcenty-nine YONAH GELLER Houston, Texas JACOB GOLDMAN Brooklyn, N. Y. PHILIP GORODETZER Dorchester, Mass. THEODORE GROSS Brooklyn, N. Y. MASMID Thirty ALBERT HANS New York, N. Y. MARTIN I. HINCHIN Philadelphia, Penna. GILBERT KLAPERMAN Brooklyn, N. Y. CHAIM KOENIGSBERG New York, N. Y. 19 4 Thirty-one IRVING KOSLOWE New York, N. Y. MEYER KRAMER Centerville, Iowa SEYMOUR KREVSKY Allentown, Penna. MASMID SOLOMON MAIMON Seattle, Wash. Thirty-two SIDNEY MERRIN Allentown, Penna. EUGENE MICHALY Baltimore, Md. ALEX NEWMAN Portland, Oregon SHOI.OM NOVOSELLER Philadelphia, Penna. 19 4 Thirty-three MURRAY POVZEA Brooklyn, N. Y. MILTON RICHMAN Bronx, N. Y. MASMID LEO ROBINS Pittsburgh, Penna. SAMUEL ROSENBAUM New York, N. Y. Thirty-four J f SAM RUBENSTEIN Brooklyn, N. Y. NORMAN SAMSON Baltimore, Md. MORRIS SCHNALL Philadelphia, Penna. SELIS SCHECHTER New York, N. Y. 19 4 Thirty-five ROBERT SCHWARTZ Brooklyn, N. Y. MEYER SHAPIRO Hartford, Conn. MYER A. SIEGEL Lancaster, Penna. MASMID Thirty-six BERNARD SUSSMAN New York, N. Y. ABRAHAM WALKER Bronx, N. Y. HERBERT WILLIG Brooklyn, N. Y. 19 4 Thirty-seven MASMID Yeshiva Senior — 1940 Model .4 gc 20 years, S months Height 5 feet, 7 inches Weight 152 pounds Most respected Max Elias Rlachowitz (Udss getttlcniiiii Myer Siegel Most popular Sidney Merrin Most likely to succeed Max E. Blachowitz Done most jar Yeshiz ' ti Sholom Novoseller Handsomest Max E. Blachowitz Class comedian Isaiah Bard Most industrious Meyer Kramer Class athlete Abraham Avrech Most literary Meyer Kramer Best dressed Eugene Michaly Most naive Martin Hinchin Most popular of the faculty Dr. Litman Best lecturer of the faculty Dr. Savitsky Most respected of the faculty Dr. Belkin Hardest course Physics Most enjoyable course Abnormal Psychology, Philosophy Hardest year Sopiiomore Most pleasant year Senior Favorite morning paper The New York Times Favorite evening paper New York Post Favorite magazine Life Income expected five years after graduation $2,500-$3,000 Send son to Yeshiva College Yes Thirty-eight ACTIVITIE; 19 4 MASMID SEYMOUR KREVSKY Editor-in-Chief MASMID The theme of this, the twelfth annual Masmid, has been the representation of an expanding Yeshiva College. In de- veloping this theme we have attempted to present to you both in word and picture life within the towers of Yeshiva as we aim toward its perfection. To produce a representative year book we felt that it was necessary to feature in such a book numerous and charac- teristic snapshots. The Masmid of 1940 contains the largest number of pictures of any book in the history of the annual. The photographs are intended to show the channels of interest and endeavor which we students make use of in order to inspirit the expanding Yeshiva College. We also represented pictorially the individual members of the faculty as we see them every day. Together with the descriptions and picturizations of our extra-curricular activities, we have included in this Masmid a select gathering of literary material which represents the more sublime expressions of thought and cultural achievements of the students. To those who have aided in the production of the 1940 Masmid we wish to express our sincere thanks. SEYMOUR KREVSKY and ALBERT HANS Forty ALBERT HANS Business Manager MASMID STAFF Associates JACOB GOLDMAN M. ELIAS BLACHOWITZ Advertising Associate ABRAHAM WALKER Staff Assistants MEYER HELLER SEYMOUR KRUTMAN MARTIN HINCHIN SOLOMON MAIMON JULIUS ROSENTHAL SIDNEY REISS JEROME ROSENBLUM e Art and Photography DAVID MILLER ALFRED WIESEL Forty-one 19 4 YESHIVA COLLEGE STUDENT COUNCIL 1939-1940 President JACOB GOLDMAN Vice-President IRVING KOSLOWE Editor (Masmid) SEYMOUR KREVSKY Secretary ISAIAH BARD Athletic Manager MAYER ABRAMOWITZ Editor (Commentator) HYMAN C. CHANOVER Senior Class Junior Class Pres.— SIDNEY MERRIN Pres.— SAUL GOPIN Vice-Pres.— MARTIN HINCHIN Vice-Pres.— PINCUS DACHOWITZ IVL SMID Sophomore Class Pres.— MORRIS EPSTEIN Vice-Pres. JOSEPH SOKOLOW Forty-tivo Freshman Class Pres.— JACOB WALKER VicePres.— JOSEPH KARASICK idL -J -Cf i Message from the President By JACOB GOLDMAN MASMID ' ith tliL- conclusion of the current academic year, Ycsliiva College brings to ;i close the days of its childhood. When the Bar ] Iitzvah of Yeshiva is celebrated next year, in a manner of speaking, our majority vill have been attained and Yeshiva will have stepped into its ajopointcd place in the Jewish as well as the secular world of scliolarship. This, of course, is an extreme theorization but pos- sessing a moral indeed. The childhood of an institution — much like that of a human being — is a period of unsteadiness, of physical unstability, of emotional fluctuation. The pulse of the institution, as measured by the a :tivity within it, reels and vacillates with a gradually decreasing rapidity and finally steadies itself by assuming a standard means which it is later expected to maintain with unqualified regularity. As we graduate from our tender-age, our pace must necessarily become more defined and it will remain for future classes and generations to cling steadfastly to this sup- IDosedly ideal rate of activity. Thus, in evaluating the activities and accomplish- ments of Student Council in the past year, we must do so with an eye towards the future and a fond hojse that we who go on have provided an ample foundation for the classes of the future to build ni on. First and foremost to be considered among this year ' s accom23lishments of the student body and its administration comes the treatment of vital student problems and faculty-student relations. We can very well point with pride to the extremely cordial relations between the student body and the faculty. At last, that state of mutual trust and confidence between the students and administration for which we so long have striven, has been realized. The Faculty-Executive Committee has suc- ceeded in gaining the respect, admiration, and trust of the entire student fold. It is this spirit of active cooperation between faculty and students, between adminis- tration and administration, that makes for unretarded improvement of conditions within our institution and the plight of its constituents. This equilibrium we eye with sophisticated pride and a sincere hope that this consummation is devoutly to be wished and maintained. In the realm of the student self-government structure, and second only to the aforementioned vital student relationshii s, are included the wide range of extra- curricular activities flourishing within the walls of Yeshiva. The foregoing pages will tell the tale: a tale of an active student body laden with a dual academic burden with manifold personal complications and yet finding ample time for so many varied activities of so high a caliber. The Commentator is, indeed a chapter in itself; the Athletics; the Dramatic Society; the Debating Society are all testi- monials to the favorable expansion of our extra-curricular activities. And what of the various cultural groups that were formed in the course of the current year: — • the Music club and the Maimoni ' des Health club, which this year saw a belated liiil li ' , ' irl ' iiiiij; ' ri jii cii. ' il i(iri. Ami in lliis c.mIi ;;iiiy il win- will In iiinition ( lir hIii- (Iciil Jisscnililiis uliicli ill llir lall sciinslrr it.-h In d m iiirasMrc of HiiccrSH ncvor hcf.in ' .■illMiiicd al ' I ' csliha an. I « lii.li srI a inaik lor liiliirc vrars. Tile IliinI I ' l ' iHil on uliiili uc lia i ' IniiMliI niir hall I. anil uliirli liiils fair for COnsidcnilioil as I ' ai- as llir I ' liliin- is riiiici ini il II i;li iiil linsiral I iinl (is iliipnr Idilt as llic ollltr aiti iliis is oiii- sliunii,lr Inr nrKf niliori in lln rnllifjinti- unrld not as mere |)ai-(ici|))iiits, hiil as liadii-s. r liavii Irird to tin- l)cst of our nliilily Id cnipliasizi ' llir niril I ' m- smial am! iiri;anizal iniial rniilarls I ' m- Vi-slilvn as a wliiilr anil I ' oi- ils sludnils. In llir iirulv Iiu-iik il M. I n,|Milil an ( nlliu,- (■oiin -il- a reprc- .sciitalivc l)0(ly in «liiili all llir Imal cdlliiiis ami iini i isil iis iiarlicipnlcd. ' ' rsln ' vn took an active ))art. W ' c also conlinmil niir allilial inn uilli lln- I- ' rdcration of .Icwisli SLiidenl ()r ain ' zalions wliicli our nun Kaili rs lirl| ril mnaiiizi- o ir a yrar a;;o. On llic wliolc, we did sincccd in sprcadinf;- tlir iiainr nl ' ' i lii a if mil hmt tin- cnun- Ivy — at least to every nook and eovner of tlie loeal eanipiises anil Hie Mitropolilan area. It would lie iinpossilile lo eoneluile this slinri rel riis|)i el ivi- iew without a word or two ahoul llle I ' lilure. ' who are leaving ' ' rsliiui are nol leavlnjj; lu ' llind US just the four walls ol an iinpressi c ediliee; we are nol lea inii merely a treasure of fond memories; nor is il an educational factory to which wc arc sayinji Good-hyc. ' i ' hosc of us who have s|)enl nights, months, .-iiul even terms and years workintr to- ficther toward one end feel .as llinimli wr ,iri leaving behind us an ideal. It is an ideal at which our |)reileeessors .■liuied .al .and whose fruition wc ho])e to see in our liavs. Those of us who li;i c been prnl ' nunilly interested in the aH ' airs of the student body ha e continually striven Inw.avd the extension of that idealogicnl synthesis so as to include a third and equally important component. To cx])rcss this end, this ideal, in words would be futile. Suffice it to say that in addition to classrooms work, we have been .able to educate ourselves for future social a?id reliijions utility by means of the lies .and bonds which we h.a e foruied and .are as inestimable in tliciv value as they .are siiiiiifie.aiil in their pntriuy. Ti);;rlhir li.ave we built a foun- dation and together we .all ho))e to return to .a conipleled structure. It is not merely an admiration or respect that we Lake with us Inil .a geuiiine Iom- I ' nr Yesliiva and the principles for which it sliinds. 19 4 Forty -five ®hr (Emumnitator HYMAN CHANOVER, Editor-In-Chlef • JULIUS ROSENTHAL, News Editor EPHRAIM MANDELCORN, Managing Editor ABRAHAM KARP, Sports Editor PHILIP GORODETZER, Business Manager COMMENTATOR ( ' (■Icl.rnliriiA- ils (lllli in- ;is llic .idici.il niL;;ui nf lln V,slii ;i Cilirp- sIikI.-mI boily, ' ' III- Ciiiiiiiiciiliiliir this M.-ir scl I ' lpilli lli;il pclicv il i ' i)tisl;iril iiid iirirrinitlin cITort lor Jiislicc Milliiii llic scl I lli-sl .■III i(iil;ili il liy llic- piil)lica( ion ' s pioniTrs .•111(1 roiiiiclci ' s. ' I ' llc ;iMiii ii- ' i.irv ;is iii;iikril liy •! s|nri,il rniiiiin morji I i v c issue vliii-|i fc. ' il iircd ,-i I ' acsiinilc iTiiroiluc-liiiii oC llic lirsl Coin nirnldlnr mimI m I rciirliMiil n i.u of tin- paper ' s liislory as well as eoii-ral ulal.,r iiiessayes (i loriiic r eilil..is. Ill addilioii 111 lliis special eililioii, l«ii si pa;;c issi.es weri ' piihlislird iliirin;; llic (irsi lenii, an iiiiprccedciilc d dceii i riiice in Vesliiva ioiirnalisin filiiinls.. ' I ' lic in- ercMScd use nl ' pliol onrapli-, l i a i;rialir esleiil lliaii al any previous time also inil)r()V ' d iiiilalily llie pliysieal appearance id ' llie iiinrnal. Ctniniicii liilar was iii.ade i-onsideralily more iiil eresi iiij; and allraclive hy tlir regular eoluiiiiis uliiili appeared during llie vear. Iliinior l ' ' ,.sq. liy David Mirsky and Alie Karp provided llie li liler loiieli, uliile Morris l ' ' ,|)stfin ' s Drama Ticks ])rosi ' nlcd news and reviews of ISroadway lliealres. MicL tile I ' acnily was a )io))illar iiiiiov al ion wliieli met willi ureal eiil Inisiasin, lou:ellier willi llii- annual ■Meel Hie Seniors. In lcee[)ini; ' willi iK idial of service, (lie piildic.il ion |iiirsiied a policy of pnli- lieily and stnnii; ' talilori.il snpporl lor new i l r.aciirricnl.ir ;roiips willijn the insH- liition. Siieli .aclivilics .as llic Dr.am.alic Soeielv :i i 111.- Music Cliil) were incalcil- l.alily .aided liy Com iinii hiloi eo er.a-c. Older mov eiienl s. mon- specifically the Dcli.atinn ' Soeicly .and ' arsily Show. cx|)rcsscd ;ip|)rcei:ilioii for the prominent posl- lions aiaordcd lliein on llii ' front p.ane. That the joiuiialislic standard reinaineil at a lliaii level was .altcsteil by the fiv.st clas.s honor ratin; ' awarded the paper hy the annual associati ' d C ' ollejiiatc Press Critical Survey. The editorials and news writinar were singled out for s|ieeial praise for their m.alurilv and lilcrary qii.alily. 19 4 Fortu-seven MASMID Tin- school year ]!);!!)- 10 will go down in the ainials of Y(slii a as one of the most active years in the history of the Debating Society. Jk-sides I he Iradilional foes of Yesliiva in the arena of debate, a host of new opponents wen a lili il lo the scliedule, more than doubling the number of contests of any )5r( ions year. The Society was headed by Doctor Kenneth 1 . Damon, who aeled as coach and advisor; M. ] .lias IJlachowitz ' 10, president: Oscar I ' rrliiiiil hr iL ' , ice-presi- dent ; and Martin I. Hineliin ' 40, manage i-. Tliree subjects were cliosen for discussion: the Pi Kapjia Delta topic Resolved: That the United States sliould follow a poliey of strict isolation towards all nations outside the Western Hemisphere engaged in armed civil or international conflict ; a topic of current national interest Resolved: That President Roosevelt sliould be elected for a third term ; and a to))ie of Jewish interest Resolved: That Forty-eight the Unilcil Sdilrs slioiilil Imkimi.