Yeshiva University - Masmid Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 102 of the 1939 volume:

,i.., ' . ..i ' - m w jbj= MASMID JUNE 19 3 9 I Q :v 9 MASMID Four TO Dr. Samuel Belkin SCHOLAR, TEACHER, FRIEND lllio .si mholizcs tlic idciil of Vcsliivd. a sjiiillusis af Ihc wisdom of Hclld.s nid Ihc iiiiiiiorhil I nil lis nf J iidmii. tcho iiiVdridhl i iiislills tcilhiii us a ( riiiiiiic love of learning ind Jioncsli of purpose, xi-ho slioics a sincere and active inleresi in llie xcelfure of tiie individual student as icell as in the proyress of llie iiislilution. THIS MASMID IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 19 3 9 MASMID PHILIP KAPLAN Albert Hans Eugene Michaly Jacob Heisler Zev Goldstein MASMID STAFF MORRIS A. LANDES, Editor-in-Chief ALLAN MIRVIS, Business Manager ASSOCIATES HYMAN J. WACHTFOGEL ASSISTANTS Bernard A. Poupko Sidney Reiss Joseph Sokolow David Miller Milton Cooper Ephralm Mandelcorn Zach Gellman Milton Kramer Maurice Wohlgelernter The Editors express their siiicerest gratitude to Seymour Nulman for executiiifj the cover design and arranginrj the pages of candid camera shots and the Com- mentator picture. Over Our Shoulder Four iDiii;- yc-irs for iiiic sin;ill di rcc. Iwd lilll,- Icllivsl Wli, n hi- r.ji li lliis .stage, wc begin Ui wonder wlietliei- it «as all wortli wliile. uIkIIiit wi- lia i- not been guiltj ' of a horrible waste of youthful tiiergy. Those long, weary lectures — what w re liny worth! ' Could wi- have obtained more from reading than from lisUninn? Were tliry just a |iuni.shnient for an in- nate indolence which does not pc riiiil us to sil loo long o er a book . Yes, we have been polished with a little veneer of eullurr. the ])omponsness to overawe sopho- mores. We are good charlatans. Are wi ' good scholars? ' Tis an unsolvable enigma. However, the friendships we formed in college are worth every second of those four years. We have met our Levins, our Millers, our Kaplans, our Reises, our I ' oupkos, even our Klirenthals. We have come in more or less close contact with onr Litmans, our Belkins, our Churgins. our Isaacs, our Krauses, and our Finkel- steins. We have known warm hearts and sympathetic souls. ' e have made fast friendships with the men of the faculty. We have worked hand in hand with them. In our collegiate life-time, we have seen a great menace to faculty and student democracy removed. We have seen a lesser obtacle brushed aside. Working together, striving for a common goal, has united the faculty and student-body. However, these facts do not signify that the two bodies do not criti- cize each other. Only of the dead must we speak n ithing but good. The student- body and the faculty must be every bit alive. The present faculty administration is the very one the students would have elected, had they the franchise in such matters. We have been gratified to watch the Executive Committee continue cooperating with student leaders when in office as they had done when out of it. Some tongues, however, must wag. Rumor would have it that there are indications of a cleavage between students and administra- tion. There is no foundation to these rumors even though there ma - have been oversights on the part of the Executive Committee. Still, we must never again allow such oversights, never again help open the mouths of potential back-biters. This coordination of faculty and students has been instrumental in liberaliz- ing one of the great bugaboos of the Ycshiva system — the cuts. Some of the seniors have had occasion because of this to smile upon the grumblings of some of our pro- fessors. Some of us have realized, perhaps for the first time, that professors too are human. They hate work just like the rest of us. They hate to have the interest which their lectures evoke as the criterion for attendance. It demands too much work. Seven U ' l- do mil roiuldiu ' tlu- wluiKsalc I ' littini; o( soiiu ' of our seniors; but vc cannot hring ourselves to eondcmn it litlier. After siuli strict restrictions, it was but natural that the students should read a bit too iolcntly to their new-found freedom. This license is already disappearing. However, we must not considir our wtirk ilone because things are running so smooth] V in the college. Even those who most vehemently criticized the editorial piiliiv of The Commentator in 1937-1938 have come to realize that student dcnioc- racv in the college cannot be full unless followed by freedom in the other depart- ments of this institution. We have seen this last year how the college was aifeeted bv the insistence of a member of the administration of another department of this institution that it is no concern of the students whether a man or a Tennenbaum runs their cafeteria. Faculty-Student ]Mixers and Class Nites have helped weld the men of our insti- tution together. In this connection, we cannot but look askance at the mammotli Class Nite held in the Nathan Lamport Auditorium. Vague fears of the loss of the free, informal comraderie of the previous Class Nites haunt us. True, sueli a performance sliowed the outsider a new vista of Yeshiva life. However, we must bear in mind that it is the impression we make on the inside rather than that on the outside which really counts. Not that we advocate the discontinuance of larger enterprises. An occasional Varsity Show would be appropriate provided that parallel to it run the old Class Nites with their old spirit. In spite of our friendships within Yeshiva walls, we sometimes wonder whether our social activities have not been skewed to one side. May we not have been slighting Eve while we sought out Adam? Of course, we have had our boat-rides, our class affairs. They were somehow inadequate. There was no attempt to ac- quaint out of town students w ith local people, no attempt to bring recalcitrant indi- viduals out of their shells, no attempt to inculcate a bit of social savoir faire in the less polished men. Those who would not have ordinarily gone to such affairs were annoyed, made to feel guilty and uncomfortable, and did not go after all — or did go and spent a miserable evening- Vv ' e cannot close this editorial without at least a cursory glance at extra-curri- cular activties in general. They have done much to enliven our college years. In many cases, they have been more profitable than class-room hours. It has been the boast of Commentator men, some of whose names are still synonymous with schol- arship at Yeshiva, that one year on the governing board of the student newspaper teaches more than four years in college. Those extra-currieularly inactive mem- bers of our institution will leave it with a hopelessly warped concept of collegiate life. They will never know what a college education really means. We do not advocate sacrificing scliolarship entirely on the altar of extra-curri- cular activity. But, if scholarship entails the complete stifling of student endeavor, then some of it must be curtailed to make way for that student endeavor; just as a student who devotes all his time to out of school activity must delete some of that for the benefit of academic pursuits. Both must exist synclironously ; one with- out tiie other is futile. MASMID There are many problems we have not touched upon in this hurried appraisal. Those we have treated we feel we have not discussed enough. We have tried to stimulate thought along certain lines, no more; for we have had time in tl ese pages only for a glance over our shoulders, a hasty look backwards. We wish to leave vou time for a glance ahead. Eight F JIC U L TY BERNARD REVEL, Ph.D. President MOSES L. ISAACS, Ph.D. Assistant to the President JACOB 1. HARTSTEIN, M.A. Registrar M ROSE LEVITAN, LL.B. Bursar MASMID ■A DAVID A. SWICK, M.D. Medical Director THEODORE ABEL, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Sociology MEYER ATLAS, Ph.D. Instructor in Biology SAMUEL BELKIN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Greek SIDNEY BRAUN, M.A. Assistant in French JOSEPH H. LOOKSTEIN, M.A. Lecturer in Jewish Sociology 19 3 9 MASMID ALEXANDER BRODY, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History PINKHOS CHURGIN, Ph.D. Professor of Jewish hHlstory K ENNETH F. DAMON, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Public Speaking JEKUTHIEL GINSBURG, M.A. Professor of Mathematics ISAAC GOLDBERG, B.A. Assistant Librarian ALEXANDER FREED, M.D. Lecturer in Hygiene SOLOMON FLINK, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Economics LEO JUNG, Ph.D. Professor of Ethics IRVING LINN, M.A. Assistant in English LOUIS MINTZ, M.A. Fellow in Latin 19 3 9 Thirteen MASMID SIDNEY B. HOENIG, Ph.D. Instructor in Jewish History PHILIP E. KRAUS, M.A. Instructor in Education SOLOMON LIPTZIN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of German SAMUEL K.MIRSKY, M.A. Assistant Professor of Bible ISRAEL RENOV, B.S. Assistant in Art NATHAN KLOTZ, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bible ELI LEVINE, M.A. Instructor in Chemistry ALEXANDER LITMAN, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Philosophy ARNOLD N. LOWAN, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Physics AARON MARGAUTH, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science 1 :r ) Fifteen SHELLEY R. SAFIR, Ph.D. Professor of Biology SAUL B. SELLS, Ph.D. Instructor In Psychology Behnc tire listed the names of those fnciilti members -whose pictures do not (ipperir in the precedinij pages. HEINZ ANSBACHER Instructor in Psychology MURRAY GRISTLE Assistant in Education ABRAHAM B. HURWITZ Instructor in Physical Education RALPH P. ROSENBERG Instructor in German MILTON RUGOFF Assistant in English SAMUEL L. SAR Instructor in Bible NATHAN SAVITSKY Instructor in Psychology ALLAN WEISENFELD Instructor in Economics MORITZ WERNER Associate Professor of German SOLOMON ZEITLIN Professor of Jewish History MASMID The following are among the members of the Medical Staff that lias rendered invaluable service to the students. DR. BENDOVE DR. A. CASSELL DR. I. GARSON DR. J. GOLDBERG DR. H. GOODWIN DR. B. HERSHFELD DR. H. MARGULIES DR. R. ROTHSCHILD DR. N. SAVITSKY DR. S. SCHIFFRIN DR A. YAVERBAUM DR. P. GREENFELD DR. D. PELTZ DR. P. PELTZ CLASSES (f o O CO MASMID Eighteen o CO 19 3 9 ■inr MASMID CN O u Twenty ■ SENIORS % u I U O CO MASMID Twenty-two Have You Forgotten Yet ? 1935 — I ' ()l-Iy l r liai i ' I ' l-cslinicri iniiii ' I ' rciiii mII ihii- hi llic iiriiqiii ' institution Miul i ' lud IlicinscUcs mM iiM-r llic liiiildinn nuisl r. ' il inn i :i . . . ' i ' lii- iritclli(;cn :i; cxain is l;ilvrii .■iiid uc .-irr (lisilliisidiiid cxin uillimil iidiii;; lliri)iif;li four years of cnllcj c , . . ' I ' lii ' |iiilil ii;il |i(il liiyiiis 1(1 iiiiil; i- :u-i lir;iiiil((l witii Vcsliiva fire . . . I.cviu tnki ' S a (hep wliill of tiic stew (ind liccoiucs iiiflaird . . . Vc arc the last link witli tlic old j;ani - of IV ' tcgorsky, T ' cuiTstcin, and Siinsovit ,. Inc. . . . W ' c run a ])rivati ' imitation of school cNclions iti uliicli I5cii Krritniaii l)cconu-s pn sidciil and I ifsliitz and his glasses c()|i I he vice iircsidciiry . . . { ' lasses start . . . ' I ' ln- math class funclioii on , . , An ellipse is a eii-ele dot you step oTi - or what .lukic wears on his head . . . History willi f ' inkelslei!! liecomes an extra eiirrieular activity as the boys discuss world |)rol)lcms in the local coffee stores . . . W ' c f;et assijfn- mcnls to find hooks — and the library . . . We find Dickson ' s phi]oso])]iy of life all wet . . . Doe Rosenberg- demonstrates his knowlege of German in the French class and of French in Iiis German class . . . Wc go through P.S. elickedy click . . . Comes the revolution, Poupie will liquidate the Th . . . The language profs go into a huddle before each class and couir out in time to make the last bell ... Mr. Sar, you know him? — also a teacher . . . Miuskott hits the ceiling and gits sore wlicn Gellman ribs him about it — literally . . . Rothstein writes the alma mater song — sounds suspiciously like I ' ve Hccn Working on the Railroad . . . The Commentator takes to quoting the jirophets and l.eo takes the Fcuerstein Award . . . Our dean becomes ex . . . The boys take a ride up the H idson ; chaperoned by the So)ihs . . . Oh. yes, Phil Kaplan is our seeret.iry . . . 1936 — In spite of one year in college, we come back for a second dose of learn- ing . . . To our surprise, the millenium has already taken place at Yesliiva . . . Sta- tistics have proved it, it seems, that Y.C. men are getting out too short . . . Five years in the sunshine will make bigger saps of us, it is predicted . . . And so, the alma mater goes completely Red and adopts a five-year plan . . . Our class is not yet ripe for the Ideal Society . . . With telegrams of condolenee and confidence and with mass emigration imminent, a counter-revolution is suecessfuUy staged . . . I ' .verything is in flux . . . Wolf changes glasses; we change vice-presidents . . . Kreitman retains his post witli I,e in as (vice-)president . . . Miller finds himself without a Latin class and is forced to give competition to a vociferous Mintz . . . •Icrry Siegel lectures to us on the difference between sublimity and beauty after due researeli with his trusty opera glasses . . . Poupie becomes an animated cherry tree which pleads with George Washington ' Freed not to chop him off . . . Prof. Damon takes moving pictures of the class; plastic surgery is contemplated by The Boys as a possible career . . . Dr. Isaacs insists on lending fire to his le ctures even if he must start an explosion . . . Doc Liptzin introduces class caps to guard against giluy rosh ' . . . Sexual Hygiene is introduced with Dr. Freed teaching down dcre . . . A liO is a passing mark. so he passes everyone . . . Bike riding becomes a curricnlar activity. Aye. tliere ' s the rub . . . We feel as much at home in the water as an asjiirin when the gym class begins to frequent down-town swimming Ticenty-three 1 ) MASMID i-stablislimeiits . . . Di-illiiii; .uid Imililitiu ' an-.ss tlic stnrt prcnidc icrlilr nn.uml for tlie feature rivalry hilwciu Ariiii ' .MilUr and Misli l.andcs . . . Abranis is laki -.i for a ride in the Irish sweepstakes as the iacidly awards iniii a lu-i e . . , Mr. Sar takes it the hard way . . . Miller repla ves Ai)pel as News Kilitor of The Coin meiitati r . . . Murray Lieberman ' s TaLcnts beeome outstanding as exam period nears . . . Sie mi darf; sie mi darf nit; we ; ct Simon in the dormitory . . . Yeshiva has ils own numbers racket as math is brought lioiiu- on a more praetieal scale with each iliH-mitory resident attached to a card and a luimlur . . . Yeshiva night-watch- man discovers that the institution is ompose.l entirely of Cohens and Smiths . . . Oh, yes, Kaplan is our secretary. . . . 1937 — Summer time is over; huge Yeshiva towers above . . . The unique insti- tution has become a true demoeraey, we find . . . No dean — Just an ofliee wherein women have equal duties with men . . . Upperclassmen at last and big shots to boot . . . .Juniors rule the Commentator as the Governing Board includes Levin, Miller. Landes. and Freed . . . The IJoys spend sleepless nights at Patterson as tliey put the Commie to bed — then rush back to make classes next morning . . . P.T. is over — Gerbcr loses his will to live . . . We meet a real orthodox Jew for the first lime as we stride through Plato and Aristotle with the encouragement of Da Good Dr. Litman . . . Amanation ' is added to our vocabulary while the meaning of ton polikos legitae is made intelligible through graphic illustrations . . . With philo- sophic calm, we learn that t!ie answer to the question Which came first, the chicken or the egg} is Both. . . . Murray Lieberman finds that the process of TeLeology is an old story and that the price of reports on the open market is rising ... A will for unit} ' and a will for dispute clash to leave us with a problem; What is the course all about? . . . Another problem is wliy some of the men get A ' s . . . Chem with Eli becomes a search for unknowns which are never unknown . . . Eli plans to get his samples from the Bureau of Standards in Washington next time . . . Dr. Shipley visits his class periodically to watch its progress . . . The registrar seems to be in dire need of English lessons . . . We learn the history of education — like a book . . . We watch the birdies while a photographer cruises around the music room taking pictures of our antics for posterity, The Jewish Forward, The Collegiate Digest, and The Masmid . . . Art for a credit ' s sake . . . We leave Mr. Renov in the dark as the mute walls resound to his stentorian overtones ... A revel-ution- arv step is taken as Prof. Moses Lawgi cr Isaacs becomes Assistant to the Prexy with the blessings of students and alumni . . . With the aid of an Elefant or two, we march through all opposition like a caxalry charge to knock the intramural bas- ketball title for a loop . . . JMustaches begin to sprout after The Boys discover the need for proper straining of Tennenbaum ' s elixir soups . . . Mish-U-Gas becomes a printed excuse for a joke . . . Wachtfogel and Sklarin are delegated to fill seats in Council . . . The Concert Bureau wakes up: We find Western Waters too dirty. Many Mansions, a picture of life in a theological seminar} ' , is pronounced as fitting Yeshiva to a T.L astly comes The Journeyman with its lay preacher who moves us to nothing but disgust for tl.is art for filth ' s sake . . . The Commie Boys with their passes evoke our jealousy until Mish takes a flame to see a Fire- man ' s Flame — and gets burnt . . . The apartment buildings are up — Science stu- dents complain of eye-strain . . . Arkie conceives of the ' 39 Men ... A humid night for our boat-ride turns out all right with us entertaining the entertainers . , , Poliz- cotf has enough hair to do his dictator impersonations . . . Fleishaker, Shaer, Cooper, and Poupko unite to win the first Class-Xite Banner for us. Denk you . , , The year draws to a close with Miller awarded the Alumni Junior Medal and Big Ben Tiv ' ent)i-f(iur I ' .Icl ' ntil ImIv. ' s u- .M;iI|i Mr,!, ' .! (.■ind I|h ,l,,n I in.ik. Iii„. piil il ,iu-k ) . . . I.r, in Wdlks for iircsidciicy cf SIikIciiI Cniin, il . , . Oli. . s. I ' liil js iwr srcrrldrv . . . 1938— Wr |ir(|i;irc Inr (.iir l;isl s. ,:;, on I lir ml Irf i.-il r sIm ' , ' c licfcrc- llic- ciirluin Calls . . . ' I ' lir s;Ti|.l c.mIIs (nr I he caliri . ' ind (|iLrl ,,r ;, ly|iic;il sriii,,|- year, hill (-(111(11- tions ad lili ... A sn ciilli ' d nsl.Miir. ' iiil. r Ir.-irli, s iis Imu ,, run miiyli slmd over an fiilii-c inslilulinn if «c .-iit lir;i ,( n i nllll ll . . . i li.-irii lli:il llii- food «i- cat it of iKi concern of ours . . . Second in (diincil lo I, en Iml uilli .-i liii-siiitc growth .sec- ond lo none is I ' r ink Sli;i|)ini . . . Sli;ier mis 1, ' ikes ininiih , . . . Comniic i.s run Uy Ariiic Miller, I ' liil K;i|il;in, ind .lerry Kesleidi.-iinii loo . . . KIciman, n.s its biisincH.s TtiailHj ' ci-, |)iils il on llie prolil side cd ' llii ' ledger . . . . colorful six-))a ic I ' lirim i.ssiic id ' Coniiiiic r;iises l;iiij;liler . ' is liijili . ' is .M.-irs , . . I,. ' indis .-11111 Iir is l,-ik(- over Ihc .Masinid uilli cries id ' dici .-ilorsliiii oiced ;is lliey .-iinly .-illeniiil lo force sindciil coo|)el-.-ilio:i . . . (ierlier ilispl.iys ;i ni.-irked iiil erl ' erioril y eoiii|il( . . . Kreil in.-ill considers lli,-il ,-1 el.-iss |iresidenl is .-ilso ,-1 | r(sid, ' iil .■ind Skl.-irin helps liini old when nol disi rihni iny ( ' oiinnics . . . Dr. S.