University of Southern Mississippi - Southerner Yearbook (Hattiesburg, MS)

Text from Pages 1 - 95 of the 1917 volume:

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'I ,' 'v V 4 4. rw -- -Q- f , 7'2y,.1 1 P Lf, D. 1 glffwo FMR u 75 i If .f .. -74 1, 9 E EHHTEHD ANHD IPTUIIBHAHSIHITEIID ANNUQLHAY HEY' RHHSSHSSIIPEPH HA'l'H'IESBURG9 DHISSHSSIPP I Iirvfarv ISSISSIPPI-WHAT SHE IS AND WHAT SHE IS GOING TO BE-is the message of this, the 1917 edition of The New Spirit. The Class of 1917, hoping to encourage our schools in a more systematic study and review of the State, and to awaken our people to a greater appreciation of her innumerable pos- sibilities, has collected and compiled in this year book such in- formation as the limited space of the publication would allow. And should the subject matter herein offered in any way assist some teacher in gaining greater efficiency in her work, or cause some one to become a stronger or nobler Mississippian. we shall not feel that our efforts have been spent in vain. The plan in selecting this material has been to employ the latest and most authentic data that could be secured, and if in any respects it may be found lacking in its completeness or accu- racy, it is because it has been impossible in some cases to ob- tain such definite facts as were desired. The Diploma Class in publishing these articles wish to thank the various members of the Faculty of the Normal Col- lege, and other friends, who have been so kind in lending us their hearty co-operation and support. We have drawn freely fr-im the publications of the State Geological Survey, for which we wish to express our thanks especially to Dr. E. N. Lowe, State Geologist. Also we wish to thank Mr. E. M. Jones, Assistant on Soil Survey, and Mr. E. V. Yates of Macon, Mi+siss ppi, for kind offii-es. Further assistance has been re- ceived through the courtesy of the United States Bureaus of Census, of Commerce, of Agricultureg the State Department of Ag:-icultureg the Industrial Agents of the Gulf Sz Ship Island, the Mobile Sz Ohio, and the Louisville SL Nashville Railroads: and the individual management of various industries of the state. ,,........ QSUVQT' ,nf ,Q i , V V . an-di W,-wi -Oi. if Beeclne 'Qu qBeymlaPx l , 4 L+ M , . 4. 4- 4 , ' l g 1 ' l ' K ' 4 ' T535 l' l f . ll. .li H1 4 P Fiiifiiz-m ills. . I I - X I - ,..1-, ..... . 1' Zi! i, x, 5-ll, 2.44 3 1 . l ' , f .. Ei . ef- ' - I , V , u , .L L Y,v, , iw L' .3 H .' ' if iv ' if .Li QC -it is ' li -Q .Al 1 a l . - . D G., LL:-MW-JA!!-V rv 4. 'ma . my F H ith! Q U' ,ah N.. -Gfffzz Z ' Qgxk -' ' Lf ..... ' I 'ii Mississippi Building Uhr Qlrntrnnial VERY patriotic Mississippian delights in the history and development of his State. A century of growth and prosperity has brought us face to face with marvelous changes. Under the di- rection of inspired leadership and loyal support we have witnessed and enjoyed manifold progress. A wilderness of waste has been con- verted into attractive areas of valuable resources, Indian huts and mounds have been replaced by churches, schools, and colleges, and the Red Man of strife has been supplanted by a civilization of peace and happiness. It is this same spirit of loyalty and inspiration that is bringing us to the eve of a great anniversary celebration of our statehood. On December 10, 1917, Mississippi will pub- licly proclaim her One Hundredth Birthday and invite the world to share in the joys and festivities she has so liberally prepared. The initial step toward this occasion was taken when the Legislature of 1912 passed an act providing for a Centennial Exposition, and designating Gulfport as the location for the site. In December, 1915, the people of this wide-awake and patriotic town issued bonds to the sum of 31251100 for the support of this celebration, which donation was later reinforced with equal amounts from Harrison County and the State Legislature. The site for the Exposition is an ideal plot located in an ideal place. The Grounds embrace 146 acres of land stretching 1900 feet along the waters of the Gulf. Stately palms, magnolias, and moss-covered oaks, overlooking the sunlit beach and crested waves give a beautiful background of natural scenery. Among these giant trees will tower magnificent buildings, permanent in their beauty and structure. The whole setting, landscaped into a picturesque park, will suggest a scene similar, but not second, to the famous Exposition Grounds of 1915 that overlooked the Golden Gate of the West. We must think of the significance of this Celebration, not as local but national in its bearing. Our Federal Government took the lead when she offered her million dollar Inter- national Exhibit with 2575.000 for maintenance fund. Other nations have been active in securing representation. Not-with-standing the warring conditions existing at the present tinge, most of the countries of the East have already closed contracts allotting space for ex ibits. The Mississippi Centennial promises to mark a new era of progress for the people of our Commonwealth. Through this timely and splendid presentation of the Mississippi of to- day, we avail ourselves of a threefold opportunity: first, to review our historical greatness and instill in our lives a broader sense of patriotism, second, to open our eyes to the vastness of our undeveloped resources about us and to give our people a keener vision of our industrial and educational possibilitiesg third, to exploit our goods beyond our borders and show to our Sister States the quality of Mississippi's productions. Through the gates of the Exposition we invite the world into the Land of Fortune and Flowers. Our soil, our climate, our people say, Come and dwell where Nature smiles on Thrift. We are glad the day is approaching and now at hand when the Home-Seeker vsiill turn his face toward our borders, and Grown in Mississippi will be heard in every c ime. We are grateful to our Governor, Theodore G. Bilbo, the Legislature, Director Blakes- lee and his corps of workers, who are making the Centennial Exposition possible, and we trust every county and every interest of the State will co-operate for a great Celebration of a Greater Mississippi. iJlHi55imaippi'z Zlnhufatriwzf anh Hnhvuvlnpvh illeznurrw Mississippi's Facilities for Commerce lDiagramJ-C. H. Allen-- -- Mississippi Has Easy Access to Great Markets-C. H. Allen ....... --- Mississippi in Brief- Virgie Cogdell ..... ..... ...s.... - ..... . . .... - - An Ideal Resort the Year Round-The Mississippi Coast-E. L. Scott .... Map Showing Physical Divisions ofthe State- ---. ---.. -...- --.- ---.- - - - ---- Page 7 8 9 IO I1 7 Q Highways from Home Material-Katherine McCartney ...-.--.---- -------..-. . - --- 12 The Siate's Best Natural Resource -Limestone-Jennye Leona Robinson- .--.----- - --- 13 A Revelation to the Uninitiated-Portland Cement in Mississippi-J. V. Dabbs ---. --- 1,4 A Wealth of Valuable Building Material-Brick and Tile Clay-Grace Mills--- .-- ----- - 15 Pottery Clays-Eva Hearon----U --------------..-.--.. --...-.--- ---.- - . .....------ - - 16 Mississippi's Coal Field-R. L. Thompson ----- . ----- - -. -- -- .....-.--.--.-. --- - ---- 17 Mississippi Generously Supplied with Artesian Wells and Mineral Waters-Beedie Smith 18 Mississippi's Second Greatest Export-Lumber-Beulah Koch--3 --.--- - -.--- ----.- -----. 1 9 Using the Stumps, or Wood Reduction Plants- Trugen Beard- ----. - - 20 A Product of the Yellow Pine-Naval Stores-Lottie Shoemaker ----- - 21 Possibilities in Cut-over Pine Lands-Beedie Smith .- .--- - --... ---- - - ------ ---- - -- Q2 Our Infant Industry- The Making of Paper-Alma Tankersley. ----- ---- --------- - - - Q3 Conservation of Forests-An Appeal-C. H. Allen--- ----------. -- --- - ------ --- - - 21, Mean Rainfall and Temperature in Mississippi tMapJ-Katherine McCartney- ---- - 25 A Trio of Nature's Favors-Surface, Soil, Climate-Marion Chafee- ----- ---- - - -- - 26 An Attractive Vocation-Floricultfure-Beulah Koch- -------------------- ------ - -- 27 An Aristocrat at Home in Mississippi Soil-AUalfa-Jennye Leona Robinson ---- - --- 28 A Legume Goodjor Man and Beast-Peanuts-Beaulah Koch- ----- --------- - -- --- Q9 Other Legumes Grow in Mississippi-Eva Hearon- ------ ---- ----- - - - 30 Mississippi's Capacity for Corn Production-Alma Tankersley--n --- 31 Ideal Soil and Climate for Dairy Farms- R. L. Thompson--U --V --- 32 A Growing Industry- The Creamery-E. L. Scott ------ -- ---- --- Grain Crops for Winter Grazing-J. V. Dabbs ---- - ----- --- 31, Profits in Hogs- Virgie Cogdell---- -- --- - ----- ----- - -- --- --- 35 Beef Cattle Thrive in M ississippi-Katherine McCartney ---- --- 36' Stock Raising in the State-F. H. Bass ,--- --- ---- ---, .- - --- 37 Poultry is Profitable-Eva Hearon - ----- --- ---- - ------ -- --- 38 What Mississippi Ojjvers for Bees- Trugen Beard ---- -- - 39 A Sub-Tropical Product-Cane Syrup-F. H. Bass. ----- --- 10 Strawberries for the Northern Market-Grace Eaton ---- - - 11 The Fig Flourishes in M ississippi-Beedie Smith ----- -- 42 Satsurnas, Grape Fruit, and Kurnquats-E. L. Scott. ---- - 4-3 Other Fruits Both Large and Small-Grace Mills -------- --- - --- 44 Papershell Pecans--R. L. Thompson --- ----- - ---- - - ------ ------n --- 1,5 Two Paying Products of the Coast--Marion Chafee - ----- - ----- - ------ - .46 A Remunerative Cropfor Intensive Farming-Ruth Hollingsworth ---- 47 Early Melons for Ercport-Jennye Leona Robinson--U ,-- -----, , - - - ts A Paying Crop for South Mississippi-F. H. Bass- ---- ,- - - - -- --- - 19 Climate and 'Transportation Favor Trucking- Virgie Cogdell, ---- - 50 Our Part of the Rice Belt--Lottie Shoemaker - - -- - ---- -- ----- , ---- ------ - --- - 51 Mississippi Soil Produces Good Tobacco-Ruth Hollingsworth ---- ------------- - -- 5.2 Cotton AlwaysKing-Grace Eaton--U ------ ---- - - ---- ---- --------------H 'S Biloxi Rivals Baltimore-Oysters and Shrimp from Mississippi-Marion Chafee -- - 5-5 Other Fish from Mississippi Waters-Grace Eaton- ----- - ----- - ----------------- - 55 By-Products of the Sea-Lottie Shoemaker ---- ---, -- ,--- ---- ------ --------- - - -- , 56 Manufacturing in the State-Alma Tankersley - ---- - 57 Extension Work of Railroads-Ruth Hollingsworth - ---- - -- - 58 The Town and Rural Development- Trugen Beard ------ ---- - 59 Federal Aid and Our Undeveloped Resources-Grace Mills - --- --- 00 Public Education and a Greater Mississippi-J. V. Dabbs ----- --- 61 ST.PAUL ', DETROIT '9 cv-non ,190 E' so 4, OMAHA owe Darwen 'V4r, - QWQ OKLAH ' WA. 1 . 