- IIm (Nlliir.il c.iil.r nf w.irM Jewry. Vcsliivn uplicld bolli llic iflirinaliM- and iicf aliM (if lln (irsi Iwd topics and ordy lli : ni-j nlivc of tli(! lasl lo|)i ' . Tin- season was opened willi Urooklyn Cnllef c on llie I ' . K.I), ((iieslion. A return delialc held nl llie Yoinifj; Israil of Williainshiirj was oti the Ji-wisli lopie. Debates with I ordhaiii l ' tn (rsity. the I ' mMrsity of CoiitH ' el icul and St. .Fnhn ' s University were held in r.ipid Mie issimi. Tlie climax of Ihe se.-isnn w;is re;u-lied when f(.in- ninnlM rs ,,f llic Soei.ty. .Nf. Klia.s Hlaehowit - ' K), Martin I. liiMchin ' lO. i:iin ri, .Mich.ily 10 .iiid O.sear Perl mutter ' 12, embarked on Ji lour of Ihi I ' lislrrn .Sl;il(s. .Vnion;; lli ddlejjes and uni versifies met were ' I ' em|)le l ' ni (rsity. the I in crsily of Delaware, I ' rsinus ( ' olIcKe. St. .Joseph ' s C ' ollef e, Swarthtnore ( ' ollej;( . ao l Ihe American University of Washin; (on, D. C. Subsequent debates were held with Drew University. Newark University, the City Collcfi ' c of New York and Queens Collc c. Two decision ilebates wen: held with Rutfi ' crs, tlu ' first of which resulted in a victory fiu- Yesliiva, and the seeoiul was a draw. IJolh debates were away frcun home. Hesides the aforeiiicutioned dcb. ' ilcrs. those who h.nc p.nl iii|i.ilr(l in debnlrs Iurinj«- the past year are: .1. Uronst. in ' tO. Y. (lelhr ' K), .M . I ' ov .ia fO. .M. Rieli- man ' tO, M. SicRcl ' tO, .M. Heller ' tl. D. Mirsky IL ' . .M. liossman ' 12. It. Sicfrel ■■12, .-md S. Teplitz ' 12. The Freshmen, as usual, orfianized their own dclinlini; sfpi.-id In mrcl fresliuiati teams of other colleges and local arsity hi h school teams. Debates were held with Newark University, and the Talmudieal Academy on the topic Resolved: That the United States Government slioidd restrain all Fascist and Communist activities in the United States. Yeshiva upheld both sides of the resolution. The French Club The Cercle Franeais this year has continued in the conductance of its usual activities, e.g., conversational groups and eoa ' hing groups, while inviting more lec- turers this year than in previous years. Under the auspices of the grou]). Professor Harry Kurz of Queens Collesje delivered an informal talk on liis experience in France. Professor Frederic Ernst of N.Y.U. Graduate School addressed the group on the technical evolution of twentieth century drama in France. Professor Henri C. Olinger spoke on the influence of Frciicb thought and cul- ture on American civilization. This lecture was delivered at a joint meeting of the Cercle and the International Relations Club. All meetings were well attended by interested audiences. The clubs publication, I ' lambcan. was ])ublished at tlic end of the term. Its purpose was to encourage the use of French as a means of literary expression. Forty-nhw 19 4 YESHIVA COLLEGE PLAYERS MAsraD Tlie revival of the Dramatie Soeiety was one of tlie main liinhlinhts of tlie 1939-iyiO collegiate year at Yesliiva. Organized with the intention of stimulating among Ihe stmlcnl liody a finer and more sineere appreeiation of the dramatic art, the grou]) of tluspians quickly took its place among the leading college activities. Under the leadership of Philip Horowitz ' 1 ' 2 and Dave Mirsky ' 12, |)rcsident and viec-i)re.sident respectively, the players met once every week throughout the fall term to receive instruction in dramatie technique from Harojd Polikolf, a for- mer student of Yesliiva College. Ir. Linn served faithfully as faculty advisor. On . Saturday and Sunday nights, tlie l. ' Uh and Mth of April, 1910, the Yesliiva College Players presented The Wolves, by Romain Holland, directed hy Ir. Polikoff. The play was a remarkable success which won instant acclaim from the large audiences which witnessed it on both nights. The continued endeavor and untiring efforts on the part of the players, coupled with the inspiring direction and devotion of IMr. Polikof?, made this psychological drama of the French Revolution an artistic presentation. The more important parts of the play were filled by Gilbert Klaperman ' 10. Morris Epstein ' 42, Leonard Devine ' JI, and Seymour Krutnian ' IL The remainder of the cast consisted of Fifty I ' liilip IIoi-Dwilz ' |-_ ' , Willinin ( ' (ilim 11, I,,]iis Sr|iM;ill ' 10. Morris Siikiiiik ' 12, (111(1 Ilcni ' v Miu-fidlis IL ' . .I ' A ' ci ' v pliJisc of I lie prcMliicI ion u.is li;iii(ll il uilli |irof(ssion(il coiiiimIimcc l y moitihi ' r.s of llic socicly. I ruler llir sii|ii r isioii of S. Niiliiiiiii (ind A. W ' irsrI ' I ' J, Miul  l)ly . ' issislcd liy II. S.niison ' I ' _ ' .iinl .1. Sokolou I ' J. llic clnlxiralc tcl was fikil- Clllly (k ' sin ' iicd ;in l loiisl nirlcil, wliili liri. ' iiiciMl risporisiliilil ii-s wiTc .sIloilldiTrd by Milton Kramer ' I ' J. International Relations Society Att ' jlirs (d ' slair o( a wcndd w idc si-,.|ir oner ai;ain w . re I lie si)un ' - ol int(dlcclual discussion al Ycslu ;v Collciii ' ■ ' i ' ' In I nlernal lonal l!(lalions Society coni ' hidcd another suocesslid year as an important cxlra-iurricnlar aetivily of llic students of Yesluva. A ' itli the aid of Dr. Aaron [argalilh. assislani profi ssor of Political Science, faculty advisor of the eluli since its inrcplion. a series of s|)eakers. men of outstanding authority in their fields, were .litain inviled lo .addn ss (lie students of Yeshiva. Tiic incetinns were fi.alured liy .in intense inleresi on lulialf of the audiences, which ni.anifcstcd itself in ;ieli c p.arl iei[).il ion in (he discussion followlnt; each lecture. In early Xovcmher Ir. Moses I ' inkleslcin. popular Instructor of History at City College, addressed a large assemhiage on . .n American I ' eacc Plan. He outlined the position of the United States in tlu- present war and proposed steps to be taken to keep out of the conflict. For the first forum on a Jewish topic Mr. A. Propcs. head of IJetar Revisionist Youth Organization, delivered a forceful lecture on the Zionist movement. The address had an electrifying eil ' ect on the Latent Zionist interest in the Yeshiva. Professor Theodore .Vlicl. Professor of Sociology at Yeshiva. opened tile Spring semester with a coniprehcnsi c analysis of the I ' .uropcan situation, wliieh he had observed wiiilc on ,a trip lo the v.arious countries of the war-torn continent. Yeshiva was veprcsented for the first time at the Intercollegiate Conference of International Relations Clubs, helil at State Teachers College for Women in New Brunswick. New .Tcrsey. Yeshiva ' s representatives were: P. Daehowitz 41. vice-president, and A. Kra ' ll, secretary of the local club. lyer Siegel ' tO is the retiring president of the society. 19 4 Fifty-one CO-OP STORE Tlie atadeniic year li)3f)-l-0 saw llic Ytshiva College Cooperative Store, under the efficient management of Myron B. !Mov.sky ' 11, take notable strides in tlie direc- tion of increased service for members of tlie entire student body and faculty. Out- standing in this respect was the assimilation of the YesJiiva ]5ook Exchange by the enterjirise. In addition to this undertaking, the Co-op made great progress in regard to tlie number of articles oflered for student consumjjtion on a non-profit basis ; an advance reflected by the $1600 sum total of business handled during the current year. The varied stock included new school stationery; Schick and Remington Dry Shavers; novelty pins, pads and pencils; and most important of all, the procuring of text books at substantial savings. Not to be forgotten in this connection are, of course, the ever-popular candies, cigarettes, stickers, banners and other accessories. The store ' s motto, Ich dicn, was further set forth by the introduction of a lost and found department which found great popularity in its utilization. Selling used books for the Library and contact with wholesale distributors for many prod- ucts, especially radios, also contributed greatlj- toward the fulfillment of this ideal. No description of the Co-op would be complete, however, without mention of its function as the focal point for school activity wherein We, the Students, the powerful force of public opinion passed its omniscient judgment on all matters Yeshiva — from the latest Philoso))hy lecture to the !MacIiiaveIlian machinations of local personalities. Movsky was ably assisted by Sidney Feigenbaum ' 10, and the following staff: Philip Gorodetzer ' iO Albert Hans ' 40 i ' oiiah Geller ' tO . braham Listoken ' 41 Reuben .Sicgel ' 42 MASMID Fifty-two CHESS TEAM The clicss team dlirini!; llic jimsI yi;ir li.is sliouri diciilcd iTii|)r(i emc-iit over |ir( ' ions seasons, and along- willi mII nlhcr cxlrn ciirriculMv .mcI i il iis al Vcsliiva was able to boast of a greatly expanded seliechile. lieginniiig witii tlie Intereollcgiatc Chess League toiivnament, the team was gTadiially wliipped inlo sliajie by its expc- rieneed eaptain. JJernard Sussman, 10. Following this, the Chess Club ]iartieipatcd in a mateh with Coo])er Union, on eight boards, whieh was lost, (i-2. However, the team soon vindieated their first real defeat by troimeing Fordliam University, . ' {-1. During the season ' play it was evident to every interested observer that, while Yeshiva had aequired some ])romising new material, most of the men were liand- ea|)])ed quite badly by laek of tournament experience. In partieidar. Is;idore Seliei- ner ' 12 and Samuel Zaitehik ' t. ' t jiroved to be real finds and served as tlie backbone of the team throughout the ye.ir. It is to their credit that they stood up under the initial strain as well as they did. The team showed decided ini] rovcnient after its first tournament, when it had mastered tiie teehnique of playing against time, with Scheiner playing first board. Zaitehik second. Sussman third, Alex Ka- tiovsky ' 4 ' 2 playing fourth, and Daniel (rutin.ui ' fJ .it fifth board, . ' idnry ,F. Tinkc l- stein ' 12 acted as manager for the tc;ini. At the time of writing matches are being arranged, one with Long Island University and closing set with the .Jewish Tiieologieal Seminary. With the experience and tr;dning thus gained during the jiast season, there is veal hope that next year will sec a victorious chess team which will be able to meet the best that any other college has to oti ' er. In addition the Chess Club expects many important additions to its staft of veterans from among the freshmen entering Yeshiva. The retiring captain, I?ernard Sussman. announced that Isadore Selieiner lias been chosen as eaptain, while Sidney .1. Finkelstein will contiinic in his capacity as manager for the 1910-1911 season. 19 4 Fifty-three Yeshiva College Library: 1939-1940 In Retrospect MASMID With till ' installation last spring- of two ranges of steel bookstaeks, the Library was able to ex])an(l its eolleetions and ease the eramnied shelves. The death of Dr. Jolni H. Finley. editor emeritus of the New York Times, de- prived the Friends of Yeshiva College Library, of whieh he was an honorary cliair- man, of a forceful isersonality. Headed by Professor Albert Einstein, Governor Herbert H. Lehman, and Dr. Bernard Revel, this group has for its purpose the expansion of the l)ook-eolleetions and facilities of the Library, so that the latter can be of still greater service. There arc several membership classifications; annual memberships are obtainable at $5.00 to $100.00. The efforts of last j ' ear ' s Librarj ' Committee on behalf of the Library were continued this year, with a varied degree of success; this year ' s committee consisting of Dr. David Klein, chairman; Mr. Lsaae Goldberg, ex-officio; Mr. Jacob I. Hart- stein, and Dr. Aaron M. Margalith. lore than fi e hundred books were ••trldcd (luring the current academic year to our shchcs; pamphlets continued flowing in. Among the new periodicals now being regularly received are Journal of Social Philosophy, through the efforts of Dr. Alexander Litman; .Imerican Journal of Matliematics, through the courtesy of Professor Jekuthiel P. Ginsburjf, editor of Scripta Mathcmatica; Contemporary Jeicish Record; and Psycholofjical Abstracts. Dr. Kenneth F. Damon sujaplies our Fifty-four readers uilli Hi. ' linlilcr side ni |i( riiKiir.il iv .-iilini; liy Iiis rrgiil ir eoiilrilmlion of Life Jiiid llic Ar.c ) ' iiii,cr. .ImihIi 1,. ( icjldiiiMii Ml cciiil i-il)iilc(l iiiiiiiv isHiic ' . of Srirncr Altslrarls ; l.cshr llcii- vil . ' 1 . ' l iiiiimIk is nl Iliijirin and Ui;i l,r ' s J)itir. l, iitiil hev- ci ' mI ()Ii|IIHS (iT ,SC ((- f(.v C UrIT |insinlr,l l,v M.pscs MjiliiKiwilz ' I-.-). ' I ' lir ciilsl. ' indiriji- i;i I ' l of h.nks id ' llic v. ar was prcscpilid l.y Dr. I.e.. .