-i ilsk driMs us .-ill lo Hie mad house . . . ' I ' hc imiialcs don ' l mind us ,-1 hit . . . ' riicy ndc.-isc us .-ifler ohscrvalion . . . The Org-anie boy.s begin to complain hee.-iuse juniors ,-ire disrupting Iheir mor ile «ilh too much stiulyini ' . Didn ' t lliose kids Ic.-irn .-inylhin in c(dlene . . . ' (- nicct in the person of Philip Ivr.-iiis ,-i le.icher who m.-ikcs teaching an .•irl Vii l ' ' , eeuli e Commitlee now runs the school . . . Cia.sses give way lo l.-isses , . . , lerry hi ' l ns I 1 ,1 ye.-ir like .-1 l.-i;nl). and h,-is eomc hack lo us like .-1 woll ' . . . I ' our or (i e more of our m.-il - sl.-irl rese.-ircli in the ways of a fi-malc with discussion groups in Ye Olde .Meelinge lions. Jerome Kes- tciibaum. abscntci- landlord . . . The ' . ' )!) Men prom is ,-i so.ial success in spite of the hall . . . Vc become amateur Dick Tracys ,-is we Iry lo ascertain «hv it wasn ' t a bigger financial success . . . I ' m ,-1 little pr.iirie llouer. growing wilder hour l y hour proves to be the fly in the f.-nully soup at llie Stu(U-:it-I ' ' aeulty Mi.xcr . . . The Hoy.s prove what dainly crealiires tiny can m.ike ;is ciipiil ' s bow.s and blushing cheeks are produced on a (lalid backgrounil with a few deft strokes of the artist ' .s brush at Roxanne Studios . . . Arkie puts Cla,ss Nites on a big-time basis — and at a profit . . . We split the banner with the juniors and then take to walking the corridors in bands for protection, for eaeli m.- n kills the thing he loves . . . Herzl Freed and the Concert Bureau gi c us long-haired slulV with tickets to the N.U.C. Sym))liony and other high-bniw cnlcrl .-linment . . . Don ' t Throw Glass Houses wasn ' t all it was cracked up to be . . . We throw ourselves some seallions for our behavior . . . T ' le senior alfair ends n|i in Staten Isl.-md and Waehty misses the boat to America but has a friend lo console him . . . .Vn exclusive senior affair at the Gottesman penthouse doesn ' t snceeed in excluding a few alien elements . . . Abbv has so often tried to impriss upon us lliat we ' d better Icixi- him a loan that we now dci ' idc to le.-i c him .-iK ' ne . . . Oh, ves. Phil Ka]ilan is our secritary . . . This is our talc, sinijdy and humorcc.isly lold. It m.iy evoke a laugh here and a half-suppressed smile there: but luliind .-ill this bitter-sweet lurks a modicum of pensive sadness as we lca c ,-1 slullercd home with its leisurely and seliolarly pur- suits to enter into the harsh and compctiti c tempo of life. Ttrenty-five 1 «) MAS II) HYMAN BLOOM New York Ci+y MILTON COOPER Brooklyn, New York IRVING EHRENTHAL Bronx, New York BENJAMIN ELEFANT New Cas+le, Penn. Twenty-six MILTON ELEFANT New Castle, Penn. BERNARD FINKELSTEIN Hartford, Conn. OSCAR FLEISHAKER Bronx, New York HERZL FREED Brooklyn, New York 1 9 3 «) Ticenty-seven ISRAEL. GERBER Jrooklyn, New York ZACH GELLMAN Brooklyn, New York ZEV GOLDSTEIN New York City HYMAN J.GRIBETZ Brooklyn, New York MASMID Tirnily-eifjVt JACOB HEISLER St. Louis, Mo. PHILIP KAPLAN Brooklyn, New York JEROME KESTENBAUM Brooklyn, New York MAX KLEIMAN Bronx, New York 1 :v 9 Tirrntii-niiie MASMID BENJAMIN KREITMAN Brooklyn, New York MORRIS A. LANDES Revere, Mass. A. LEO LEVIN Trenton, New Jersey MURRAY LIEBERMAN New York City Thirty WOLF LIFSHITZ Brooklyn, New York ARNOLD J. MILLER Worcester, Mass. ALLAN MIRVIS Baltimore, Md. ISRAEL NOBEL New York City 1 «) :v 9 Thirty-one MASMID LOUIS NULMAN Newark, New Jersey BERNARD POUPKO Haverhill, Mass. JACK ROSENBLUM Bronx, New York JOSEPH ROTHSTEIN Yonkers, New York TKirty-tieo JOSEPH SCHIMELMAN Brooklyn, New York FRANK SCHONFELD Bronx, New York FRANK SHAPIRO New York City SEYMOUR SHAER Bayonne, New Jersey 19 3 9 Thirty-three MASMID MORTIMER SKLARIN Bronx, New York BENJAMIN SINCOFF New York City RAHMIN SION Basrah, Iraq HYMAN WACHTFOGEL Montreal, Canada MAX RAPHAEL WASSER New York City Thirtij-jour LIT ERJiRY u MASMID Joseph Rosenblatt — The Man and His Art LOUIS NULMAN With the passing- of Cantor Joscpli Rosenblatt, Jewisli life h;is lost one of the leu reinainin ' ' - exponents of tlie true eantorial art, one who embodied all the highest traditions of his ealling. In Joseph Rosenblatt were found all the elements whieli Jewish history has tauglit is to assoeiate with the eantor. He was a true l13i, ' n ' I ' ti ' and was always eonseious of this faet; he eonstantly felt it. Cantor Rosenblatt had a gift for improvising Jewish eliant whieh was rooted in deep Jewish piety and fervent Jewish emotion. His mere artieulation of the Hebrew |)rayer was enough to warm the Jewish soul beeause, in his voice, the pulse beats of his great .lewish heart were voealized. Josej)!! Rosenblatt, horn May 9. 1SS2. in iiiala Cierkiew a town noted for ils eantors, seems to be the descendant of a long line of precentors. He was the tenth child of an indigent H ' En Vl in a small synagogue who augmented his income by being a bookkeeper. Although his father, Raphael Sholom Rosenblatt, was not endowed with an extraordinary voice or technique, Joseph gained from his elruuii tary teachings a remarkable insight into eantorial music. As is well known, .lose))!! Rosenblatt was a I ' hild prodigy. At the age of four, he was receiving a private Hebrew education and, in addition, was quite well known for his unusual singing. At seven, he was made his father ' s assistant on a tour of Eastern Europe. While in Sada Gora, a small town popular for its chassidic activities, the child became absorbed in its peculiar music, studied it, and soon became known in the ehassidie world for his singing. At eight, Joseijh began a serious study of music and was successfull) ' making public appearances in the synagogues of Central Europe. When he was nine years old, the Rosenblatt family was expelled from Russia on twenty-four hours ' notice. Now, having resumed his career in Austria where he sliowed a remarkable aptitude in interpreting Jewish liturgy, his beautiful voice attracted so much attention that Franz Josef, emperor of Austria-Hungary at the time, came to hear the youth sing in a Vienna synagogue. ]}y the time Rosenblatt was twelve years old, he was known throughout Eux-ope. It was strongly felt b} ' the critics of the day that Rosenblatt, the ]5ossessor of such a phenomenal voice and artistic ability, was destined for a great career as a cantor. Had it not been for the fact that his voice had to pass through the natural transformation period and that he would not be able, for a time at least, to pursue eantorial duties, Rosenblatt would never have been the man or the artist he was. The Rosenblatt family, now financially secure as a result of Joseph ' s unusual suc- cess, could afford to engage private tutors to educate him intensively in Jewish and musical studies. It was at Czernowit ., Hungary, and at Hamburg, Germany, that Rosenblatt made great strides in musical advancement. At fourteen, being- already quite proficient in the science of harmony and counterpoint, Jost-pli com- posed his first synagogual works. Rosenblatt never ceased to sing; he did so even when his voice eould not hold the pitch and cracked, using a falsetto to great advantage. Wlien his voice finally settled, he already had subconsciously developed his remarkably fine falsetto, the flexibility of which so appealed to him that he Thirty-six 1 iiiiisic. Il wiis on AiiKMst iilii K;iiifni;iri of IJrxcsko, sons .-11111 I III ' I- (liiii litcr.s. M ( li. ' issiilic Inwi) ill Hiin- rl.ii i;iril(ir of l ' r ' SJ.I)iirj;. 1 III- sliiilicd with I ' rofcssrir rondriiicd lo pcrfccl 11 iiiilil lie cuiiM siiii;- ;iii lolnnili ]5tll, li)0(), tliat KosciiMmII, wliil, ' in Ci-mcou. rorl ' I I ' oliiml, who later hi ' cainc his uilV mihI Ikmi him ll During Uic same y ' ' ' h ' was chclcil (■.•iiilur ;il Miirik;ii ii ' nry; ml a year later, (h ' spilr his ymilh, Ik sviis ( Iliiiignry. At Presshiirg, in addilion lo xdici- eidture wli Vandcrstaat, Roseiihintt CDinposcd :i fxnui many eanloria] eoinpositions. ' I ' lic next opportimily camt ' when he was called lo (he synagogue j Hainhiirf;. He rrinained there for six years, eontiniied his miisieal studies pri ali l . and uruli sciin. of his finest synagogiial eoinpositions. 01) ioiisly, .(osepli KosmliLiI I .il tin Imri of tin- nineteenth century enjoyed a wide repiil;ilioi IIh Ijiropi .■hi cdnl im ni .-md was considered to be ] ' ' .iirope ' s foremost eaiilor. I ' .irl i( id;iil w.is this Ih. i .isi in Western JMirope where he was welcomed warmly .-md .•idmircd grcdlv hy (Fcrm;iii .Icwrv. His success is more astonishing liecaiise of tlie precarious slate of affairs pre- valent in the synagogues of Western iMirojic. The German .Jewish Riform Move- ment, it will be recalled, had shaken the foundations of .Judaism. In many eases, the cantor had been eliminated. There were two reasons for this action; first, the manner of the musical rendition of the liturgy seemed too oriental ; secondly, the Jews, hearing the singers in the concert halls and opera houses, could no longer tolerate the mediocre singing of cantors whose voices were not trained and whose musical tastes were bad. So greatly were the German .Tews entranced by the services of the Protestant Church that they introduced a similar type of worship into their own temples. As a result, the music of the Western synagogues was either (juasi- operatic or Protestant in nature and style. However, during the middle of the nineteenth century models and values changed; a growing movement among composers of cantorial music in Kurope attempted to restore and revitalize the true Jewish chant, which in truth was and is the natural result of centuries of repression eliaracterizing the Jewish race. The nuisie of Solomon Sulzer (1801-1890) and Lewis Lcwandowski (1821-1891-) which had taken hold of Western Jewry, was distasteful not only to the general body of Eastern European Jewry, but also to such western cantors as Samuel Naumbourg (1815-1880) and Hirseh Weintraub (1811-1882). Their main endeavor was to expurgate German synagogual music of its foreign influences and to reintroduce the traditional nDU. The German .Jewish renaissance in synagogual nivisic found its hopes and aspira- tions in the personality and genius of Cantor Rosenblatt. With him the art of the cantor consisted mainly of the meaningful interpretation of the liturgy according to certain specific modes which were based upon a pure sense of religious devotion, reverence, and sincerity. .Joseph Rosenblatt was a deep-rooted Jew as well as a thorough and sound musician. His wide and varied experience which he gained as a guest cantor in all the larger cities of Europe magnified that marvelous intuition of feeling the pulse of the synagogue and injecting into it profound musical spirit. It was the intermingling of his well-trained and refined voice with his extensive knowledge of Jewish and secular culture that raised him to such high esteem by German Jewry. Cantor Rosenblatt, finding that I ' uropc in pre-war days was an uncomfortable place for him and seeing even greater chances of success in prospect, sailed for America in 1912 and upon his arrivsil was accorded a most brilliant and dignified position as cantor of the First Hungarian Congregation. Ohab Zedek of New York I 9 3 9 MASMID City. His sal;u-y fur tlic first yi-ars was $2,100 nr aiuunn wliicli In- riitivcd for rinderiiiij ,ser ic-i s cui the Sabbath and iiolidays. I ' durtcin years later lie va.s paid •1 12.000 per amiuni ami only sanu ' on one Sabbath of i;uh nionlli (a ' DiaO n3K ' ) .111(1 on all holidays. As before, Rcsenblatt won his eonnregation ' s esteem not only by his sinning- but also by Iiis traits of eharacter. He lived in eomfort, enjoyed tlic family life he so dearly loved, entertained fellow cantors and coiuert artists, and led a virtuous, patriarchal existence. Until he accepted his first position in New York, he sang only sacred and traditional music. From the time he arrixed in the L ' nited States until he made his debut in Carnegie Hall in 1918 as a concert artist lie had studied assiduously with Professors Duberta, Rogers, and Spielter, perfecting his great natural voice and building an extensive repertoire consisting of the great arias from the Italian, French, German, English, and Russian operas, English ballads, and folk-songs of many nations, all of which he sang in the original tongues. In 1917 his popularity had grown to such heights that Cleofonte Campanini, director of the Chicago Grand Opera Company, after hearing him at a benefit concert in Chicago for Eurojiean War Veterans asked him to join his operatic association. The following letter was the direct outcome of that hearing: Morris Newman, President, First Hungarian Congregation Ohab Zedek, 18-22 West llfith Street, New York City. Dear Sir, I heard Mr. Roseiililatt iliiring his recent stay in Chieago and was so impressed with his voice and art of singing that I made him an offer to sing with the Chicago Grand Opera Company, the part of Eleazer, in the opera The Jewess , by Halevy. I suppose the story of the opera is familiar to you. It is a glori- fication of the Jewish religion, and the role of the Jewess will be sung by Rosa Raisa, who is a Jewess, a native of Odessa. , . . I offered Mr. Rosenblatt three performances in Chicago, with an option of an additional one in New York and an additional one in Boston, each to take place two to three weeks apart. He would have to be in Chicago only one week for rehearsals prior to the first per- formance. His salary for each performance would be one thousand dollars ($1,000) and railroad fares to and from Chicago. There will be no performances for him on Friday or Saturday, nor would he in any way have to take off or cut his beard, and there will be nothing in the performances or appearances upon the operatic stage that would in any way be a reflection upon the Orthodox Jewish faith. I expect Mr. Rosenblatt to make a great success in opera, as he did in his concert ap|)earances here. Hoping to lia -e a fa oralilr answer at your early convenience, I am, Yours truly, (Signed) Cleofonte Campanini, General Director. Cantor Rosenblatt felt, as did his congregation, that singing in the opera was not compatible with Orthodox Jewish principles and therefore Campanini ' s offer Thirty-eight uas r ' l ' iis(il. ' I ' liis i-(j|c (if Mlcjizcr in I . i .liiiic . (irii;iiiMll v irjii ndid fnr liilii liy ( ' iiin|)iiliilii «Ms l;ilri ' |il;i i(l willi iiiiiiii use sihim ss liv I ' .ri riiii ( ' .•iriisu. II was on May lil, IDIN, llial Canhn- liciscnMall mail, his pli. ndinrniil ilrlinl «( Cai-MCf ii ' Hull wiicn lie ixi-rnanrnl! rsl alilislird Innisrll in IIm- run,, rl liclil l)cfon; a larn ' c, cndllisiasl ic andicncc I lis lliminlil nnl |n-iiiirairi idritairirii I ' driipiisitiiins Irnin Ins cxlcnsixr and licliriini;i im niis r( ik ridin . Coniplclcly carried au iy l.y lidscidd .l I s r crilics were lininidlcss in llirir praise anil aeel: ill pari: In Ids iiperalie niiniliers lliere uas me (lie Qlicstfl o (iiiella Troin N ' erdi ' s H i-nlel I,,. ' iiarkalij. siiioinii. Ilie N.w V.,rk II. Till . r,L- ) iiil. ' rimes wniti; ■ lliaii a siiii isl ion of Caruso in lie Sric Yiirlc Trihnne said: Hr liiriis liandspriiifis of coloraliira llial Ann lila (lalli Ciirei or Maria Marricntos inifflit well envy. His trill l)n)lii.|il hack one lo .Meiha ! I ' o hear hini siiifr Ji-wisli folk- soiiiis is like hearing- McC ' orinaek siny Maenslda. said tin Mdniinf Trhi rajili. Siieli a display of Horid cxcciilion li.is iiol heeii heard since I ' .nioiul Clcirifnt, wa.S Ihe opinion of Ihe Krciiiii; (Uohc. .Vnolher onlslandiiiii critic siiminarizi-d the fcfl- iiifj,s of the audience when he said. Oik could shut his eyes and well imaf;ine lie was listening ' to Seotli, the famous hariloue. Caruso, the tenor, and fialli-Curei. the great soprano. Rosenblatt ' s successful dchul hroiiuhl him immediate reeoniiitinii and he soon bceaine known as the foremost e.inlor in I ' .nrope aud .Vnnric.i. Thousands of Jews and non-Jews alike heard his rieli tenor iuler|)rctation of Jewish liturgy as well as Ids brillijinl sinninj; ' of sccul. ' ir musii ' on the stage. During the ' orld War Cantor Rosenblatt ' s patriotic sense was completely manifested; he found tliat state and city officials were requesting him to render his services for his adopted country. Consequently, he gave forty benefit concerts throughout the country in an attemjit to aid the .lewisli War Sufferers, Liberty Loan Campaigns, War Saving Stamp drives, soldier camps and Jewish War Relief. One of his outstanding concerts took place on June 12. 191, ' ), when he sang in New York ' s Victory Way during the Victory Loan Campaign and was responsible for the addition of five million dollars to the Loan, In 1921 Cantor Rosenblatt dedicated one of his masterpieces entitled f ' XIC ' 1D1L to the .lewish War Orpiian ' s Fund. On September 17, 1020, Cantor Rosenblatt found himself commissioned by the R,C.A. ] Ianufaeturing Company to make some recordings of bis own compositions and his interpretations of other composers ' works. He recorded a total of seventy selections of which six selections were recorded by him in conjunction with other artists. Among his recordings, strange as it seems, tliere is only one secular eompo- ition, that being Massenet ' s Elegy and even here lie made use of the Hebrew- translation. The remaining recordings consist particularly of compositions of Jewisli liturgy and Jewish folk-songs, the majority of which were products of his own pen. Reeause of these records, attention was drawn to the venerable cantor ' s singing and composing in Jewish homes the world over. In the twenties. however, the personal fortunes of the great cantor suiTered a decline. Always interested in espousing the cause of Orthodox Judaism. Cantor Rosenblatt had offered himself as surety for an indebtedness of almost two hundred thousand dollars toward the publication of T ' Cn 13, a weekly news organ. Left penniless and heavily in debt besides, it was necessary for him to increase his earnings to pay off a debt which he could have disregarded without dishonor to himself. His first step was to give up his position with Congregation Ohab Zedek for the greater financial returns of 1 Thirty-nine MASMIJ) tlie stage. Altlunigh iliscliargvil from hankruptcy in 1929, he, nevertlicless, decided to continue at liis various projects to pay ott ' the entire debt. In 1927 he signed a contract to sing on all holidays at Congregation Anshe Sfard of Brooklyn, N. Y. However, he resigned a year later to return as cantor for the High Holy Days to his former congregation. Foreseeing the effect of the depression on his future in America, the cantor sailed for Palestine on March 25, 1933 with his wife and son, Henry, a baritone, who appeared with him on the concert stage. There he was engaged by the Ameri- can-Palestine Fox Film Company in a film in which he was starring entitled Voice of yiy People . During his sojourn there the Cantor gave several concerts on behalf of World Jewry. In fact, on the very day of his death he was sclieduled to make an appearance in a benefit concert to aid the fund for starving Jews of Eastern Europe. On June 19, 1933 the great cantor succumbed to a heart attack in Jerusalem after a busy day of completing his film and visiting the Wailing Wall, the Dead Sea, and River Jordan. It was tlie opinoin of intimate friends that the undue exertion resulting from his financial difficulties brought on the attack of apoplexj ' . Cantor Rosenblatt was mourned by five thousand people. Chief Rabbi Kook eulogized, and Cantors Quartin and Hirshman, who were sojourning there, chanted the funeral and burial prayers. As a tribute to Cantor Rosenblatt a series of memorial services were held in this country. The most outstanding, that of June 27, 1933, was held by his col- leagues of the Jewish Ministers Cantors Association at Carnegie Hall at whicli two hundred cantors sang a Hebrew Requiem, composed and conducted by Joseph Rumshinskj ' , a life-long friend of Cantor Rosenblatt. Only after his death was an objective appraisal of his voice and musicianship undertaken. During his life he had so captivated his auditors by his personality and stage presence that critiques of his performances seemed to be dictated by his jjress agents. But, under impersonal analysis, he looms even more important. It is certain that he had one of the greatest ranges ever to come within the compass of singers. He could sing the lowest notes demanded of the baritone and the highest of the soprano. And the placement of each of these notes, as the recordings show, is perfect, no matter what the art form happens to be at the moment. Herman Devries of the Chicago American, in describing his voice, said: This is not a tenor but a whole company. Can you imagine a tenor trilling on a high C or D — in the falsetto, of course, but a falsetto that ravishes the ear — after having just sung a subterranean B flat. ' ' Coloratura flows from his lips with the ease of a virtuoso soprano. Mezzo-voice singing of exquisite quality is one of his greatest charms. And when you wonder if he has power, too, he sends forth high B flats and B naturals that robust tenors would be deliriously delighted to possess. As one delves into the immortal synagogue compositions of Rosenblatt, on ' discerns a character of deep religiosity and refinement, a man of high idealism, who had the hand of a master craftsman. Although there are only five hundred of his works in manuscript form many more could have been added from the wealth of the remarkable improvisations which the synagogue evoked from him in its service and which were never recorded since there was a constant demand for new emotional interpretation of the same liturgy. Among his work can be found cantorial recita- tives, compositions for cantor and choir, and religious folk-songs. Cantor Rosenblatt Forty WHS M spiiril. ' i liri) IS ..,„n|,ns,.r; 1 is |l H ' l ' i ' iil .l ' visli 1 1 1 1 1 s ir: 1 lIl.Hl. llls. ■I ' hr. llir li,!.