1 - - . ., D C M YX 4 , ' - , 0 Q75 O6 112 E 4' 43 4? .2 V 3 Q4' . - kN' , Q Q , W H 44, M i I 44, 1 I ' ' 'S' C l N 1 I-:L PAso K . .Q X - - 4- O 00 W? Ld T1 x x 41, x X X I 1 X, 'QNX Xxx lf X :ox Xxxxxx ' X T sca,,,esf L mx x X xx A PA Rssxe-n:iJ3 ,,,'xx XXXX X434 - - ,, -4 If : xx X Sfto,-X sql., xg A Q1 If ' X G6 X iafsh? xfiax inf' 'O X3 tier. Xe? X 53' X , I2 O X96 X' Q xx gf XF X? Xnso s 57 U E, xx-'51 X X 5' is Qi XI X X A 5 x ,' ' xl X X 1 f VZ XX X XO 1 I X I X : x Qhllillerk Mississippi's Facilities for Commerce 7 illliaaiaaippi han iiaag Arrvaa In Glrrat illiarkvta C. H. ALLEN NDUSTRIAL and commercial progress is directly dependent upon markets and transpor- tation facilities. A country's success lies in its ability to produce those things that are needed and to transport them to places where they are in demand. By nature and de- velopment Mississippi offers to her people this twofold advantage. The pages following call attention to some of our opportunities in productiong here we wish to refer to our facilities for distribution. Few sections of the United States are more favorably situated with reference to markets than is Mississippi. As shown in the diagram opposite, a complete system of trunk lines leads from the state, bringing us in direct touch with the great commercial centers of the North, East, and West. Supplementing these lines is our net work of 4500 miles of rail- road, traversing every portion of the state. Thus with our good roads and public highways the markets of the world are being brought in reach of every farmhouse door. It is not only the quality of the production, but also the splendid transportation facilities that cause Mississippi's goods to find ready sale in the most distant centers of trade. Our products are shipped in through cars to their destination without any loss of time, ex- pense, or damage that often occurs in rehandling. This is especially true of perishable fruits and vegetables. For example strawberries packed in ventilated cars reach St. Paul, a thous- and miles away, in perfect condition, or tomatoes arrive in Pittsburg as fresh as when taken from the vine. Too, on account of our favorable climatic conditions, we are able to follow closely the Florida crop in the Northern and Eastern markets and receive the early prices be- fore the other sections can begin shipping. Prompt service has done much to increase the volume of our business and to extend the territory of our trade. Carloads of sweet and Irish potatoes that have been grown on Mississippi soil may be seen entering the markets of Fort Worth. Oklahoma City, and Omaha. The live-stock industry has been greatly developed in our state since we have such easy ac- cess to the markets of St. Louis, Kansas City, and Chicago, where we are shipping thousands of mules, cattle, and hogs every year. The truck which is grown extensively in the south- ern part of the state is being sent by carload lots to Cincinnati, Pittsburg, New York, and other points in the North and East. Mississippi, though young as a manufacturing state, is fast realizing her commercial advantages in this line. With the rich coal fields of Alabama at our door and the abundant raw material at hand, we have every opportunity to compete with the world in the market- ing of finished products. Nature has decreed that Mississippi should have special commercial advantages. To our west lies the broad Mississippi river leading to the Gulf, giving our people throughout the length of the state the benefits of water transportation. On our south borders the Gulf of Mexico with Gulfport as our largest seaport town. Through the aid of the United States Government we are able to maintain a harbor here that is as safe and secure for vessels as any that can be found at any port in the world. Its anchorage basin, which is one-half by one-fourth miles and with a depth of twenty-four feet at low tide, cin accommodate the largest steamers that touch our shores. Through the avenue of this splendid port, Missis- sippi has been able to exchange her wares directly with all the countries of the South and East. Our natural location invites the trade of the West Indies. Central and South America, with whom American commerce has been steadily growing. With cotton, lumber, and naval stores as our largest exports by sea we carry on trade in the leading markets of Liverpool. Bremen, Havana, and Rio de Janeiro. Since the opening of the Panama Canal the circuit of our commercial influence has been made complete. Through this gateway we have reached our own Pacific Coast, and our trade has been extended to Australia and the far East. Mississippi indeed has excellent opportunities for industrial ane commercial develop- ment. There is a market for every product, and her commodities are fast claiming inter- national fame. 8 illllizmiaaippi in Zirirf VIRGIE COGDELL Area of Mississippi 46,865 square miles. Total land surface 30,000,000 acres. Population of Mississippi 1,950,000. Uncultivated land 20,000,000 acres. Number of miles of improved roads 16,900. ' In 1914 Mississippi had 17 savings banks with 15,331 depositors, who had to their credit 34,908,633 Mississippi has 44 Agricultural High Schools in operation with 5,346 students, and plants aggregating a cost of 31,161,571 Mississippi has 5 State Institutions for higher education-the University at Oxford, the A. Sz M. College at Starkville, the I. I. Sz C. at Columbus, the Normal College for teach- ers at Hattiesburg, and the Alcorn A. gl M. College for negroes at Rodnev. Mississippi has 41 counties using County Demonstration Agents. Mississippi has 51 counties free from cattle tick. Mississippi boasts of: The largest cotton oil mill in the world, at Greenwood. The largest hardwood lumber mill in the world, at Charleston. The largest shipping point of lumber in the world-Laurel. The largest shipping point for canned shrimp and the second largest for canned oysters in the world-Biloxi. The largest shipping point in the world for fresh vegetables-Crystal Springs. Mississippi exports annually: 32,000,000 of naval stores. - i 32,000,000 of shrimp and oysters. ' 4 , 350, 000,000 of lumber. I ni .St M383,000,000 og comm. , 'rf :f,.,....,k H- ississippi pro uces: ' gf A '- 310,000 of oranges. S H, 7551 fe Y' 3150,000 of honey. : - ' 'fff ti n ,gvgggdgv . ,. N -., 3200,000 of strawberries. 3 ...Meigs I t V, 3i086g0g03f1EeCar1S- 'Q it ,dim , 1 Q A Q M' r- :Ai 'li ua , 'SA 9 1 0 oats. 'EF' HUF Sffifgf' I E 32,000,000 of cane syrup. 55 ' . E L I. 'iv if., 33,500,000 of sweet potatoes. r ,,, A , Y 10 'if f ' . 3 . +2 .f e 36,000,000 of fresh vegetables. ' e--- p V F A 31 A N 36,000,000 of poultry and eggs. . ' y 360,000,000 of com. ' ' ' ' ' Mississippi ships radishes from No- Arts and Crafts Building at the Centennial vember 1 till May 1: strawberries from March 15 till June 1: oranges from October to Januaryg canta- loupes and water melons by June 153 sweet potatoes by July 1: tomatoes by May 1. In 1910 Mississippi had 2,598 manufacturing industries. engaging 56.760 people. Mississippi produced manufactures in 1910 valued at 381,000,000, with lumber head- ing the list in value. Mississippi ranks third in lumber production in the United States. Mississippi has a meat packing plant at Natchez: 2 plants for curing fresh-meat, at Wiggins and Collins: 2 lime-crushing plants, at Okolona and Waynesboro: a million dollar paper mill at Moss Point: 17 creameries, the one at Macon shipping 3100,000 of dairy pro- ducts in 1916. Mississippi has 26 counties finished and 8 partially worked over by the State Soil Survey men. Output of mineral products in Mississippi in 1913 valued at 31,143,4003 of these, clay products amounted to 3530, 900. In 1916 the farmers working under demonstration agents had an average yield to the acre in oats of 32.5 bu.: in wheat 21 bu.: in corn 37 bu.: in cotton 1200 lbs. Mississippi Corn Club boys have produced 227 bu. of corn to the acre. Mississippi has a death rate of 13.05 per thousand against the United States rate of 13.65. 9 An Zlhval lleznrt the ilgvar iKnunh---Uhr flllliamaaippi Glnazt HE ancient bards have told us of a land where the lotus grows, that fabled plant. which having once been tasted, caused mariners to lose all care and worry, all memory of their native land, and all thought save that of happiness and content, and a desire to remain and eat of the lotus forever. Were this not the twentieth century, the Coast of Mississippi, that wonderful land which stretches between the Pascagoula and the Pearl, the American Riviera, might well be that dream-land of the lotus eaters, for to him who has known the peace which dwells be- neath these clear blue skies, the never-ending sunshine, and the gentle breezes which blow the whole day long and all the long night through, the beauty of its stately palms and wide-spreading mag- nolias, life elsewhere becomes a dreary and monotonous burden. To thousands of people in America this land of fruits and flowers furnishes a home for months at a time. For two-score years it has been one of the resorts of the nation, and as such is fit to rank with any in the land, with Atlantic City, Palm Beach, or even the far- famed Southern California. When Winter siezes the Northern States . in his icy grasp, the people seek this balmy clime, and when the rest of the nation swelters in the summer months, the people gf Mississippi, New Orleans, and Mobile gather by the sea and rest in perfect ease and com- ort. Courtesy of L. 8: N. Railroad Scene on Mississippi Coast And surely never was a place better suited for recreation and pleasure. Selected by nature to be the flower of the Southland, the hand of man has made it more desirable still. From New Orleans to Mobile, following the curve of the beach-line, runs a shell-paved high- way, and over it every day hundreds of autos speed. With it runs an unbroken line of resi- dences facing the beach, and shading it on either side are wonderful live-oaks with their hanging moss, tall hedges of pink and white flowering oleanders, and date palms like those of the tropics. From twelve to twenty miles off the shore runs a fringe of islands, enclosing Miss- issippi Sound, which, sheltered as it is from the storms of the Gulf. is as calm as any inland lake. Within the waters swarm fish of every kind, upon the surface countless sailing craft ply to and fro. The shallow waters off the beach make bathing easy and absolutely safe, while the surf that breaks on the islands is a delight to the heart of the hardy swimmer. The Coast is rapidly becoming the resort of the people of Mississippi. It is within easy reach of all parts of the stateg excursions run once every week, in the summer months, atlrates absurdly low, while the waters of the Sound and the breezes of the Gulf are free to a . Each year finds more and more pleasure seekers coming to the American Riviera, and when, in 1913, President Wilson chose this spot to spend his Christmas holidays, its fame vsgashassuredg and the Gulf Coast of Mississippi gained its rightful place among the playgrounds o t e nation. 10 NBA B I DE soro i,ff '0j O L! - co n g 8 ,,-.-.4 Mmsmu Q rw AH .-.1 ...l 5 5, . l l z rn: t ivwsnanss 5 'rumcx F ,- l-,-T l-N 'F - 4 1 .X ! '! lvwxs um 3 -- lil-. -- 'rl I ' ' I 2 if I 'A 0'-' urnvu-rs i'-' 4' Il I fi . 5 on TO , Lu inn . , , . coMoMAiQurrMAn .,. .-.., j.........g 4 i l-l-L Ji E Aiosusun u 'T' ' 'j f'-LT'- -- ! '1i'lALLAMAY nl: -.1-I umm: gg ign uwi no we I q . ' B0 A l - nzrmoa Q ,I '1 l f 8 5 -. . .-..... I l-.... J' V , Lemon: Wann i CLA' T' 'L' -i-4FLiDU:ERg I I Mom- JI.. 1 D Ivqgliv 3 A CARROLL lafqlmznv'-7' io ns zmni Lowa I L J- i ' iCNO0TAWl . WASHING-TIZTN-.ff .xx -un.: -I .-'Jr'-.I l -j.........71s,'x oe. is MNH Y.. wmewn xueu .-. l .X , I -b ' . dia! x's-s. -1r'---.-.T.......--i-l-- - , . if 2, 'zoo I ,IME NQQNQBA ' nsunn natal f' nnonsonfrz-.-.-.-. i-.-.-I! --.-I-,-, ar' - ' F L ' 1.-. Q W ' scoff ' nevrron uvonon: 0' - - i O1 amos I numun l- -I ,,,,,.-. ....-.-.... I .-. ! Y - J f..-.-.-.- ..........-.l Wm, .nsrzn :umm cLAnnon e ' - i ' ' .Nix L comm E simpson L---'-I-L .U .,. h -4 ....-. ----1 ' D ' .vsrrznson .-.-, ... T 40 1 V Q' Ve ' +9 4 VIAYNI , ol 4, .9 Jonas , 1..- -.-. .1 I bg: .ov 94 . 1 . ,. . 9 J M- . . 1. 1 4- .- ' -L .v....r , I-tonzsvi HJ- avi-.- , .-. .1 ' wi 0 I - V I wwmson Am:-rs anne mason !UW ',g rsnnv E MEEWE . I . I-- LJ-1 i Q !-,-j,,,,,,,!,i........ Tennessee River Hills. m Black Prairie Belt. -mm-I ! ...mmap Q ,Amon Pontotoc Ridge. -Q ' Flatwoods. Ancocr I Northern Lignitie Plateau. ' Jackson Prairie Belt. Loess or Bluff Hills. Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. Courtesy Of Ur- E- N- Southern Long Leaf Pine Hills. Map Showing Physical Divisions of Mississippi Lowe 11 Mighmaga ilirnm Mum? Material KATHERINE IVICCARTNEY L' .'