(lilijr, wild iiiwr a line collirl inn cd ' (dnin( s in llic lirlds uT |isyclml(ifry. cdiicalidii and |iliil- ii.sopliy. Ollicv ddiiiirs iiuludid llii Aim I ' iran I ' lii Idsopliical Associfitiiin, llli- .lollll Hay l.ilii-ai-y d! Ilnnvii I iinci-sily. Ilir l.ihrary dl ' llic Collrjrc of Ihr City ,.f Ni-w ' ork, llic Inlcnialidiial l(. I.i I i.iiis Clidi, Mr, l.diiis Kirselu nliainn. Dr. David Klein, .Mad. ' inic Sd|ilii, ' i Kdiiii-dn. Ilh 1 ,il.i ' . ' ii-y dl ' i v ' I ' lirk Universily. i ' ratt Inslilnle I- ' rec Library, i.cdii iiiilnnslciii, ■r.-iliiuidic. ' d .Vc;id.niy i .ilu-.-irv. Vale Cnivcrsjly I.ilirary, Miss I.ca .iiiinicnn.aii. Mr. i ' liili|i I ' ,. Kr.aiis. :iiid lici-l.cil Willia ' lO. . ll• . Dora I ' alil . pi-cscnlcd sc (i ' , ' il liiiiHlrcd dliiiii, s df llic liln-. ' iry .if licr linsl.aii.l. llic late- Dr. I.cdii.ard .M . I ' alil ,. ' I ' lic lisl dl ' aliiiiini cdiilriliiildrs is sin.all, .as ycl. I.ul llicir idiil riliiitions arc quite sii nKieanl ; diiiidrs included li.iMii Cli.arlcs I ' vic.lm.-ni ' ;i.- . . . l.co I.iviii ' ;{!), and Louis Henkin ' .■(7. Led .1. Lsd.m ' . ' ili .and his l.illii r. .Mr. .Mnrris L ' sdaii. prc- ■sented tin- Library willi the nucleus ol ' a rare book and in.annseript eolieetion; a rare eo|i ' o( the lirsl cilitidii o( l.drd Hyrou ' s ])()ems. I ' arisiiia and The Siege of Corinth, and a inanuseript dl ' Theodore Herzl, father of politieal Zionism. In tlii.s eoniieetioii, it is of interest to note the aequisition df .i cupy of the first edition of Washinnton Ir ing ' s liiiigraphi and Poetical Remains of the Laic Mart aret Miller Diiviilsim. Valuable indexes, sueh as Education Index and Public Affairs Information Ser- vice, were received from Pratt Institute Free Library. TIic Library of St. JoJni ' s College in 15rooklyn donated invaluable issues of the Cumulative Hook Indej, Edu- cation Inde.r. and Book Revietc Di(jexl. We are able to continue niakins;- available to students, facilities of other libraries thrdiiuli inter-library loan: libraries cooperating were those of lanhattan College and the United States Oflicc of Kdiieatidii. The work of the Library eould not Iia e been carried on without the generous and enthusiastic support of the student Library Staff, consisting of Albert Hans tO, Morris H. Chernofsky l , Leonard Devine ' H, Heinz Gundelfingcr ' l-L Meyer Heller 11, Irving Koslowe 10, Elvin I. Kosofsky -il, Harold Lebowitz l. ' i. Harry Pcrlmutter 11, .leronie H, Roscnblum H, Leon Rubinstein II, Gabriel I?. Selion- feld ' tl, Meyer Shapiro 10. Morris Sukenik ' I ' i, Bernard Sussnian fO. .Vbraham Walker ' lO, Arthur L. Weiss ' 11. and Alfred Wicsel ' 12. Harrv Pcrlmutter 11 was the winner of .an exam in libraray methods and tech- niques given to determine who wdiild succeed .Vlbert Hans ' 10 as Chief Assistant Librarian. 19 4 Fifty-five I ' lic Iinp ii liu liicaiix rcJicre I went And I cinuKil came (it iiin. ' The emptiness of ages in his eyes And on his back the burden of the zcorld. MASMID A group of conceited hashes Confuse their brains and college classes. Fifty-six ■null hlliiiird ciirs ' iijlil poKilii, iivcr nil.srrnhlr l,i,i,l. ' Krcri inotticiit nni ilsrif in iioldcn s I ra ii d x . ' This is ilic land of lost coittciit I see it shining plain. 19 4 Fifty-seven SERVICE CROUPS Faculty-Student Relations Committee JACOB GOLDMAN SEYMOUR KREVSKY HYMAN CHANOVER Student Employment Bureau IRVING KOSLOWE and SAM SOBEL, Co-Chalrmen JOSEPH SOKOLOW SIDNEY MERRIN SAUL GOPIN Concert Bureau CHAIM KOENIGSBURG, Chairman Student Library Committee SEYMOUR KREVSKY GILBERT KLAPERMAN SAUL GOPIN MASMID Recreation Room HENRY MARGOLIS. Chairman Fifty-eiijht CLASS NITES and VARSITY SHOW ' I ' ll inlrodiici ' llic lIK ' til lO soci.-il yr;n-. llic sliidcnl lnuiy |)rcsciilr(l ils first class nilf on N() iiilHr ' _ ' ( he Inrr Mil (i ci-dowiiij; crdwd in IIk I )iii-tiiil()ry Social Hall. which lorcc.l I ' hil ( iDnxK l ,ir ' lO. Socijil C ' dinmitlcc Cliairnian, lo put the SRO signs U)). The ' niiilli inaiirs of hiuu,lili r wiiicli greeted every class ' presenta- tions were proof cnougli ol ' llic success ol ' Uic inilial cnliii-c of llic ( ar. For Ihc first tinn ' in llic hislory of Vcshi a Class Nids. tin I ' rcshinaii Class copped first ))Iacc wiUi Ihcir presentation ol ' M iilh rnici ' s Xiglil Dream. a satire on Ycsliiva life willi all dialogues in rhyme. I nic rspcrsed willi llic class struggle Harry Lawrence gave liis inimitalilc iinitaliiuis of j ' .dgar l!i rgf n and Paul Muni. The introduction of Varsity Show as a new form of the Class Nite attracted a capacity crowd to the Lanijjort Auditorium on March ;j, lOlO. The colorful luimor- oiis and serious antics of Yeshiva thcsjiians left the audiences with crises in tlieir vocabularies in trying to descrilie their impressions of a grand show . The Varsilv Show-Class Xite. which for a while scinied to lack finisiiatix e not iniative. proved a success after arduous rehearsals hy tin r.ist. The play Spy- loons, written by four members of the ilass of ' fJ. betiniie the theme of the big niglit and served as a titling iulrodiuiion to the four class ])reseiit;itions which followed. The freshmen wroti ' and jiroduccd an entertaining musical comedy called The Plot That Failed, and once again the judges chose the class of ' V. as cliam))ions in entertainment for the year of liHO. The senior presentation, very intercstiun ' in its solemnity and uniqueness, at- tempted for the first time in the history of Class Xite to dcjiict the serious side of Yeshiva life. Its success was manifested in the decision of the judges to award the graduating class runner-u]) honors. The drab junior presentation of the March of Time and the unsuccessful farce presented by the sophomores were best de- scribed as et ceteras, as they lacked the iniity and coherence needed for a good show. .Vt the conclusion of the ati ' air. the blue class nite banner was presented to the preseident of the class of 1-3. The Social Committee for the year l!i:i!i-1910 included: Philip CJorodetzer ' iO. chairman, Robert Schwartz tO. Yonali Geller 10, Fdvin Kosofsky H. Milton Kramer ' 1 ' 2. Jacob Walker ' t. ' i. 19 4 FiftsfrHine HEALTH SERVICE MASMID Under tlu- nuidanee of Dr. Da ' .itl A. Swick. i.Kili. ' .-il (lircctor, llie Ilcaltli Service made .siiiiiifieHiit ])rogress towanls Hie atlainineiit ol ' an ideal ei)llei;e luaith service. The past year saw tlic institution of a greater coordination betwicn the Healtll Service ofKce and tlic teaching of Physical Training. Xunierons features of importance were added which enabled the Ht;dth Serv iei ' st. ' iH ' to servi ' the stu- dent body more efficiently than ever before. The most outst. ' inding innov . ' ition was tin- ae juisJtioii of : nurse who de dti-d a few hours tlaily tending to the needs of the ill stiulent.s. t)f special signirteance is tlie fact that the nurse is the wife of Professor Jekuthiel Ginsburg. One cannot overestimate the value of the nurse ' s service. Under the supervision of Irs. Gins- burg. the Medical Office assumed the ajij carancc of a beautiful and well-equip])ed office. Because of the fact that a nurse was in attendance a good deal of new ap])a- ratus was added to the equipment. The most notable addition being a large physical therapy lamp which was given to the office by Dr. Arnold Cassell, one of the most consistent attending ])hysicians on the staff of doctors in the ser ief. and which was put to most profitable use throughout the year. Dr. Swick also acquired two able assistants to aid him in his work. The Elefant brothers, Milton and Benjamin, who have acquired practical knowledge in the service as undergraduates, were prepared and capable to aid in the Health Serv- ice examinations as well as care for the needs of the ill students in emergencies. As in previous years, upon entrance in college, every student was thorouglily xaniined by the doctors of the Medical Office. The residts of the examinations were transmitted to each student with ad ice regarding his physical condition. The Health Service then called each Fresliman for private consultation with one of the staff doctors. The Seniors were also given advantage of private consul- tation with the doctors. All students whose examination showed defects were referred 10 specialists for reexamination. Beside the general examination, Wasserman and Tuberculin tests, special dental check-ups were given the Seniors and the Fresh- men. It is interesting to note that again the Wasserman results were 100 f negative. Through the efforts of the Student Hospital Aid, a group of devoted women who contribute to hospitals that serve tlie Yeshiva stiuknts, the Ycsliivaites were again permitted the use of facilities of the Jewish Memorial Hospital. The hospital served the students more this year than ever before. Many X-rays were taken and a great number of chronic clinical cases were taken care of. The student body is indeed grateful in rendering its appreciation to Dr. D. A. Swick, founder of the Student Aid, as well as its officers: Mrs. B. Garson, president; Mrs. I. Nachet, first vice-president; !Mrs. A. Steel, second vice-president; Mrs. C. Corn, third vice-presi- dent; Mrs. S. Zalkind, recording and corresponding secretary; Mrs. I. Kaufman, treasurer; and Irs. M. Kremsdorff, financial secretary. Of interest is the testimonial dinner given in honor of Dr. Swick by the Stu- dent Hospital Aid on his birthday. At that time Dr. Swick was given $100 which lie immediately transmitted to the Medical Office fund. The student Jicalth corps, led by Abraliam Avrech, played a Herculean part in the administration of the first aid tasks. Other members of the liealth corps included: Mayer Abramowitz, Morris Schnall, Sholom Novoseller, Samuel Fox, Meyer Shapiro and Abraham Walker. Sixty ATHLETIC 19 4 Sixty-one MASMID Review of the Varsity Basketball Season Tlie 1939-10 varsity basketball squad, under the guidance of Coaeii Hy Wett- stein, completed a highly successful season which was marked by games with Long Island University, Brooklyn F.vening College, John Marshall, Hudson, and Jersey State Teachers. M. Abramowitz iO, student athletic manager, standing up to a wealth of finan- cial and schedule difficulties, proved himself more than a match for his handicaps. His era saw the materialization of a cheering squad and banner crowds in attend- ance at all home games. From the season ' s earliest games on, our team was hampered by injuries, which eliminated Brandwein and Esterson before the season was over, and frequently forced Captain Koslowe to the sidelines. With Hy Wettstein ' s skillful shaping of Yeshiva ' s latent basketball talent, the Aarsitj ' opened the season away with a victorj ' over Brooklyn College of Pharmacy. This game proved to be one of the most exciting contests of the year as the Yesliiva cagemen pulled the game out of the fire in the last thirty seconds of the game, mak- ing the score H-10. Brandwein, who scored three points in the last minute, and Esterson, witli a total of fifteen points, were the stars if the game. Before a large crowd on the home court, Yeshi a conquered a traditional foe by troimcing Brooklyn evening in the second gam.e of the season, 29-11. Jaret out- did himself with a six point spurt in the fourth quarter to take high scoring honors for the night. After bowing to a tall, smooth-working quintet from N.Y.U. Commerce, 29-17, Yeshiva eked out a victory over Bergen, 22-21, in a nip and tuck battle. Meyer, newly-elected captain for the coming j ' ear, sank a foul in the final moments of the game to provide the margin of victprv ' . Both games were played at home. St. John ' s College of Pharmacy was beaten away from home, 33-30. Over- Sixty-tico (■(imjilff llic .Irwisli ' rii((il(i;.i( il Sciiiiiwii ' v Iciiiii, , ' f_ ' •_ ' !!. I In- Vr-sliivn five kept it i record of ' .iiiiis uilli llir ( Hiisi rv .ilivc ' riicfilii({iiiiis ili.ir nf drfi-iilH. J ' l;iyinf( nwnv, llir Irimi (IdValcd (ilv (dlli; ! ' I ' , ciiiiin M ' plnuri). I():, ' . i, ri-|)i-jil in;i ;i |iri ' viiiiis ir ' liiry n lioiiw. On ,l;iri. (I, l!)l() Csliiv i pl.ivid l.nji- Isl.uid I iiivi ' rsitv. ntic of the Ix-st t -;irns in llic (■(luiilry. : i. llic •. ■yintmsiiHii nf ISimhUvu Ciillcirc of I ' liiirinncy. ' I ' llc lnr;frsl crowd ever Id sic ;i ' csliiv;! |i;nii |d.iy u.ili lied lln liliii- jiiul while score first witi ' ri Uraiidwriii sank a i nnl li lidrniii-l. All.i- llin, poiiils were scori-d Ity I. .1.1 ' .. .larcL |)ul ' eslnva ;ili(ail will; .1 l.i ii{i slinl. ' lln 11 I lie I ' l.-u ' khirds weiil iiii n seor- ilia; I ' jmipiiii ' c llial lirminlil llnin .-iii m, ru In lining; viilmv. ' I ' lie liiiill score wns 7!l-l. ' j, ' csliivM iK ' iiiii ' iniahli ' In sciut in l v m (iinil ii.all. i ' lisnililimi |il(iyed a jrejil ffjirne lor Ycsliiv i. ' I ' lic s(|ii.ad Ir.aMird lo .l.rscy City .and Iium d In .li.lin M.arsliall l.y llic score (d ' IS ' 27. ' I ' hr ! aiiir willi (ily Cnllrnr l ' ' , rnin I I )iiu nlnu n ) was a vii-lory for llir (luiTdcl. willi A rirli displ.ay iiii; niar rlims nlliTisi r , ' ,iii| di Irnsive liasketlmll. A rrliii-n in.alcli uilli I ' .n-urn liad In a irlnry lor lln- lioys rrnrii Ilackensack. .TI . ' !