|iily (1 ' III ' - ire, liii ' 1 1 1 !■ i 1 „r his ;u-l. ( ' , ' 111 (ir Hos.nl.l.Mll S lil ( ' oiilinucd lo l |- ■(■, ' Ills Miici-, ' 1 sliick lo Ills l. ' , ' i Is. iliir iiiuiid v is Mil his (lllirr I I ' liiil iiiiii Unl-ks. •cs|)i iisil)h- fill- siiiric iif Mh ir, r, KosiiiIiImI! work.il for , iiiil I III jilisciliclc sinciTitj- slii iii(i f,.i- III. ' irlcdl; he III 111 « .■irlislic idc is, iiriil . ' . ' in .h.iihl Ih. ' il C. ' iiil.ir H.is. ' iiMatl II u. ' is I ' .ir I Ills M ry r.MSDii tli il ■V ulii.li h. ril.if.in- had ciiiplovcd II U. ' IS I his iir.il ' .iiiM.l .1. wisli III- MiiM. ' ill n-spon- |ii . Ill yi-ncral, id . ' ils.i iM.irclcd III .d ' . ' 111 . ' ill.iii| l ii. ' . ' il and ft-asilili ' In |)ci ' iisiiii; ' his . ' . ' iiil.iri. ' il .iiiiipiisil i.ins. ii.i m really employed original aiid I I ' .-i.lil inii. ' il nn;, In ' .s re])ulalioii eoiKiiiei ' ed W ' rsl. rii l ' ' ,iii ' .i|i. . ' in .1. ' I ' oi ' eifrii niiisieal soiireis in ils sy n. ' iii.inii. ' il iiiiisi. ' lenipl lo i-eslore I i-nilil ional iiiiisi. ' in (nriii.iin lli. ' il ni. ' iil. ( ' .iiili .sible for brinii ' ln;; ' onler iiilo III. ' synan ' .ijjii. ' nnisi. ' oT W. slmi lie julvanecd the eaiisi- id ' syii, ' ii;dn ' Mal nnisi. ' iii. ' iny sl. ' ps riii ' . ' i new life inl.) Ihe arl wlii. ' h rii. ' diled il In in. ' ikr uiw prni;iTss. C ' lassieal iiiiisi. ' . ' il lorni is I hi- hislnricil . ' in. I ii:il iii ' . ' il ih . 1. on tlie ))ai ' L .if llu ' liuni. ' in li.inu, In .-xiinss his .iiinl ions in a fa.slnon. And, il was this I ' orin lli.-il was pari ;iiid p. ' ir. ' il of C ' lnl.ir ({osenldatl ' s niu.sieal make-up. He allrilmleil f;real iinporl. ' in.i ' lo llu- ili ' in.nt of fonn in his eomposition.s and Ihevcby cnlianei-d a k.cn f.-.-lini; for li. ' il. ' inee and synmi.lry. In Ills singing and eom])o.sing, wliieh are on. ' , li.is. nlil.il I iiilro.liii.s. in lien of siiper- tliious repetition of words and nnisieal Ihoiiulils, .ijl sorts of nnisi. ' .il .iriation.s wliicli are not inerel ' orii. ' unental. liiil . ' ilso sir . ' , ' is , ' in inl.i ' pnl. ' ilion and eommentary on Ihe pious thoun ' hls whi. ' h Ihe . ' h. ' int . ' iw . ' ikins in lli. ' soul of the faitlif d. Then again, the .spirit of each of Cantor Rosenblatt ' s eantorial innnbers bears with it a definite jiattern of devcloi)ment ; first, a elear, coneisc, and simple statement of melody; then, its development eontaining melodie figures, im))lied in the statement and frequent use of modulations and extensive utilization of sequenees; and finally its sweeping eadcnza-like passages usually sung in his g.dden falsetto voiee displaying his vir- tuosity in voeal art. I!y siieli sound uiiisi. ' .d means e.udd Rosenblatt attain elfeets of rare jiower in e . iking all llu ' illusion of lliii.l and impalpable fm-ms filling the . ' ludilor with a syiu ' hron.ius sentiuunt of llu- inosl ]ioignanl sadness and joy. I IV general, .aeli work possesses great melodi. ' beauty which demands immediate aielaiiu from both musieian and layman. He disjilays true genius when lie merges the Jewish musie of the orient and the oeeident, his works incorporating the oriental motif-like and non-rhythniie figures together with the European melodic and rhythmic liattcrn. Each of Rosenblatt ' s work is the product of an intermingling of the recita- tive, aria, and folk-tune style which, as a whole, contributes to the achievement of true pieces of art; musically united, pleasant to hear, and imbuing a religions atmosphere. If Rosenblatt did anything for .Tewish musie, he achieved miracles in so far as the .Jewish ;-bant is . ' .ineerned mel.nli. ' allv. rhvthmieallv. and strueturallv. And. if Uoseiibl. ' itt has been until now an.l will reni. ' iin always one of the eolos- suses of Jewish musie. « ■ ni. ' iy be certain first of all that it is due not to his musical scientific achievements, but to his delicate feeling of ileep Jewish life. Even those wh.i fail to grasp the meaning of his musie, nevertheless, are charmed and tonehed by it when they yield to the impressions produced upon their ears and heart. 1 ) RacheTs Cup W ' (lost tluni wtcj) tliiTi ' . niaidfii fair? What griefs liave been tliy share? What great sorrow did tliee befall? But, slie heedeth me not at all. And, the tears continue to fall: Drip — Drip — Drip. Too j ' oung for such a tear, my dear. No consolation near? What miseries did thee befall ? But, she answereth not at all. And, the tears continue to fall : Drip — Drip — Drip. Great pnxerty thine? With clothes so fine! Impov ' rished hands confine Not so gold a goblet. — Eh? The stream of tears slic doth not stay. But, ' mid their harmony, starteth say ; Soft— Still— Slow. ' ] Iy son ' , she doth begin. (She so young, ' nd I her son!) ' I lived once. That is done. I died. They cried that one So handsome Death should win. Cried that I died! I live! ' Rachel , G-d said to me, Thy children shall sufler. Struck by every buflet Of Fate . This, to a mother. But, thou canst cut them free Of all misery. Li c MASMID ' Just as thou art, Rachel. Death ' s repose is not thine. Tliou canst not hope t ' recline In lover ' s arms for some time. T ' unheal thful clime, I tell Thee to return and live. Forty-two ' •■ ' I ' Mkc lliis ,ur;iil. ,l;umlil. r ,l,;i|-. (in ■iimii.i.sl lliv rhililr, r;. Ili-;,r,l ' I ' licir |i;iiiis ' ( ' ii llio ' i III ;irl ' I ' liiv ciil. And. ulini llirv sljirl To «rr|.. iMlrll r:i,l, I, ■,■,,• llrr,; ' Oil. li.Mrll.ss. cnicl! (; d I ' ivi ' ! ' And wliiM lliy (III. (if Iriirs lie lull, llv In lr. I.rl ■Ml- lllrsc l.ips n( Minr Uil ' illl uors III, ' ,l.u (lid lir-rl. ' riicn Inr-cl li;i|.l.ss r. ' irs. ' ( ' . ' dm Di ' . ' dli I li 11. in liM ' . ' !)ri|). I)ri|i. I)ri|), ( ' .•in .-1 iikiIIh T s,r lur cliild ' s |);nii ! I)ri|). drip. drip. SnI ' l chrrUs MiT lr,-ir sl.-iinrd :iii: iu. l [ind .-md lindy in . ' indny. Babes i ' roui .-inns .■irr Mi.itclicd. Uowed ' iicatli iidnnn.in lyi-anny. Wa.s man iii; di ' I ' In- wveU ' licd . ' MohaniuKd.-in. C ' livisli.-iii. Ht ' atlK ' n. Barhaiiaii, Demons in human form. Oh, .siiare this r;iee t ' oidorn. Sob — Moan — fry. Tn humiliation and shame. ralliiij ' for merey in Hea en ' s n;niie. Heiui;- be.-den ;(11 the same. ' How niueh ean : oni; n bear? 1 returneil to Mini who vent. I met His Serutinizii;g ' Kye. Hoping He would relent. Hoping He would relent. For he is so kind of he.irt. G-d ! tears are sueh small dro|)s of life. And. how the lash doth smart ! ' Take the eup up gently. Spill not a single drop. Hold it reverently. Think ere you drink. — Sloji. ■ Sweat of a father. IJlood of a motlier. Flesh of a daughter, 19 Fortythiec MASMirj ]?ones of her brotljcr. All lliese, this ciij) doth cunlaiii. G-(l, from justice n I rain, (rciith- nu■l•(• ■, oIl ' iT. ■JJcholtl, the Lord raiseth the half-filled elialiec. And, He putteth the eiip to qiiiveriii ; Lips. But, He toutheth not e ' en one Inimy dropKl. And, reluctantly. He stretchelli il Ui iiiiTic liaiul And, the Almighty sayeth unto lue, as follows: Take thou thy goblet and go thou back to the And, seek thou out where thou canst find salty And, I snatched the cup from the Immortal H And, I placed it to the Immortal Cheek. And, I caught the tears that fell thereon. Drip — Drip — Drip. ' eardi. drops mds. Let me embrace thee, mother dear ; My lips wipe ' way each tear, And substitute hope for each fear. I reach out. She doth disappear. ' Twas but a vision I saw here. Flimsy Apparition. Still, methinks I see that phantom yit. Cheeks grief-strained and wet. She pusheth forward feet so small, And stoppeth for nothing at all Save those sorrow-easers that fall ; Drip — Drip — Drip. lonis (I. hiiiddt Foity-lour Reason in History PHILIP KAPLAN The niwlli 111 ' |iliil(iS(i|iliy .■niil ii. ' il iiral scirini-. Irnr llloil,n ' Ilt 1(1 llic iircscMl (Imv. lias li.cii I,, ,■, l.-,i-n, di-nc a ))rol)It ' ni iinoUiiii;- Innnaii rcasoii anil lis nlal iiiiislii|i li ivason the great jioU ' titiaJil y in ilsclf In iiiaMr il In run it (k ' lK ' iid on somctliinu; ixlrniai In iKrll ' In adiiiM lli irr iiis in rarly ( I ' cik iiipl lo solve tlic basic I III in- uni crsc. Has ■nil llir wni-jil iir must I )ni s till ' liiiiiil as jic vvilli I 111- jinililriiis 111 ' iiirtapiiysics and its rsr iiliasrs nt | ill i Insiij illy In some entity Ollt- MiJMil in a plrxiis nf anniiialiis and lontra- a thinking tiling have the ])nuei ' In n related .suhjeels or musl il relegale II side of itself fnr fear nf lieenniing h dictions ? These questions were Ihonglit aliniit ami snlulinns In tliem wen- |irn|)nseil li - thinkers ever since tiie days of ' I ' liales. In (heir alleiiipt In siilistitute fnr the Mi])er- iiaturalism and mysticism of the Oriental civilization an interpretation of the uni- verse based on simple natural principles, these men undoubtedly were characterized by a rationalistic appi ' oacli to nature and the universe. Indeed, it was the belief in the power of human reason to comprehend its surroundings that brought aliout the elimination of the irrational elements from )irimitive religious views and gave rise to the notion of philosophy as we know it today. This rationalism reached its culmination in the works of Plato and Aristotle, in whom it gave rise to different, although not contradictory, conclusions. For Plato, it meant that there was a distinction between sense objects as temporal and phenom- enal appearances which were in contrast to the true Being attainable through the knowledge of absolute ideas. For Aristotle, it gave rise to the fundamental posi- tion that the intelligibility of the world was a fact and that human reason was capa- ble of understanding that world. For both Plato and Aristotle, however, as well jis for most Greek thinkers, reason had definite powers and rationalism as an ap- proach was an accepted doctrine. With the rise of modern physics and what is termed modern philosophy, the all-important problem of Rationalism vs. Anti-Intellectualism has burst forth with the same vitality and significance which it had attained almost two thousand years before. Every thinker of importance from Bacon to the present time lias taken sides in this fundamental question. For three centuries, the intellectualist position, adhered to but slightly by Bacon, developed by Descartes and given its most profound expression by Spinoza with his famous axiom ' Man thinks. was in constant conflict with the anti-intelleetualism of Locke, Berkeley. Hume, and more recently of Bergson and the American Pragmatists. It is in the Pragmatism of ' William James and in the Romanticism of ]?ergson that the anti-rationalist position reaches its culmination. No philosoplier since Spinoza undertook more conscientiously and upheld more ardently the power of human reason than did Hegel. Only with the realization that Hegel ' s svstem was the culmination in the nineteenth century of the entire rational- 1 9 Foily-fivc i l attitiitlo can one attrinpl hi apprciaili a sliuly cif his work. In I ' ai ' l. hy _!;i iiiu, ' a new expression to llir rali.uial |minl o( ii v. in using ri ' asiin as llic basis ol ' liis ilialfi ' tieal metlioil. and in a|i|ilyinu it Id nnivrrsal lii.story, Hi ' i cl went nnicli lurllici- than (lid S|iini) a, To pnstnl a hrirf analysis of (he main coiUH-pls constitntini!,- llf;vl ' s I ' hiloso- ]ihy of History is a xrxations task, jji-iniarily because many of tlie.se eonee|)ts are rikitiil. directly or iiulircclly. to several of Hesvel ' s otlier works, particularly to tin- I ' hcnomcnology of the Mind and lo the .Science id ' Logic. .V proper ap- ]iroach to an understanding of the work must consist in an attempt to comi)rchcud h;il is meant in general l y the cxpnssion philosoiiliy of histcn-y. Hegel, defines ■ piiilosophy of history as the thoughtful consideration of it. meaning liy that jihrase the belief that history is itself a jihilosopliical system and must be inter- preted in that fashion. John Dewey, in expressing this idea, maintains that the basis of the philosophy of history of Hegel, and of Herder and of I ' ichtt ' as well. is the belief that history is itself incarnate reason; that histm-y is infimtcly more rational than the formal abstracting and generalizing reason of indivitluals ; that individual mind becomes rational only through the absorption and assimilation of the universal reason embodied in liistorie institutions and historic development ' . ' This expression of the relationship of history to the individual mind and universal reason is the basis of Hegel ' s doctrine of Freedom which will be taken up fidly below. The philosophy of history, then, is an attempt to exj)lain human experience and actions by going back to the sources of historic causality. That such an efl ' ovt must necessarily inxolxe thi ' idea of a uni ersal history is quite obvious. How else can one ex))lain the fundamental causes and sources of human history? .Vs a result, the final goal of a history of human beings which is universal is in the words of Henri Berr to make known humanity in its totality of re])resentation. To Hegel, that totality of representation is the belief that Reason is the Sovereign of the ' World and that the history of the world presents a rational process. This process involves the necessary course of the ' orld S|)irit ( Wclt-CJheist ) which, as we sliall obser e. is the essence of Hcgels ])hilosophy of history. The important quetion arises as to whether Hegel ' s fundamental conclusion that the history of the universe manifests a rational process was arrived at empiric- ally or through a priori reasoning. This problem should be recognized as basic not in regard to Hegel alone but with rcsijcct to the entire concept of a philoso])hy of historv. Does a philosophy of history involve an investigation of the stream of e en(s which constitutes human experience and a derivation from these events of general intcriiretations and principles — a pui-ely inductive method of analysis; or does such a ])hilosoiihy apiiroach historical data with prc-coneeived laws and sup- positions arrived at independent of the facts to be encountered? A definite answer to these question.s — if one is possible — would make more lucid mucli of Hegel ' s sys- tem and would at the same time clarify such terms as l hilosophy of history or ■philosophy of art. in the ease of Hegel, the question which we pose would appear at an initial perusal, as superfluous as it is obvious. If. as has been em])hasized, Hegel is a rationalist of the highest degree, that is. if he maintains the ]iower of the mind to MASMID German I ' hilijHoiihy and Polilics — John Dewey Forty-six liiMi ' l l(iri ;is M I liirikiim ciil il y liiw, l)y M Idnicnl iiilVr ' nri ' , lli sions (■(iiiiMrniiin lii lDry :n-i- li, ill llll ' llUMIMH lllillll. I l(l ' . , III iii. ' ikrs ill (Icscriliiiin liis iiiilli iiiiinI I;iUi ' can- mil l iiih ' odii llic lIMSt. sol II II. lln U ' (I- ■ Vr (■ ,1 pnnr rxlmi.il ,-if;. Ills lo :,u il. Ili.li il sIlollM fill nil! .•Ill riri|iirii;il lliiiik, r and llial, lijs coiiclii- II I VIrlrlKi lull oil idl ' IlS fomiM IhI( ' (I -imIi .■! sl;il( nil 111 as IIif{rl liiinNflf III f(| liisliirii;ill . I ni|iiric)illy ; we- ns iif mil- nun iiiln lln- ri-cords of .plan, lllsl |, sl.-ilin il III ' lliis uilli IIi- il ' s jfcncral ii|iii-i(isiii ;is i ' iii| l(iyrd I)y In iil ' dir In rrnilcr hiii|im I ililc siirli . ' i liosilinii ;is ,-1 ral inii.alisi , llir nir.aniiiii nf II ili ' f;cl sliiinlil lir clearly coinprcliciidcil. ' I ' lir (■iii|iii-irisiii t,( lln |iliiliisii|)liv of liis loi-y niiisl 111 ' fund. ' inu ' iitally (li.stinfi-iiisliiil li-nin llir s.ainr li rin ;is ur (ind il in lln- .sy.slcui.s (if l.nckc .•mil Iliiinc. In drMlii|niiu- llic |iriiiri|ilr Ilia! all kiinwlcdgc and all ini ' iil. ' il lil ' c .•irr lislicd llic doclriiK .r III. n lh •| ' ;il,ii .■ llir •|ilii n III ' ilii fi-nin i illiiiiil . I.itcki ' cstal) 1,(1 ns llicii supi (■li; i ' ;iclci ' s, williciiil .•my idc;is ; liy thai vast si, .it which Ihc In with an alninst iiidlcss xjiricty knowliMlu ' f . ' ' ' J ' o this I imswcr ,• l!;isa. mind li as «■(■ say, uliilr |i;i|nr. iiiil ni . ' ill u ronics il In hr Inrnishi ' d : Win ini ' c.ims il and Ixumdli ' ss I ' . ' incy nl ' in. ' in has painted nn it Wlienee li. ' is it all tile material of reason and I one Wind, I ' lnin exj)erience ; in that, all our knowledge i.s founded, and from tluit. it ultimately deri es itself. Oiir ( l).servation. employed either about external sensihh olijii ' ts. or .