--fa .U . ' Rock Road Through the Noxubee Prairie CCORDING to the census of 1915 Mississippi had 44,330 miles of public roads, of which 16,997 miles were improved. Of these 14,836 miles had been improved only by grad- ing, 1,347 were built of gravel, 588 were of sand-clay, 114 were surfaced with shell, and 98 were of Macadam and concrete. In 1916 the State Highway Commissioners recom- mended for Federal aid a system consisting of about 2500 miles, touching almost every county in the state. Three roads will run north and south and five or six east and west. The fol- lowing routes have been planned: Mississippi Travelers' Highway from Meridian to Vicksburg. Jackson Highway from Columbus to Logtown. Centennial Highway from Jackson to Gulfport. Spanish Trail from Bay St Louis to Pascagoula. Meridian Highway from Corinth, connecting Jackson Highway at Columbus. Jefferson Davis Highway from Osyka to Memphis. The building of this extensive system of good roads calls for cheap serviceable road metal, and the limestone, sandstone, ironstone, chert, clay, sand, and gravel, widely distri- buted over the state furnish an abundance of material of high quality. Tishomingo County is plentifully supplied with good structural material and claims it has enough gravel, limestone, and chert to build all the roads planned by the Commissioners. Tishomingo City Gravel Company works an immense pit with steam shovels, and ships gravel to Corinth and other points. Several hundred car loads of gravel have been shipped from Gravel Siding where one ridge alone contains 5000 car loads. According to Dr. Logan, thirty-two counties have in their deposits some or all of the road-building material. The Vicksburg limestone extends across the state from Vicksburg to Waynesboro, corresponding more or less to the Jackson Prairie Belt, as shown on page 11. The quartzite sandstone formation, on a line running from West to Kosciusko, has furnished one hundred carloads of road-building material for Louisiana. The largest deposit of gravel extends across the state from Natchez to Hattiesburg. Some of the largest and best gravels have been found in the Bluff Hills bordering the Delta. Dr. Lowe estimates that the beds around Rosetta can furnish thousands of car loads of gravel, and a Memphis Company owns sixty-five acres of gravel land in DeSoto County, operating one of the best equipped pits in the state. ' 1 Sand and clay are found in nearly all parts of the state and make in combination a satisfactory and inexpensive top dressing for roads that are dragged. 12 Ellie Svtatifa limi Natural illeannrrv---iflimratnne JENNYE LEONA ROBINSON ISSISSIPPI has large areas of beautiful farming lands whose fertility is assured by the constant weathering of the limestone stratum just beneath their soilg but in some sections the yield of common field crops can be increased and the growing of the clovers can be accomplished only by the application of lime. That the lime-bearing formations in Mississippi are extensive enough to furnish material for the lime treatment of the acid lands in the State for an indefinite number of years has been demonstrated by our geologists time and again. Ground limestone is useful in correcting the acid or sour conditions existing in certain soils. Acidity not only checks the vital processes of most plants, but it prevents the growth and development of bacteria in the soil. Leguminous crops which are the great restorers of nitrogen to the soil cannot thrive under acid conditions. In the northeastern part of the State, particularly in Tishomingo County, there are beds of limestone belonging to the Devonian and the Mississippian periods. This limestone when crushed could be used to great advantage on the soils of the Tennessee Hills wherever erosion has robbed them of their fertility, and the farmers would save the freight rates by buying their lime from plants near by. A little to the west, extending from Corinth to Macon and beyond, underlying the Black Prairie Region, fshown on page 11,3 is a belt of Selma chalk, the most abundant lime- bearing formation in the State. Lying west of the Selma chalk, between Houston and Ripley, are the Ripley marls occupying the division known as Pontotoc Ridge, and west of these are found some outcrops of the Clayton limestone. These marls and limestone furnish abundant cheap material for liming the Flatwood soils, an area lying adjacent to Pontotoc Ridge and the Prairie Belt, and containing soils very deficient in lime. Through the central part of the State, extending from Vicksburg to Waynesboro, is the outcrop of the Vicksburg limestome and the marls which are associated with it. These formations make excellent material for the liming of the lands of the North Central Plateau, and are in easy reach of the Pine Hills, whose soils can be made more productive by the ad- dition of lime. The limestones and marls vary in the percentage of lime carbonate and also in the degree of hardness and the ease with which they can be crushed. As arule the Selma chalk is the most easily crushed and the others stand in this order: Ripley, Clayton, and Vicks- burg about the same hardness, and the Devonian the hardest. There are many localities of the State where limestone suitable for agricultural pur- poses may be obtained. On the other hand, there are many so-called lime deposits in the State which are not limestone at all, but are composed of white clay or white silica, and are utterly worthless for liming purposes. Two lime-crushing plants have been established in Mississippi. the operation of which is to be under the supervision of the Penitentiary Board of Trustees. One plant has been located at Waynesboro and the other at Okolona, both in the Selma chalk area. In the early part of April of this year, 1917, this statement was given out: The Board of Trustees of the Mississippi Penitentiary are pleased to announce to the farmers of the State that shipments of fresh limestone can now be made from the Waynesboro plant. This can be shipped out at any time to those desiring it for their lands, at the rate of 60 cents per ton f. o. b. Waynesboro, or at actual cost of manufacture. Affairs will be in shape for shipment from the Okolona plant in the next 20 days, at the same rate per ton as noted above. The price offered above, together with the shipping rate obtained through the Railroad Commission, enables the farmer 100 miles from the plant to get his lime for 31.10 per toln, gvhile heretofore he has been paying from 33.50 to 85.00 per ton for that shipped into t e tate. 13 A ilivuelutinn tn the Hninitiatvh---lgurtlanh Glmnvnt HE South is advancing more rapidly along many lines than any other section of the United States. But in manufacturing this section is not keeping pace, especially in the cement industry, although the South offers the most lucrative opportunities to the cement manufacturer. In no section are there greater possibilities in cement than in Mis- sissippi--the section which has no cement plant, but which has an inexhaustible supply of raw materials and uses an immense amount of the finished product. Mississippi is a very progressive state. It has many developing towns and communi- ties which annually use thousands of tons of cement. Many miles of road and pavement are built every year, and the progressive farmers are beginning to use cement in building silos. It has become one of the most useful constituents for building purposes where strength, economy, and durability are required. To quote Dr. Crider: It is used alone, or as a re- inforcement in the construction of bridges, business and dwelling houses, aqueducts, sewers, pavements, large foundation walls, and dikes such as the Galveston wall, docks, wharves and levee work, besides in many minor ways, such as in making telegraph poles, fence posts, monuments, and in various other lines of construction work. Most of the raw materials for Portland cement manufacture are located in the eastern and northeastern, south central, and western sections of the State. The principal deposits in the eastern and northeastern sections are found in the counties which include what is known as the Black Prairie Belt. In the south central section the main deposits are found within a radius of fifteen miles from Jackson. In the western section the largest deposits of raw materials are found along the Mississippi River near Vicksburg. According to analyses of manufacturers, the principal constituents which enter into the manufacture of Portland cement are silica, alumina, lime, and iron oxide. By a compari- son of the following tables it is easy to see that the raw materials from the principal deposits of Mississippi compare very favorably with the raw materials actually used by manufacturers in other sections of this country and England: Analyses of six samples taken from different sections of the State, made by Dr. Logan, Dr. Muckenfuss, and others: Silica Alumina I 9n Lime Volatile .Ma9n?S' Sulphur Water oxide matter lum oxide Starkville 25.27 4.81 10.35 32.85 25.60 .84 .02 .40 ViCkSbl1I'g' 14.86 5.46 5.46 42.04 32.84 1.37 .63 .51 TiSh0mlHg'O 48.8 3.43 3.13 39.47 5.06 3.19 2 23 .40 TLIDCIO 22.76 4.56 6.-I6 34.41 28.25 .05 .43 2.10 Byram 26.42 3.25 5.20 27.77 26.00 14.4 2.00 3.00 COI'1I1th 25.40 6.88 9.62 20.37 23.70 .58 .64 Analyses of natural cement rock used in American and European plants. QE. C. Eckel, analyst.l : Rosedale N. Y. 10.90 3.40 2.38 29.57 37.90 1-1.04 0.451 nd. Ill-Jfiance, 0. 42 00 7 00 7.10 9.91 11.18 5.91 nd. 14,00 Copley, Pa. 18.34 7.40 7.49 37.60 31.06 1.38 Hd. 3.0-1 Utica., Ill 17.01 3.35 2.39 32.85 34.12 8.15 1.Nl Milwaukee, WIS. 17.00 4.25 1.25 24.64 32.46 1 1.00 nd, England 18.00 6.60 3.70 30.64 29.-L6 .10 nd. nd. There are four localities in Mississippi where Portland cement could be advantag- eously manufactured. In Tishomingo County near Bear Creek is a favorable location for a plant because of the amount of raw material convenient, and of the good facilities odered by the Tennessee River and the Southern Railway for cheap transportation. West Point and vicinity offer the best advantage of any locality in the State. The Alabama coal fields are only about one hundred miles away, and there is an inexhaustible supply of raw material near by. In bulletin Number 1 of the Mississippi State Geological Survey Dr. Crider says: There is a bed of limestone 800 to 1000 feet thick, underlying Noxubee, Clay, Lee, eastern Oktibbeha, and Chickasaw Counties, and an inexhaustible supply of clay just west of the limestone area. There is asufficient amount of raw material to supply the Portland cement trade of the entire United States for an indefinite length of time. Jackson offers good advantages as it is a good distributing point of natural deposits within easy reach, which can be used in the manufacture of Portland cement. Vicksburg has the best natural advantage to offer, because of the large deposits of raw material, which are near, and the cheap transportation and numerous railways which connect it with other points of the United States. 