(). On tiir ■ hi ;l rnurl llir lr:mi lir.al i ' alrrsnn, ;; 1 I ' l;. . ricli altained sixt -etl ])oilits in (he n.aiiir. I ' layinn ' lliidson .al .Iri-sry (ily niiv luiys Irll xirlims to a superior team In llie lime of (I h . ' Ki. li.aek liniiie Inr llir liii.il u.ainr id ' llir se.asnii. ' esliixa lost to l- ' .ssix ,lr. Coijeuv .50 H., .allrr leadiii ' ;- al liaH ' line- -JS-l!!. Tile l ' ' ,ssex n ' aiiie lii.arked I lie I ' .areuell ,appi .ar.anee id ' I line seiiinrs. Avrccll, KoS- ln«c. .and .Seliw.arl ., whose pkayin sp.arkhd the eshi .a x.arsilv Ihronjjhoiit tllcir a.lle,-e careers. Siirprisiiij; ' e eryoiie willi his spirit ,anil sl.aniiii.a. Ah,- Ax n rli was .a literal whirl- wind on till ' llonr, 1 )urin ' the past season he ran up a ] crson;d score of over 1.50 ]ioints in .uldilion to making himself the most formidable dcfensixe ))laycr to face the Ycshivn oiijionents. Irv Koslowe. captain of the arsity for the last two years, was responsible for holding together and eo.aching the team before C ' o.aeh Hy ' ettstein ' s appear- ance. His four x ' c.ars on the avsity were marked hy hi h-scoring hnnnrs consist- .ntlv attained. ADE AURKCH IRV KOSLOWE 19 4 Sixty-three TENNIS TEAM MASMID Tennis cntluisiasni ran liigli in the college tin ' s rear, witli twenty candidates coining out for the team ' s first jDraetice. Systematic improvement in the caliber of the squad was anticipated with the addition of a coach, Mr. l mery Grossman, whose services were secured through the efl ' orts of Dr. Shellc) ' Safir. Manager Saul Teplitz arranged a schedule which included Bergen College, N. J. State Teachers, Drew University, Webb Institute, and Essex Junior College. The first match of the season pitted Yeshiva against a strong Bergen College team. Yesliiva lost, 5-0, her game playing not being enough to compensate for her lack of experience. The next game with Jersey State Teachers saw an improvement in the Yeshiva jjlay, but the young team could not cope with the well coached netmen of Jersey City, losing 6-1. Martin Hineliin ' 40 saved tlic team from a whitewash. Against Drew we were able to capture only one doubles match from a highly superior team. The final score was 8-1. As the Masmid goes to press Yeshiva has two more games to play. With the team practicing diligently, the blue and white may emerge victorious in the final contests. Members of the squad who will receive letters this year are J. Bard ' iO, J. Goldman ' iO, M. Hinchin, ' 10, J. Peyser ' 43, A. Salkowitz ' 43, and M. Leitner ' 43. Sixty-four INTRAMURAL BASKETBALL L ' liilcr llic iiiMM.-iiicnirnl oi M. Ki ' Mincr l ' _ ' niul . 1. Aliramnwil lO rxcry tranic oil tlic Inti ' . ' iiniirnI l.iMgucs silicilulc was krmly iiinlclrd. I ' vcrv class caircrlv .sli ' oxc U (lillironc llic )in ' iiius clianipidii. class of 11. Tlic addition of cx- arsily man. Harcdd Ilcsh I ' stcrson to llic . ' opliomore baskctliall team |)r() cd to l)c the dccisixc factor in the Iriuniiili of tlic class of ' 12 e ' er the .luniovs. I ' roni the cry heirinniii;; of Jilay. it was c idcnt that the crown would vest either on the ' II or I ' J men. for they had hetter teams than the Fresh- men or Seniors could jilaec on the court. First li.ilf honors w re won h ' the cL-iss of f2. and in the ilccisive battle of tlic second half, the . so|ihoniores overcame the class of ' !■]. to win the basketball chami)ionshi)i of l! . ' {;t 10. W ilh I ' sierson scorinji ' S points, the final score was 21-20. 19 4 Sixty-five ' ' V MASMID CHEERING SQUAD Tlie Cheering Squad, newest organ of Ycsliiva ' s allilcties. saw its incrption this year for the first time in the history of the school. Organized by Sid Reiss ' 12 and liis two rissoeiatts, .NrcnailKin .M. I ' ischcr ' 12 and Harry Samson ' 42, tlie squad accompanied ihc Itaiii lo all its games, home and away, and cheered the team on with an extensive repertoire of comic cheers, acro- liaties and yells. The white and blue clad cliicrUaders ollVrrd a most unusual |)icturc for .n Yeshiva gymnasium when they I (1 li (ly elicers as llie hasketeers dro])pcd tlu ' , sphere tlirough the iioop. The highlight of the Squad ' s endeavor during tlie past year came in the L.I.U. game when the rooting section tumbled, jinnjied and hollered as they presented a ))op-eyed view of Yeshiva ' s spirit in sports. The show was enjoyed by all present, as was evidenced by the smiles of radiant delight on the faces of those present. The encouragement which the Cheering Squad offered to Hy VVettstein ' s Quin- tet was invaluable to the players, who for the first lime saw an organized student body interested in their welfare and willing to organize a cheering squad because of its anxiety for victory. Sixty-six LITERARY 19 4 Household Antiques By HYMAN CHANOVER EiJiToii ' s Xotk: TJiis essiii , written for ihc course in si iitii.r iind style, xi ' as judged the best paper u-ritten in tlie style of Joseplt Addison. The characters re- ferred to are members of {lie Hebre w department of Yesliiva Colleije. -Judicis officiiim est, itt res, I fa teinpora re rum . . . -Ovid MASMID I liavc at this Seat of Learning in tlie space of the few years liad occasion to observe and study the Humours of several of my species. The weal of my staid countrymen compels me to design tiiis paper: that tliey may steal a hasty sight of the Round of old Schoolmasters in that celebrated ]5ody. There scarce runs a narra- tive, penned by the great masters, as doth not begin with prefatory discourses which conduce to the disposition of the expectant reader. However, it is not the Aspect of this Speculation to venture upon vain, irrelevant Disquisitions; for the argument is humoursome; endeavoring at tlie portraiture of those as are engaged in the ven- erable Profession of teacliing. The Gentleman highest in Regard and Authority is one Dr. Karpaseoteh of Collegshire, wliich Shire lies two and one-lialf miles distant from Yeldorado. Being descended from noble Parentage and well-bred Stock, he hatli made quite a Figure for him self in tlie Splierc of Letters as an Historian and Pedagogue of great Emin- ence. He is at this Instant filling a chair of much value at Yeldorado. Those who are well acquainted with his parts will no doubt extol the cheerful and mirthful Cast in his Behaviour, and will take him for a splendid I over of young people. He is fully possessed of these cardinal Virtues, as some few Engagements and En- counters with his true Air have shown. In matters of grave Import, when his No- tions are but slightly contested, he fancies him self being besieged by Knaves, drops Jiis jovial Temper and all his Civilities, and lashes his young Adversary with caustic Argument. He will never acquiesce in his Judgment, though it be counter the Dic- tates of Reason. His Dress and Equipage are sometimes Subjects for Raillery, as lie is not one as doth take Notice of the Tides of Fashion. Dr. Karjjascotch ' s Scliol- ars pay Deference to his great Wit and Generosity and profess deep love and Ad- miration for his Person. The Gentleman of next Consideration is the most re ercd of our Household. He hath gained universal Applause for espousing the Cause of Youth Zionist Clubs, and hath delivered most masterful and handsome Elocutions in their behalf. His Affection for them is of such magnitude that he doth not remonstrate even when summoned from his Lodgings in the Dead of Night to orate or to communicate a thought to the Public. His face and self are well known in higlier quarters and in important Stations of Jewish Life. Being him self insatiably thirsty after Knowl- Sixty-eij ht ril.!.v, il is Ills Wish I,, uofk. Jl. ' Iins (Ml- Ix.-i I ' . ' icc of uliliosl Dniifici NiNci ' llu ' lcss, Ills Vii ' liK is Scliiiliiis ' ipl ' lv llicmscUcs willi I)ilif{riii ' ( ' tii llu:ir ( Opiiiiiiii I lull S( liciliirs sfioiilil prrss forwnni in tin: riiiiiiiri Mil iiiiiiisl Arl riiiiiiiiillrcd hy their KUUth, .li lillv liii cil hy MM iiiiMliMliiif; l ' ' ,(i){(rn(ss Id diNpiay lii.s cviTy WMi-i ' , Mil iiimIIi ' i- uIimI ils crcnd Frii-iul; liis Sliois iumt urll tator ' s .] ' ' ,yf In lliiir S|ilrMil(Mir ami nnn ' s Hcml. X ' mIii.. Sliiirl .■mil iiMii uIimI |iIiiiii|i is mir U:V- rnliliril; Ihi! liis piMrli ' Cnlli lira wiii Mlic Spfc- ;nv;n Iniiii Hi. |), miIIi oI ll.iir .im Tliis fMiitl-- Nrxl ill Orilir of IMcrni ii.iiirs Dr. (iil, linns Tnl (IrrslMiuiiii -, inilil mmiI oil inii-lliliil I )is|iosil loii. Iml ol . inj; ' . in Ills tcMcliiilfi ' , lir ivshIms imi-v Siimslrr In mIImim : ill llic )Jook; but llu ' SiIioImi-s. .■iwmit oT Ins Disij ii. smr, r linn Id uniTlati ' d SplniTs. Will mimiI in IIh- Ai-t;iiiniiil ' rolriii is quill ' oajialilr nf tiMrliiiii; lliriii williniil llir aiil Wliriuvcr tiic ()p))ortiinity is oHVii il liini. In iIimIims lli ■ I ,1 ( 11 111 If IMMII (if lllld I II illiliil .iMil iinmiiliirr licar M ililinilc Laiidmnri well III in di rrtiii { liis Allcn- il ' I 111- Scripliirrs, Dr. I ' M ( iipy licforr liim. ■s III liis Sciioiars with (lourry FIoiu-isJK ' S of Ids own Inli riirilaliiins mmiI ( ' ninnuMls. His Hcadinf; liatli lain very murli anions- ' llic S))et ' ulatioiis of (lie fonniosl I ' iiilosopjicrs. In Ids merry liiimoiirs, our n ' ood Gentleman abounds in ludierous maxims and jjroverhs, wliic ' li deliu ' lit those in his Company. As a Measui-i ' nt ' fi-uiiality. Di-. Tnli in safe.i;iiards his chalk by kee|iinj ' it in liis Glass-Case. The |)irsi i i-Miift ' ed fourtii in AdiniralioM is .-i (l.-iillriiiMn nf (jcor cshirr. a iiiaslei- of J.eUers, his name Mv. MeNamer. ( ' ninprllnl In rnln- llie Profession be- cause of small Remuneration as a ' il l•. In IimIIi ihm it IhIiss found Satisfaction in Ids new Position. He admits of riy lilllr iMtirenuisi ' .imiI .Association with other Schoolmasters, in whose presence lie scarce utters the Quantity of fifty words; most ol ' his Time being occupied in preparing Comj ositions and Narratives for the local .fournals. His Scholars are beholden to him forever for his affording them an un- usual Opportunity to appreciate and to comprehend the ways of the great masters ol ' Literature. Dr. jNIcNamer is of a mild Nature, and even when lie shews a cliolcrie Humour, it is actually a manifestation of his undying Love for his Pupils. Carry- ing his Hat almost entirely on one side of his Head, he presents the . ppcarance of a sinister Character; though at Heart, lie is as gentle as a Lamb. There is not a paper writlen but undergoes personal Suggestions and Criticisms by him at the Request of the Scholar. 19 4 BALLADE By SEYMOUR KRUTMAN They see no purpose in siicli things: Sucli as youthful strong delight In prankish fun, tliat lightly flings Anil sends all vexing gloom to flight; Or using a elear and thoughtful night To raise some vain and noisy eheers — For all, in their tasteless appetite Is life without smiles, life without tears. The joy that hearty re el brings They gravely say is doomed to blight; And the busy throat that hoarsely sings, Is bound quite soon, to lose its might. The worth of all such things are slight When endless sleep, at last, appears — ■ For living is, in their sense so tight, Just life without smiles, life without tears. A sob that from deep emotion springs, Or a shiver from a sudden gripping fright. Or a g■rie ■ing sigh that no longer clings To the inner heart, but speaks outright — These, too, do not in them excite Feeling eyes or pathetic ears. For nothing should soothe, nothing should bite. In life without smiles, life without tears. — ENVOI O friend, heed not what such recite. And seek to combine both joys and fears; For nothing can be more tragic a sight Than life without smiles, life witliout tears. MASMID The Reality of the Modes And Their Relation to Substance By M. ELIAS BLACHOWITZ and EUGENE MICHALY Till ' s( ' ( ' iilri ' iilli (ciiliii ' V has Ih ii r.illdl llic Ci ' liliirv iif (mihiis. mikI justly sii. for no (illirr iinlury in liiiin.ni liislcirv ullm sscd siicli ;i aliixy of iiitcllcctiial giants l)ai ' a(lc lirl ' drc ils ryis. I ' .y llir cliisc oT llii ' ((nliirv. P ' raiicis IJacoii, Har cy. Kc-jijcr, (ialilco, Drscarlcs. I!(iylc, N( wliiii, l.oiU( , S|iiriiiz,i, anil l.cllniil ,, lo innitjon only a few. h. ' iil niailr llirir Inininrlal nuil I ' iluil inns. ' I ' liis a| |ii ' llMli( n. Iiowcvcr. iloi-s not mdicair Ihr il ' lrrl nl ' lliis nnliiry nn crnliirirs In cniiir, nor ils siu;ni(ic-ancc in lIlc. conlcxl 111 ' liislorx ' . A mnrr |irai;Mial ii- r alualinn nl ' I his era would clloost ' lo call il (lie Crnlury nl ' l!( nlul inn in Ideas. ' I ' lir iniraMlliiii; drama of Inimail liislory had narllcd ;i climax. 1 Iy|)olhrsi s. idi .is .and inn i(linns lli.al ni.n h.ad cilin;; (o for a llums.and cars ucit oMiihrm n. Thr .■uillim-il y nl ' .Vrislnllr u ;is (|iirslii n( ' (I, I ' loli ' iny h.ad In m drlhrnnrd. .and m.an w .as I ' nrcrd In i-.liiiqi;isli his posilioii as tin; Crillcr nl I hr I ni rrsr. .Uthnuiih Ihii-e u.as li.ai-dly .a ph.asr nl ' Innn.an , |).ri, n.c hum vv hicli Ihr r.-vo- lldiim did mil l.akr ils Inll. m.al hrm.alus v;is h I ' l inl.arl. Ill I ' .ail III.