■dinnt the internal operations of ourselves, is that which supjjlies oiiv iindnst. ' mdiniis with all the materials of thinking. These two are the fountains of knnw K ' dge, frnin wluncc . ' ill the idi as we have, or naturally can ha e. do spring. ' - ' Locke, in his |)nH ' l;im;ition that sensation and nllectinn arc the origins from which idl of our ideas t.d ' c their begining, did away with the intellectualist posi- tion of Aristotle and Spino a, No longer is the universe a subject-objeet relation- ship in the sense that Aristotle conceived it. For Loeke, there is no vital eonnection between the realm of ideas and the world of external things. The res cnr itans and the res c.rtensa are dissociated completely and ideas become mere lifeless impressions impinging on a blank slate. With Locke as an appropriate point of dejiarture. it was not difficult for Hume to carry this empiricism to its extreme conclusion and in so doing to develop a sceptical philosophy which maintained that no knowledge for which some antecedent sense impression was not discoverable could claim any validity. The implications of such a doctrine are jialpablc: theology, ethics, and science (including metaphysics) become impossible. Xo wonder that Kant was so upset at a philosoi)hy of scepticism such as Hume expounded and as a result developed his distinction betwen the realms of Pure and Practical Reason. So brii ' f a discussion as the jn-cccding falls short of doing justice to Locke ' s theory of human understanding: yet it suffices for us to appreciate the fact that Hegel rejected without hesitancy siieli an explanation of human experience. To explain all knowledge as a result of a series of impressions leaving their mark on a white sheet is to Hegel the greatest of uiiseonce))tions. For him. as for Spinoza before him, knowledge is not merely a jisychological relationship involving the striking of a sensation on a blank slate. It is rather an intellectual atTair arising o it of the conviction th.it the iutelligiliility of the exterior world is a fact and that the human mind jiossesscs the ability to comprehend this world. For Hegel, unlike -Locke: Esstni Coiiciriiinii Human I ' luUTSlamiinij. Book II. Chapter I. 10 8 Fortii-sevett MASMID Loi-kf niul till- oilur iinpiricisls. Ilic huiiiau iiiiiul doos possess imiiile ideas which enable it to nia ter tlie uiulerslaiuliiii;- of the natural i)lieii()niena with whieh it comes in contact. If IIci;el ih)es speak of an empirical ai)proach to liistorv, it is not the same dogmatic eni|)ii-icisin which hai-aetei-izcs the jihilosopliy of John I.iuke. In an attem|)t at a solution of llie i)rolilein as to wiutiier Hegel ' s fiindanuntal principles involving a philosophy of history were arrived at empirically or through a priori reasoning, the conclusions of the previous paragraphs may be employed to great advantage. IJotli those who acquiesce in his general apjiroach to the sub- ject as well as those who condemn his basic ideas concerning historv nnist agree that Hegel was above all consistent in adapting his rationalism to a treatment of universal history. As a result, we would expect Hegel to approach the task of jiropounding an underlying interpretation of man ' s past experience with the same faith in the capacity of the human mind to establish pre-eonceived ideas independent of em])irieal evidence as he manifested in his development of the general principles of human knowledge. That is exactly what we find: as lie surveys the vast history of humanity, Hegel develops certain pre-concei ed assumptions which arise in his mind irresiieetive of the events which confront him. The concept of a philosophy of history in itself, the belief that history is a rational orderly process, is a inouicntiuis prcsum])tion. That is precisely the meaning of Hegel ' s statement that we should at least have the firm, unconquerable Faith that Reason does exist in Universal History. This remark might well characterize the other fundamental assum])tions which arise in any attcmiit to create a philosophy of history. True, the underlying presumptions which Hegel makes arc arrived at through deductive reasoning; at the same time, Hegel did not fail to realize that there were before him a set of events and facts whieh were the sources of his investigation. That he was conscious of the problem which he faced is obvious from his argument that in discussing an interpretation of history we must proceed historically, em- pirically. While he developed certain basic doctrines, Hegel, nevertheless, used the data available to arrive at his conclusions and was able to apply these con- clusions to each period of past events with satisfactory results. Concerning the question which we have been discussing, we seem to have arrived at a solution. Hegel ' s belief that history is a rational process was the result of a combination of a priori reasoning and empirical investigation. Similarly, any attempt at a philosophy of historj ' , or a philosophy of art, is necessarily a result of a combination of inductive and deductive reasoning. Every thinker attemjjt- ing such a task cannot be characterized cither as a rationalist or as an empiricist alone ; a synthesis of the two methods of approach are almost always present. The question involves merely the relative emphasis put on either of the two modes of thoughts: in the case of Hegel, as has been ])ointed out, the emphasis appears to be on a rationalist approach. Not only does Hegel consider the history of the universe as a process deter- mined potentially and actively by reason, but he also maintains that this process functions as a real and binding necessity. History is not a series of unrelated and contradictory facts but a scheme of events initiated and carried out by a system of necessary laws. Spinoza developed the concept of necessary cause and eifect in tlie universe as a whole. Hegel aj)plied the concept to the history of humanity and human relations. One question Hegel had to answer in order to explain his Forty-eight I ' l ' SMi ' v, r;il iiiji. ' il |ii ' rrird r,,ru;u-(l ' I is iindcrl viii; .1 ' IIh ' li.Ml ' rli I css.riliMl rliM lie Mild ill ll liii ' li I ' lis |iroc-(:i (l ll „( III. ' ililllc ' i-lir ess: Wliiil lire III, ' Ml. ■Mils loiiii.l lliis Ml. ;iMS ill liis i.. ' l. ' ll In III. prnhi. Ml. Iiy II. I III. ' . ' HIS ii. ' i ' iili. ' ii ' I.I III. I ' liil.isii|iiiy iif risli. ' .ll III. n.iiiriil sysl.iii .d ' llrxd ' s IIkiiikIiI. I ' ll, ii.iiii. ' ii.il.iuy .if III. ' Mill. I. lliMl idea is of ,sii|ii-i ' iiii ' iinporlaiici ' . I ' ' ,,sscllli(dl y, lli. ' ili. ' i I. il i. ' . ' il m. llm.l .irii;iiiMlly ;i |iiircly Irigicul iiiclluid i.s Ivi.si ' d oil llic |)riiici|il. lli.il . . ly I Iiiiil; in lli. iiiii .rs. )i.iss.-ssrs a i-hylliini ' |)(illcrn accoi ' dinji- In ulii.li ii.illiiiii; . ' mt . ' iiiisli.s .iilir.ly Iml .-ilways pa.s.Sf.s iillo its (iiilil licsl.s. W ' licllu r il li. ' .-in i.li ' ii .d ' lln ' iiiin.l. ;i |iliil.is.i|ilii. ' :il con- i ' .i:i. ' . ' |il .d ' n II. ' I is iiiil ial. ' d and and lliis lir. ' . ' iiM. ' ' I ' lir .l. ' ' i ' , ' llisl.ii-y liiil is li.illi ill Ilic I, il ■arccr a.s it ilsiir il lin.ds llu; seed liii ' ill III. iiiiiMi-se is mi. ' .Miliili.inary process .11. It is riis of evolution logical evolution iwcr to a liif;licr I ' l ' .■.■|)l. an (■(■iin.iini. ' sysl.in, iii- ;i . ' .iin|il.l. ' ii ili .;il i.iii of inirolils ils. ' ir lo iiialiii-ily ilciiioiisl r. ' il.s Hi. ' I ' . ' i.l lli:il in wliicli will ullinialcly anniliilalc il. In .illi.r unnls, mil cl. ' rnal liccaiisc I ' Vci-ylliiTiff iiiiisl lii ' iin.ih. ' .l in I Ins lUii imi. ' .x.ilii H ' lilcli is llu- cssciu ' . ' mil only of l.iuii- Iml of r.li-i.m and liishn-y iiilcn ' slin,i; ' lo iiol. ' Hi. ' ri ' smildan. ' . ' of siu-li a . ' im. ' . ' |il l.i III. ' Iln ' ori wliicli a sliorl lime al ' ler IIei ' i ' l w.-re lo rc uliil ioiii .. ' s.ii n. . ' . I ' csls |iriiiiai ' ily on a |iroeess id ' eliaiiiie •■iiid ii. ' .liipmiMl Ir.im le (l; llii.s proee.s.s eliaraeU ' rizcs llie ilial.ilie as well. By i)reseilting an cxam])lc i ' roin llie l.oni. ' , ur m.-iy perlnips In llii- Hegel ' s dialectieal ap)5roaeli and his fainoiis llusis. ani illi.sis. an. I synllnsis. In iii.s disc ' lis.sion of tlic antinomy ol (lie Fiiiiliide oi- liilinidide ol ' llie world in refjard to ' rime, ' ' Heg ' cl dcvelop.s the dialeetie as follows: Thesis: T1k world lias a bei iniiiii!i in Time. Henel oilers a jiro.d of tliis proposition and al the same lim. ' inainlains thai the Thesis has .■iihaiued to an Antithesis: Tlie world has no beii ' iiiniiii ' in time and is infinite in respcet lo time. A proof for this statement follows and then we are eonfrontcd with a remark M ' hieh overwlielms us: Whenever such a category is ]iredieted of a subject and is developed through the analysis of those antithetic inonicnts, the two arc pre- dieable of the subject, and there arise antithetical propositions, both of which have equal truth. How can a ])roposition and its contradictory both be true, as Hegel seems to inii)ly? The solution to this problem lies in the belief that both propositions combine to form a third one. Neither is the mentioned limit something true for itself, nor is the Infinite spoken of, a true something for itself; for the limit is of such a kind that it must be tvanscendi .1. and the Infi;iite spoken of is merely that to which the limit continually arises. The true infinitude is the Reflection — Info — It- self, and Reason contemplates not the temporal world, but the world in its essence and idea. This is the Synthesis of the two conflicting propositions because it not only resolves the contradiction but it arrives at a new proposition which is on a higher level than the original two ideas. The process whereby two conflicting ideas combine to foi-m a third one is by no means clear to anyone attemjiting to under- stand Hegel thoroughly. This analogy from the Logic has been quoted to emphasize how closely the dialectical method as applied to history is connected with logical and philosophical reasoning, A ' e are ain;i ,ed at Hegel ' s attcmjit to apply the method of dialectics, wherebv each eoueept unequivocally implies its own op|iosite as a necessary and inseparable p.irt. to the history of human events. How can an approach, which oHegel ' s Logic — Appendix to Part Second — Essence. 1 Forty-nine MASMID is in essi-iu-f a li) u-jil aiul pliiidsi.pliical iiislnniuiit of llioui ' lit. he applied to a ilynamio development of liiiman institutions?. ' I ' o tlie rradrrs of Heyei. this nia raise diffieultics. To Hegel himself, tlie solution is ol) ious. JH-eause ins wiiolc system is based on the assum|)tion that liistory itself is a eoniplete louieal sysleni whieh follows definite rational laws and therefore may be interpreted thnuijili iiistnunenls of logie. Hegel ' s systematie apjilieation of the (lialeetieal mrtliod to universal his- tory remains one of his basie eontribulions to llu history of philosophy. I ' ' or Hegel, there is sonietliing iiiliereiit in uni ersal history whieh aeeounts for Ihe faet that all iiistilulions and systems imply their eontradietion and advanee to a higher le el. That something is the belief that every single phase and ])eriod of history by itself is merely a ))art of a whole, a jiartieular situation in a more intrieate i)attern. The civilization of .Vneient Greece necessarily had to disappear because it was merely a jiartieular jihase of the entire process of universal history and as such, was in eonfliet with another phase. Because everything in the world is a particular in a universal whole, nothing can be permanent. The dialectical logic, as is best expressed in the Phenomenology , is a means whieh Henel employs to describe the constant strife and incessant controversies whieh characterize our lives. In the words of Professor J. Loewenberg: Life, as Hegel conceives it, is an in- cessant strife of partisan views. Tliey are partisan because they are particular. Indeed, partisanship and particularity are synomyraous. Whatever is particular — a ijarticular art, a particular religion, a particular philosophy — is self-absorbed and self-centered and hence never free from bias. . . . The unavoidable tendency of everything particular to emphasize its own particularity Hegel discerns to hi tlie .source of all the fatal collisions that render human life so everlastingly unstable. Change thus becomes the essence of Hegel ' s system, and it is the dialectic, with its emphasis on change, that !Marx adopted as the basis of his interpretation of history. ' e may- now pose two ital questions: 1) Is there anything in the universe whieh is exempt from the law of dialectic and which guides the historical process? 2) If, as Hegel says, everything leads to its opposite, what accounts for the jjcrfect rational process which characterizes universal histor) ' ? The answer to both problems is identical and brings us to what is probably Ihe most esoteric doctrine in Hegel ' s philosophy. Spirit or Gheist. says Hegel, is Ihe force which determines and directs the function of the dialectic. Spirit, the rational and necessitated will of that conductor, is and has baen the director of the events of the World ' s History. Although the concept of Sjiirit has a place in many of Hegel ' s other worUs, in the Philosophy of History, we encounter it only as it relates to its function as the rational and necessitated will of the events of the world ' s history. In discussing the idea of Spirit and in endeavoring to elucidate its charac- teristics ami functions. Hegel divides the subject into three ])rinci|5al divisions: 1) The abstract characteristics of the nature of Spirit. 2) The means Spirit uses in order to realize its Idea, 3) The shape which the perfect embodiment of Spirit assumes — the State. To define the doctrine of Spirit is a task whieh even Hegel himself does not undertake. As a result, Hegel ' s exact intention in employing that term remains for us a fascinating secret. In this respect. Spirit is similar to several concepts which wc encounter as fundamental doctrines of various philosophies. The idea of the Good in Plato ' s metaphysical and epistomological theories and the One in Plotinus ' scheme of cmenation are examples of such iman.-dytieal and mystical doctrines which Fifty (Icly l(i;j,ic(il Mimlysis ;iii(l cxp Icrlislics of IIk ' Oik- di- of II |)liil(),so|)liy (if wliicli lliiy ;in lo (Icliiu: in cxMcL Icnns wliiit imIIiiii. W ( iiiiiv siiccird In ( imimh r.il iii({ llic clinnii- ( ' I 111- llnir s|)i-ci(ic fund ions in liic- syslcrris (if |i nl, liul ur iinili)iLl)li-(lly will I ' liil in nnr endeavor nil (■(inir|ils si nil ' v. TIimI lliis is Inn nl ' S|)iril nnri lliat Ih j cl took full copiizniicc nl lli .subjei ' l: «n i ' iHiin( ralinn of llii- jilisli nitlicr llwin , ' i precise ileliinl inn opens Wlwil ll ' ,i;cl ncliiMlly ine.nni liy Hie it signifies ;i eonee|)li()n siinii;ii- lo l{i it refers to some supreme pnwei- uliiel the (lialeetieal developmenl of iini ( rs; whole nature of tlie tree, and the lasle of Spirit virtually eontain the whole of History. hitioii of S] irit in the ])roeess of workini; ' mil 11 ■ ImiI is evidinl I ' l-oin his iipprnaeir lo llie lel ehiii-. ' ielerislies of llii ,i.-iliir( of Spirit lis . ' in. ' ilysis of l!iis . ' ill imporl. ' inl ihic lriii . Spirit, ue (■.■111 Iheieldn not know. I ' rolialily ison. Mind, or Cm,], ( ' .dj it wjiat « ' • may, e. ' iiises ;nid dii ' ecls I he r;ilion!il process and I hislory. Ws the lierin lie.-,rs in itself the anil form of ils fruits, so do the first traces L niversal History is the cxlii- knowledtje of that which it is potentially. ' I ' hese ipiotations elueidale the functions of Spirit, even if they fail to detinc it. In the discussion of the ahstract characteristics of Spirit. Hef; l selects as his startinf;-])oint the doctrine of Freedom, uiulMlii(Uisly one of the fundamental con- cepts in his entire philosophical system. - must remark at the start that the idea of Freedom which we encounter in the Philosophy of History is a ])liiloso- pliieal and meta| hysieal, rather than a polilie.d term, although, as we , ohserve, it has jmjjortant ramifications in the s| here of |)olitii ' al )ihilosn]ihy. Freedom, declares Hegel, is the sole truth of Spirit. The essence of Spirit is Freedom. Not only is this quality of Spirit the characteristic wiiich distinguishes it from Matter but all other qualities of Spirit exist only through Freedom and all are but means for attaining Freedom. What Hegel means by this distinction has been hinted at before and is the crux of the solution to the two questions which we have previously posed. Not only does Spirit account for the perfect rational process which constitutes world history but it is also the only being wliich is exempt from the eternal movement of the dialectic which is the essence of all phases of civilization. The reason for this we are now acquainted with: Spirit, as distinguished from flatter is the only thing that truly possesses I ' reedom and is, as a result, the only thing whose existence depends upon itself. Tin ' s definition of Spirit in the metaphysical sense is in many respects similar to the meaning of tlie term as we find it in the Ethics of Spinoza. In fact, there exists a striking similarity between the relationship of the modes and God in Spinoza and the dependence of Matter on Spirit as we encounter it in Hegel. In the latter s own statement: Matter possesses gravity in virtue of its tendency towards a cen- tral point. It is essentially composite ; consisting of parts that exclude each other. It seeks its unity, and therefore exhibits itself as self-deseructive. as verging towards its opposite It strives after the realization of its Idea: for in Unity it exists ideally. Spirit, on the contrary, may be defined as that which has its centre in itself. It h. ' is not a unity outside itsilf. but has already foinid it. it exists in and with itself. If it is true, as we have pointed out .that Hegel ' s definition of Freedom is similar to Spinoza ' s, we must keep in mind that the former continues one step further in his explanation of the concept of Freedom. It is in fact by means of this step that we may approach Hegel ' s idea of Freedom on the level of political philosophv. To sav that Spirit is self-contained existence, that is. dependent on 1 «) Fifty-one MASMID luitliiii;;- fur its oxistcnco. is lo in;iint;iiii lliat it is cuiisiious of itself; tli.