University of Cincinnati College of Medicine - Annual Yearbook (Cincinnati, OH)

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fur forty-four years and saw its brightest daye-the building Where'lead?$ 0f today were students. The school prospered and the names 0f Judkms. Lome- gyfa Biaekman. Graham and Dawson appear. In 1857 the school was giving two courses of Five months each. yeetiy. It is noteworthy that at this time the faculty agitated the question of reqtllflng a hachelore degree for entrance. 111 1860 the entire faculty, EXCEPt one member, resigned. The trustees renrganized the faculty and passed a rule Which forbade the faculty's criticizing each other. The whole faculty, except two. agaln resigned. Then the trustees resigned. The governor reappointed them in Lwenty-iour hours. They reconstituted the faculty and put the school in motion. And the. school flourished. New members were added to the faculty wJohn Billings, later Assistant Surgeon Genera! of the Army. became Demon- 5trator of Anatomy New chairs in pathology and diseases of children were created. Dawson! Bartholuw, Connor, Seeley, Whittaker and Palmer were added to the teaching force. The school prospered. The classes numbered ninety to one hundred each. The work done was good, and the standards high. In 1871 Bartholow suggested athliatioris with the University. In 1886 a nominal eenneetiun was established as was the ease with Miami. In 1892 the sessions were increased to six months and the course to three years. In 1895 the course was lengthened to four years. In 1896 the school became in actuality the Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati and moved to MeMicken College Building on Clifton Avenue. By 1850 a number of private medical schools had sprung into existence- summer schools. preparatory schools, the Cincinnati Medical Institute and others. The way was thus paved for the organization of a strong rival to the Ohio Medical Celiege. The event which Finally gave the new school its initial im- petus was the resignation of Reuben D. Mussey. Professor of Surgery, from the Ohio faculty. He was seventy-two years of age at. the time--had served the Ohio College for many years and was the acknowledged head of the sur- gieul fraternity of the West. The condition of unrest in the Ohio sehooi, the meddling 0f the trustees with the business iii the professors, the constant change in the personnel of the Ohio familty, all these factors constituted towards dis- gtlsting Musst-y with his surroundings. He resigned and-n01ms volcm became the nucleus of a eaterie of able and agreesive men who persuaded him that the psychological moment of starting a rival school had arrived and that he was the Messiah for whose coming they had been waiting these many years. Mussey took the leatl in the movement and the Miami Medical College began its career. The Charter Hi the new school was granted by the Conuniesitmers of Hamilton County according to a law which had been passed by the Ohio Legihiature the previous winter, authorizing County Commissioners to grant charters when a sufheient amount of stock had been subscribed. -Uuetmem The College was first located at Fifth Street and Central Avenue tWesteru Rowj and the first session was held in the fall of 1852. Thirty-four students were enrolled. The graduating class in 1853 numheretl seven. A dispensary was started in the College building. Clinical lectures and demonstrations were given in St. John's Hospital for Invalids at Third and Plum Streets which was Page Twenty-two