- sIlTss placed on m.allirin.alirs licr.amr sn la.al lli.al il sii|Hrsiihd Ih nlniiy .is lli, ■■(]iiccii of lllC sciriui ' s. .and ,lnhii l.nrkr in his iincr.asiiiii, (iius( I ' nr r.il.ainly Iniinil it at last in lli.al linii.alirs. In llir si riiliinl h (antiiry mathematics rccmci-cd Ihr imporlancc of ils earlier |icrind. .and the scope nf malhcmalics reached licyniid Ihi- .alleni|)l lo l)rr- I ' ecl leelmic.al cllicicncy in llic m.anipid.al inn ni ' iiinnli I ' s. Il liee.ame ;ni lni))ortant Inn! ill llie h.aiids of llie philnsnphci- as well as the seiiiitisl. and Ihc pciailiar mctliod which Spinoz.a elinse In wrilc his jnrcatcst work, The Ktiiics. lias been altril iited lo this iniiisiial jiia nceiipation with mathematics, .so prevalent in his day. This con- lenlion dcri cs eniisider.dilc sup|)ort when we n ' mcmlier Spinoza ' s own o|)iin ' on of malhi ' malics. In llie .V]ipendix lo Hook I nf the I ' .tliies he says. ' . . . and this opinion .alone Miiild h.a e lieeii siiffieient tn keep llie hiim.an race in darkness to .ill eternily. il ' m.alliem.il ics, which docs iiol deal willi ends, but with llic essences and ])ro|niiies of I ' nniis. li.ad not ))laecd before vis another rule of truth. An insiiihl inln .S|)inn .i ' s metaphysics reveals the geometrical niclhod to be the most suitable terminology in which he could express the logical strueliirc found in the ] thics. He chose this method because it approximates more than any other liis logic of procedure. Spino .a. just as Descartes, believed in starting with simple ideas and building up by carefully graduated steps the complex system which con- slitules the .strueliirc of his ]ihilosoi liy. The axioms and definitions form the ground- work on which the syslcm is based, while limiting, as well, the scope of the |iro]io- sitions. since all ]iropositions can ultimately be broken down into axioms and defini- tions. Sul)sc(iueiit critics have found great fault with Spinoza ' s unprecedented at- tempt to describe a metai)hysieal system in geometric terms, and have perhaps justly com)daincd that Spinoza ' s demonstrations, with rare exceptions, add very little to the elarifieation of the (iropositions. It must be remembered, however, that the dem- A11 refereiuas to Spinoza ' s Ethief, from V. H. White ' s tran.slation. 19 4 Scrcntii-one onstrations, f(ir Spiiio .-i, svi-m- diiIv tn proxc llir l(ij;iial cdiisisliiicy cil ' cacli indi- vidual ])l-()|)cisili()ii. ' I ' lic syslcm is still only ;it ' t(i- the sliuliiil li;is idiiipKUil liis fiitirc study. Aiioi-diin; In I ' rolcssor Woodliridgc. it is a |)allirii w liitli the eye docs not Sfi ' , but wliic-li llic niiiid t-nilirai ' fS and coiiipn linuls, I ' ul llu- iiallcni . . . once discovered, disi-loscs iiial no siiiitic |)ro])ositioii ran lu- I rue unless all the olliers are true, and tlicy cannot he true unUss il is liiu . As e rr - |)ro])osition is neces- sary for the proposition foUowinn- il. sd eaili Imok of llie I ' .lhics follows upon its ))redeccssor in a ioffieal sequciue. Of llusr. !unve cr, the firsl liook uliieli dials .specifieally with nieta|ihy.sies is iiniloulilrdly llu most iniportani. ' { ' he oilier liooks arc fitted iiilo il. All exislnur and all kuowledue must lie seen in llieir relaliou to Substance, to N.ilure. to Ciod. Before we approach the iii.iiu oliieet of our analysis, the problem of the reality of tlic moiles aiul their rel.itidii to Suhsl.iuee, let us briefly outline Sjiiuoza ' s nieta- ])hysieal doctrine, the nature of Siihstaiiee. attribute, and mode, and their relation lo one another, as stated in llu first book of the I-.thies. .Spinoza exhausts the universe between two basic metaphysical entities, between that wliicli is in itself, ) se, and that which is in another, ni cdio. This di ision is stated axiomatically, Evcrytliinn- which is is either in itself or in another. ' That which is in itself and is conceived through itself, in other words, that the eonee|)- lion of which does not need the conception of another thing from which it must be formed, or tiial whose essence invohes existence ' is classified as Substance. That category of cxistents, on the other hand, which is in another thing- through which also it is conceived or as Spinoza terms it. the affections of substance, is classi- fied as modes. Since everything that is must be cither in itself or in another, there is no room in the uni erse for any other existent beside Substance and mode. This division is further stated by Spinoza, througliout the Ktliies and especially where he asserts Outside the intellect there is nothing but Substance and their affec- tions. Yet. after .Spiiioz.a has so clearly dixidid tlic nniM-rsr willi the deiiiiilioiis of Substance and mode, once comes in contact with another entity, namely, attribute, which must somehow find its place in a cosmos already exhausted. Upon careful analysis of the definition of Attribute, however, this problem readily disappears. Attribute is defined as . . . that which the intellect perceives of Substance as if constituting its essence. This definition does not tell us, as is the case with Substance and mode, whether attribute is in se or in alio but in its stead we find the statement of another aspect of Substance. Spinoza only states that attribute is perceived as constituting the essence of Substance, that is, that Substance presents itself to the intellect under the form of attributes, and these attributes are what the intellect discovers in Substance. It is further stated in the Ethics . . . . that to the ' essence of anything jicrtains that which being given the thing itself is necessarily posited and being taken auay Ihc thing is necessarily taken away, or in other words that without which the thing can neither be nor be conceived and which in its turn cannot be nor be conceived without the thing. Substance can therefore neither be nor be conceived without attribute since attrib- ute constitutes its essence and, conversely, neither can attribute be or be conceived without Substance. The logical conclusion derived from the definition of attribute, if we are not lo iinohe oursel -es in a series of contradictions, must be that attribuli- MASMID I Book I, Axiom J. 2Book I, Det. 3, 1. . Book I, Prop. 4, 2S Seventy-two nwd Siilisl.iriii- jii-i- idcril iiiil. ' I ' liis iili iil iliiMl imi iif Siilislniirc is rli-nrly sliilrd liy S|)iii(i ii ill III! I ' Jiiics. ' ' I ' lii ri is iiiilliiii lliii ' iroi ' i iitilsiilr llir jiilrllcrt liy wliirli ;i iiiiiiilii T III ' lliiiiiis iMM 111- ilisi iiiLiiiislii (I fiiir rniMi llir III III r, liiil Siiltst iiic)- or which is the sdiiif lliiii;; llirir (illiilnihs ;iiiil IImii ' ji II i rl inns. ' ' ' rillls We Mv clcrirlv ll|iiin iiiwilysis III ' llir (lillMiliniis lli. ' il S|Hii i .. ' i ili. ' iK iiiilv Milli Iwii li. ' isii ' i-ntitirs. Siilistiini ' i ' . ' l?lll inixir. ilisl.iiHi ;iM(l !liis Siilistdini- is ilis(iliil) ' iy illi ' iliiilf s (ir . ' isixcls. l iil only two of llicsc ii. ' niiil . I ' . li Msinii mill ' riiou;;llt. ' ' I ' lii-Hr n (ir 1 sM nrr. (mkI is |iri- civr(l coinplrlcly all riliiiirs ihiriliii ' c arr iiol (wo vpiiriilr lliriT r isls on inliiiilr |iossrssiiin ' Mil iiiliiiilr in : -v ilisroM ' r. ' ililr hi llic liiiiii. ' in .-illriliulrs iTM ' . ' il llii ulidlr 111 ( as (Aliiisidii ,11- as lliiiiinlil. .am 111 iialiin llllrr 111 iiil. Ilrrl. Ill ilii 1 1 luo I ' l ir as|Mils 111 iiiii anil llir saiiir ri-aiity. ' I ' ilis is cxpliritly pniMal liy S|iiii(i ,a in llii sr.iiiul iinnk iiT llii l.lliirs: ' ■ I ' .vi-ry I liiiif; wliirli cdii In- |irrr( ' i lal liy llir inllnilr ililrllrri as ciinsl il nl iiitj llir rssnici ' of Siilislaiicr |irrlailis inlirrly In llir our sole Snlislamr niily .■mil riiiisi()iuiilly llial Siilislaiicr tliinkin;; .■md Siilislaiicr ixlniilril an- iiiu ' .iiiil I hi- s.iiiir Siilistaiicc wliicli is now roinprclii-ndiil iiiidci ' lliis ,il I riliiilr and now iiiiili r lli.il. ' i I ' .iii thus cliarlv sic why ' I ' lic order anil coniiccliiin of ideas is llic s;iiiic ;is llii nniri- . ' iiid cnnncclinii nf Ihiinjs. ' ' ' J ' licrc rxisls a one In one cori-cs|iiiii(lciicc Inluccn I ' .xli nsinii .and I ' Ikhi IiI since in liolli cases we see one .and llic s.aiiie Siilisl.ance. Sulisl.ance, or X;ilnrc wliosi ' essence iinohes iiiccssary exisleiice. ' is the iiiii- crse. mil as .■in .au,!iian;ile consislini; of p.arls. Iiiil .-is .a iinil.arv licin;; froiii which all its so-c.allid ■ ' p.arls di-.aw llieir n.alure .and in Hie .ml llieir exisleiiei-. ■Siilislania- .aliNolulcly iiiliiiile is iiidi isililc-. Ilciua ' il follows llial no Siilisl.ance .and consc iucntly no bodily Siilislaiua- insof.ar .as il is Snlisl.aiice is di isilil,-. ' In I lieiiisidMs lliesc p.arls or linilc modes li;n ' c no cxislcncc cMcpl in (iod, Whatever is. is ill (iod and willioiil (iod iiotliiiii; ' can cilher lie or lie I ' liiieeix ed. ' - ' Only oiir fancy or imagination as.signs tlu ' sc p.arls .a ficlilious iiidepeiidinee. In nature there -xists an infinite chain of finite modes, each mode luing dclennined to action and exis- tence by another mode ad injinitiim. All lliese modes .ar,- in God and depend upon Iiini for tlicir existence tiiat is. Substame may liiily be considered the cause of indi idual things. The |)rol)lcin that we face when we lonsider Substance indi isililc. one and immnt.abic is how lo establish .a logically ' alid relationship between the unity and indivisibility of eternal and infinite Substance, and the finite modes or affections. .Since, as we li.avc previously established, the modes or aHcctions arc dep endent on .Snlistancc for Ihcir existence and Crod may truly In considered the cause of individ- ual tilings, bow can an infinite and eternal Im iiig be the cause of finite particular cxistenfs. The historically famous problem of the One and the Many is once more lirouglit into ])rominence in the metaphysical doctrine of Spinoza but with increased logical dirticuUies. l- ' or, how can a Substance iiulivisiblc, one and immutable consist of an infinite luniilicr of finite parts? Spinoza emphasizes in the scholium to Propo- sition 15. . . . that infinite quantity is not measurable and cannot be composed of finite parts. ' In one of liis letters Spinoza further explains, ■■therefore those wlio think that extended Substance consists of parts or of bodies really distinct from one another are talking foolishly not to say madly. ' ' ' Substance is thus not a whole consisting of ,iii inlinilc number of finite ])ar|s but ;i L nity. one and indi isihie. lint. -iBook I. Det. 4 . JBoolv II. Det. 2. cBook I. Pioi . 4. ' Boole I. Prop. 11. 14. sBook II. Prop. 7. ' iBooU II. Prop. 7. ii ' Book I. Def. 1. Prop. 7. Book I. Prop. l:i and Corol i- ' Book 1. Prop. 1.1. Seventy-three 19 4 1VL4SMID if wc assuiiu that tlie alVr (iniis iir mcnlcs of llii- atlribiilcs arc |)Mrls of Substance extended and lliinkini; ' , as is ilrarly staled liy Siiinoza tliroui;luuil llu- lUliics, wc arc admittina; ))art.s to an indivisiblr I iiily wliicli i-aiscs all llu ' conlradiitions dis- cussed in the scholium to Proiiosiliou I. ) ami aclnally ilrslroys llic liasis of Spinoza ' s metaphysics. From a cursory reading of tlic I ' .lliics and cs|)ecially I ' roposilion 1. ) and LcUcr IL ' it v(ud(l seem as if Spinoza tries to clear up these contratlictions by denying the olijcetixc riality of the modes and attributing to them a subjective, imaginary exis- tence. This is aceoinplished by ditlercntiating between things as they exist in the imagination and as they exist in the intellect. In the sciiolium to I ' roiiositioii I . Spinoza explains, If anyone should now ask why there is a natural tendencv to consider quantity as capable of division, I reply that quantity is conceived by us in two ways, . . . tliat is to say as we imaf ine it. or as Substance in which way it is conceived by the intellect alone. If, therefore, we regard quantity as it exists in the imnyinatiuii, we find it to be divisible, finite and composed of parts, but if we regard it as it exists in the intellect and conceive it insofar as it is Substance, which is very difficult, then as we have already sufficiently demonstrated, we find it to be one, infinite and indivisible. Tluis it would seem that things reveal themselves in tlieir partiiess and jbiiteness only when we look at them through our imagination, but when we percei e things through the intellect, or in other w-ords as they really exist, we find that there are no separate finite existents but only states of Substance which flow from eternit ' . This differentiation between things as they are understood through the intellect and as they are seen through the imagination is even more clearlj ' stated in a letter to Ludovicus jNIeyer on the nature of the infinite where Spinoza writes, Therefore it is not to be wondered at all who have tried to understand the course of nature by such notions [Spinoza is referring to Time and Measure, which he calls aids to the imagination] and these moreover ill understood, should have so marvelously entangled themselves that at length could not extricate themselves except b} com- mitting the most absurd absurdities. For since there are many things which we cannot grasp with the imagination but only with the intellect such as Substance, eternity and others, if