-il. Ii;i iiij; ' ail appi-fi-iatioii of its iiatiiri ' ami tin- tiurjiy lo rcalizo that nature, it jjossesses the ]H) ver to make itself aetually what it is potent iaily. L ' liixersal History beeonics for Ho ;el tile exhibition of Sjiirit in lh - ])roeess of working out tlie knowk ' dge of that wliieh it is ]iotcntially and the destiny of the spiritual World, the final eause of the World at large, we allege to lie the consciousness of its own Freedom on the part of Spirit, and ipso facto, the riality of that Freedom. It is directly from this abstract, metaphysical definition, which even lo Hegel is far from totally eomi)rehensible, that we may arrive at the idea of Freedom as a doctrine in his ])olitical philosophy. The process of dialectic, possessing Spirit as its determining force, and constituting what we call world history, culminates for Hegel in the shape which the perfect embodiment of Spirit assumes — the State. All history,, as a resnlt, is an onward journej ' toward this ideal existence when all partisanship and strife having disappeared, the dialectical process will achieve its final purpose. Since the essence of Spirit is, as we have pointed out. Freedom, we may state accurately that history for Hegel is the progressive movemont which involves the strivings of human beings to achieve true Freedom and by so doing to arrive at the final stage of the historical process, which is Spirit in the realm of metaphysics and the State, which is the form it assumes in the realm of reality. It is impossible to comprehend the political ramifications of Hegel ' s concept of Freedom without the realization that Hegel ' s political philosophj ' is but a phase of the general theories advanced by many of the German thinkers of the nineteenth century as a jjowerful reaction against the unbridled wave of social and jjolitical individualism which was suddenly initiated by the explosive power of the French Revolution and carried forward during the decades which followed that cataclysm. In their determined elfort to discover some entity in the intricate structure of human society which would check the onward rush of the individualism which was in ading Central Europe, they chose the State as a suitable substitute for the individual in the role of the central character on the stage of ])olitical and social activities in society. Interpreting Hegel ' s political doctrines as one phase of this mo ement, we become aware of the true meaning of Freedom as one of the most important of these doctrines. An adequate understanding of Freedom, as we find it in the Philosophy of History, revolves about the interpretation of the statement which Hegel reiterates that Mail as siicli is free. ' llat does Hegel mean by the |)hrase Man as such ? In the light of what we have been saying concerning Hegel ' s apathy toward individualism, we may arrive at a reasonable explanation of this incomprehensible statement. Hegel is liere proposing a sharp distinction between two types of Free- dom which are inherent in man ' s nature: one, is the freedom to act as one wills, to folhnv ones passions and desires, to utilize the jjower and knowledge which one ))ossesses in order to find ones station in the existing order of things; the other, the true Freedom, is the will of a human being when it corresponds to the will of the whole eonnnunily or of the State. F ' or Hegel, the first type of freedom is the freedom of a low and limited order because it finds its exercise in the sphere of l articular and limited desires. For this reason, Hegel claims that the freedom which the despot of the Oriental W orld wielded was not Freedom. The freedom of that one [despot] is only caprice, ferocity — brutal recklessness or passion, or a Fijty-tico inildiuss mill Ijuiniirss of llir ili-sin s, wliirli is ilsi 11 uiil ;iii airiilriil iif Nullirc — inure caprici! liki ' llw I ' orincr. On llir ollur li.iriil, .Mini iis such , thai is, mail on his true Icvul wlicrr Will is lriii|)iriil uilli Id msuii, win ii llic sulijcclivc and IJii- ralioiwil Will I ' linii a iiiiinii. |iiissrssis Inn- i ' l-ii ilnrn, Siidi I ' m iliiin is iml necessarily I ' oiilrjiilicliiry li llii ' Iciurr lypr nl l.iliirlv uliidi ch.Mr. ' nlrrizi s IIh Ihmit level of niJin ' s ili ' sircs liiil il is an riid In uliicli iii.-iii iniisl slri i ■•mil iliiili Im ran ai-|iir - only wIh ' M llis lirsirrs anil llinsc of llic roiruniiiiil y of uliicii li. is a pari .oinci.li-. Several i|iii)l al ions will elanfy lliis posilion acli ipialrl v : ' II is IIm , •.•,! Whole, Hie Slale, uliieli is llial fonii of nalily in uliicli IIh ' iiiili idiial lias and iiijoys llis freedom; hiil on (lie eondilion of his reeognil ion. In lii in;; in. and willing thai which is eonnnoii lo llie whole. Law, Morality, and ( Jom rnnnril . and lliey alone are the positive reality and eoniplelion of I ' reedoni. The State is the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth. l ' ()r Hegel, the pouiT man possesses to dexilop his polml ialiliis and to atlain his position in the exisling order of things can occur oidy throiigli his functioning as an integral part of the existing State. The will of the individual and the Will of the State are not in conflict; it is only that the former has not achieved that high level where his will coincides with the Will of the State. Individualism is at a low ])rcmium in such a l)hilosophy as it is in any so-ialli d idealistic |)liilosn)iliy which assigns to the State an ontologieal existence oxer and alioxr llir umup of indi idiials which constitute it. The true meaning of Hegel ' s inter|)ret;ilion of history in gtneral and of the dialectic and Spirit in particular escajie e cn those who have conscientiously made n study of Hegel ' s works. One fact, howexer, siems oli ious to any student of Hegel ' s philosophical doctrines and that is the religious character of his philosopliy. The entire discussion of Freedom in the Philosophy of History culminating in the hold nationalistic claim that the German nations, under the influence of Christianity, were the first to attain the consciousness that man, as man, is free : that it is the Freedom of Spirit which constitutes its essence ' ' leads one to the indubitable conclusion that Hegel is expressing in philosophical terms the dogma of a good Christian, particularly of a German Protestant. In fact. Hegel seemed to he motixated to a large degree by the jiolitical enviroinnent in which he lived. Undoubtedly a strong German nationalist. Hegel created the theory of the dialectical process in history culminating in the State not merely as a theoretical assumption but as the expression of a burning desire to witness the day when the group of individualistic German states would unite to re-create the strong Prussian state of the early monarchs. Here again was the ease of a Machiavelli crying for the unification of his nation. Italy, however, was to wait many centuries for Cavonr and jNIazzini to realize jMachiavelli ' s dream; Germany was to achieve Hegel ' s desire in less than fortv vcars. 19 3 9 Fifly-tlircc Yeshiva College Alma Mater On the heights of New York ' s island Stands Yeshiva strong. She ' s but one in the entire land. To her we sing this song. Shout her praises far and nigh. For to her our hearts are true. Raise the banner up on high, Hail for the white and blue. Oh Yeshiva, mother dear! Holder of thy youth! Thou hast spread thy rays of eheer To sons who love the truth. Tho ' we wander far and wide, True to thee our hearts Avill be, And we ' ll rally to thj side, Hail dear old ' Y.C. On the field of life ' s endeavor When we take our stand. Friends we ' ve made will live forever In our hearts so grand. Tho ' we wander far and Avide, Ti ' ue to thee our hearts Avill be, And we ' ll rallj ' to thy side, Hail dear old Y.C. Joseph rothstein MASMID t ' ifty-fuur changes On the American Political Scene WOLF LIFSCHITZ ' I ' lic proMcm CDMcci-Tiiiin- llic ii. ' iliirc .-nid conilinsil imi iif piil il ical itifiiMt ' l .iiiKmH is 1)1 ' cxlninc iiiiporl.-uuT lor a ilciiiiiiral ic nci rrriiriciil sirnc llic parlies arc tin: iiiilintors of policies that arc later applied ami instituted l)y llial f;iivcrnmcnt. Our elected officials arc aetiinlly the lead( rs nt IIk se political parlies. It. thus, hccomcs very ur} ent for the Ixsl intircsls of n pn seiil.d i c yoM rnnient. that the citizens exercise tlioroUf h coulrnl of IIk parly mac liiiicry. Tin yovirmni iit si-rves as the aj ent for the party in power in furtlierini;- and criarliiii; its plall ' iiriii. I ' , idiiiee of the prevalanee of this condition is easily dcrixcd Irdin an ixaiMin.al iuri nf llic present systems of Russia, Italj ' , and Cicrniany, win re I lie i;n crnnii nl ix( cul Ims and part_v iiffice-holders are the same individuals. Ilinee. Ilir polilie.d parlies aie as vital, for the ))roper execution of governmental duties in aeenrdaiKc with the desires of the ndialiitants, as is the type of government itself. Political |)arties may, truly, be regarded as the life-lines and nerve-centers ' of a democracy and as the sole means at the disposal of the populace in directing jiolitical activity. When the parties reach a stage of obsolescence and fail to administer to the needs of their membership, the very principles of free government are endangered. The correct and equitable operation of parties dc|icnds tqion the sensing of public opinion and the incorporation of these views inlo (heir ])rograms. The question of the future of the American party system requires the serious consideration of the electorate. The necessity for a rejuvenation and re-orientation of our political parties, that have become superannuated, is obvious. The Democratic Party has been in existence for over 110 years and the Republican organization, since 1856. With the advent of our modern highly industrialized society in twen- tietli century streamline America, we undoubtedly shall have to reset our party affiliations to meet adequately the new problems. The formation of the parties had taken pl ace at a period, when they were not expected to cope with such problems as presently confronted them. Consequently the community interests was not organized on a basis that would result in a desirable set-up for today. In fact, attempts to re- vamp the political structure, with intentions to aceomiilish exactly this, liave re- peatedly appeared on the American scene. This movement to discard the old party line-up has gained momentum in tlic immediate ]iost-war era and in the depression years, as a result of a possible national farmer-labor alliance. This insurgent movement against the existing parties will not take the form of a third party, but will rather replace and dislodge one of the old parties, in all probability, the Democratic Party. In reality, the idea of a third party in American politics is a gross misconception, for the essential character of our system does not permit such a phenomenon. Under these circumstances, the entire campaign for a third party is a mistake, for it is not an additional party that we are seeking, hut a re-alignment and re-organization of the old parties along more liberal lines. If any adjustment whatsover is to take place in the future, the tendency will have to be in compliance with these principles and in full cognizance of the impossibility Fifly-five 19 MASMID of the diluit (if ail adilt-il attraitidii mi liir polilical staiiT. ' riic rclialiililatioii of i.iir party system is to consist essentially in tile liberalization of the present setup, to be attained b a transformation in the program and outlook of one of the major parties. In this upheaval, the Demoeratie Party, whieli at present forms the oppo- sition to the eonservative Republican Party, is destined to play a consequential and conspicuous role. A re-dedication of the aims and principles of the Democratic Party, or its disintegration and emergence into a substitute organization, will hasten the materialization of the dream for a more fitting and proper party construction. Thus, in a sense, the whole fuluri ' developmeiU will .-iinount to an intensification and broadening of the progressive aitivity and expression in the land. The essence and achievement of this political revolution lies in the rallying of all j)rogrcssive elements into a single and united group. The consolidation of all the forces con- stituting the liberal sections of our society will strengthen the reform ranks by eliminating the division in their councils and dispersion of their power among all parties. The task of reconstruction is to assort, combine, and unite the allies and proponents of the liberal doctrines, thereby instilling and providing for a niorc meaningful basis to the party structure. Our party system has always been unique in that there never was a real or major distinction of policy to ditferentiate and motivate the respective party plat- forms. The non-existence of a clear delineation of conservatism versus liberalism in our party formation has been a matter of bewilderment to many observers; there- fore, the trend of party rcvitalization will be restricted to the task of estab- lishing a genuine and worthwhile division in political thought. The future evolution of our parties depends upon re-alignment; the Republican Party will pose as the conservative spokesman, and the reconstructed Democratic Party, or the combination and collaboration of the adherents of progressive views in a successor organization, will represent the liberal approach. With insight into the nature of the evolution which the party system will un- dergo in the future, we must proceed to examine the proper strategy to be utilized in hastening its actualization and to assure its real success. At the outset, however, we are discouraged, since the groups to be involved in composing the liberal bloe are fundamentally the same as those which have participated in the past reform and third party endeavors. How can we be optimistic about the efforts of this align- ment and union of interests when in all its previous attempts and undertakings its experiences were utter failures, doomed to instant disaster. ' ' These disheartening consequences can, however, be rationalized and attributed to secondary aspects such as defects in organization and arrangement. It hardly can be ascribed to an inherent and fundamental difficulty caused by an impracticability or a natural unworkability of the cause. The criticism of some political observers as to the incredibility of an . ' dliance between farmer, laborer, and other exploited and discontented elements in (!ur present society, is unfounded and illogical. It borders on the realm of wishful thinking. It is pertinent for us to benefit empirically from these occurrences, and to avoid the errors and pitfalls that have heretofore confronted and misled all former ventures on the political field. An analysis of the past third (larty movements readily establishes the loose or- ganization and temporary nature characteristic of these undertakings. Without any actual or worthwhile preparation, the third parties are accustomed to announce their startling {entrance into presidential elections on election eve; on the morrow after the Fi)ty-six ilcclidii l;i.v llii ' V ImII iriln nliljv I.hi. II is iioI ivni n.rc ss;ii-i lo iiwik.- ii foriiiiil sliili- iiicnt of llicii- ilisni|iliiiii. ' I ' liis Iims sh i.ririi li. ' i{ |iriir(l lli;il il is riMW (isscrlivclv niiil (l()g-III«licMlly CDiisiilcnd IIimI clcclic.:! : ijisi, (iirin liriiit;s mImimI t lir (Ii ' hUiIiIow. In (liscn ' miiuilcly Iimvc IliinI |.;irly liv iiuK iikI lliis l il. . ,,ii. .il 111. in. .• in wr Hctiinlly siiy, li. ' is ever ImsIiiI n- lli. ' iii Hi. ' iisiimI Iniir in.jiillis. lli. . iisl.ini.-iry pcrioil fur I ' miipai tiin;;-. ' I ' lic wciiknrss .if I Ins. in.n . in. iil s, ms is n.iw K r . i i.l.iil. was that they cotiliiiiloMsly sImi-|c(I .ml in ;i li.i|ili;i ,.Mnl in. ' inii.r. I;i.kiii- m sImI.Ic basr. ' I ' lic iiiccplioM .if llic |)rnt.i ' cssi . ' in.n.ni. iil .il IIHl ' is u. II kih.un In lli. r. ;i.lcr as a last iniiuilc iTMill rn.ni Ilic rcuular l!,|Hilili.;iii .■.mx.iili Ii. ii , ..iil r.ill. .1 liy I ' rrsid.-iil Tai ' l. Mow ' (.nl.l .•. iclnl-y In- ,v|„,l.-,l , .n willi lli. nlil. . ; iM,,r,,i,s. Mini [..iwrrfiil Icadcrsliip of .x- I ' nsidinl ' I ' licn.k.iT H.mis.mII, in s., sli.ni i ii.ri.ni:- ( ■.iiididal.- riirislciiscii. l.M k ' nlcll. ' . .•ind I, .ink. Ii.-nr siill.r.,1 Irnin iil.nl i.-.il iin InrI mialc cir cuiiislatucs (iT l.m Inin-i.d iiil nxlinl i.m nl ' llnir s.liiiii. s ..n 111. iniliiiiial si- -in-. Nothiiij; ' is ever licjird or ;il (.niplcd mIoii smli liii.s diiriim- lli - inlcrim of |)rfsi dciitial cli ' ctioiis. liiil cvci-y lour y. ,irs or so minors Mini farcical trials arc Insti- liitcd. ' I ' lic rnsJK ' d fornialioii and llic imniidial.- .■onip.isition of tlic |)arty on a iialional seal.- Iiavr nsually nvncr.-il.d lis siihsiipniit collapse. It is tlicrcforc ahsoluUly csscniial and |irirc(|nisitc that iienccfortli the lihcrali .- ing Iciidcncy concentrate ils aeli ilies on loe.il lines liefore enicrj{in! ; as a national organization. It must sock to fortify ils posilion illi si .tional strongholds before it can claim maturity and prominence on ils own .lee.iiinl. A backgroiuid established by numerous triumphs on the smaller scale will sir e as a foundation to rely on. when the opportune moment arrives for its expansion. The niire pro))agatioTi of an idea i.s worthless unless it can arrange the attracted channels of support into light- ing organizations to sponsor and further its purpose at every turn. Unquestionably a movement should not at its inception embroil itself in a presidential election cam- paign before it has adequately strengthened itself by participation in general elec- tions for minor political offices in the state and national spheres. It is self-evident by a review of history that this was the major cause of the past collapses. The validity of this contention is still further upheld after an investigation and, anaysis of the famed Populist era of the lS90 ' s. Although this particular liberal revival has not escaped an ill-fated dissolution, as a result of its quick absorption by the regular Uemoeratie Party and its over-emphasis of the silver issue, it nevertheless can serve as an ideal example in supplying ])rinciples of conduct for the future enterprises and also substantiate our aforesaid conclusions. Why was it the Populists who experienced the comparati ely prolonged period of existence covering two presidential elections, whereas the Progressives of 1912 and U) ' 21 ' and Farmer Laborites were so disgruntled with the election re- turns that they became incapable of trying again at the next opportunity. The secret of this unique and singular development jicrtaining to the Populist movement lies in a single and general item: the matter of administration and organization of the movement prior to its inclusion in presidential campaigns. The Peoples Party of the 1890 ' s was indeed fortunate to be the sole movement constituted on an actual local sectional basis and on definite foundation prior to its introduction in national elections ; and we must bear in mind that it was only this organization, and none of the others, that has achieved some degree of success in influencing national legis- lation through the partial acceptance and enactment of their platform concerning income tax. equal sutfrage for women, popidar election of senators, etc. The Green- Fifly-seren MASMID b.