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History of the College N the history of the medical profession in Cincinnati. especially the medical I college, two figures Stiind oul prominently; Doctor Daniel Drake unrl Doctor Christian R. Holmes. Through the efforts and sacrifices of these two men. the Cullcgc Uf Medicine 01 the University 01 Cincinnati i: able to take its place among the better rnlleges of America. The first school founded by Drake held its I'lrz-st session in a single room over a drug store on Main Street, helnw Pearl, zmtl graduated the hrsL class in 1821etwenty-four students. Before thiS session was rnmplelerl the faculty, pending the construction of a hospital. tool; a house for temporm-y use and volunteered to serve as the staff, without lees. It should be a source of grati- fication in our day to see how early the most commendable aspiration of our profession was lmrn in Cincinnati. But wrangling was stilling the college. In 1823 the Legislature attempted to cure it by making all the trustees laymen. Then: was another reorganization in 1825 which changed the establishment of the college, under which it operated for twenty years. In 1824 the school was moved to the Miami Exporting Companies Bunk in Fourth Street. between Main and Sycamore. in 1825 the State Legislature authorized each medical district society to send one undergraduate student to the school for gratuitous education and also assigned certain revenues to the support of the school. In 1826 ground was purchased on Sixth Street. oppnsite College. but the college was too poor to build and was located on Walnut Street above Fourth. The enrollment was increasing yearly. reaching 1232 in 1832. In 1827 an academy for preliminary medical education had been lounded so that our present system is after all but a Renaissance after medical Dark Ages. There were men of intelligence and vision in Cincinnati medical educa- tion a century ago. In 1834. due to real internal discord and Drake's persecutions, hostility to the college reached a pass, when the State Legislature appointed a committee to investigate. This followed a petition widely signed by the profession. which accused the faculty of incompetence and called the school a by word and :1 hissing 5:.tnclt.H The first report was llOll-CGllllnlttal. A second held the accusations unjustifled. 1n the same year. the provision for sending undergraduate students for education, having been abrogated. the school made similar offers ul its own. Through all its difficulties the true light of scientific sense of obligation never entirely guttcreci out. There were reorganizations in 1837, 1849, 1850 and 1853. and we begin to Find the names that recall the brightest days of The college. Reuben Mussey accepted the chair of surgery in 1838. In 1852 the faculty began to build on its property at Sixth and College Streets the building which housed the school Page. Twat: ty-tme

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under the professional control 01 the faculty. The Medical College 01 Ohio retained its monopoly of the Commercial Hospital. The school grew rapidly in favor and by 1857 had three times as many mzttrieuhtnts as it had 211' the inception of the College and a graduating l'lilSE-i- of thirty-one. The relations between the two schools were not always amicable. The principal hone uf etmtentiun was the Cmnmereial Hospital where sludente from Miami received instruction from Ohio professors. Attempts were made to unite the sch001s, but these failed until the rivah-y of a third sehnnl-the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, which had been founded by Baker in 1851+made the necessity for the merger apparent. For Baker threatened to make his college a free schooliand the necessity of one preeminentiy strong faculty to Oppose this was paramount. Furthermore R. D. Mussey hutl determined In retire from active workeanrl without him the outlook for Miami was not bright. Accordingly in 1857 four Miami professors were elected to chairs in the Ohio College. The holders of these chairs in the Ohin College, retired. The following year four more Miami men were added to the Ohio faculty. But in 1860 2111 01 the Miami men except one withdrew. After the Civil War. the suggestion was made to revive the Miami again, and with a neeleus of these old Miami professors at new faculty was formed. One. hundred and tiftywsix students matricu1ated for the hrst course to he given by the reconstituted faculty. The home 01 the revived institution was the building of the Ohio Dental College in College Street. Encouraged by the success of the new venture, a new buiiding was erected on Twelfth Street near Plum. The revived school soon showed its strength and hmke the monopuly Of the Ohio College in the hrst year of its renaissance. In 1866 its graduating class numbered twenty-six, in 1872 sixty-uine. The years from 1865 to 1880 were the golden age of heth Mediea1 Frmlleges. There was rivalry between themerivalry not always friendly-ebut the eot't'tpcti- Linn was good for both schools, and both nf them Houriehed. But toward the close of the century It became apparent tha1 the Wild time medical eo11ege could no longer meet the requirements of the time. Medical education began to mean more than tlidaetie and clinical 1eetures. even tough they were delivered by masters of their art. Medicine had made strides as a science. New heltis of investigation of disease were constantly opening up. The develepment of bacteriologyithe newer aspects of physiology and physiological chemistry called for men 01 special trainingeso that the new worrl could go forth properly to the future generations of medical men. This. in turn, meant labtaruluties and laboratory equipment. The standards of medica1 education had, of necessity, to be raised. It is a significant thing that as early as the middle 01 the last century the faculty of the Ohio Mediea1 College agitated the question of an academic degree as a prerequisite for entranee to the medica1 school. Here 111 the Middle West the idea never reached full fruition, but toward the close of the century, the state began to insist that medical matriculants should have at least some training in the natural sciences. and some general helletristie ground work upon which to build the superstructure of a medical education. A house can be no broader Page Twenty-threc