anyone tries to explain such things by notions of this kind which are merely aids to the imagination, he does nothing more than rave with his imagination. And even the modes of Substance themselves can never be rightly understood if they are confused with the aids of the imagination. For when we do this, we separate them from Substance and from the mode by which they flow fron eternity. ' In the order of objective existence there is no time or measure; they are only aids of the imagination. If we look at the order of Nature as it really exists we would find no finite )3arts but an infinite indivisible unity. Thus if we adopt this point of view, the problems we raised would automat- ically disappear. We no longer need to pass from infinity to finitude from an indi- visible unity to parts, for in reality there exists no finiteness, or individual parts, and it is only our imagination that attributes separateness and finite characteristics to things. An interpretation of this sort makes an outright idealist of Spinoza, leaving man as an unreal being amidst a world of unreal things. This is truly not Spinoza ' s i3Letter 12, Wolf translation. HLetter 1£-, Wolt translation. Seventy-four |i( siliiiii. SpiiiozM (Iocs iKil (Iciiy llii- iihIII) i ( IIk iiio(U:s (uh will Niiiiii lir cviclcnlj, lie iiii ' i ' civ iiiiilrilMiris lli. ' il lli y ;irr jiil i riornii i 1 1 1 1 jii siicli n inniincr (n priirtMut which Ik ' liiiMscir ildcs mil iiiiiIci-sImikI I ;is l.i iii. ' iki llii iii(l( ' |)i ' ii(li ' llt cxislclicr of nriV one; iiKiilc iii( ' (iii( ' i ' i ilili . I ' .M ' i ' y iiiimIi ' is di {ii ridrril nri ;ill the ollirrs ; it pcrtninx nrvcr- llicliss Id i ryy iricidi ' Id |idssiss . ' i ri;il. (illilc (cxcfpl for Ihr illMllilr inodi-N) fxis- Irricc. In ,l iilh i- Id llirny Olilciiliii i-f;, S|)iii() ,(i wrilcN, Willi rrgdrd to whole and ))Mrl,s I cdrisiilrr lliiims ;is |i;nis nl ' sdiiir ulidic insofar as llicir nnliircs lire inilliinlly (ulaplcd sd llinl llic) .iit in .i.r.d ' d .niidnu, I lirriisclvcs, as far as possiiilr ; liiit insofar I iiifidiiiM ' s Mil idi ' M in our mind wliirli is dis- i-diisidi 11(1 Id Ik m whole, not a part. ' ' ' I ' n .( n(( Inidi; id tin liloodslnani will imagine IIk (liyl( . lie. Id he a wliole and not a jiarl, (li id((l inld dislinet entities, each e.xisling dlJK I-. illid(il i-ee() ;iiizinf{ the wholeness and the oneness of the rlidii Id ll(( iimiiense uiii rrse we may he compared to tile worm ll( Ih as l.hiiifi ' s (liri ' i tiiiet from llic dlli( r. .. ' idd use Spiiio .Ms (■clcJii-.Mlcd ( .-idi|d( . :i each particle of I he l.h.dd. I he lyi(i|il We look upon every liiinn ' .-diddl (is iii(le))eiideMl ol iniverse. In p living- ill till ' hlodd sliv .1111. Hej-ardless of llic pervcrlcd vi( w that tht: worm has of the hlood. it is iiol Id lie denied, however. Ili.il the ediiipoiieiil s of the hlood have a real existcnee. In a like ni.imicr i-nrii iiioilc nj.v.vc.v.ves real tlflrrmhiatr exisirncc. In Proposition . ' iS (d ' l!ddk I lie sl.iles. . ii individual thing or a thing which is finite and wliieh has .1 dch iiniii.ilc e isl(iiee c.-iiiiidt exist nor lie determined to action unless it be dcterinincd lo ( xisU nee .did .lelidii liy .••.nollicr e.iusc which is also finite and has a determinate exisleiuc . . . .ind so dii ml iujiniliim. In the .Seholinm to Proposition 15 of the first book. Spindz.i (l.nidi s this )5osition and states nncqiiiv- (leally that modes or individual tliiui;s li;nc .-m cxistince ,illlidiii;li lliat existence is in God: . . . but I speak of tiie ii.-ilurc ilsi If dl ' llic exislincc wliicii is assigned to individual things, because from the eternal necessity ol ' tin ii.itiiri of Cuh infinite number of things follow in infinite ways. 1 rcjieat tliit . ju-nl.- of Ihr riislcncc itself of individital thiiu s insofar as they are in God. Since then the modes possess reality, what is it that .Spiiio .i ine.-nis when he says that quantity, finite and divisible, is but a product of the imagination, or when he states, from this it is evident that the human mind when it ])creeives things in the common order of nature has no adequate knowledge of itself, nor of its own body, nor of external bodies, but only a confused and mutilated knowledge ? What Spinoza means is that a knowledge of niii individual lliiiif abstracird from the infinite chain of causaliti in which it is a link is but a fictitious object. Unless a knowledge of things is determined internally, that is. unless the mind contemplates several things at once and is determined to understand in what they differ, agree or oppose one another, then tliat knowledge is confused. Nothing is nor can be conceived apart from the other modes to which it is related. It is only when the universe is considered in its totality and we seek the ultimate cause run- ning through the entire chain of physical events, that Substance assumes its potency both as the ontologieal, as well as the epistcmological, source of the modes. There can be no doubt, however, as it appears from Proposition 38, that even through the intellect modes have existence and determine other modes to existence. This does not imply that Substance is the remote cause of the modes, for by a remote cause Spinoza understands, that which is in no way joined to its effect. and to Spinoza all things which arc, arc in God and so depend upon Him, that without Him they can neither be nor be conceived. ' The eternal chain of modes is in Substance, while each individual mode is in (i.e. caused by ) another mode. iSLetter 32. 19 4 Sevcntii-firc MASMID Tliis disliiu ' tioii is rsstiili.il In .ui iiiuK i-sl.uuliii;; (if llir nlalioii bclwccu Sub- stance and niodr. I oi- liou is il llial llu iini (rsi- c li.iiiiics .iiid vet remains the same? Tlie paradox is easily solved win ri w r rcriuinlii r lli.il il is only with regard lo mode that change occurs, so thai wliik .ill lliiiij;s air ronliimously changing the face of the universe remains the same. In his short treatise on God, Man and liis Well Being Spinoza states, Further as regards the parts in nature we main- tain that division, as has also been said already before, never takes place in Sub- stance, but always and only in the mode of Substance. Thus if I want to divide water, I only divide the mode of Substance and not Substance itself . . . division then or passivity always takes place in the modes. And in the Scholium to Lemma 7, Proposition i;j of the second book, Spinoza demonstrates ]iow change occurs within a changeless whole. Up to this point we have conceived an individual to be composed merely of bodies which are distinguished from one another solely by motion and rest,, speed and slowness, that is to say, to be composed of tlic most simple bodies. If wc now consider an individual of another kind, composed of many individuals of diverse natures, we shall discoAcr that it may be affected in many ways, its nature nevertheless being preserved. ... If wc now imagine a tliird kind of individual composed of these of the second kind, we shall discover that it can be affected in many other ways without any change of form. Thus if we advance ad infinitum, wc may easily conceive the whole of nature to be one individual, whose ))arts, that is to say, all bodies, differ in infinite ways wilhout aiiy change of the whole individual. It now becomes somewhat clearer what place the infinite modes occupy in this Scheme. In Extension the modes arc linked in the infinite process through tlie infinite modes of motion and rest, and in Thought, the ideas are linked through the infinite mode of understanding. The chain of causality and the interconnections between the modes are effected through the infinite modes. Modes they must nec- essarily be, for they cannot be conceived through themselves, in se, but depend on some other being for their conception. As Professor Haldane so aptly put it, Look at your watches and you will see wh} ' . The flight of time and its measurements are measured and made sigiiificant only bj ' the spatial divisions through which the hands move, and which ascertain their progress. The infinite modes then are the tools used by substance to activate the modes, Spinoza consequently divided the universe between Xatnra Natnrans, a being that we conceive clear and distinctly through itself, and the Natiira Naturaia, which is further subdivided into the general, or all those modes which depend immediately on God (infinite modes), and the particular finite modes which are produced by the general modes. Per- manence in the universe is therefore maintained by the natura naturans, while the natura naturata account for the flux. This by no means establishes a dualism in Sjiinoza. Medieval thought until Descartes was characterized by this duality of approach in its iiitevi)retation of man and the universe. Spinoza ' s Ethics, on the contrary, is an attemjjt to formulate a systematically related scheme such that everj ' element of experience maj ' be inter- preted as a parlicidar instance of the scheme, without for one moment losing sight of the entire structure. The splendor of Spinoza ' s structure has blinded many stu- dents to the existence and rcalitj ' of modes, so that in their attempts to see the forest they have lost sight of the trees. In the final analysis we are left in Spinoza with a constant process whose structure is indivisible and immutable, the natura naturans, containing within itself the natura naturata or the finite modes, which change and yet retain their haiMiionv by means of the infinite modes. Seventy -six At the Close of the Day By SEYMOUR KRUTMAN Once iiion- lli - dark .■■|)|.r..M. Ii ..I llir n, .n-iim imliIiI. And lli( ' gciilli- wiiniiit; nl I In l;I.uioiis miti. Wliosc |)rcsciicc ! nins : iMidll w .il clu r ' s siL;lil. l.c.Hxc ImiI .1 nil iiKii-y of wli.il li;is I in ilmii Still HaslK ' .l ill iHii- n|• ,■|liIl . Insiii;. inirids. To kco]) V.I i.l.nil.il lliiiT Mini. -i-,-iIiI ' uIm.ss. One more .•in Mil li.-i-, rli.snl ; llir rlmL iinuinds The fl.rliii.U ' spuiis ol flouin- linn iIimI 1,1, ss Wli. ' n ,.ni- „l,srr rs 111, in will, il.i-nii nl.d .■i, i-; — Whose eonsi iiu ' nc,- JusI lariis il,l.i ,ii rifranl — And then I I ' oiully v,iii(l,|-, uli,i is III,- s; ' jrc Who would not his ntre.-itini; .l.ivs i-il.ini:- Sinee .-ill poui r is liilil in ilr.iwiii li;mi!s or eniel lini, ' . .■mil its sil,nlly slippiiii;- s. ' inils. A Log Lying on the Loam By AARON B. SEIDMAN Tliere you lie Tnineatcd from your souree Staunch dissevered tree. Onee proud and ijlitterin-r. Winter whitened, summer greened. Helpless now. I,o r Ivinir on the lo:im. Useless roots Forever from your eliarge divided Imbedded in the frozen soil Xerves of life — giving sustenance That whicJi you nourished and upheld So Helpless now. Log Iving on the loam. 19 4 ScveHtysevoi Joab, Son of Zeruial By MORRIS MARGOLIES MASMID Of llu- many ISililu ' al liii ' uri ' s. iiiiiii ' has iiuirc t ' i)ni])Iilcly i ' asriiialcd iiir lliaii l!ic rclatixoly uniinpiirtant personage of Joal), the son of Zcriiiali. This statement undoubtedly rings strange if not altogether absurd. Al ' liat about Moses, Samson, Samuel, David, Solomon, and Isaiah, to mention only a few of the names which thor- oughly overshadow that of this mere soldier? Do not these titanie cliararlcrs in every respect o cr vhelm that of an ineidental cog in Biblical history? Yes, in all respects but one, I am prepared to a dmit. Joab is a lilliputian in comparison to these afore-mentioned Gullivers. But he is at the same time the most consistent, the most natural and the most imromantie of the lot. I know Joab, I understand him. I sympathize with him. and it is for this reason that he is my fa oritc. Joab is consistent because in him arc beautifully rellceted the inconsistencies of human nature. Ambition and jjride are the predominant constituents of his char- acter, and to satisfy either or both, he is unscrupulously iniquitous and unequivo- cally vindictive. Two great men of his time met premature death at his hands in cold blood because they came in conflict with his relentless ambition. Abner, the son of Ner, was a talented scholar and a gifted master of military science. He liad served faithfully and efficiently as King Saul ' s deputy, and David seriously contemplated replacing Joab, whose firmness and obduracy were a bit of nuisance to him, with Abner. The watchful mind of Joab sensed this in due time and he contrived to eliminate this factor of menace to his position in the most obxious fashion. Abner was deliberately murdered by Joab. Years later, a veteran and hero of perhaps hundreds of battles fought against I he savage, idol-worshipping tribes surrounding Israel, Hen-Zeruiali was suddenly face to face with an identical threat to his rank as commander-in-chief of David ' s troops. This time the danger was mirrored in the person of Amasa, the son of Yeser, a wise, hard-working but hardly as brilliant, general who had served as Absalom ' s right hand man in the lattcr ' s ill-fated attempt to depose his father, and reign in his stead. After the utter defeat of Absalom ' s rebellious forces at the hand of Joab, mind you, David wished to reconcile Amasa for whom he bore a great degree of admiration by offering him Joab ' s post. The methodical Joab, un- softened and undaimted through the years, again took the matter into his own liands and effected a most direct solution. He murdered Amasa. Let not an erroneous impression be created, however. Joab was no scoundrel. Quite on the contrary, it might even be said that he was a kind man, a magnanimous man. We need but point to the deep commiseration he felt for David, when the latter, bereaved of his eldest son, Amnon, was pining away for the same Absalom who murdered Amnon and whom David had forced into exile for the crime. Joab 1 omprehendcd the father ' s heart and by exercising his inimitable tact brought about a reconciliation between the two. Then again there is something Joab did which would have done honor to a Saint. Having annihilated the enemies of a hostile Amnon, Joab was at the gates of its weak and defenseless capital whose capture would spell total victory. How- Seventy-eight rvrr. J .;il iliilii ' l l ii(l- ' . Ilr .