14 A Hiralih nf Haluahlr Ihuilhing Material--ihrirk sinh Gllag. HE clay found in Mississippi is similar in many respects to that of ancient Babylonia, which was the first to be employed for structural purposes in the form of brick and other clay wares. Brick manufacturing has grown and developed into a necessary and profit- able industry in Mississippi, where the amount of clay is unlimited, and fuel is cheap and abundant. Most Mississippi clay contains all properties necessary for successful brick and tile manufacturing, though in different degrees in different sections. The most valuable physical properties of clay are plasticity, strength, and refractoriness. Alumina is the most refactory substance found in clays, and also furnishes bonding material for holding together the inert particles, which enables the clay to be fashioned into the desired form. The amount of alum- ina in Mississippi clays ranges from a few per cent to 41 per cent. which puts them in a class with the best clays. The tensile strength of ordinary brick varies from 40 to 400 pounds per square inch. Tests of some of Mississippi's clays show that tensile strength ranges as high as 800 pounds per square inch. The percentage of impurities in Mississippi clays is small. The common brick clays of Mississippi contribute largely to the industrial develop- ment of the State, and their importance will become greater year by year, as the valuable timber grows scarce. In many of the counties brick have been manufactured successfully for many years, and in most of the large towns up-to-date plants have been erected to meet the growing demands for a substantial building material. As the State is undergoing rapid industrial development, and as it is dependent largely upon brick for building material of a more permanent class, we may expect that the brick industry will be greatly developed in the near future. Clays suitable for brick and tile purposes are scattered broadcast over the State, the northeastern section probably having the most generous deposits, though Warren and Pike Counties have more manufacturing plants than any other counties taken separately. Splendid brick materials are found in the Loess and Delta regions: buckshot clay is very good for brick and drain tile, and brick of Lauderdale County are said to be extremely hard, and to approach vitriiied paving brick. Pressed brick are manufactured in many plants, and are among the highest grades of the manufactured product. Some of the clay burns white and leaves white specks on the surface, presenting a very attractive appearance in the way of a fancy brick. Rough brick, however, are the most commonly manufactured. Mississippi clay is also used in the making of tile, its porosity adding greatly to its value in this form. Both rough tile and glazed tile, which are the best grades, are used for draining purposes, and rough hollow tile is used in constructing buildings where plaster and brick are also used. There are eighty-seven brick manufacturing companies in the State of Mississippi, fifteen brick and tile companies, and one drain tile company, embracing about sixty-seven counties, according to a 1908 bulletin, which facts show that already the industry has been recognized as profitable. In Noxubee County especially, has the industry proved profitable, not only to the im- mediate community, but to other sections of the State. The prairie lands of the county are being drained by tile made in the county. Noxubee County being a great dairy section of the State, silos are indispensable, and many of them are made out of tile manufactured in the local plant. This plant also furnishes a supply of brick, and rough and glazed tile for both building and draining purposes in other sections of the State. To be able to get a good quality of brick and tile within the State, not only encourages the development of the indus- try, but is a great advantage in the saving of exhorbitant freight rates. 15 lgnttrrg Qllagz HE clay working, or ceramic, industry of the United States is of immense economic importance though passed lightly over by the casual observer. Dr. E. N. Lowe, of the Mississippi Geological Survey, states that the clay products of our country exceed in value by nearly 330,000,000 the total amount of the gold and silver mined in the United States, including Alaska, and by 360,000,000 the iron ore products. Mississippi has a supply of clays of good quality, but her people have been slow to work them up at home. Ohio and New Jersey draw liberally on Mississippi clay for their extensive manufacturing. In 1907 Mississippi's pottery production was only 321,121, giving the State twenty-ninth rank, while Ohio's pottery products were worth 313,533,190 The total value of Mississippi's clay products for that year was estimated at 3846,529, of this arnount 318,200is crediuad to drani the, 320,769 to face or front brick, 3865 to red earthenware, 320,256 to stoneware, and the remainder to common brick. The total clay pro- ducts of Ohio for that period were valued at 330, 533,199 According to the State Geologists, the two main formations containing the best working pottery clays are the Tuscaloosa and the Wilcox. The Tuscaloosa formation cor- responds to the Tennessee Hills fpage 115 occurring in six counties in the northeastern part of the State. These superior clays are being used for pottery making near Whitney in Itawamba County, where jugs, jars, crocks, and churns are turned out, about 5,000 gallons annually being produced in one plant, 7,000 to 8,000 in another, while a third produces about 2,000 gallons. A pottery was formerly operated at Whitney producing stoneware and tomb- stones but is closed down at present. Most of the Tuscaloosa clays are of highest quality and can be used for pottery, but only three plants are working. The Wilcox formation corresponds closely to the Northern Lignitic Plateau tpage 11l embracing the counties in the north central part of the State. Some of these clays are being used for pottery making in Marshall, Webster, and Lauderdale Counties. At present there is only one steam pottery in operation within this section and that is at Holly Springs- The Holly Springs Stoneware Company has opened up more than one pit near the town and they manufacture jugs, jars, crocks, churns, pitchers, bowls, and flower pots. They use both a white and a brown glaze, making a very attractive vessel by using the white glaze for the body of the ware and the brown for the rim. This plant has by far the largest capacity of any in the State, turning out 500,000 gallons per year. The Allison Stoneware Company, which has recently been enlarged to a two-kiln plant, is also located at Holly Springs and manufactures a general line of stoneware. The clay in Winston County makes a good quality of stoneware and is used in the Stewart Pottery for making glazed ware. This Company turns out about four thousand gallons per year. The clays from Lauderdale County have been used for stoneware for nearly half a century. A hand pottery was established in Meridian forty years ago and of late years has been changed into a steam pottery, producing ornamental terra cotta, stoneware, and decorative ware. At present most of the Lauderdale clay is shipped to a pottery plant at Cuba.AMbama. In South Mississippi there was, three years ago, a noted art pottery at Biloxi, oper- ated by Mr. George G. Ohr. He obtained his clay near the town and manufactured very thin glazed vases, rose bowls, ornamental jars, and all kinds of unglazed art ware. He used a wide variety of shapes and decorated his articles in an artistic manner. The clay took the different colored paints splendidly and the result was pleasing. His shop had hundreds of out-of-state visitors during the coast season and they learned that Mississippi's pottery clays in the hands of an artist formed a contribution worth while to the natural resources of the nation. 16 !lllIi55i5zippi'n Qlnal Zliirlh R. L. THOMPSON ISSISSIPPI is too young geologically to contain true coal. but a large area of lignite is found underlying the Lignite Plateau, and embracing more than twenty counties. Lignite is immature coal, a fuel intermediate between wood and coal in heat- ing capacity. If a peat bog, or reed brake, were sunk and covered with a great thickness of sediment, subjected to great pressure for a geologic age or two, by loss of its gases and the increase of carbon it would become lignite. It may be recognized by Dr. Lowe's description: ,'Lignite is black or brown, often shows distinctly the vegetable tissue, has a dull lustre, is lighter than coal and heavier than wood, cracks into fragments on drying, and burns with yellow flame and abundant smoke and a disagreeable odor. In Lafayette County the lignite shows its woody structure, a log sometimes being found half lignite and half wood or petrified wood: leaves, twigs, and pine needles are found partially lignitized. However, most of the Lafayette lignite ranks very high, this county, Webster, and Calhoun, having beds from three to five feet thick and of the highest quality in the State, according to Dr. Lowe. Though Dr. Brown gives a sample from Choctaw with the highest heating capacity of any found up to 1907. Holmes and Madison Counties have the thickest beds reaching eight feet in some places, and out-cropping frequently. Some of the beds in Holmes County have caught fire and burned for two months giving off an unpleasant odor that could be detected a mile away. Lignite is often found. when boring for wells. thirty or more feet under the surfaceg and one such bed in Calhoun County is reported to be thirty feet thick. Shafts have been sunk in this county and the lignite used for fuel. Dr. Brown says that at Camp Springs, Calhoun County, where a stream runs over an exposed bed of lignite, an electric plant could easily be established for lighting the town, and pumping its water. The same writer says he used a mixture of samples from four different beds in Calhoun County in his own grate and obtained a steady, good fire. They burned up completely. The greatest thing prohibiting the use of lignite as fuel is that the structure of the furnaces or fire places does not prevent the terrible odor it gives off. Good lignite may take the place of wood and coal in stoves both for heating and cooking. Any of the medium lig- nites will give in the forge a heat suflicient for sharpening plows and drawing iron, and the better qualities will give a welding heat. Lignite may be used to an advantage in burning brick, also for the manufacture of illuminating gas, as some of the Mississippi specimens run quite high in volatile matter. Probably the real commercial value of Mississippi lignite lies in its use for the manufacture of producer gas, the demonstration of this use being a de- cided advance in the economical combustion of coal. Comparative analysis of Lignites Cby the United States Geological Survey and Dr. Handl: State Moisture Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ash Sulphur B. T. U. N. Dakota 10.03 38.12 39.95 11.90 1.76 9,562 Texas 13.40 42.75 29.00 14.85 1.04 9,358 Miss. Choctaw Co. 11.61 34.61 42.48 11.31 2.66 10,071 Miss. Calhoun Co. 11.46 40.74 37.59 10.21 .78 9,875 Miss. Lafayette Co. 14.61 38.51 39.10 7.78 1.28 9,398 Alabama Coal 2.58 33.15 51.74 12.53 1.02 12,449 The British Thermal Unit KB. T. U.D is the standard for measuring the full value of coal, the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit, 17 illlliaaiazippi Cfvnvrnuzlg Svupplivh with Artvziun M2115 sinh illiirwral waters BEEDIE E. SMITH HE earnest attention given in late years to sanitation and prevention of disease has led to a thorough investigation of the water supply. Surface and shallow wells are con- demned and river waters are regarded dangerous. An abundant supply of good, pure water from deep wells is Mississippi's most valuable resource. As Dr. Logan says, Upon it depends not only the physical well being of its people but much of its material prosperityfl Mississippi has flowing springs in nearly every section and artesian wells are common, the water bearing strata lying at different depths in different places. The best flowing artesian water in the Tennessee Hills, lpage 115, is found at a depth of 300 to 400 feet, the flow in some places filling a four inch pipe and being highly mineral- ized. In North Tishomingo springs abound. At Iuka there are several mineral springs of wide reputation, 3000 or more guests going there each year in search of health. These waters were awarded the silver medal at the St. Louis World's Fair over 160 others from diierent parts of the world. They are bot- tled and shipped to all sections of the country. T he dairying industry must have pure water to have 1 Arfesian Well at Hattiesburg pure milk, and this resource adds i i much to the value of the Prairie liiell as a dairying region. The thick stratum of sand underlying the Selma limestone is filled with pure water: and there remains on the eastern side only to tap these sands to obtain fiovvxing Wells, while in other parts artesian water will come within easy pumping distance. Over the Plateau are many springs, and Howing artesian wells are possible in most places here as well as in the Delta and Loess I-lllls. Almost every town in the State can have pure artesian water, heavy flows being obtained right on the coast and even on Ship Island, 12 miles out in the Sound. The McNeill Experiment Station, located in the Long Leaf Pine section has a six-inch well 100 feet deep from which can be pumped 1800 gallons per hour. The mineral wells and springs are popular health resorts, and have become a profit- able industry for the owners, a considerable income being obtained from the shipment of the water and from the large number of guests every year, some of whom seek health and others rilest and recreation. Only a few of the oldest and most noted watering places are mentioned ere. At Brown's Wells near Hazlehurst there are seven wells. Many guests were ac- commodated in the hotels and cottages in 1916. Water is shipped to great distances. Before Mississippi was settled by the white people, there v'as an Indian settlement at the present site of the Stafford Mineral Springs, which they called Bogohama, meaning Water of Life. These springs furnished 130,000 gallons of water for medical purposes in 1916, and have a plant with facilities for bottling and shipping two car loads of water per day. The Kolola Springs near Columbus have long been known for the curative properties of the watery Cooper's Wells at Raymond is crowded during the open season: the waters of Robinson's Springs are said to have wonderful healing powers. 