Wake Forest School of Medicine - Gray Matter Yearbook (Winston Salem, NC)

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g Medical Research American developments in medical research have been numer- ous, especially in the last thirty years. Some notable early pioneers of medicine include Theobald Smith who in 1902 described the phenomenon of anaphylaxis. The advancement of medical re-' search is largely the result of the prodigious efforts of William H. Welch. At johns Hopkins Medical School he encouraged the em- phasis on research methods and research facilities. Welch also was instrumental in formulating policy for the Rockefeller Foundation, founded in 1901, which was to play a prominent part in the de- velopment and sponsoring of research in the United States. At the Bowman Gray School of Medicine there are approxi- mately 107 research projects in progress with grants and contracts totaling 54,463,449 Research ranges from studies on salamanders to squirrel monkeys. Some of the outstanding accomplishments of the research at Bowman Gray include numerous contributions in neurology and medical sonics. The Specialized Center of Research in Arteriosclerosis is one of only thirteen in the nation.

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Clinical Medicine The clinical medicine of the present day developed in the second half of the nine- teenth century as a result of the progress in histology, pathology, and pharmacology. The integration of laboratory results and clinical observation contributed greatly to diagnostic knowledge. Of major impor- tance was the discovery that infectious dis- eases are caused by microorganisms. From the new science of bacteriology scientific medicine developed to achieve its present standing. The tremendous progress of surgery dur- ing the nineteenth century can be attrib- uted to anesthesia, asepsis and localistic pathological anatomy. The famous trial op- eration with ether was demonstrated by William Morton in Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16, 1846. Two decades later the last of the great Quaker physi- cians, joseph Lister, tackled the problem of wound infection with carbolic acid. An- tisepsis and asepsis rejuvinated surgery entirely and transformed the gangrenous surgical wards into a better prognostic perspective. The United States also contrib- uted several outstanding gynecological surgeons, including Sims, Emmett, and the Atlee brothers. The first ovariotomy was carried out in the frontier backwoods of Kentucky by Ephraim McDowell in 1809. Technical improvements and inventions contributed considerably to the rapid ad- vance of medicine. 12 'Ss