-uk Party aiul ( ii-aii L r mnvriiu ' iil WDi-kiiii;- iiucssaiitlv d.i tin- local sialc hail liolli Ncrvitl as tiie precursors to a strong national organization. The activities during tiic embryonic stages of tlie People ' s Party were exclusively devoted to the task of intrenching it into a firm, secure, and predominant position in minor governmental offices in anticipation of greater tasks for the future. Uefore the Populists entered the presidential elections of 1892 they had already gained prominence in numei ' ous state governments in the West and South as typified in Kansas and South Carolina. This interval, indeed, has been of invaluable service in that it has acted as a period of transformation in diverting activity from the prevalent strictly non-political channels into a well-knit and aggressive organization of a distinct political nature. In this manner, the developmental era had a double significance in that it accounted for tlie efficient and smooth cooperation between the component parts. In essence, the initiation of the People ' s Party is a mere recognition by the neglected and misrepresented portion of our inhabitants of the unexploitcd strength and power dormant in its midst. The People ' s Party, because of its unusual and decidedly early appearance in the by-election year of 1890, was able to make the requireil and appropriate preparations for the awaited showdown in 1892. Its candidates had by that date acquired a substantial influence in the halls of congress and it had also exercised full authoritative control in several of t ' le state political machines. Similarly, in 189 ' ! ' , the Populists actively participated in the by-elections for secondary offices and were successful in maintaining their predominant status. This continued and persistent victory contributed a eharac- teristically sectional tinge to the Populist campaign; the Populist candidates in a ])residential election were thus assured at the outset of concrete and tangible support coming from this quarter. The Populist movement thus, unlike all other third party movements, was at the time of its inclusion into a presidential campaign, a well organized and strongly established institution. Herein lies the secret of the partial success of this movement in contrast to its forebears and descendants. In tlie future, we must be guided by this classic experience; the sole occasion that has made a considerable inroad into the American political front cannot be permitted to jiass unperceived and unimitated. Various activities should be under- taken simultaneously in all parts of the country in sponsoring an outspoken liberal ajjproach to problems of government and society. The main task is to arouse the public to readiness and receptiveness of a progressive course. This can best b:; achieved by planning in terms of temporary, limited and composite spheres of acti ity. The purpose is the creation of a general and widespread liberal tendency of an actual tangible and permanent nature as a basis for a great and successful national party. Such propagandistic and educational aims are most fruitful only when operating on a delineated and coherent scale in attempting to mobilize the masses. This is precisely what was aecomijlished by the Populist movement in the local organizations and state campaigns; it must be adopted in the future as the aboriginal source of strength to any movement. The initial steps of procedure must, therefore, be confined to the spreading of simple reform associations devoted to the formation of typical sentiments. In com])liance with this viewpoint, the mere creation of progressive groups regardless of their attitudes is a feat in itself. Thus we must seek the extension and diffusion of such organizations as the Non-Partisan League, the American Labor Party, the Farmer-Labor Organization of Minnesota, Progressives of Wisconsin, FiJly-eiyUt Soci ' illsls (iT MiluMukc. . .MMd lllM ' i ' . ' illy irM ' lirinl si Is in Knil, [U, li. {xil.li.Mii an. I I ). ' iii ' i cl ' ilic |)iu-lics. II is iinilrrl;ikiiij;s in |iiirsiiil iif lliis nyiii i ii wliicli will proviili- llic l)Msi.s for a inn and ncniiini- I ' cdc lal |iaily. I n fail. Ilic N ' oii- I ' lirtis in l.i-HKm: crn- l)()(lic,s Illis principle nf ra|iilali ,iMin cm all pcissilili avrinn-s of lili riil iiiitjixik by ninkiii;; ' no distiiiclion wlicllicr il is Hi. I(r|,nliliraii i ' arly .if Nnrlli D.akoln or tJii; Dciliocralic I ' lirly ol Moidana llial il is in((ii|iinal iri iindi i- ils i inliliin. The olivioiis piirposi: is, tlicrcfon ' , llir diss, niinal ion ami pnipa alion nl a proj rcssivc attillldt: in order lo ineulcale il in I lie Aiiierieaii pnpiilal iii;i. ' I ' liis prn.rdnre, tlion ' jil tedious anil slow, is a lesii ' aldi ' and uiirl li u li ile |irere(|iiisil e in llial il linilds a folinilation liir I lie slnielnrr ol ' a sle idy and linn nalional parly possissini; a c ' ertaili (l -gr -f (d ' slal.ililv. L ' On? ' I ' here were slejis on Hie Sands of Tini;-. S ver inn ' lo and fro. A.s if llie waiuler ' d lost his way And knew iiol where (o .il ' o. ' I ' liere were .stcp.s on the Sands of Time, Sliiu ' l steps, cautiously taken. As if tlie wayfarer feared to (read L poll a shove, forsaken. Unkempt hair, drawn faee. lonii ' and lean. Whither do you i o ? Ah, stare not on me with that Iroiihled eyi Answer me : I would know. ' I ' he wayfarer smiled, A hitler smile, hereft of mirth. •AVli,r ' I go, I know not. Why I lio. I ear. ' not. There is a maj;i;et. ]iiills and pulls Aiul lea es no time for rest. It is ,1 longing; it is a eurse. That hums within my hreast. What I want, I see not. 19 3 9 Fiftt -niur l- o,il follows f,iol. Miul I WMlk .■nul I w.-ilk. I (laimi taeli step I tako. 1 jn-av. 1 pray to God tliat I may liiit This wrcti ' lied sphere forsake. Yet, I don ' t want to die and leave a iiol yet Solved problem in my wake. .Vnd. all the while, greedy Neptune siieks at me Where. ' ' riiere, where the waves lireak Somewhere in that dark — In thai dark ! If but the moon would shine. Perhaps I would not trip so mueh, Nor fall so oft in the slime, Nor wander ever aimlesslj ' O ' er sludgy Sands of Time. Tlie wayfarer smiled, A smile dead from the instaiil of hirlh. Unkempt hair, drawn faec. long and lean Where did you disappear? You were standing near, a moment ' go. Whenee did you pass from here? I looked to the skies above me. Dark elouds of dreary night. I gazed in front of me. Blindness I eould almost feel. Beside me. In back of me. Beneath me. Black. Black. Black. Nothing, nothing but pelting Rain, tliat washed, but coidd not wash ' Waj ' , steps that had lost their way. Poor fool, why do I stare? ' T was I talking to myself. But, on o( ' f i? Where? Where? Whcrt a. landes MASMID Ki.rt) jtcrivniES u ■i tf ti nijii -i i ' Srl M ' I • • J ■ • ■ ■ t t H ■ ,mm fvfJtf? .... • t • it ■ • ■ LJIA ' A Decade of Yeshiva Life HYMAN WACHTFOGEL MASMID Tlie story of t-xtra-ciirrit ' iilar activities at Yesiiiva is an accounl of ten years of Yosliiva life tliat have witnessed the growtli and expansion of aetivitv from a lone Student Couneil in 192S to a long list of siieli spirited and important organiza- tions as the Commentator, Masmid, Debating Society, Hapoel Hamizrachi, Coopera- tive Store, and Health Service, all of which have firmly ingrained tliemselves in Yeshiva student life. This expansion has been no easy task. It was the result of work, devotion, and self-sacrifice, of organization and cooperation by student leaders .•md student body alike. In addition to the establishment of tlie Student Council the other activity of significance of Yeshiva ' s inceptive year was the initial publication of the !Masmid. at tlie close of that year. Its first issue, which served as the model for the Masmids of the following two years, was chiefly a literary j ublication containing thirty-two pages, and recording pictorially the faculty, pioneers, council, and editorial board. The school year of ' 29- ' 30 was not fortunate in securing an expansion of extra- curricular and social life at the college. Student leaders, however, realized the dan- ger of such apathy, and the following statement uttered editorially in the Masmid of June, 1930, reflects the nascent will for action: We have denied ourselves wliole- some social lives that could include the virtues of intellectuality without the vice of excessive virtue . . . Where is a spokesman to represent us in oratory, in debates, in dramatics? The answer to this call began to take concrete shape in the following year. The Student Council of ' 30- ' 31 acquired the recog-nition of the college authorities as the central organization for the sponsoring of all extra-curricular activities, and two important organizations first saw the light that year. These were the Yeshiva College Library, founded through voluntary student donations and endeavor, and inter-collegiate debating. The year ' 32- ' 33, although initiating no specifically new activities, was a year of intensification. The increasing student interest to be expected in a year marking the first Yeshiva graduation, was a source of encouragem ent to the Council. This body contributed a great part of its funds towards the expansion of the library. Inter-collegiate debating, however, which had shown great promise the year before, was completely neglected. As was to be expected, the Masmid of the first graduating class at Yeshiva expanded to seventy-three pages and included individual pictures of the graduates with appropriate comments. It thus combined the best features of a yearbook and a literary publication. This year, too, marked the emergence of the Medical Organiza- tion at Yeshiva from its hitherto embryonic stage. I-ed by the devoted director, Dr. David A. Swick, it began to provide adequate medical attention for Yeshiva students. The year ' 32- ' 3;i, though not j)articu!ar]y active, is. however, to be remembered for Yeshiva ' s leadership in the students ' march in protest against the shocking Ger- Sixty-four IIh ' Clirss Clnl, 11- iilll( ' inlr ' olM| III l, ' ,li.,|v silmtssImI y: r(l( (I ill (ir;;Jilii .iriy I li ri l ' lisciissidKs. ;iiiil I foiiiiili il. wliii ' li jiiiirii (liiitclv u ' oii A Sill. i. Ill Aclivili.s (■ lull rii. ' ilinri;.! Krinliiiiis (lull. ( i ' i (lull, wlijcli niinrd nl Il li. ' iil Ifipscd f(ir twri . ' iiy I x|iiiti(l ' il lliroiif li hi. i.- I. Hull yrar. i( unrlli |irrsiiii;ili(y. j. hislniy of rxtrn-ciirririijar iiiil iniiiii il .icliicxcincnt siii-li (in- (il jiist | ri(l( that David ( .ir. Willie ill III riis|icct llial nil! Ill .-1 .-ii-ii li. ' iliil. siiccc-ss- li. ' is in. ' iliirril III . ' I I ' iiir and IIIMM . ' ll nicil irs. ' I ' IkiI yiMi ' . Ii liii- ilsi ' ir ji wi.i-lliy i.l. ' iir ill ' I ' lic yr;ir ' . ' l. ' i ' . ' i - v;is n niilli-c, crrdli ' il liy ( ' iiiiiiril , si with its |)i ' (ii;r iiii nl ' lirliiir ' music ai)|)rcri)il inn. In .■idilil imi. I In I )i li,ii iiin .Smiilv. yviws. was rcdi-naiii rd Jiiiil i-r il ili ,i il. .nnl I In iniji , Stiidciil ( ' (iimcii apiiroprialioiis mihI l.-iriiily iliui.il imis. adopted the policy of dcdicaliiifi ' ils ;iiiiiii. ' il issiir In sinin The ycjii- ' . ' if ' . ' iri is I he iiiiisl iiieiiini-.Mlili M;ir in I hi jictiv ' ilics (ll ' ' eslii ,-1. It wiis ji ycir of sliiileiil spiril ii as Ycshiva had nc cr before seen, .ind il w.is uilh .i fi W. Pctcjiorsky, jjivsidcnt of StiuKiit Cniineil for Hie tiio droain of a livinji ' , forceful sludenl iii-i;;iiii .;il inn fully fuiictioninji ' program of e tv;i eiirrieiil. ' ir .-lelivili flourishinji reality. The erownini;- acliie eineiil of lh;il Vinr w;is Ihe esl .■ililishiiiinl nf i slinlinl newspajicr ujmicd the Commentalor, . s .i ini.iiis of .irousini; student interest, of nioiildinu; Jind erystallizinu; studeni opininu. .iiiil of ixeiliii a wise inflnencc on the course of administration policy, it h.is since |irii in ilself w itliniil parallel, and remains to this day a living ' monuiiieni to Ihe wisilom .■mil foi-esii;lit of the student leaders of ' . (.5. and a credit to its first edilor-inehief, Moses I. Feuerstcin. A jjrcal number of other new and x.-iried eliilis .iml services of im))ortancc wen- formed that year. The clubs comprised Ha|)oel Hamizraehi. the Dramatic Ciuild. the Art Club, the Ibn K ,ra Mathematics Club. an l the Mainionides Health Club, all of which pro ed highly bcnctici.-il to llieir nspeelive enthusiasts. The ser ice group.s, that form an integral part of e ery other enlieue. ineluded the Kmployment IJureau, the Student Co-op Store. Ihe (oneert Hurcau. .iiul Ihe Loan Fund. The institution of student forums and montlily .issemlilics .-ulileil In llu liveliness of stu- dent activity. All the olil organi ations. too. continued unabated, and the Ycslii a College Library, receiving 2,500 books for its shelves, tripled its circulation and added a leading and reference room for the students convenience. The years siiu ' c have been ycirs of intensifieation rather than expansion. The road hail been trodden for the willing .iiul .nble to follow. Though this held true inter- nally, i.e. within the student body, externally, i.e. with regard to the administration. the path was still to be plodded. The Council of ' .■(.)- ' :!() inidertook this task, which was continued by later administrations. It re.ilized. ])liysically speaking, that a stu- dent body will continue in a state of ste.vdy am! unswerving progress unless com- pelled to change that state by some extcrii.il force. To eliminate this impeding force became its eventually successful goal. In this it was greatly aided by the Commen- tator which adopted democracy inside as well as outside the college as its motto. That ncwsi)aper also instituted the F ' cuerstein Award for .lournalism to be given .aunuallv to the most iiromising junior member of the stall ' . The Afasniid. with Simon Xovcek as editor-in-chief, .iddcd to the rcpresent.i- tive character of the annual by including group pictures not only of t he graduating class, but of the lower classes as well. An historic review of the college was another new feature. 19 3 9 Sixty-five MASMID Tin- Drjiiiijilic Siiiifty |)ro ctl its inatui-ily (liat vi ' iir liy st;i, ' ;iiif;- a lii,i lil_v suc- cessful pcrforma2ice of Journey ' s Kml. w liilr tlic student library inlieriteil the entire collection of the deceased Peter Wieniik and increased its circulation by •1 ' 00%. Ha])oel Hanii raclii branch at Yesliiva embarked on its [jrescnt policy of education rather than organization, and a branch of the American Student Union, destined to be short-lived, was also formed. The year ' 36- ' 37 was neither as active as tin- year jM-cecdini; nor tlie year to follow. It was in general, a period of lateniy in which more important activities continued, on the whole, as heretofore, while some of tlie less popular groups (!ro])pcd out entirely. One important acti ity. however, ceased to exist as a student organization, namely the library. It had by this time grown too large and complex to be capable of handling by voluntary student management. The Council, accord- ingly, handed it over to the administration, which ajipointcd a trained librarian in the person of the veteran library devotee, our own alumnus, Isaac Goldberg ' 33. The lesser activities tliat petered out that year were the Art Club, the Mai- monides Health Club, and the branch of the American Student Union, while the Dramatic Society for the lack of funds, failed to present a pla} ' that year. The Commentator, however, expanded from a semi-monthly to a weekly, and unceasingly recorded the student demand for the appointment of a dean and for the abolition of the arbitrary five year plan suddenly imjjosed at the beginning of the year. The service that made most headway that yt ar was the Loan Fund, which received a generous donation of $250 from the Usdan family. The Student Council of ' 37- ' 38 headed by Gersion Appel continued to tap the potential resources of student endeavor, and, as a result, effected a successful year of student activity. That year witnessed the widely popular renovation of the Re- creation Room, the institution of a Speakers Bureau, the re ivai of the Ibn Ezra latli Club, and the revitalized aetivitj ' of the Concert Bureau. The gala event of the season was the maiden Class Night. This initial evening of inter-elass competitive entertainment, in which the victory of the resourceful juniors was recorded on a beautiful banner, was a huge and encouraging social success. The Masmid under tlie editorship of Isadore Miller, emerged with o cr a hun- dred pages in its pulbication. The hopes of a separate literary journal and year- book were, however, found incapable of realization tliat year. Tlie Commentator, under the editorship of A. Leo Levin, pro ed its power to persevere, when despite the absence of a single pioneer member on the governing board, it rose to new heights and successfully advocated the appointment of a man to perform the duties of a dean. The Debating Team, too, had the most active sea.son since its inception, meeting such notable teams as Rutgers and Columbia. All the other activities, too, were eagerly participated in by ajarge number of students. In conclusion let it be said that extra-curricular activities at Ycshiva have come to stay, which is as should be. Organizations such as the Commentator, the Debat- ing Society, the Masmid, Hapoel Hamizraehi, the Co-op Store, and the Health Ser- vice are essential and integral parts of Yeshiva life. Yesliiva students should, and as a review of this year ' s activities indicates, will continue to participate actively and enthusiastically in extra-curricular activities, to the end that they may perform their essential part in education alongside the undeniably important subjects of the college curriculum. Sixty-six STUDENT COUNCIL A. LEO LEVIN, President FRANK SHAPIRO, Vice-President SEYMOUR SHAER, Secretary ABRAHAM AVRECH, Athletic Manager ARNOLD J. MILLER, Editor MORRIS A. LANDES, Editor CLASS OFFICERS Senior Class Junior Class BENJAMIN KREITMAN, Pres. GILBERT KLAPPERMAN, Pres. MORTIMER J. SKLARIN, Vice-Pres. SIDNEY MERRIN, Vice-Pres. Sophomore Class HYMAN CHANOVER, Pres. IRWIN ISAACSON, Vice-Pres. Freshman Class HENRY MARGOLIS, Pres. MORRIS EPSTEIN, Vice-Pres. ] Sixly-stn ' cn Vr , yiifHKS GOVERNING BOARD PHILIP KAPLAN News Editor MAX KLEIMAN Business Manager Sixty-eight JEROME KESTENBAUM Managing Editor ARNOLD J. MILLER, Editor-in-Chief JACOB GOLDMAN Sport Editor iotf t.t f t COMMENTATOR STAFF l ' ' ul(illiiii!, ' lis sokniii olilij iitioiis .-is tlic official uiulcrnraduatc orj an of the student bocly, tlic Commciilalor contimied its traditional policy — free of all restric- tive eensorsliip — of figlitiiig for fundamental reforms with in the college. Returning to its former status as a bi-weekly. Commentator found itself forced to contend with ratlier an imposing debt at the beginning of its fourtii fiscal year. However, tlirougli the unprecedented success of its business stafl ' , the debt was soon eom))letely liquidated and the year ended witli finances on the black side of the ledger. liile expanding the scope of its aetix ities. the Commentator, through its edi- torial columns, maintained close contact with Student Council and worked hand in hand with it on all major issues. Complete coverage was given to such important uiatti ' Vs as tlic dining vooni ilis))u ' a the refugee demonstration. Class Xite, and Cliarler Day. l ' ' or the lirsl lime in Cumiurntalur history, two six-page issues were iJublished during the ye;ir. one of which v; s a humorous Piivim edition, this too being an iuno alion. .Vs during the ]n-evious two years, a hig!i journalistic standard was maintained as witnessed by the National Scholastic Press Association ' s nineteenth annual critical survey, in which Commentator was once more awarded First Class lionors. with proportionally the greatest credit being received for the editorial page. Maybe I ' m Wrong, written by columnist iforris A. Landes ' 39, was greeted with a great deal of interest by the student body and Jest-in-Fun by Jerome Kestenbaum ' 39, provided the humorous vein. The Feuerstein .Tournalism Award, given by the Commentator- Alumni Associa- tion, was won by Julius Rosenthal, a freshman who lias been elevated to the govern- ing board for the coming year. Sixty-nine 19 3 9 COLLEGE LIBRARY MASMID With tlie installation of two ranges of steel book-stacks, the Yeshiva College Library took a great forward step this year toward the attainment of its ideal. Tlie one liundrd and forty shelves have alleviated the great problem of space in the library, and provide for future expansion of book-collections. Of recent organization, the Friends of Yeshiva College Library, headed by Professor Albert Einstein, Dr. Jolm H. Finley, Governor Herbert H. Lehman, and Dr. Bernard Revel, has for it.s purpose the expansion of the book-collections and facilities of tlie librar} ' , so that it can be of still greater service. There are several membershii) classifications; annual memberships are obtainable at $5.00 to $100.00. The appointment this spring by the Faculty Executive Committee of a library committee augurs well for the future development of the library. The members of the Committee include Dr. Aaron M. Margalith, chairman; Mr. Jacob I. Hartstein, Mr. Eli Levine, Mr. Irving Linn, and Dr. Ralph P. Rosenberg, with the librarian as member ei-olfic ' io. Through the efforts of the committee, the library lias been granted a regular monthlj ' appropriation from the college budget. Of especial interest is the news that the number of periodicals and magazines now being regularly received has been increased a hundred fold. Dr. David A. Swick, Medical Director of Yeshiva College, who presented the library with a three— year subscription to Ilijr eia; Irving Ehrenthal ' 39, who donated a subscription to Harpers; and Leon Rubinstein ' 41, who offered a subscription to Time, are a few of the most recent contributors. Through the efforts of Arthur S. Zucker, a former student of the college, the librarj ' of Washington Square College of New York University has been added to the list of libraries which exchange books with our library. The list includes such schools as Brown University, the College of the City of New York, and Columbia University. Donors to the library include Pro- fessor Jckuthiel P. Ginsburg, Dr. Leo Jung, Mr. Philip E. Kraus, Dr. Sol Liptzin, Seventy iiMil Ml ' . IIjii-i ' v Scliiiridcrin. ' Mi. . ' issisl Mill sccnlMi-y nl ' llii- Ann ririiti ,(r«isli Cniii Miillcc. Since Sijil rnilM i ' . lll. ' IS. mImiiiI si iMinilrnl hooks liavc Ixrtl lillilril lo tllf slichcs. ' I ' ll! ' r;iin|ilil(l I ,iliriii-y . nif Miii .i d l.isl yi .ir, Ims jfrovvn l)y leaps arid lioiinils. l ' . ' iMi|)lil(ls MIT |-i((iM l (iMily ri-oiii iiiMiiy im i-iiniiiil ajrciiiii s Mini private .SCIIII ' CCS. A glTJlt cconoiny Iims Imiii .nnlcd lliis yiMr in 111. pii r,li;isr of liooks, lliroUKll nffililltion with llic ( dopcI ' Ml i .