18 illlliaaizaimaia Svrrnnh' Cfrratvzt iixpnrt---Eumhrr BEU LA H KOC H HERE are more than one hundred and twenty different trees found in Mississippi. The most valuable for lumber are the long leaf pine, white oak, cotton wood, gums, hick- ory, ash, poplar, and cypress. Mississippi ranks third in the annual production of lum- ber in the United States. The lumber and timber products of the State increased in value from 951,920,335 in 1880 to 342,793,000 in 1909. In 1915 the estimated cut of timber for the State was 2,200,000,000 feet--1,850,000, 000 feet, or about 84 per cent, being Southern Yellow Pine. The principal hardwood areas of timber are found in the northern and western sec- tions of the State. The more plen- tiful kinds of hardwood that are cut in Mississippi are cypress for shinglesg oak for heading and staves, estimated at 30,000,000 feet annually, gums, 100,000,000 feet for veneers, and hickory 20,000,000 feet for making wheels and other parts of wagons, buggies, automobiles, and farm implements. Mississippi cuts over 325,000,000 feet of hard- wood timber yearly. A large num- ber of hardwood mills are found scattered over the northern half of the State, and Memphis has twenty- three mills largely supplied by Mis- sissippi timber. The largest hard- gourtes,-OfM,,,, wood mill in the world is claimed by Charleston in Tallahatchie County. It cuts 120,000 feet daily, or 40,- 000,000 feet in a year. The Company owns 74,000 acres of Delta timber lands, and owinlg to the selective method used in cutting the timber they expect to be running at a proit twen- ty years from now. About half of this timber is for home consumption and the other half 'is shipimied to Spain, France, England, Germany, Italy, and nearly all other countries ofthe wor . The southern portion of Mississippi has just reached the age in its geologic history where the soil is adapted to the growth of yellow pine. Millions of acres of virgin timber have been stripped, and at the present rate of consumption yellow pine will be extinct in thirty years, according to government reports. The yellow pine forests of Mississippi yield about 12,000 feet mill cut to the acre. Mills for the cutting of yellow pine are numbered by the dozen, Laurel alone having five immense plants, nearly all of which reach the million dol- lar limit in valuation. One mill at Hattiesburg has a capacity of 150,000,000 feet per year, and two companies at Laurel have capacities of 120,000,000 feet and 90,000,000 feet respec- tively. Laurel is reported to be the largest yellow pine shipping center in the world. Yellow pine is shipped all over the United States south of Minnesota and east of the Mississippi River. Under normal conditions these mills ship lumber, cross-ties, telephone poles, and naval stores to Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, the countries in South America, the Jamai- ca Islands, and the British Empire. The shipping points are Gulfport, Mobile, and New Or- leans, Gulfport ranking second in the United States in lumber exports. O. R. R. One of Mississippi's Logs 19 lining tlgr Svtumpa---691' muah ilhhurtiun lglzmtz HEN five million or more acres of the Long Leaf Pine Region of South Mississippi lost their big trees, there remained a vast area of nothing but stumps-H useless, blotting the landscape, hindrances to cultivation to be removed only after much labor and a dead expense. Truly necessity is the mother of invention. Obstacles, as they were, in the way of the emigrant, stumps have now become a source of income to the owner: and the pine stump earns its right to existence by paying for its removal and netting a profit over and above its expenses. A process has been discovered by which turpentine and rosin can be extracted from the pinewood and already two mills known as Wood Reduction Plants, have been erected in Mississippi, one at Gulfport and one at Hattiesburg. The materials used are pine knots, pine limbs, stumps, and roots. These are brought to the plant by cars and weighed, then thrown from the cars into a large machine with steel knives making about eleven thousand revolutions per minute. These knives cut the wood into small chips, which are carried by a conveyor into a machine known as a shredder which reduces the chips to very small particles. These are conveyed into large retorts and steam is applied. This steam passes through large copper condensers and turpentine is extracted from the wood in about sixty minutes. The steam pressure is increased and a substance known as pine oil results, which is used for medicinal purposes. The wood is then treated by a solvent processg a heavy dark liquid is removed known as rosin liquid, which is refined and rosin is extracted therefrom. There is left a substance known as pulpg after this is treated it can be used by the paper mills in making a high grade paper, so nothing is wasted. After the turpentine is refined it is pumped into tank cars holding six to eight thousand gallons and the rosin is barrelled. These products are shipped tc markets in north- ern states and foreign countries. The machines are patented and the reduction process is very expensive. The plant manufacturing one hundred cords per day will require two hundred and fifty thousand dollars capital. It is only recently that chemists have been successful in perfecting a process that would refine rosin, but it is thought in the near future there will be a great number of these plants that will successfully convert the waste products of pine forests and cut-over lands into valuable products. A cord of rich top wood will yield about sixteen gallons of turpentine, one and a half gallons of rosin oil, and four hundred and fifty pounds of rosin. A cord of rich stump wood will yield about twenty-three gallons of turpentine, two and a half gallons of rosin oil, and about six hundred and fifty pounds of rosin. It is estimated that the cut-over lands have an average of about seven cords of wood per acre which would be worth to the land owner about four dollars per cord. The removal of the stumps from the land enables the farmers to use improved im- plements, to cultivate more land, and to make better crops. They realize enough money from the stumps to have the land cleared and to buy fertilizer to enrich the soil for crop growing. Thus we see that the wood reduction plant is a most valuable asset to the development of goiith Mississippi, and offers opportunity for profitable investment of many thousands of 0 ars. 20 A Iirnhurt nf the lgrllnm 1Hinr---Nuual Sturm HE United States furnishes for the world's use more naval stores than all other countries combined. The manufacture of these products is one of the oldest industries of our country. The early settlers of Virginia, North and South Carolina engaged in the primitive method of burning pine wood in pits made under the ground to extract tar. The extensive use of pitch and tar in the construction and maintenance of sailing vessels caused these products to be called Naval Stores, a term now applied to turpentine and rosin, which have taken the place of tar and pitch. Since 1849, this industry has gradually extended southward following the course of the Long Leaf Pine Belt. The southern half of Mississippi lies almost wholly in this belt. During the last few years the State has produced annually approximately 4,000,000 gallons of' turpentine and 400,000 barrels of rosin, most of which is shipped to other states and countries. The Government Report gives the following Hgures for Mississippi: Year Establishments People employed Capital Value of product 1904 124 3,036 598,000 2,366,000 1909 64 2,836 1,251,000 1,475,000 1915 1,475,000 However, the manager of a southern turpentine corporation reports that at present these products amount to over 32,000,000 The large decrease in the value of these products- from 1904 to 1909 was due to unfavorable market conditions and to destructive storms. The turpentine and rosin corporation at Biloxi does an annual business of iB175,000. The Newman Lumber Company of Hattiesburg on its timber holdings works from 20 to 30 crops per year, a crop consisting of 10,000 boxes or trees. In 1916 this company ran 20 crops producing a total of 85,455 barrels of rosin of 280 pounds each, commercial count, and 74,000- gallons of turpentine. The manufacture of turpentine and rosin nowadays is conducted generally on a turpentine farm consisting of a region of timbered lands, worked by the owner or leased by the operators for turpentine privileges. The lumber companies with large timber holdings do not lease to the private operators but work their own timber. They use the same crops. only two or three years and then move on to an alloted area of virgin timber leaving the trees already Worked for lumber. Under this method of operation, very few trees are lost, and the turpentine industry is made to last almost as long as the lumber industry. The old method of boxing caused a great waste of timber and turpentine, especially on account of forest fires. While there is danger of fires to the timber cupped according to present method, it is not so great as to box timber, since the cups are removed when the trees are abandoned, leaving faces of the trees as the only source of tire risk. It has been estimated that in Mississippi 3 to 10 billion board feet of timber have been lost by the boxing system of tagppiling the trees, which delays the growth and furnishes a ready location for the beginning o a re. Since the amount of long leaf pine timber available for turpentine operations in the South is constantly decreasing, and experiments on the western pines have proved that they produce as much turpentine as southern pines, it is reasonable to believe that the naval store indtliistry will finally drift to the Pacific slope where there are large tracks of virgin pine tim er. This industry is of great importance because these products are necessities. Turpen- tine is used in varnishes and paints, and is utilized as a solvent for rubber and as an illumi- nant when mixed with alcohol. It is used very extensively in printing cloth as it prevents the color from running together and penetrating the cloth. By far the greatest use of rosin is in the finishing of ships but it is also used in the manufacture of paper, soap, oil cloth, sealing wax, fly paper, linoleum, printing ink, material for roofing buildings, electric wire, and lubricating compounds. Turpentine and rosin, pure or mixed with other compounds, are- very extensively used for medicinal purposes. 