University of Toronto Schools - Twig Yearbook (Toronto, Ontario Canada)

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THE WIC them to attack and solve entirely new prob- lems in architecture. To this day, Roman roads, bridges, ampitheatres, arches and temples exist, wherever the eagle of Eternal Rome flew. All through Europe are rem- nants of Roman architecture. Some of the most famous architectural masterpieces are attributed to Rome, and shall ever be memorials to the days when Rome was mis- tress of the world. About the year 900, fierce tribes of pirates from the north ravaged the coast of France, and Charles, the simple king of France, yielded to them a tract of land around the mouth of the river Seine. Here they settled, and soon became one of the most civilized of European peoples. These Normans developed a style of architecture derived from the Romanesque, but differing greatly from this inasmuch as it was very fond of geometrical forms, such as zig-zags, general crudeness in the carving of figures, and daring originality in constructional ideas. It may be identified by the use of the rounded arch, thick walls with small windows, and gigantic round pillars. Dur- ham cathedral, in part, is an example of Norman work. Many of the older abbeys also show strong Norman influence. Gothic architecture is a term used vari- ously, but in general it is that type which de- veloped from the Romanesque and became general in Europe, about the middle of the thirteenth' century. It grew out of the desire to construct simply and beautifully, churches completely vaulted in stone, with ribbed vaults, nave clerestory windows, and having the minimum of wall surface, so as to leave large areas for stained glass. Sainte Chapelle, in Paris, built during the years IZ46-l248, reveals the main object of Gothic architec- ture. One may usually recognize Gothic architecture by the following characteristics: l. The use of decorated ribbed vaults. 2. Pointed arches. 3. The subdivision of windows by means of tracery. 4. Use of decorated flying buttresses and gables. 5. General tendency toward naturalism in wood carving. 6. The frequent use of vertical rather than horizontal lines in window tracery. Although Gothic architecture originated in churches, it soon spread to barns and the hall of the manor lord, and even to indus- trial buildings to some extent. Examples of Gothic ecclesiastical architecture in England are the cathedrals of York, Salisbury, and Canterbury, while on the continent there are those of Rouen, Laon, Cologne, and Amiens. For such a type of architecture, men strove in the middle ages, and the fruits of their labour are monuments to their name and skill. Thus we see the steady progress there has been toward beauty and endurance in archi- tecture. Great architects have come and departed from this world, but the results of their labours, linger on as a memorial to by- gone ages. ln elder days of art, Builders wrought with greatest care, Each minute and unseen part, For the gods see everywhere. fi!-. Nz, ---QL? --W -- - -iff- W. e,T1'erf'5'2- n.Q..An:v. .a .-.

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THE TIVIG fs., T x Q , ....-A.,-AL' 4, n Snaps taken by T. M. Owen, C, Wilson and W. F, Woodley THE MATTERHORN ABBOTSFORD BAD LANDS, SOUTH DAKOTA VENICE THE ELBE YELLOWSTONE CANYON MELROSE ABBEY FORTH BRIDGE CASTLE MOUNTAIN, BANFF MT. WASHBURN, YELLOWSTONE PARK 44