■ I ' look Cliili. n rniisiinic is ' r.inpri-MliM . AnotlliT itllio- valion of tills yi ' MI- u;is llic pnlilicMl ion of I ' lir Itook. nd. m lii monllily lillllrtill to neqiiaiiil .sliidciils mid I ' l-iinds uilli IIh ' nsoiirris of lln lilnarv. A i .nittralulalory IcIl.T fi-oMi (iovcnioi- l.cliinMii fiMliircd llir ,laniiMi-y issiir. I.Msl year ' s iiilci-csird and nil liusiMsl ir I ' ri slinn n ii;nc lice. ■ llic iiiailistay.S of liiis year ' s library stall ' , wlilili consisK of Allicrt Hans ' 10, Seymour .). Cohen ' 41, Leonard Devlne ' I ' l, Meyer Hillir 11. I ' liilip Kaplan ' . ' Ji), Jerome K -sti-nl)aimi ' Hi), iMax Klelman ' . ' ti), Irvlnj; ' Koslovsky It), Klvin Kosofsky ' H. Jack Itosi nliliim ' 3!), .lorome H. Rosenhlum ' H, T-eon Rubinstein H, fiabriil Sclioiifi lil 11. Meyer Shapiro ' to, and AbrMJiain Walker ' 10. LeCercle Francais Ia C ' i ' rele Franeais, or ' Mnized rMrly in litliN. already shows ureat (ironilsi ' of earving a large nielie in Yesblva oxtra-eurrleiilar aetlvitiis by tlif fruitful and eul- tural work it has aeeompllshed in so short a time. Mr. Sidney Uraun, instructor in French and faculty adviser of the club, was mainly responsible for tlic materializa- tion of what has been his dream since joining the Yeshiva faculty. Tlie first part of the year was dexoted to weekly discussion groujjs on various French authors, including Malherbe. Racine, and early French classic poets. .lerome Kestenbaum ' 3i). director of the society, led these discussions. The attempt through- out these meetings was to develop an aesthetic appreciation of Frencii poetry. The highliglit of this semester was a visit to the Lycee Francais, the only school conducted in French in New York. The visit, arranged by Mr. Ikaun. proved very enlightening from the pedagogical point of view. As a climax to a half year of variegated activity, the circle heard an address delivered by Professor Raymond Maire of the French department of New York Uni- versity. He explained the Frencli System of Education before a large mixed audi- ence in the dormitory social hall. At the outset of the spring term, Mr. Braun addressed the group on Philology of Romance Languages , emphasizing the influ- ence of Latin on the French language. For the first time in the history of any club in the Yeshiva. the society published a mimeographed sheet in Freneli called Le Flambeau (The Torch ) inidcr the edi- torship of Jerome Kestenbaum. The paper contained articles of Franco-Jewish interest written in French by members of the club. In the coming year it is hoped that the French club will gather momentum, and under the guidance of Hyman Chanovcr ll and Sidney Kurz ' 41 continue to expand its cultural pursuits and activities. Seventy-one 1 ff ' t fit f tff 1 1 ' V %« MASMID DEBATING SOCIETY Still propelled by the momentum gained during tlie preceding year, the Debat- ing Society rigged itself for action early in the season with a large, enthusiastic, though to some degree untrained, squad ready to undertake the most extensive activity in its history. The leadership of the society was in the hands of Doctor Kenneth Damon, who, as usual, acted as the coach and advisor; Bernard Finkelstcin ' 39, president; Leonard Aznecrshanskj ' ' 11, vice-president; and Martin Hinchin ' 10, manager. The societ} ' chose two topics for discussion, both of which proved to be for- timate choices from the point of view of interest and pertinency. The first topic was Resolved, that the United States should cease to use public funds for the pur- pose of stimulating business . The other topic was Resolved, that Zionism is the best practical solution of the Jewish problem . Yeshiva ui:)held both the affirmative and negative of the former topic and only the affirmative of the latter. Although most of the debates were of the non-decision type, the two decision debates that were held showed that tlie society still maintained the undefeated tra- Seventy-two (lilidii (if ' ' isliivn Ciillci ' c ' . I ' cslina ilrlV. ' ilid l(iil-ri-s ( ' ri iMTsil _v in « M ilrcision, Willi .l.ncdli liniiislciii lO :iii,l S.MMniir l ,,lin.in II | i.n-| icipdl iiijf . iiiid nlsit St. .Ii),sc|ili ' ,s ( ' (illc.nc uilli Hcrii.inl I ' iiikrlsl. in .iihI M.irlin Ilinijiiii ri-|iri sciitiii|r Vrsliivii. Uolll llicsc (lcl)Jilc.s HCI ' c ;i v;iv rniiii linirii . Till ' climax of llli- season was r. a.lird wlini Max lilacUow ilz ' K). lirnj iinili Krcihnnn ' . I!!. I ' inkclslcin. and lliixliiji Irll lor riiiladclpliiii in ordrr In represent Ycslliva in a series id ' deliales in and aroiiriil llial eil y. Deliati-s were lield with Pennsylvania rniversily. ' l ' (iM|de riii ersily, Suarlliniore (dlKf c. Si. .(..sepli ' s Col- lei ( ' . nn l liar Zion Teinplc , Some (d ' llie del);d.s had inlereslinu fealures. ' I ' lie del, .ale uilli I ' .ninklyn Ciil- lej;e w.as Hie llrsi lime ' I ' esliix.i dilial.-d uilli .a seeid.ar eoll.:ie on a .lewisli .siilijeet. and was very well .allended in spih- of :ni .admission fei . ' I ' ll.- deliiite with New Jersey SlaU ' Teaelurs Colle-e w.is held l.efore ;, mIiooI .asseml.ly. The (h ' l.at.- with ' J ' oniple w.as of llie ()r(H(in l |ie wliieh c ' oiisisis mosi I of cross ixaiiiin.ation of eaeli ■side bv IIh ' opposile side, .and summaries. ' This deli.ale wa liild in I ' iiiladeipliia and was snpplemcni.ary lo .a deli;ile held .al ' (shi :l willi ' I ' c iiiph- earlier in the .sea- son. As usn.al. sc eral r.adio dcli.ales were held. The one willi I ' rinceton University m.arkcd the initial meeting of the I wo sihools. This peak year also fonnd the freshman h .am (|uile acti c as the first year men groomed themselves for futnre varsity le.uns. .Vmong the schools the freshman team met were Brooklyn College, New drk l ' ni ersity, and Hnnter College. International Relations One of the oldest extra-enrricnlar aeti itics at ' csliiva College, the Interna- tional Relations Club eontinned its policy initialed last year of conducting a num- ber of open forums in addition to the addresses delixcrcd by several guest lecturers. Througli the efforts of Dr. .V.iron M. M.irg.ililh. assistant professor of political science and faculty advisor of the organization since its inception, the group was able to hear Colonel J. Gay Scabonrne of the L ' nited States array discuss the various aspects of American foreign policy. S))eaking at the first meeting in early Novem- ber, Colonel Seabourne proposed the introduction of an extensive educational pro- gram as the only true means of preventing the spread of Fascism in the United States. During the second semester of the year. se eral known lecturers addressed the group. Just before the Passover vacation. Mr. Max Fishier, noted lecturer and writer on philosophy expressed his opinion that the United States should not go to war for the European democracies. At the final meeting of the year. Mr. Harry Schncidcrman. of the American Jewish Committee, delivered an address Methods — Old and New of Combatting Anti-Jewish Agitation , in which he presented suggestions for minimizing the influ- ence of Anti-Semitism in America. .V eek earlier, a debate between Irving Dlugacz ' 10 and Max Elackowitz ' 10 on Zionism as the Solution to the Jewish Problem was the occasion for a heated discussion on the part of the large audience. The International Relations Club, through its affiliation with the Carnegie En- dowment for International Peace, succeeded in procuring a large number of books. periodicals, and news reports for the use of the Yeshiva College Library. The officers during the past year were Philip Kaplan ' .•fP. Wolf Lifshitz ' 39. and Albert Hans ' -tO. 1 9 3 ) Sevcntv-ihree HEALTH SERVICE MASMII) Mens saiia in corpoiv saiio . - ' A lualUiy iiiiiut in a luaitliy lH):ly . lu ' camo an even niort- i)iattii-al and prominent principle in tlie Yeslii a tliis year. Nine- teen Innidred and thirty-nine will be remembered as the outstanding- year of the Yeshiva College Health Service. With the aid and cooperation of the eollege admin- istration the health service can point to a successful year of enviable attaiinncnts. The healtli service began its extensive program with the physical examination of every student in the college. The various doctors of the medical staff tlioroughly examined the students for any physical defects, and the results of the examinations were transmitted to each student with advice regarding his physical condition. The facilities of the Jewish Memorial Hospital were open to the Yeshivaites for the second consecutive year through the efforts of the Student Hospital Aid, a group of devoted women who contribute to the hospital that serves the Yesliiva students. The services rendered by the hospital this year were immeasurably greater than the previo us year, as the hospital jjrovided medical and surgical treatment for all ailments. Health problems were thus greatly reduced within Yesliiva walls. An innovation that is even more noteworthy was the institution of a program by the medical director, Dr. Uavid A. Swiek, which jarovided for the presence of a physician in the medical office every week day. The several doctors of the medical staff gave unstintingly of tlicir time and service in the fulfillment of this program. Almost every morning a physician was available in the medical offices, situated on the second floor of the Riets Hall, to attend to the illness of the students and to discuss their individual health problems. Thus, immediate attention was given for all ailments by the expert hands of devoted physicians. Any specific sickness that needed more treatment was taken care of b) ' specialists in each field. During the last term, tlie health department rechecked on the condition of each senior student. This idea of informing those students who are about to leave the school of their physical difficulties is a unique one. Tliis examination was more lengthy than the one at the beginning of the year since it included consultation with the doctors regarding defects found and procedure to good health. Besides the general examination, Wasserman, Tuberculin, and Haemoglobin tests were given the seniors. It is interesting to note that the result of the Wasserman was 100% negative. All seniors were given special dental check-ups. The feature which has always been a potent force in Yeshiva health is the first aid service offered by the medical office. A great number of students sick in bed were served by the student health corps, as well as many first aid cases of injuries caused by accidents. The student health corps consists of Milton Elcfant ' 39, chair- man ; Abraham Avreeli ' 10, Benjamin Elefant ' 39, and Sidney Mowshowitz ' 11. The college owes its thanks to the untiring efforts of the medical director, Dr. David A. Swiek, who gave unselfishly of his time and energy to further tlie inter- ests of health in the Yeshiva. It was mainly through the influence of Dr. Swiek that the health service was able to make the remarkable progress it has thus far attained. The present officers of the Student Hospital Aid, the organization whicli makes it possible for the students to be treated at the hospitals are: Dr. D. A. Swiek, Seventy-four roundel-; Mis. I ' ,. (Jmivsom, picsiilnil ; Mis. I. Niiclil. liisl ic- |)nsi I.Ml : .Mrs. A. Slci ' l, sccdiiil i(c |ii-(siil,Ml ; Ii-s. C. Colli. Ilnni v i.c |ir. sidinl ; .Mrs. S. (ilkin.l. rcc. and corr. scciviiiry ; .Mrs. I. K;ni riiinii. I ii-.-isiinr ; Jiiid .Mrs. .M . Kri ' iiisdiirlf, (in. sccrclarv. Chess Club ' I ' ll.- r.-oruMMiz.-ilioii of llir Cli.ss Cliili diiriiiL; llir l,-illri- |,.-,i-| of lli,- fall tcrin i-csiillcd ill (lie revival id ' iiileresi in Hie s|iorl. al le.-isl. ,-is f.-ir as iiil r;iiniiral com- pelilion was coiu-i-riied. (iaiiies were eonsl.-iiilly in |iroi;ress I liroiinlion( Itiils Hall and in llie Recreation Hooin. lieiijamin SinoolT ' :!!), last year ' s iiiana i;er, captained llie leaiii lliis year witil I ' crnard Su.ssnian -I ' O a.s his nianan-er. ' I ' lie reniainiiiii- meinliirs n( tin r f;iilar team were Sidney Mow.sliowitz ' -ll and Daniel (iiitmaii 11. Morliimr Sklarin ' . ' lil and Zacli (iellman ' ;i9 were .sub.stitiitcs. In tlic in((-reollc,niate cliess louniaiiH iil of .ill iin I ropolilan si-liools. Sincoff, Sussman, jSTowsliow il , . and fiulniaii played v.ilianllv in spile of llie team ' s )ioor showing. Sussman will lead next ycar ' .s team with Gutman as manager. The new enthu- siasm for this ancient sport of kings bodes well for next year ' s tournament, espe- cially since able players will enter the ranks of the varsity squad from this year ' s freshman team. The freshman team was innovated bv the chess club this vear. VARSITY CHESS TEAM 1 ) Seventy-five CO-OP STORE An iinprcieck-nteil and actixc interest in the Yesliiva College Cooperative Store on the part of the underoraduates made tliis year a peak year in its scrviee to Yeshiva. A relatively large and efficient staff headed by Zach Gellman ' 39 and Myron B. Movsky ' ll was able to turn over fifteen hundred dollars worth of business dur- ing the current year. As usual, the store retained its traditional position of chief distributor of all kinds of candies, cigarettes, school supplies, Commentators, Yeshiva stickers and banners, and all the latest dirt . Palestinian candy and Remington Rand electric shavers were this year ' s addition to the usual stock at hand. This j ' car marked the Co-op ' s becoming an auxiliary of the United States Gov- ernment when it began distributing postal cards and stamps — at face value. How- ever, it continued to sell text books at reduced rates and, for the first time in its history, on the installment plan. Movsky, who will succeed Gellman as manager, promises to maintain the high standard of service of this non-profit organization and to adhere to the reduced rate levels. MASMID This year ' s staff was as follows : Zach Gellman, Manager .Jacob Heisler ' 39 Philip Gorodetzer ' 40 Myron i. Movsky, Assistant Manager Henry Zeisel ' 40 Yonali Geller ' 40 Reuben Siegel ' 42 Henry Zeisel ' 40 Abraham Listoken ' 41 Seventy-six REFUGEE STUDENTS As was proper, Yeshiva College placed itself in tlie fore in rescuing refugees from their wretched position in European countries. All departments of the insti- tution have taken scholars into their folds to teach as well as to learn. Student refugees have been awarded full-tuition scholarships and those who have not come to America with their families liave received maintenance scholarships, wliich include hoard and rooms in the dormitory of Riets Hall. The majority of the thirty-seven students comes from Czecho-Slovakia. Austria, Poland, Danzig. Rumania, and Germany. Two of them are enrolled in tlie Teachers Institute and the Talmudical Academy; eighteen in the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Semi- nary and the Talmudical Academy; six in Yeshiva College and the seminary; and eleven in the seminary only. The faculty has been augmented by the addition of Dr. Moritz Werner to the German department as an assistant professor, of Dr. Seligman P. Bamburger to the chemistry department also as an assistant professor, and of Dr. Aaron Freimann to the Hebrew literature department of tlie graduate school as a professor. Both the instructors and the students have quickly succeeded in winning their place in Yeshiva life. In scholarship and in extra-curricular activities the refugee- students have made themselves conspicuous by their attainments. The new faculty members have won the respect and admiration of both faculty and student body. Sevent!f-seven 19 3 9 t f f f « « . 1 ft? t t . ■ 1 1 ' t f f , - ' ;. ■ i I M MIm - k!2. fl -. H ; . -lillitfHl SERVICE CROUPS MASMID Tlie Recreation Room, with additional equipment pureliased this year, continued as a center of diversion and relaxation. The Concert Bureau, too, expanded its facilities, enabling the student body to enjo}- more conveniently tlic benefits of the theatre and the arts. Regular student assemblies gave points of intellectual contact with the world of political, social, and economic instability, in addition to jjroviding an important medium for maintaining internal democracj ' in student affairs. Tlie Usdan Loan Fund, supplemented bj ' large sums made available tlirougli Student Council, provided financial assistance as totals of monej ' loaned reached figures previouslj ' impossible. Assuring its position among the other metropolitan colleges, Student Council took part in the formation of the Metropolitan Committee for Inter-Collegiate Co- operation. It also was active in the formation of the Intercollegiate Committee to Aid Refugees. Once again Council renewed its membership in the National Student Federation of America, and had its delegates lead various discussions at the Middle Atlantic Regional Conference. A charter member of the Federation of Jewish Uni ersity Societies, Yeshiva contributed significantly in that organization ' s first conference of collegiate youth on Jewish problems and affairs. The Faculty-Student Relations Committee has again given evidence of its use- fulness both as a medium for the solution of specific problems, and as a means of creating and maintaining that mutual respect and cooperation which has made possible the forward strides of this past year, and which is an indispensable element for future development along constructive lines. Seventy-eight HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI riili.r;il,l.,l . ' HhI ill .•II, iiMnl.tiHsiM iM.iMii, r. III. V.sl.JMi Cnll.-;;.- Oinpl.T .if !I;i|)ci(l I l.-niii .r.Mrlii (■.■irrird diil il Mcli ili(s lliis v(;ir. spriviilinj; ils iiiHiii ' iii ' i ' within IIk; umIIs (if ' I ' csliiv M Mini . ' issisliiin Mi;ilii-iMll (III ' i;iiisc- of rcll ' iiciiis Ijilior ioiiism. I,r;ul(i ' slii|) (if llic nriiu|i «;is. .