|js|,;,l rl,,,! ' l ' IVcl •■.■iiiiic (|iiir|jy : i ( i:i|il ii ii- llic cily I ' dl ' I Ill ' s f; ' i-c;il viilory. I ' ' ili;ill y, ill cxpiisil inn (if liis liin r li .Tniilif. ' (lie Dcsirl n-riiMV ,l(i;ili iiiainl . ' liiK wciiry I I ' Mvi ' lli rs. No, .Io.mI, u.ms II,, I I ,;,lloiis s,,l,l„ r. mill (lis( ' i|iliiii ' . ( ,1 ' [ ' ,, !,(■ in (I, Mil, I was r,,i- him a ,-n al lliil )av ill ill .FrrilH ilcrri to (Id- i iiii iiii lil tdkc till ' crcilrt Is I lure r ,i ' Ih, ' (lie slnry if niir sJi jcs (•(in i|i(,sc III iisliiifi ;iii(l ficcljii. ' I,, . ' I, an ii| and Ahsalniii liaiii; , am! M ' . ' s I, III ,,n .•liaiis. Ilr (l,.,s lircws Iniiilil, ' ai llliiii ' and i;i is lallcr lu ' a.l. .ioah is II, l wllii lias iiiaslcr cxciHlUal. Ilr is r,,i- I , ' lln; lis h; lliii ls|n In, 111 ,: a |„,l,„li ilalt ' lor oi ails sill, Ml- lo III, ' In, I , r. II, vias 1,1, r,ly a linn iiclicvcr in ordiT 111,1 I ' liihlisli s, iiliiii, III wri-c iililioriTil l)y liiin, nil-,, ol mis, ly aiiii. ' oiisi ' |U ' lllly, lie hiill ill iiii;s as h, , Mild, I in I lie slloi ' lcst ])i)ssii)l - liiiir. ,■• ali , ' anil I r, inlil inn ' . Joai) slarcs at liiiii iia,, I,, III, llii ' ,,ii, . Ilii ' iiossiliilily of riitiiiv nil. III. II, kills Ahsalom. Sli( ' im. ' l! ' ii Jiicliri iili |)a id |iro|i.a;; iiiila. So .Iiial) limps (• rry- iiaki r. I ' , ,iil iialh ' . In- is in possesion of tin- iiiiTily a ill ,1 iiiildarv : a k.an | iial r,iiiiiiiaii,l, I- ol ' lr.iii|is. that is to say. a iiia;i arl. anil m,r,ly issms oi-dcrs wliicli lie cxpccls lo In- holouisl hIi,i knows h,i v lo inspire his men and liow to play upon llieir eiiiolions in orih r lo iiisiin- i,l,iry. ' I ' liiis, lieforc one of his major battles we hear .loali deli criui; ' Ih, ' I ' ollow in;.;- J iiiii,iis| i,- speech: Let us | ro e .strong- and eoiirai;eoiis lor the sake of our piaiple .in, I l ' i,r Ih, s.aki- of our CM) .■iiid the Lord will do as H, ' se, ' s til. .loal) is a shrewd politician. II, ' is .aware of Ih, ' I ' .iei lli.il ill, ' r.aliM, ' is lieklc. He knows llial .-in irri ' soliite .and hilphss ruler lir, ' , ' ,ls ilislriisl . ' iiiil eontiiiipt. So even ill the iiiidsl ol ' D. ' uid ' s ti-.-ii;!, ' I. ' iiiunl . ' it ions. .Vlisoloni my Ahsolom. Joali .speaks harshly .-iiul w.iriis the kini; that his j;rossly iiiis|ilaeed exhiliitions of Senti- mentality are alienatiiiii ' his own p, ' ,ipl, ' . Wluii l)a id ))ersevercs, Joali iiolilly threatens liini with open reliellioii. William Shakespeare lias jjortrayed a eliaraeter wliieli is the perfect antithesis of 13en-Zeruiah. I refer to Hamlet, prince of Denmark, whose woeful weakness of indecision and frailty at the most critical moments led to his inevitable doom. On the other hand. .loab the firm, the fearless, the fastidious, too, found tragedy await- ing him at the end of his journey. But this was not necessarily foreordained as jnevitable. Joab just jjlaycd out his last cards as a good soldier should, and lost. Here, as ever before, it was again his jierennial battle to niain his )iost which dictated his moves. David is dying. ,)oab knows that should Solomon ascend the throne his jtosi tion would no longer be his but Henaiahs. the third candidate for it. since .loab assumed the command. He can ' t kill IJcnaiah because for once lie has met a man his equal in daring and courage. The eanny old campaigner. Joab. launches there- fore a movement which has for its end the succession to the throne of Adoniah. David ' s eldest son. The lattir is a tool and .loab merely uses him to achieve liis own purpose. Unfortunately for him, his plans arc niillitied for the lirst and last lime in his life. Solomon is coronated and imminent death stares the erstwhile commander in- chief in the eye. Jiut .loab has one more card up his sleeve and again as a good .soldier, he does not throw it up in despair. He flees and grabs hold of the altar by its horns. Ueniah, liowever. as said is a man fashioned out of the same mettle as Joab. And what many, many perilous battles did not sueeeed in bringing aliout. a single stroke of ISeniah ' s good sword did. Scfcnl)i-ninr 19 4 The Last Words of Socrates By HYMAN CHANOVER MASMID ]- ,iivisioiiing Iiis tragic, swiftly approacliing ciiil, tiic dyiiif!; man usually mustfrs up all the strength left at his loniinancl in order to lca c with posterity one final wisli. The commoner, whose short existence upon the earth has meant nothing more than a comctary pursuit after the material rewards in nature, is satisfied with be- (lueathing these benefits upon his own flesh and blood. IJut the man of Ideas, whose mind lias been suckling from the infinite and eternal realm of the Intellect, what is tlie context of his dying whispers? Witli what does he engage the expeet- .inl (Mrs of those at his bedside? !Many a sage has revealed a secret to the world which for a long time clamored for communication with other minds. Many another has stated a precept which might have been the guiding beacon of his life. Still others have obviated pett} ' rivalry among their followers by naming a successor to their thrones. There have been those individuals, on tlie other hand, from whose mouths lias flowed lucid ))hraseologv. the significance of which, however, having evaded even the most inti- mate of friends. In this last category may be inscribed the immortal name of Socrates. Crito, I owe a cock to Aesculapius; will you remember to pay the debt? Having heard the affirmative reply, the dialectician succumbed to the effects of the liemloek. His mission completed, the gadfly of Athens displayed an unswerving faith in the philosophic life at the cost of his own. Nor did he repine at that which he had always been pursuing — the dissociation of the divinely-illuminated soul from the base, pleasure-seeking body. As Socrates liimsclf informs us with characteristic irony in the Ajiology, the oracle had named him the wisest man in Athens. Would then the true adherent of tlic contemplative calling find nothing more imjoortant at the moment of parting ' han to order a cock given to the god of cure? There must have doubtless been bomttjiing more momentous behind these words. Sir Francis Bacon, in one of his essays entitled On Atheism, renders his own interpretation of this act. It is his contention that the offering was merely intended to ajjpease the Greeks and to allay any of the fears they might have been entertaining about Socrates ' atheistic leaning. Obviously, the theory docs not hold water, for Socrates by his own admission was unwaveringly faithful to the Greek tradition, denying not even tiie supremacy and rule of the demi-gods. We must, therefore, grope more prudently for the evasive solution to our question. Perliaps Socrates wa.s pointing out the way for his fellow-scholars. Perhaps he was directing them to study the intrinsic values of the Greek mode of life. We are well-acquaint(xi with the fact that the inhabitants of Greece were quite appre- i iativc of moral. ))olitica], and ]ii cjienic perfection. The notions of universal and of the hc.nciis were to them really refined materiality. Immaculateness in physical Eit htij lonii WMs Id llii III llic sli |i|iiim sldiir III iriiii|ii iis;ilii|-y. iiilrlli rl mil rrwiirrls. Il «;is only ill . ' I ln ' Mllliy ImiiI in uliirli llii lir. ' illln iiiiinl llii ' i iil. Socriili ' s. its rrvmlnl In IIS ill lllr ■■I ' lianjii. u;is sriKilm ;ill ,si.i|„ I V Ilir Inillllllrls IiIh llOllilv lulhi I ii-s kiiiiwiiii ' well lli. ' il llir iii l sli |i uoiilil MM . ' III |Miri iiioi-.il i-ssmcr. I ' crlfn|is In: n% iiou ' .•KJiiionisliiiin his |iii|iiK iml In lipllnu in IIm fiiiiKli|is nl llic viilcl ililiriiiriiiiis . ' inil liyiiiii ' liiiiiiiri. ' K ' s nl ' Ilir il.-n lio m.-nli .1 iIIiimI |ii ' ;ii ' lii ol llnir inin iiiril iiiliriiii Iks. ' I ' ll Viun- llir nn,| ,,1 ' |i, . ' ijnii; . ' is In li.-nl ilnm nii. ' Jil li. ' iM- llccil Ilir coilllM-l niir |iliilnsii|ili( r w. ' is iillrriiin. I ' lir. il w.is nnU I liniii;;li llir « linlcsniiic iiliil lllllilrin- islii ' d ii|ii ' r, ' iliiin nl ' llnir plivsir il iir ' . ' ins lli. ' il llnji ' .iniil.-i! |iiilriil i;ilil ii s wimlil .•n ' liiMli .i ' . . IliinI iiilii ' |ii ' i l. ' iliiin nnu pi ' i snils ilsrlf. Il u. ' is I ' li. ' iiiln. llii- ii:irriiliir of tin- i!i;ilnniii ' . whii nnlilicil iis in llir m ry first I ' l ' w |i.ii ' . ' ii;i ' . ' i|ilis lli. ' il I ' liidi wiis mil |iri-si-nt ;il liis iii. ' islri ' ' s I ' Nt ' ciilion liri ' . ' iusi nl ' illiir-s. .Ml I In nlli. r . ' ii ' ii.nl f,, I lowers (if Si - r. .l(S uiTc .•in ' niT . ' ili ' il . ' ilinnl liiiii u Inn lir n. ' ivr Inii iir In liis l.-isl iiicailill flll im- prchsinns. . s liis lri;s wire urnw iii:i si ill. .iinl I In Ininliuk lirf;;iii ils iiii ' iirsiiin inld III. ' lu ' . ' irl. Sncr. ' ilis iiiiisl Ii. ' im I ' cII llin iii ' ur In ,1, siM-nntc n st;iii(l.-inl-iic!ircr of tlir pllilosopliy lir li.nl linn i ' pninii!iiiu . ' ill liis lil ' r. ' . ' is il mil .-il ;ill likily. tllcn. that Ills fill. ' il, cnln Tint syll. ' ililcs cnnl. ' iii ' cd llir ii. ' inir nl ' his ■.iircrsMir r . rsciil. ' ipills was ir.yllinli.iiii ' . ' illy llir son nl ' llir no.l .Vpolln. ' I ' lniT is , ' ilso .1 I i-. ' idil inn. poetic-ally just. ih. ' il IM. ' iln w. ' is Imni on . polln ' s hirllid. ' iy . In I ' .icl. Iii.lnry li.-is smnewliat deified (he ninsl cnidilc nf Sn. ' i-. ' ilrs ' lollowirs liy . ' il l. ' icliinii, In him lln laliel Son of .V))ollo. W ' c . ' ili ' c. ' iily kiinw I ' nr . ' i I ' . ' U ' I lli.-il I ' l. ' iln w .-is indisposid on lliat traj;ie day. Was il not pi-oli. ' dilr, llnrclon ' . lli. ' il Soer. ' il.s was inuciiionsly disposiii;.- of two inal- lirs al once; wisliiiij; ' liis )iii|)il .-i speedy reeinery liy im . ' ins of an nlVeriilfi in liis name and prnelainiiiii; to the world the so ' ereif; ' nty of Pljito. .as liis siieeessor to tin: llironc of moral, matlieniatieal, and ))olitieal eoajiitation . ' Alonjf witii this, he niiglit li. ' n ' e indirectly been instruetinn ' Pl.-ito to )iluek u|i his s))irits :ind not lo he dis- hearlened liy the i ' . ' ite which usually , ' iwails the visionary. I ' rnf. N ' c)iidliridi;( ' li.is lieen .-ihle to advance a theory in one sneeint hut hroadly iiii. ' ij;in, ' iti c senleiu ' c. In cninmeiitinu; upon Socrates tin.-il statement, he has simply added: I ' lie iire.al cure h.id hci n wroui;lit. Prof. Woodhrid-ic carries his thesis well, for Socrates throuuhmil his e entful lilc was indeed scekina: the great cure. The master of dialectic was .inxious to sever all the bonds which were ryinjr him to terrestrial anim.ilion. lb w.is constantly ontertaininjj: the desire to become ab- sorbed in the undiunned ]iiiiilv nl immortal ood and absolute beauty. His soul kept burstinji; within him I ' nr eniujdete .