21 Ignzzihilitira nf Glnt-ODUP1' Wine lllanhz BEEDIE E. SMITH H E Long Leaf Pine Region covers 132,000 square miles along the Gulf Coast, about ten million acres being found in South Mississippi. Between four and five million acres have been denuded of their growth of timber and await development. Less than fifty years ago this land was considered almost worthless and as late as 1910 the population was rated at twenty-four persons to the square mile. At the meeting of the Southern Pine Association held in New Orleans February 8, 1917, the main topic for discus- sion was, How to Improve the Cut-Over Pine Landsfl South Mississippi needs more popu- lation and many colonies have been started under the direction of the Southern Settlement and Development Organization. One of these settlements is situated near Wiggins. The Mills Seed Company, a New York firm, bought 25,000 acres of cut-over pine land and started a truck farm. In 1915 they had 325 acres in sweet potatoesg of these they cured 2000 bushels by kiln drying and sold them the following spring at a good price. In 1914 they planted 425 acres in water melonsg car loads were shipped out of the State, and the seeds of others were thrashed out with thrashing machines and sold. The Mills Farm Company, also near Wiggins, went into the nursery business, and now sells pecans, oranges, and grapes to customers to all parts of the South. Another interesting colony is situated near Sumrall on the Mississippi Central Rail- road. This is divided into a German colony north, and a Bohemian colony south of the town. Both together have about twenty-five families. The people that moved into these settlements and learned to fit their farming methods to Mississippi conditions were satisfied and stayed: while those that did not know much about farming in the South and insisted on using their northern methods made a failure and left. The ones that stayed are making a success by shipping farm products: such as strawberries, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes, and early vegetables. One of the prosperous dairies in the State is under tho direction of an Agricul- tural College man at Sumrall. Milk is bought from these colonies and 600 pounds of butter are shipped every week. The German settlement near Lumberton owns 6000 acres of cut-over pine land. This colony is making a success of dairying. It has all the equipment necessary for modern dairies, and every day 100 gallons of sweet milk are shipped over the Northeastern Railroad to New Orleans. This settlement has proved that the most economical way to build up the soil is by keeping live stock. At the Government Experiment Station, McNeill. Miss., an average of eighteen cows has furnished since 1900, S150 to S200 per month of milk, cream and butter, besides skim milk for pigs. These examples show that the twenty-three counties containing cut-over pine land can be made to produce crops. Besides the climate is delightful: the summer is warm with nights cooled by the Gulf breeze, which is felt a hundred miles inlandg and the winters are mild. The rainfall is heavy but the soil is sandy loam and easily drained. The soil of this land is deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. The nitrogen can be supplied by leguminous crops and commercial fertilizers or by pasturing the live stock. Le- guminous crops, such as cowpeas, velvet beans, soy beans, Spanish peanuts, clovers, and lespedeza are grown successfullygtrucking crops, and such fruits and nuts as pecans, peaches, pears, figs, and oranges are at home in this section, and vegetables can be grown here the whole year through. Other crops are corn, cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, and sugar cane. The cut-over land can be bought for about 35.00 per acre: clearing of stumps and brush will cost not more than 310.00 per acre. It will cost the owner from S20 to S25 an acre when brought into a good state of cultivation. Roads are easily made good and the consoli- dated schools offer opportunity for educational advantages. 22 0Bur Elnfuut Ilnhuatrgmftlliv Hllanufariure nf Haprr O APER for magazines, periodicals, newspapers, wrapping purposes, and manufactured articles is increasingly in demand in all civilized countries, the United States being the greatest consumer. The fiber used for making paper is largely determined by its cheap- ness, and in the early stages of this development rags were used. Later a grass was used and then wood pulp was introduced. At first spruce was the only wood thought to be fitted for the making of paper but now there are about twenty varieties used. They are: spruce, hemlock, poplar, balsam fir, pine, beech, maple, white fir, cotton wood, chestnut, douglas fir, tamarack, elm, basswood, birch, ash, and cucumber. With the exception of the fir trees and the tamarack all of these grow extensively in Mississippi. The Southern Paper Company organized in 1912 established the first paper mill in Mississippi, a million dollar plant, in Moss Pointg and in June 1913 the first paper was made. The refuse from the various sawmills of Moss Point and nearby towns that for years and years has been burned in tremendous quantities is now being used for the pro- duction of paper. Only the pine slabs and wood are used, the bark and small rough twigs not being desirable for smooth paper. It is estimated that every cord of pine slabs that goes into the mill will average 1000 pounds of wood pulp, which, when made into paper, brings from 7 to 75 cents per pound, or S140 to S150 per ton. The plant has attempted as yet only the various grades of wrapping paper, though the experiments show that this can be bleached to a light tan color and newspapers have been printed on it. This mill turns out about 35 tons daily or an average of 12 car loads per weekg yet this is not nearly enough to supply the present demand in the State of Mississippi and with the present advance in price it is clearly seen that Mississippi can make her paper much more cheaply than she can buy it. Besides cutting down the expense by establishing paper mills in Mississippi, large numbers of people are given employment. The mill at Moss Point employes two hundred people who are divided into shifts of eight hours each, the mill being in operation twenty-four hours per day except Sunday. The building of a million dollar paper mill in Hattiesburg in the course of a year is under consideration. Hattiesburg is a good place for such a plant since the conditions essential to the success of this enterprise are favorable: viz, an inexhaustible supply of fresh water that is chemically pure, an enormous supply of pine slabs-these last being obtainable from the refuse of the large sawmills at a minimum cost: and good facilities for furnishing its manufactured products economical transportation to market. All three of these factors are found combined at this point. The grades of paper at this proposed mill will be in the form of cardboard which will be used in making all kinds of paper boxes. 23 Qlnmieruatinn nf Elinrwta---An Appml HE forests of Mississippi constitute one of her richest assets. Today the manufacture' of lumber and other timber products ranks first among the industries of our state. The future of this valuable enterprise is wholly dependent upon our attitude in the consumption and the conservation of our resources at hand. The United States Forest Ser- vice estimates that under the present system of cutting and wasting the timber, our supply for commercial purposes will be practically exhausted within the short time of thirty-five years. In the light of this fact it behooves our people to study carefully the agents of de- struction and the possible means of effective conservation. The forest fire, which is oftentimes looked upon as being beneficial, is one of our greatest enemies. Fire not only injures and kills the more mature trees, but also destroys the undergrowths and seedlings, which contain the only hope of future replacement. With the fire comes the destruction of soil humus followed by surface erosion. Conservative figures show that Mississippi is sustaining an annual loss of two dollars per acre on all areas swept by the flames. To this estimate must be added the loss from fire spreading to buildings and fences, which frequently occurs. ' Another destructive agent to our forests is the unlimited stock range. Cattle destroy the younger trees that escape the fire, and hogs search for the seeds and roots that lie be-A neath the ground. While these forces are cutting off future possibilities, the present supply of timberise being rapidly and indiscriminately exhausted. We are cutting over our lands, sparing only those trees that are too small for the mills to receive. Many of these are broken down and destroyed in the clearing. In this connection we should like to recommend the forestry sys- tem of Germany. In that country where timber is truly obtained at a premium, no tree is cut until approved by oflicial authority, and provision is made for planting anotherin its stead. Again, the common method of tapping or boxing our pines for turpentine is a very wasteful practice. As a result the trunk of the tree is greatly exposed to fire and insects and its strength is weakened before the storm. Our people need to learn the lesson of conservation, and co-operate with the forces in protecting our woodland. Our Federal Government under the so-called Weeks law has a standing appropriation of 3100,000 among the states in behalf of this cause. Under the liberal provision that each state furnish an equal amount of her allotment, only twenty-one states at present are receiving the benefit of this offer. We should like to call attention to the Work of the Foresty Association of Texas and the laws enacted by her legislature, which might serve as a model for Mississippi. Through the directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, a qualified forester has been appointed, who has supervision over the timber interests of the state. This forester with the directors has the power to purchase State Reservations, and to provide adequate means to protect the forests at large from the destructive agents at work. It is estimated that from forest fires alone we are sustaining a loss annually of 13 cents on each EE100 worth of real estate. How much more economical it would be if an equiva- lent tax were used to conserve our resources! We hope the time is near at hand when Mis- sissippi will provide adequate laws and appropriations to care for the forests of the state. Agents of Destruction: Means of Conservation: Fire Federal Co-operation Overflow Organized Supervision Range Reservation Erosion Education Saw-mill State Legislation Tapping Taxation 24 4'-0 X .W 43 XXXX iff P ffff NXXXX X MX K 1-' as X ji A ,, J -N., 1 50 X A i'IiiI : :E2::e ...... - H-ifasiaaas-:iissaaa ---wiissii.. .::::::::a::::: '-i -EQEEEEEEEEIEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Ha.r.,faU in Mes EUEWW E ff W7 -Ill' EEEEEEEEEEEQ M 51 ro ff 57 fo 4, IIIIIIIIEEEEIII Ffmperature Lines for 'r v .my February C 55 fhe Sfaf Mean Ann l R f , If 1779 Cerfgv 51 ll a d Temperatu F th Coldest Month 25 A Flrin nf Natures iiauurasziurfarv, Emil, nnh Gllimatr MARION CHAFEE ISSISSIPPI belongs to the Gulf Coastal Plain, hence has no mountains and no con- siderable elevations, the greatest altitude being less than 1000 feet. According to Dr. Lowe of the Geological Survey, Mississippi is considered in nine physical divisions, as shown on page 11. The oldest ge :logical formation in the state is found in the rocks of the Tennessee H ills. The onlv other portion that has the appearance of the foot hill formation is Pontotoc Ridge. Around Blue Mountain the hills rise so abruptly above the surrounding country that the highest point seems to be a mountain. Owing to the heavy rainfall, these two sections have been deeply eroded. However, the hillsides are pro- ductive when properly terraced and cultivated, and the valleys are good farming lands. Between these two ridges lies one of the most fertile farming regions of the South, the Black Prairie Belt, over 100 miles long and 20 to 30 miles wide. The soil consists of a rich clay loam, resting on a layer of rotten limestone. The substratum of lime rock serves a double purpose in making this soil productive. It acts as a reservoir for holding the moisture so necessary for summer cropsg and sweetens the clay, making