■l In llic |)n iiius r;ir. Mslid in nri I ' Xcflllivc .•Dinniillcc. ulii.li Iliis yr.ii- imisisl . ,1 ,,1 I ' .pjiniiin !• ' . M (iiul.i.orii ' H, Yonnli H. (i.lli ' r ' lO, S.niiiu I SoIm I 11. .111,1 IImm.hi WmcIiI fc. ' rl ' ;(!). Ifcprcscnlnlion of tlir (•lull ill IIk- iiicI r,i|i,ilil.ni N, . nrU ( ,H,iiiil nf liiipn,! I I.-iiiii nii ' lii wiis iiK-liidril . .iiiKiiu. ' IIk ' l ' iini ' li,,ii i,r II, r idniinilhr. ' I ' ll, ' iiiili. ' il .-irr.Mir (if III, ' vi ' . ' u- w.Ms llic l ' ,-cslii,i:,n Miinki r, wliicll MTVrd to ori -Ii- l. ' ili ' III. ' inl.riiiu ' sin, I. Ills in lli. ' sii;nili.-. ' iii. ' , .in.i i,l. ,,l,v;ry of Tornll V ' Avodnli. In- spinn.H ' .■i.j.livss.s u.iv ,l.li .iv,! I,y l{. ' ,l,l,i M , . i- k.-,rilii •.■(- (in.l Kabl.i Ucrnanl l.;inili ' |- ' . ' i(i. r.u ' in.r l.-. ' iil.rs .if III. ' i;riin|i. An iiisl mhI i .■ .•iiiil en Jnyalil, ' evening Was lIuis spciil ill a (.■i)uu.ni;il . ' il in.ispli.r.-. Tlie year ' s pronr iin nf .■uti iliis Ic ' iliinii I,. Inns mi III.- ri-lij;ioii.s, cultiiral. Mild C( ' onomi( nsjircls nl ' Zi.niisin .iml p.irl iiiil.nly , of llic II. ' ip.u 1 Hanii raclii move- nu ' iil. A s]). i.il rc.-ilnr. ' nl ' Iliis pr.iiir. ' iin u;is llic scries of lectures {;lven liefore the group bv A;iroii liiii Nun. pi. nicer w.nk.r I ' or ' I ' .n-.-ili A (idali in the eouiitry and very promiiieiil l.;i,l.i- .il ' lln ' ni.n .in.nl in I ' .r.lz Visr.nl. ulio is at ))resent in this country to bolslcr lli. ' f.n-ccs int. r. sl.d in .m l.ilior Zionism based upon our religious traditions. Tlic i;i-onp w.-is p;nii. nl.-nly I ' m-I nn;il. ' in . ' lequirinf; Iiis services for a eourse on Ziiiiiisin glMii lor lli. ' lirsl linu ' in III. ' ' ( ' .■.■lehers Institute. The course con.sistcd of six weekly lectures dealinn ' with llic .iri.iiis iii.n .ni. iits in Zi.inisni. with particular emphasis on Hapoel H.aniizrai hi. The Hori .ni . in.nillily ])i;blie.ilioii .if the national organization, found many new subscribers aiiioiii;- the sliuleiits al Ycsliiv.i under the s])onsorship of the group. A. Leo Levin ' ;i!) was one of the e.lilors of the ni.nithly and M.irris . . Lanihs ' ;(!) contributed to it. Hebrew Club The past yc.ir witnessed tlie formation of a n ew club professing as its raisoii d ' etre ' the enlli .iti.iii of the Hebrew-speaking liabit and the intensification of the interest in all iii.ilt. rs ))crtaining to the Hebrew language and culture among students at Yeshiva. It is known by name as the Hebrew Club. Under the chairmanship of its founder and leader. Dr. N. Golinkin. the club held wccklv meetings in Hebrew featuring addresses by prominent Hebraists as well as by individual members of tlie group. The singing of Hebrew songs and dis- cussions of current Je visl; events were also regular features at these meetings. Among the speakers heard during the jiast sason were Dr. Pinkhos Churgin. Rabbi Samuel K. jSIir.sky, Prof. Jekuthiel Ginsburg. and Dr. Nathan Klotz. To strengthen the habit of Hebrew conversation within the walls of Yeshiva. a eaiupaigu was successfully conducted by the club to appoint the Sabbath day for the exclusive use of the Hebrew tongue. The executive committee of the dub includes Dr. Golinkin. Epliraim F. Man- deleorn ' 11. Saul Gopin ' il. F.zra Gellman ' i ' 2. and Joseph Sokolow ' 42. 1 9 3 9 Seveitiy-nine class Nites MASMID CliiiKixinu a spurt of social spirit, the YLslii a student body broui;lit two years of social activity to a close with one of the largest audiences ever assembled in the Nathan Lamjjort Auditorium. On Sunday evening, March 12, an evening dampened by tlie excessive liumidity of the weather, the second Class Nite of the year succeeded in dispelling the climatic mists with a stage presentation for an audience already in a mood very receptive to tlie bufoonery of the Ycshiva College men. As the entree on its yearly social menu, the student body presented its first Class Nite in November of 1938 to a capacitj ' crowd of 300 fun-hungry connoisseurs in the Dormitory Social Hall. The chef was the Class Nite chairman, Oscar Fleishaker ' 39. When the fun-feast was over, the juniors had run off with top honors and the seniors puffed their way into second place. Drs. Atlas, Margalitli, and Sells, and Mrs. Levitan judged the first appearance of Sliikey Board as the now-overworked Charlie MacCartliy. Spurred on by the success of their first attempt, student showmen drew up plans for a second event of mammoth projDortions. The committee, consisting of Oscar Fleishaker, Philip Kaplan ' 39, and A. Leo Levin ' 39, bombarded Broadway ' s greats with invitations. News of Yeshiva ' s excursion into the entertainment world was flashed to the far-flung corners of New York City. Ezra Stone, star of What a Life , seeking a new angle on school life, accepted Yeshiva ' s invitation, and finally arrived after a courageous battle with the elements. The spacious Lamport Auditorium was filled to capacity as the curtain grinned down on the first presentation. Judging the antics of the funsters were Professors Damon and Ginsburg, and Mr. Harold Polikoff, guest artist. Leading oft ' were the sophomores with a modern version of Queen Esther and her Judah Bugs. Batting second, the freshmen came up with an hilarious presen- tation of Yeshiva life with slapstick affects that would have rendered the stage directors of Hellzapoppin green with envy. The juniors cleared the basis with their songs and dialect skits, and the seniors stole home with subtle humor in their Meditations on Graduation . Sprinkled through the program were the humor of Ezra Stone, the dramatic monologues of Mr. Polikoff ' , and the touching Juliet of Miss Pearlberg. Amidst a chorus of disapproval, the amazed seniors slunk into first place; the indignant juniors stormed into second; and the freshmen ran a close third; causing the Class Nite Banner for 1938-39 to be awarded equally to the classes of ' 39 and ' 10. Class gatherings followed to top off ' one of the most success- ful affairs in Yeshiva history. For the first time the outside world saw Yeshiva students as human beings, social-minded and able to joke with the greatest of ease. Student talent after exist- ing in a state of suspended animation for years, came up for a much-needed breath of air. People who have always associated the name of Yeshiva only with the intel- lectual sphere will realize that in Yeshiva they have a wide-awake, progressive stu- dent body. Through its social life, Yeshiva not only created a closer bond between the student and the outside world, but also between the students themselves. Eighty ATHLETICS VARSITY BASKETBALL MASMID Tlie season of 1938-15)39 proved to be a banner year for tlie basketball varsity. Encouraged b} ' tbe marked pre-season interest on the part of the student body, the team overcame numerous obstacles to turn in a most impressive record, by far the finest record j ' et achieved by a Yeshiva team. Getting off to a slow start, the Quinhooplets gradually gained momentum and sailed through the final lap of their schedule with a six game winning streak — a string of victories that remained unbroken at the close of the season. With Captain Irv Koslovsky ' 40 at the helm and an interested student body to cheer them on, the varsity quintet took many of the leading local Class B teams in its stride. Such strong and highly favored teams as City College Evening and Jersey State Teachers did not prove too difficult for the stellar Yeshiva basketeers. The final tall} ' at the close of the season — all told — showed ten victories for the Yeshiva men as against six defeats. Two of the victories, however, were in exhibition contests with Bnai Israel — one, a pre-season game and the other, a post-season. Tlie official season opened with Yeshiva playing Brooklyn College Pharmacy on the latter ' s court. Inasmuch as this was the first game of the year and it was still quite early in the season, the team lacked the necessary polish and court-poise. As a result it dropped this opening contest by a 16-32 score. This setback, how- ever, served only to make the men more determined in their coming battles and did not at all deter them from making good. For, on their home debut the following week they came back to whip Essex Junior College to the tune of 59-11. Having caught up to the necessary inter-collegiate pace in the Essex game, the varsity next went to City College to play the highly favored C.C.N.Y. Evening which only a week previously had lost to the regular City varsity by only seven EigJity-two Ipv till- sii|)irii)r |)ln_v- M 10 10 lie III llii liiiir 11(1 (lro|i|)C(l two linni I S(|iinrr rcspci ' tivr ' ly. ' Y Ml n ' I iiiiir l)(i k ii; liv a L ' l I i scrir.-. .nil (111 llir Vi-sliivn r .11111 :is no ]nrnf siir- lir ,1, rs y c.iiirt. The iilrsi l)(lW(iil ' ( sliivfi iiil iill ' iiir held  t IIk- ])()iii(.s. l)i,s|)l)iyiiif; llic Imii- Vcslii i fl liliiiy piiil ami |)acii illg of C;«|)L. Il ' ' Ko.slov.sky ninl .M . iiili. IIh vaisily liiuki and just managed lo pull alien! In i Ur mil a I!) I(i ii ' lniy. liack on Ilir lioinc coiirl. Ilir ( iiiiils i.isiil up siiuliliy fouft ' liL bailies lo N.V.H. ( ' i.iiiiii.iTr .ainl N.V.I . W.asliiii-I, Tlii.s Lcinpoi ' ary lo.sing ' .slrcak wa.s .siiappiil. Iiiiur i r. uliin ll the following!; week lo trim N.Y.U. VVa.sliiiii idii ,Si|ii;ir( T.m ni .loiiii IMar.sliall ( ' ojlcgv in Ni w .Icrsry was Ilic- ii.nI I •sclicdlilc. Mar.Nliall i.s n ' coniii .il .as .a Class , c.illrnr .■iiid il pri.sc, wilcn tlu; liluc and W ' liili- iiii ii u i it lir.avily lir.alrii mi .score of that game was (i. ' l-. ' ili. I ' rohahly tlic most interesting , name id Ihe year u.is IIh i and lirooklyn College l ' ' ,vening. ' J ' he game was paii of a si JSrooklyn College gym and was eonsequenlly xery well alUiided. Hoth teams man- aged to keep ])aec with eaeli other throughout the battle and with a half minute to play the seore was deadlocked at . ' if)-;). ' . However, the last half minute of piny proved fatal to Yeshiva for on Iwd bciutiful ])ivot shots whieli completely balFled the Yeshiva team, Brooklyn scored I wo baskets which was enough to clinch the victor} ' . And tluiugh they drojiped (his cmili si by .i . ill . ' I. ' ) simi. il must b ' said of the Quinhooj)lets that thoy played i xci Iliiil ball llirmigbmil .iiid displayed wim- dcrful spirit and fine sportsmanship. The final game of the winter scnusli r. wliicli v.is .also tin final game for the varsity away from the liomc gym, was at Patcrson against the College of Patcr.son. A superior Patcrson team succeeded in vanquishing the ]5bie and White by a .59-14 score. The varsity got off to a fine slart .at the Inginniiig of the new term when it opened against City College Evening in the return end of a home and away series. This time, the beating lianded by the Qiunts to the visitors was even more severe than the first. Not once during the game, from which the Yesbiva men emerged on the long end of a 33-22 score, did our boys give up their lead. The annual alumni game was easily polished off by the varsity to tlic tune of 4 ' 7-lS. In like manner, the Teachers ' Institute of the Jewish Theological Semi- nary fell easy prey to Yesliiva. Held virtually scoreless during the first lialf. the Southerners managed to eke out IM |ioinls in the second half to Y ' esbiva ' s 52 points by the close of the game. St. John ' s Pharmacy was the next school to be tackled by the Y.C. five. The druggists could not drill through the light zone defense of the home quintet. The Blue and White won; -il-lO. Under pressure of a four game wiiniing streak, the Quinbooplets faced tlic favored Jersey State Teachers ' five. The visitors liad their way with our men most of the first half only to have the Quints wipe out the lead in a stirring third quarter. A final spurt by Irv Taret and Harold Ksterson. the starring freshman of the varsity, aided by the remarkable pivoting of Abe Avrecb. put the team in front of a 28-21 seore. This last game of the year was the fifth straight victory for tlic quintet. The entire team deserves praise for its remarkable record this year, but espe- cially Capt. Koslovsky, who, altliough a science major with long lab hours, gave much of his time to act as captain and coach for the five. Otlier members of tlie varsity are Abe Avrecb ' 10, Dave Egelniek ' •1.2, Harold Esterson ' 12, Irving Jarct ' •i2, Sol [aimon ' lO, Samuel Meyer ' H, Sam Rosenblum ' i2, Bobert Sclnvartz ' 40. Jack Rosenblum ' 39. The team will lose onlv one member by graduation. I 9 Eightu-ihrcc TENNIS MASMID Tfiinis succfftltcl at last in tarrviiig the blue anil white colors in intercollegiate athletic competition this year. Although results of the games played were not phenomenal, the steady improvement in the quality of play and a victory over Essex Junior College provided followers of Yeshi a tennis with more than a full measure of satisfaction. Manager Julius Rosenthal ' 42 arranged a schedule which called for games with teams sueli as N.Y.U. Washington Square, X.Y.U. Commerce, Essex, John Marshall, and Brooklyn College. The first match of the season was played against N.Y.U. Washington Square. An inexperienced Yeshiva team, led by co-captain Sol Aber ' 10, went down in defeat 8-0. However, despite the one-sided score, the games M ' ere close and well played, many sets being taken as far as 8-6 before the} ' were decided. Not daunted by this defeat, the racqueteers, strengthened by the addition of co-captain Jack Goldman ' 10, proceeded to engage N.Y.U. Commerce in tennis com- petition. The Yeshiva men were no match for their far superior opponents, and fell by the wayside, 9-0. The enthusiasm and spirit of the players could not be denied for long, and they finally procured the first intercollegiate tennis victory for Yeshiva College by trouncing Essex Junior College 5J4 - 33 . The opposing team had several New Jersey County champions, but the heart of the blue and white men, exemplified by the feat of Isaiah Bard ' iO in coming back after his opponent held a 5-2 advantage to take a 9-7 set, finally won out. Outstanding members of the squad this year were co-captains Sol Aber and Jack Goldman, Isaiah Bard and Martin Hinchin ' lO. Other players on the squad were Irving Koslovsky ' 40, Abraham Walker ' lO, and Herman Guterman ' 41. The fact that not one member of the squad graduates this year provides a bright tennis future at Yeshiva College. Eiijhty-four INTRAMURAL BASKETBALL Intramural basketball was coiidiKtcd tliis year under the able dircetion of Robert Schwartz ' 10 and Meyer Him Kramer ' i ' 2. Although eonijietition was keen throughout the year, it was evident from the start that the sophomore elass was to have the upper liand. The orange and black outfit was fast and coordinated successfully while attacking their opponents to win all their six games in a row. The second year men opened the season by defeating the inexperienced fresh- men, 19-6. and repeated their success over the seniors by the score of 21-10. Not discouraged, the frosh defeated the thirty-nine men and won from the juniors by default. As the teams nio ed on to the seeontl half of the schedule, the juniors, who previously defaulted all their games, assembled a team to meet the seniors. They barely eked out a 15-14 victory. Their hopes, however, were soon dimmed, for the sophs came back to trounce them 20-5. The second year men played the freshmen in the final game, wliieh they won 21-15. As the final standings were tabulated, the freshmen were in second place, closely followed by the juniors. The graduating team, who previously bad won two suc- cessive ehanipionshi]vs. defaulted most of its games, and ended up in last place. Eifitilu-five PING PONG TOURNAMENT Althoujili still ill its wailillini clothes, tlit- i-iireation room, with its main attrac- tion, table tennis, is rapidly growing up. The annual ping-pong tournament is be- eoniing increasingly pojiular and all signs point to an e en more enthusiastic recep- tion of the contest next year. The play was exceptionally well attended this year. The quarter finals pro- vided the spectators with two upsets when Morris Schnall ' W defeated last year ' s cliampion. Herman Guterman ' il, and Marvin Karp ' ' 12 overcame Abraham Zuroff ' 11, last year ' s runner-up. Both matches were hotly contested, and in both the score was two games to one. The two other victors of the quarter finals were Sholom Novoseller 10 and Henry Margolis ' 12, leaving two juniors and two freshmen to complete the tournament. Schnall met Novoseller in one of the fiercest battles ever seen on the Yeshiva court. None of the five hotlj ' contested matches was won by a greater margin than two points, the last going to Schnall by a score of 27-25. largolis had his way most of the time against Karp, although the latter did put up some surprising resistance to win one of the four games of their set. In tlie finals, it was Margolis all the way. Not even Schnall ' s cunning and wonderful retrieving could stand against the superior playing of the tall freshman with his smashing forehands and backhands. The final scores were 21-17, 21-15, 17-21, 21-18. Henry Margolis, who drew u]) this year ' s schedule, and Sliolom Novoseller, co- chairman of the recreation room, were responsible for the success of the contest. They prognosticate big things for next year, inasmuch as all tliis year ' s contestants will still be in school. Intercollegiate competition is in the offing. Intramural Baseball The sophomore class, with an excellent disjilay of all around playing, dropped only one game of its schedule to walk off with the annual Yeshiva Intra-mural Baseball Tournament. Having twice vanquished tlic frosh, the second year men sj lit tlieir series with tlie juniors to bring the team into the finals of the competition. The juniors, who liad also forced the freshies to bow twice, were the opponents of the sophomores in this game, the seniors having forfeited all their games. 3-0 was the score with which the sophs won the championship. MASMID EigTity-alx JiDUERTISING u MASMlf) COMBO PRESS, Inc. 161 Grand Street New York, N. Y. PUBLICATION TABLOID and BOOK English. Hebrew and Yiddish We specialize in school publications CAnal 6-9185 HEBREW-AMERICAIN TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION No. 83, I.T.U. • 83 lum] .p-iy rj , • ' D y This is the only hona fide lahel of the Printing Trade Vnions THEODORE GLASS, President MAX LEVY, Vice-President NATHAN EFROS, Fin. Sec ' y HYMAN MUSSIN, Rec. Sec ' y ROXANE STUDIO OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERS MASMID-1939 3 EAST 48th STREET, NEW YORK PLaza 5-0110 Eiyhty-eiyht COMPLIMENTS OF ESTHER SURUT COMPLIMENTS OF COMPLIMENTS OF WALDMAN and Mr. and Mrs. KELLNER SAM MEVSKOFF • • 1 ) J 9 For Hi ' dltli (iiul liicrcdtioit Telephone: ORc hard 4-8620 SECOND AVENUE BATHS THK 1.AR(;KST AM) MOST MOUERX RUSSIAN BATHS TURKISH WITH IIOTFJ. ACCOM.MODATIONS SECOND AVENUE corner FIRST STREET NEW YORK CITY Moderate Hates COMPLIMENTS OF BREAKSTONE BROTHERS F VE DAIRY PRODUCTS • 195 FRANKLIN STREET NEW YORK CITY ESTABLISHED 1854 BLOCK PUBLISHING CO. TJie Jetci,sh Book Concern 31 WEST 31st STREET NEW YORK CITY America ' s Headquarters for Judaica and Hebraica WE CARRY IN STOCK THE LARGEST COLLECTION OF NEW AND OLD JUDAICA AND HEBRAICA TO BE FOUND ANYWHERE COMPLIMENTS OF DELLWOOD DAIRY CO., Inc. MORRISANIA DIVISION MASMID yint ' ly Compliments of HARRY FISCHEL New York City Compliments of I. H. 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