-issimilation with mind eternal and for an uncon- ditional break with Ihc lu.ilerial darkness of this world. The jirayer answered. lie was relrie e(-l before his soul had an opportunity to be subjujiatcd to ils own cor- jxire.il host or to become corrupted through contact with other bodies. Veblen and Social Change By MURRAY POVZEA specially ill llii: IS and fOiU ' rpls MASMID Tile field of comparative study is a daiimrcms diic In cnli r i realm of soeial sciences. Here,, the frequency of o erlap])inn- idi ' is so liig ' li. that the ovcrzealous student is apl Ui discoxcr similarilics m eases where there is actuallv no basis for comparison. This topic, liowever. needs no apology. Thorstein JSundc Veblen, considered by many as the greatest American social thinker, was also the strongest critic of the present economic order. A substantial portion of his life was spent in analyz- ing and criticizing ' the teachings of larx. His biographer relates that in rejily to querulous students lie would often remark: Read i Iarx. L ' nemir llie roots of the problem. ' In ic v of these considerations, there exists not only an excuse but a necessity for a study of this nature. Tlie topic is not also a new one. The tendency. liowi er, lias usually been to label the American economist and squeeze him into one category or another. The attempt of this jjajier will be to evaluate as obectively as possible the relationship of these two economists without allowing one to overshadow the other. In order to do this successfully, not only must we outline tlieir essential points of agreement, but we must carefully weigli their disagreements as well. Throughout his life, Veblen was known to be an iiicxorable oj ponent of the accepted economics. In his numerous works he attempted to question the preconceptions of their doctrines, which j)i-o ided the cultural rationaliza- tions of the competitive individualism of the lOtli eenlui ' ' . As an illustration of his iconoclasm we need only turn to his constant emphasis ujion the fact that the institution of j)ro]5erty-owncrship has its basis in social comention. He similarly scofi ' ed al the notion of his productivity for the community ' s ends. It is interesting to observe what Veblen said of the theory of marginal utility ' which was greeted upon its appearance as the final answer to the Marxist analysis of capitalist ] i-ii- duction . Marginal utility theory is of a wholly statical cliaraeler. It oilers no theory of a mo cment of any kind, being occupied with the adustment of values to a given situation and contributes nothing at all ajjprcciable to a theory of genesis, growth, sequence, change, process, or the like in economic life. . . . The accciitance by the: economists of these or other insti- tutional elements as given and immutable, limits their inquiry in a parti- cular and decisive way. It shuts olT the inquiry at a point where the modern scientific interest sets in. - It was not for naught that he gained the title of 151aek Sheep of American Economics, for he, more than any other American economist, pointed to the dis- astrous antagonism between technological and iiecimiary interests, criticized caustic- ally the social relations that degrade the sinse of v Drkmanship, and firophccicd that the system of business enterprise will eni ital)ly decay. iVeblen and His America: Dortman. J.; p. 150. 2 Tlie Limitations of Marginal Utility ' — Essay pul)lishcrl in Wiiat Veblen Taught ; Etlited by Wesley C. Mitchell; p. 52. Eiijhty-two ' ill. in s|iil( iiT Ihisc |i,,iiiK J Mun,, uilli ,M;irx. Vclilrii very r.flcii cri lii ' i , il his ildclrinrs sliarply in Ins jirlidrs :iii(l lirliir.s. His sli. ' u-|Msl ■■ill. ' icL u;is lr i((l MUMiiisl I lir ,M;ir isl IjiLor llicnry i f vnliic .■mil ils ( ' (ini ' iiirnnil. ' nil llicin ' v oC ■■siirpliis ;iliic. ' TIm Inniicr lir crilii ' i .rd (i . nil (iris|n-in- dl ' Ih. ' (1,1,1 rinc ,.1 ' M.Mlin-al riMliK. ' His |,i ' ,Mif of llic Inltrr iUitru -, III. u, Ml-, u.-is urnii-. lor ,M, ' ii ' n,M r nr n Hi, ' rial iir.il n;rlil i.f Inlir.r to its full con, III, 1. ' I ' hr lallir IIhmii ' v. Ii, ' rlaiiiinl. Ii.iil n,i lani ilili n lal iiiiisliip In llic lii ' lrrmilin- lion of Ihr ,-oii,iTlr. ,Mi-y,l.ay r.ails of i loiioiiiir lilr, ' soilirtliiiifr |||j|| Marx liiliisclf liail | ,iiiilr,l mil. Ilrrr at;aiii. N ' riiliii n, ,|- s, , ins In liavr aiiswrrrd -Marx ' s illiis- Iralion of llir ini|i,,i-|aiir, ' of llir lliiory in Hi, sliiily ol ' 111.- Illlcliialions of tlir luisi- nrss , ' y,.|r. ' N ' riiirn also i-ri;a nlril Marx ' s i, s on Hi, ' rol, ,1! ' Iiiiiii.an cnnNcinllsnr.SS and Hie |ios! iil.al ion of mils as iiiisri, nl ilir ami isinianl ir. ' ' ' I ' iiis cpitirism Was fine mainly to Hir I ' arl llial Ihr Ainrrir in sriiol.ar liniiliil sciciicr to tiic objorlivc study 111 ' rails, ' anil rllrrl. W ' hilr il is trii, ' llial siiiiirr. in ils nictllodolojty. must CDllfinc lls,ir 1,1 a ilrsrripl ion of I ' arls. il also has llir riuhl in iililizc its ciiilclusions ill orihr lo srr c man. .Vnil if Ihr n.nliir.-il sriiiins an- oil, n ajipiiod ])rartic-a]iy and |)iir|i,isrly. how miirh morr Ini, ' shoiihl Hiis li, ' ,,1 ' Hie social sciences! ' Vchli ' n ' s ap- ]irii.acli liiiiilril him lo a sliuly ,1! ' Ili, ' r.aiisr .aiiil iDiit of institutional dianircs. Marx was inttrcslial in somilhiiin- morr jirarliial ;inil purp,isi ,■ : an iindcrstandiiiir of the ])i ' occsscs 111 ' liisloi-y in nnlrr li oruanizr .ami ,lirr,l lliiin louard consciiius and (icfiitilc nuls. Vlial ' chl,ii slhiiilil h.avi ' allrmplial l,i show in ,ir,lir lo maUc liis claim valid,. was that Marx was mil empirical; tli.-il In dcrixcl liis conclusions from ])rccon- ccixi-d iioUons ami pi ' rsoiial desires. Whellier the cliargc is true or not. he failed 1,1 dianoiistrate. M.arx was necessarily unscientific to Velileii liecausc the latter transfirrcd to the field of liistory and science the determinism of Darwinism, a scliemc of blindly cumulative causation, essential mechanical. ' ' l hleii was .-•n adlnrcnt of .social Dar- winism in its most rigorous form, and it is only due to his vehel nature that this a]ipr,iaih, wliieii had previously been utilized to justify the competitive system, be- came in liis hands an instrument of .social criticism. Unlike larx, Velden ncf;lected the factors of consciousness and purposive struggle in human history, despite bis cmpliasis on the psychologieal approach to the study of culture. In so far as science is concerned, however, the mechanism of Darwin was later modified liy science while the naturalistic approach of !Marx is constantly acquiring new scope and significance. It is from this faulty starting-point that Veblen criticized the dynamic ai ]iroach of Marxism because it makes the movement of social progress move on a spiritual plane of Innnan desire and passion and not on the material plane of mechanical .ind physiological stress. . . . This criticism ignores the dynamics of liistory wbieb involve the reciprocal interaction of structure and superstructure of tlie objective and s ub.jeetive factors. Vcblen ' s mechanical materialism makes social change a mere drift of habitua- 3See: Essay entitled The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers — Printed in the QU. RTERLY JOURNWL OF ECONOMICS. April. 1906. •tArticle in the .lOURXAL OF POLITICAL ECOXOMY— March, 1S95. quoted in Thor- stein Veblen and His America. pp. 116-117. . Capital, Vol. Ill, pp. 1S1-1S2. 230. I ' Sam as 3. Ibid. sibid.  Ibid. Eighty-three 19 4a tion ' - to luw I ' oiiilitidiis. Init lliis. (Uspite ils clrnirnl nf tnilli. laininl i x|)laiii luiw inon, liahitiiatcd to the old onlir. iiiav a i)id lialiitiiation to a iKcliiiinn ' ii ili .ation ami revolt to create a new one. The Aineriian ceononiist was partly a vietiin of the eonccption of an immutable human nature, while [arx reeoniiizcd that as labor elianges the outer world, man changes his own nature. Wlicn Vcblen claims, as proof of liis cliariie. that the re isioiiisl socialists were amending- larxism to bring it into consonance witli tiic current scientiiic point of view, be is forgetting that the amending itself was unscientific, for it smuggled into Marxism social Darwinism, It was due to the belief in the inevitability of socialism tliat the revisionists abandoned the notion of revolution ' on the assump- tion that they were gradually to habituate themselves into socialism. As a matter of fact, in 1921 he remarked tliat the I ' cformist socialists who depcn led upon the obsolescence of capitalist ownersliiii by force of natural law Iiave now come to an exasperated conclusion that Bolshevism is putting that preconccj)- tion out of joint. ' The limitations of Veblen ' s approach prevented consistent and predictive analy- sis of the forces of social development on his part. While he did foresee the natural decay of the business enterprise, the prophecy does not necessarily follow from the postulates, as in the case of !Marx. Tcchnolog) ' , it is true, is a very important factor but it is conditioned by more decisive social relations. The failure to see this prevent Veblcn from explaining wliy the conflict between the forces and rela- tions of production, w ' liich he Iiimself exposes, is compatible with the upswing of capitalism and incompatible with its decline. !Marx, on the other hand, whether cor- rect or incorrect in his conclusions, explains this phenomenon Jogicallj ' with his theory of capital accumulation. For these reasons, Veblen ' s economics cannot adequately serve the ends of a ])rogram of action. He, himself, realized this, it seems, and after the last war, turned from mere social criticism to practical consideration of social reconstruction. He began to explore movements and ideas outside the range of his own philosoiihy. It is even interesting to note that Veblen began to sympathize with Bolshevism wliicli he characterized as a menace to the vested interests and to nothing and no one else, ' - and insisted that it is necessary to disallow and lancci all the rights of private ownership. According to Dorfman, Veblen was bitterly disap- pointed by the ebb in the revolutionar) ' movement after li)20: six months before his death the old rebel said: Just now communism otters the best course that I can see. ' Yet, conceding all these limitations, there is an astonishing scries of analyses and ideas in Veblen ' s writings tliat are not found in the works of Marx. Vcblen, first of all, dehed further into the study of the corporate and financial superstructure of modern capitalism, whose significance Marx had largely neg- lected. Anollier import;nit lontribution is his concc]it of Vi ' Sled inlerrsls which can prove so fruitful as an approach to many prolilems involving conflicts o cr matters not wholly economic. Veblen ' s analysis of the sense of workmanship and the ■•mtagonisni which arises MASMID lOlbid. ilArticle: Bolshevism and the War _Published in THE FREEMAN. May 25, 1921. i Article: Bolshevism Is a Menace- to Whom? — Printed in the DIAL, April, 1919. i3Thorstein Veblen and His America — Dorfman, J.; p. 500. Eighty-four l i ' (W( ' ' ii il iirid IIk siici. ' il nlal ions uliicli llriiil il is iiiidiiilili ill ' an iiiiliiriM mnnii- IIK ' Ill. Jiiil il is ill llii ' n. ' iliii III ' ciiIIiii ' mI .mmmIvsis IIimI ' i I I mi is iiiosi iliil. No iirii ' lins (IS clciii-ly r(ii;iliil IIh ri.iliiir nl IIk sii|irrsl nnl iir;il iniiiiirisliiliiiiis of |irivnli ' cnlcrjjri.sc ms V ' i lili ii in liis ' IIh my nl lli. I.iisinr (l.iss. Here Ms pi ' iiilrnliiiK (li.si ' U.ssioii of Iccliniilony Inii.idi iis inln ;iii . iii|ili.isis ii|iiim ils rulliiral iispri-ls. . [(iri- llinn any oIIht social lliiiikii- In- rxposcs I Ik iiMpail of liclmolof y. Iiolii (jinclly Miul iiulircci ly, ill sli,i|iiiif; lln iiioi( s. ciisloiiis, anil coin ciil ions of a pari iciilar socicly, especially llic prcscnl one. Vcl)I ' ii, liiiiiscir, liowcMi-. is parllv nspniisililc f.u- llic Mil;, ' ai-i .al ions of liis Ideas by lliose who ilaiiii lilin as ilicir ■iiih lie, liial -oiH illicr. II is lni - llial llii ' ' I ' ecliiioeials, lor iiislaiiec. ,lisli,,lr,l liis loiKeplioii , f social clian ' c and foriidl liis olisei- al ion ilia! Ilie ■•|celiiiieiaiis iniisl l„ liacLcd liy the airn ' rcs.sivi ' .siippoii of lln- Iraimil uorUiiii; lorei i ii aned in I raiispio ' l ation and flic fi ' reat ))viinary iiidnsi ries. ' ' lliil ' elileii diil place Ion Ii mpliasis upon llic leclinioiails luinn- a peculiarly re ohil ionary I ' drci ' . Similarly, we liml llic pariisaiis of insi il iil ioiial ceoiioiiiics w clcoiiiin;; jijni ,is llieir own dcspile llic lad llial in llfJ. ) ' ( lileii iii ' oroiisly dcnnunccd lliis ap- liroai ' li. ' No one can deny, however. Ih.it llicir claim w.as ciihanccd liy llic fart Ihat Vebleii. while destroying- the prei ' onccptions of accepted economic theory, de- veloped no tluiirv of his own. His .analysis of institutional clianiics lends itself to Ihc belii ' f lli.al one may linker wilh insI il iilions praniii.-iti:ally . for there is no puide lo .action. Yet Vcblcii, ;is we h;i c seen, c.-imiol he scp.ar.aleil from llic socialist movement. s very conclusions, if luit appro.ich, forbid such a decision. In fact, even Iiis cri- ticism of the labor theory of value and ils consequences was directed from what might be called the left. In the words of Dorfman. Veblen was simply tryini; to free modern socialism or ]Marxism from any foundations in conventional eco- nomics, and thereby to avoid the assaults upon it by conventional economists. ' The most ajjpropriatc conclusion regardino- the relationship of the two economic ' giants would be that Veblen, more than any other American thinker, olfers ma- le ri.al an l id( .IS of the iilniost significance to Marxism. On ll ' .e other li.iiul. in respect to the basic eeononiic premises ujion which both agree, the i (increteiiess of Marx appears to sii|)plemeni all that is vital in the writinas of ' I ' horstein Wblen. ii ' Phe Theory of Business Enterprise— Veblen. . .: tiuoted t Dortman in Veblen and His America, p. 447. 1 . Tliorstein Veblen and His America . Dorfman J., p. 4S9. nThorstein Veblen and His America, p, 117. Eightti-fire 19 4 COMBO PRESS. Ine 161 Grand Street New York, N. Y. PUBLICATION TABLOID and BOOK English. 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