it possible to grow luxuriant crops, especially legumes. The Jackson Prairie Belt is a region similar in soil and surface. Just north of this is the Lignitic Plateau, so called from the underlying beds of lignite. This plateau has been cut by streams, but the entire region can be cultivated and made to yield profitable crops. Lying just east of this plateau is a section known as the Flatwoods, a narrow, level, wooded area, poorly drained, and sparsely settled: while to the west is the Mississippi Delta, a large area of rich alluvial land. The Delta extends from Vicksburg to Memphis and just above Greenville attains a width of 60 miles, having an area of 8600 square miles. Running the length of the state, the Bluj Hills drop abruptly off on the western side to the Delta and River. This vertical weathering is peculiar to the Loess formation, and the soil is very fertile. The Long Leaf Pine section . has an undulating surface and a sandy loam soil except near Pearl River. These soils together with the genial 1 climate cause this region to be es- pecially fitted for trucking and sub- tropical fruits. The temperature of South Mississippi rarely ever reaches freez- ing and the average date for the last 1 killing frost near the Coast is March 1, and for the earliest killing frost, . November 1. In the central and northern part of the state the winter temperature falls lower, while the summer temperature runs higher, but temperatures below zero or above 95 are rare- Courtesy of L. X. N. Railroad The rainfall is heaviest on In South Mississippi the Coast fpage 253, where it reaches 60 inches, diminishing northward to about 48 inches at the Tennessee line. March has the heaviest rainfall for North Mississippi, and July for the southern section of the state. Oc- tober has the least rainfall in both regions. 26 An Attrariiue Hnratinn---Zlilurirultnre BEULAH KOCH. ISSISSIPPI is an ideal place to grow flowers for commercial purposes, as has been proved by floral companies scattered over the State. Illustrations from three of four widely separated points will give some idea of the possibilities of the industry. At Columbus, a firm has three acres under glass and works from twenty to thirty hands daily. Lilies and other bulbs are sold in car load lots, and roses and carnations are cut in quantities. Roses sell for 31.00, and callas for 33.00. Net profits between 325,000 and 350,000 are made each year. Columbus and the surrounding towns buy many flowers, and orders are taken from Memphis and Birmingham. In the Delta there is a farm known as Roseacres, which has the largest acreage in roses of any place in the United States. There are 300 acres in roses, shrubs, evergreens, peonies, and cannas, and plants are shipped wholesale only in car lots to large Wholesale nurseries in New York and other cities in the North and West. At Crystal Springs, special attention has been paid to chrysanthemums and the town has become famous for this flower. They are perfect balls of white, yellow, pink, and mixed colors, and are from four to eight inches in diameter. Chrysanthemum shows are held at Crystal Springs and wonderful Howers exhibited at the state fairs. The people from various sections order chrysanthemums from here. At Hattiesburg sweet peas, carnations, and chrysanthemums are specialized in and are shipped to Kansas, Texas, New York City, Mis- souri, Minnesota, and all over Mississippi besides being sold by large retail firms in the town of Hattiesburg. In South Mississippi cape jasmines are carefully picked while in bud, packed in Spanish moss, and sent to the northern markets. These nurserymen have demonstrated to us that Mississippi soil and climate are ideal for the growing of flowersg that Mississippians appreciate and buy beautiful flowersg and that it is cheaper and easier to grow them here than elsewhere for a paying commercial business. Our long summers and short winters fa- vor the development of the floral industry in Mississippi. Such flowers as roses, car- nations, geraniums, heliotrope, lilies, cannas, gladiolas, snapdragons, sweet peas, cape jas- mine, chrysanthemums, bedding plants, pot plants and all kinds of bulbous stock can be grown in Mississippi just as successfully as anywhere else in the world. An eminent horti- culturist when asked if the growing of flowers could be made a paying business in Mississip- pi, replied that it depended entirely on the growersthere was nothing the matter with the flowers, climate, and soil. Mississippi's vast profusion of wild flowers proves this statement, for in the north- ern part of the state wild hydrangea, spring beauty, phlox, Woodbine, mountain laurel, aza- lea, trailing arbutus, wistaria, Virginia creeper, primroses, wild rose, all kinds of ferns, smi- lax, orchids, trumpet creepers, bloom all spring, summer, fall, and far into the winter. In the southern part of the state wild flowers bloom almost the year round. Magnolias, sweet bays, pond or water lilies fpurple, yellow, whitel, dogwood, buttercups, honey suckle, Cyel- low, red, white and pinkl asters, dasies, voilets fblue and whitel, mountain laurel, black eyed susans, yellow jasmine Cthis flower has been in bloom on Christmas Dayl, and golden- rod-all these bloom early in the spring or in the fall and on until November or December. Evergreen trees and vines. holly and mistletoe, from South Mississippi are shipped all over the United States for Christmas trees and other festive decorations. 27 An Ariatnrrat at Bums in illlliaaiaaippi Svnil---Alfalfa JENNYE LEONA ROBINSON HE name Alfalfa is from an Arabic word, Alfasafah, meaning the best fodder. The beginning of the plant seems to have been contemporary with that of man, and, as with man, its first habitat was Central Asia. It was brought to Mexico by Cortez in 1519, and from there reached the United States two hundred years later. It was grown in Mississippi fifty years ago, but only with the last decade has it been given serious consideration as a crop. The success which accompanied its cultivation in the neighborhood of West Point, Clay County, was noteworthy from the first. The season after its introduction Mr. B. H. Strong of Clay County carried off the gold medal at the St. Louis World's Fair. In 1904 Mr. Strong planted 130 acres in alfalfa, ten of which he put ' in hog pasture with profitable results. The field has yielded four or five tons to the f acre in a season with sometimes as many as s ' five cuttings, and a net proiit of about SQO. As a result of the experiment, today there are many thousands of acres in this legume in Clay, Lowndes, N oxubee, Oktibbeha, Monroe, Chickasaw, and other counties in East Mississippi, giving the owners of the land splendid returns. The Black Prairie Belt, Cpage 113, has been shown to be a natural alfalfa land and experts have characterized it as the 'most desirable alfabfa region in the United States. Alfalfa hay in that section finds a , Courtesy Of M- 'YL 0- Railroad ready market at from S15 to S20 a ton f. o. b. Alfalfa ln Clay County It is shipped from Okolona, Muldon, Aber- deen, West Point, Columbus, Macon, and a number of points in North Mississippi. Markets easily accessible to the alfalfa growers of Mississippi are: New Orleans, Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, Birmingham, and Mobile, to say nothing of the numerous smaller cities within the State. Almost the same success in growing alfalfa has been met with in the Delta section, though the industry has not been introduced there to such an extent. A planter who had thirty-five acres in alfalfa reported that in one season he secured five tons to the acre. The Blaj' Hills of West Mississippi, the Jackson Prairie Belt, and the Brown Loam section are also adapted to the production of alfalfa. The warm humid atmosphere of Mississippi is especially suited to its growth, since there can be two plantings, fall and spring. Also the level surface of the lime regions of the State permits the use of improved harvesting machinery and so makes it possible for large areas to be cultivated. In the year 1909, as given by the Bureau of Census. 841 reports were given in con- cerning alfalfa growing in Mississippi. From these reports we find that 9,245 acres were cultivated, 16,710 tons harvested, and the approximate value for the yearly output was 3269,- 670. Increases are reported in all except Coahoma County. Lowndes leads in acreage, while the greatest absolute gain is reported from Noxubee County. The successful growing of alfalfa has put the stock raising industry on a new basis in Mississippi. And besides paving great profits from the hay and the grazing of the stock, it is giving the land a new fertilitv, being one of nature's best machines for collecting the nitrogen of the air and storing it for the corn growers free of charge. ' 1 28 A iErgu1ne Qlnnh Flinr illdan ann ifivaat BEULAH KOCH ISSISSIPPI is admirably fitted for the growing of peanuts, because the climate gives- a long growing season and the soils are suited to the production of this crop. Peanuts, like other legumes, thrive best on lime soils, such as the Prairie Belts, and the Bluff Hills: but sandy, well-drained loamy soils give a good yield. These are found in the northern, central, and southern sections of the state. Almost every farmer grows peanuts for his hogs to feed on and for family use, but very few have undertaken the growing of this product as a money crop. That the Coastal Plain is suited for peanuts is shown in Virginia where are grown most of the peanuts used for peanut butter, for candy, and by the street corner roaster- Mississippians generally have not taken this plant seriously enough to appreciate its commer- cia va ue. On the advent of the boll weevil the farmers of Southwest Mississippi planted peanuts as a substitute for cotton. In 1910 they planted a large acreage: the cottonseed oil mills in- stalled machinery for crushing the nuts, and the farmers sold their crops to the mills for 51.00 per bushel. The next year, on account of a lack of cooperative planting the mills could not offer so much and the farmers became discouraged and quit planting-thus not giving the experiment a fair trial. In Franklin County, in 1911, an enterprising merchant bought a pea- nut thresher and offered the farmers 31.00 a bushel for their peanuts. He bought 14,000 bushels of peanuts and 100 tons of hay, and shipped in car load lots the peanuts to Columbus, Mississippi and Norfolk, Virginia, to be crushed for oil. But in 1912 he could get only 2,200 bushels-the rains ruined the crop and the farmers were afraid to try again. The nuts went up to 31.10 and 31.25 per bushel in 1915, but very few farmers had any to sell. When properly cultivated in Panola and Montgomery counties the yield is from 60 to 90 bushels per acre. Under ordinary conditions and with less expense than a cotton crop, about 40 or 50 bushels of peanuts and two or three tons of hay can be grown to the acre in Mississippi. Besides, peanuts will grow and make a crop where cotton will not produce. At the mills the cake that is left after the oil is crushed out is sold and used for fattening hogs. If enough peanuts were grown in the state to justify the oil mills in putting in the- machinerv to crush for oil, the farmers could sell their peanut crops, buy back the cake at a small cost for hogs. sell the hay at 315 to 320 per ton and make more money than bv turning the hogs in on the field of nuts. The peanut as a legume adds nitrogen to the soil, so en- riches instead of impoverishes the soil like corn and cotton: therefore a large acreage of pea- nuts by rotation of crops from year to year fertilizes the land for other crops, gives a money crop of niuts, and furnishes as good hay as clover crops-as farmers in other states have dem- onstrate . The United States uses so much peanut oil and so many peanuts for confections that the home supply does not nearly furnish the demand and large quantities of peanut products are imported, yet from available data to be had for 1916 only 15,000 acres were planted in Mis- sissippi. Dr. Lowe, in Bulletin No. 8, says: The agreeable flavor and the nutritious proper- ties of both the oil and the cake give them a wider range of usefulness for human and animal food than the oil and meal of cotton seed. We venture the prediction that American ingenu- ity will devise more ways of using the peanut than we can at present conjecture and though. the holl wevil should cease to be a menace the peanut is here to stay. 29 Gbthrr lllvgumva Qbrnm in flllliaaimaippi EVA HEARON S has been shown, peanuts and alfalfa are two of the most important plants at home in Mississippi soil, but there are other legumes that make Mississippi lands profitable ' to the farmer. Among these are melilotus. red clover, crimson clover, bur clover, white clover, lespedeza, peas, soy beans, and velvet beans. All these are found in Mississippi. The first named. or sweet clover, grows luxuriously in the Prairie Belt. It thrives on lime: will even grow on lime ,T as f - Q -f - rock where there is very little top - soil. The fragrant white blossoms contain nectar which is used by the Aim ef- bees in making the quality of honey t h at brings the highest market price. Melilotus is used on Missis- sippi farms for pasturage and as a hay crop. Red, crimson, White, an d bur clover are used as cover crops and for winter and spring pastur- age. Crimson clover and red clover Courtesy OfM,.g,U,H,,i,,,,,,d are very luxurious in foliage: bur I I clover is very hardy. Successful Red Clover in Black Prairie Belt demonstrations ha V e been made from the Gulf coast to Tennessee including every soil type in the State, from the light, sandy loams to the stiff waxy clays for bur and crimson clover, and the bur clover never failed where the seed were sown in the bur, though crimson clover thrives best on rich or highly fertilized lime lands. Lespedeza, or Japan clover, is one of the farmer's best forage crops. It grows wild in all parts of the State and is rich in food value. The yield when cut for hay, runs from one to three tons per acre after having been grazed over considerably. As a summer pasture in the Prairie Belt it is the dairyman's best asset. Velvet beans, when crushed in the hull and mixed with corn in equal proportion, make a balanced ration for hogs, cattle, and horses, and the vines are worth as much as 317.00 per acre for fertilizer. The meal from the beans in the hull is worth about one-half as much I . .as high grade cotton seed meal, testing about four and one-half per cent of fat and seventeen to eighteen per cent of protein. This crop which will not mature in cold climate will mature in the extreme northern part of Mississippi, though is grown more luxuriously in South Missis- sippi. Soy beans are more prolific and more drought resistant than cow peas and are much less subject to attack by root-rot. All these plants grow best in lime or sweet soil, either that with the rotton lime stone foundation or in clay soil that has been treated with crushed lime stone. The cotton fields of the State should be covered with clover during the winter to furnish abundant winter grazing for live stock and to prevent soil erosion, as well as to enrich the soil with humus and nitrogen. 30 illlliaaianippiki Glapariig fur Qlnrn lirnhuriinn ALMA TANKERSLEY ISSISSIPPI is planting for over one hundred million bushels of corn for 1917. This will give us just about what we consumeg anything short of this will put Mississippi on the delinquent list and corn will have to be shipped into the state. Four million acres producing twenty-five bushels each will give the required amount. In 1913 the yield was esti- mated at 70,000,000 bushels, but in 1916 the terrible July hurricane cut off the South Missis- sippi crop and the result of the storm affected corn production throughout the state so that only 57,000,000 bushels were produced. In 1913 the figures from a Mississippi town of 12,000 people show 9'p162,000 worth of corn and meal shipped in from other states. There is no substantial reason for the importation of corn products because Mississip- pi can produce the corn she consumes and have a surplus for shipment. There is scarcely a square mile in Mississippi that could not be made to grow corn and in some sections it could be made to yield bountifully if the people would study their soil and follow scientific methods of agriculture. In Warren County in 1916, five acres on one farm produced 519 bushels, and ten corn club boys scattered over the state made an average of 114 bushels. While Cotton is still King in Mississippi, corn has very appropriately been called Queen. More than 200 bushels to the acre have been produced and Helds of 100 acres have averaged 65 bushels. The corn club boys are due the credit of having revolutionized the general notions of the yield of corn per acre in Mississippi. In 1916 we had 4,220 boys in corn clubs, Pearl River County having the largest club enrollment. In Forrest county one corn club boy made more than 200 bushels on his acre. Another Mississippi boy won the prize by producing the largest yield of corn on one acre in the whole United States in 1914, this yield being 2275. It is a fact worthy of note that the average corn yield of the state is 37.41 bushels an acre for the farmers who are supervised by the County Agents against an average ofless than twenty bushels in the state at large. This goes to prove that scientific farming will bring Mississippi's record up with the corn states, and Mississippi has increased the total produc- tion of corn more than one hundred per cent during the past seven years. The place corn has attained as most important of all farm crops in Mississippi is due to the quality and variety of food products it furnishes ard to the fact that no other cereal crop can compete with it successfully in the quantity of food it will produce to the acre or to the unit of labor expended. Corn is used for a great variety of purposes, both in its natural state and in the form of manufactured products. Its greatest and most common use is in the form of feed for live stock. It is used for this purpose as grain, as roughage in the form of fodder, corn silage, and stover, as green feed, and as a pasture crop. The corn for silage is cut during summer while it is yet green and stored in a silo for winter use. This is Mississippi's greatest source for winter food for live stock. Since Mississippi has a big campaign on for the increased raising of live stock and the establishment of dairies the corn production must show an. enormous increase to keep pace with the demand for feed. 31 Elhral Gllimatr sinh Emil fm' Bairg Zliarmz .. 4....ll.. A. .. - ...L Dairy Farm With Alfalfa and Corn Field in Noxubee County HE Jersey cow is a machine-but a very sensitive machine-delicate in constitution, easily affected by extreme heat or cold, nervous in temperament, and exacting in re- gard to her care and diet. And yet until recently the states of the East and Middle West with their rigorous climate have been the dairying sections of the United States. Mississippi-temperate climate with short balmy winters, artesian wells of pure water, beautiful rolling prairies of rich black lime soil, and cheap labor-why not an ideal place for the dairy farms of the nation? There is no need in Mississippi for expensive barns, closely built and steam heated. The most delicate Jersey cow lives entirely in the open here for nine months in the year, is housed at night during the three winter months in cheaply constructed barns where cracks serve for ventilationg and, since there is very little ice and no heavy snow, is turned out in the morning to drink from an overflowing well or a running stream and to graze in the sun- shine on green cover crops. Tuberculosis, so common among closely confined dairy cows in cold climates, is very rare. All the dairy herds of the banner dairying county in the state have been tested and not one case of tuberculosis has been found. Proper feed makes milke-cheap feed makes profitable dairyingvand Mississippi has the three factors that make cheap feed: the lime land that is the best grass land in the world, long seasons for grazing and for crop rotation, and cheap labor. The preceding articles show that Mississippi generously produces alfalfa, all the other legumes, and corn. Silos are found in all parts of the state where the dairying industry has been inaugurated. Cotton seed meal which is shipped from Mississippi to all dairying sections, even to Denmark, is to be had at home. The wagon that takes sweet cream from the dairy farm over rock roads to the creamery each day brings from the oil mill the cotton seed meal supplement for the balanced ration. Molasses, anotheringreclient of cow feed used by some dairymen. is also a home product, since sorghum is easily grown in any part of the state. Besides legumes, Mississippi has for hay native grasses, Bermuda grass, and Johnson grass in abundance. While the Black Prairie Belt is advanced in the dairying industry, the Bluff Hills are also especially adapted to dairying, and the fertile Delta offers wonderful opportunities to the prospective dairyman. Scattered along the several railroads of South Mississippi are success- ful dairy farms which supply with milk and cream the towns and nearby cities. 2 A ffrnming Zlnhuztrg---Cflhr Qlreamerg HERE was a time when each farmer in the community kept a few cows, making his own butter in the old-fashioned way under insanitary conditions, and selling a few pounds of left-over butter to the grocer on Saturday. We have about seen the last of those old days, for with the rapid rise of the creamery industry in the state, the farmers are seeing that it is vastly more profitable, as well as more satisfactory for all concerned, to take their cream, or ship it, to near by creameries, where it is made into good butter under modern conditions. As if by magic, creameries have sprung into existence all over the state. Prior to the year 1914, there were not more than half a dozen creameries in the entire state, and of these, few were doing business on a large scale. It was then that the great revival in the creamery business began, and farmers saw that the creamery was the best adjunct to the new modes of intensified farming. And seeing this, they began to cooperate. In March, 1917, there were in operation in the state of Mississippi seventeen cream- eries, a great many of which were cooperative. Since then at least half a dozen more have been established, with still more in contemplation. Perhaps no one thing has contributed more to the rapid growth of the creamery in- dustry than the good roads movement. While the old mud roads were common the patronage necessary for the support of a successful creamery was not to be had: but the many rock roads have made it possible for farmers to send their cream to creameries a dozen miles away without loss, and they have made the question of butter delivery an easy one. Besides the rock roads, the railways play an important part. Cream is shipped from nearby stations to the cream- ery: and butter is shipped over them to large towns and cities, even to other states. The keeping of a cow in town is a thing of by-gone days. Pasteurized sweet cream is sent in large quantities from the creamery to ice cream factories and soda-fountains. The oldest and the leading creameries in the state are at Brookhaven and Macon. The former took the first prize in the butter contest which was held at the second annual meeting of the Creamery-manis Association of Mississippi, in Jackson, Macon taking second place. The accompanying diagram shows the increase in the cream and butter industry in the banner dairying county, Noxubee, from 1913 to 1917. This industry has meant thousands of dollars to this county alone. Nearly all the creameries pasteurize, and all are operated under highly sanitary conditions. The patrons of the creamery, from whom the raw material, sweet- - cream, is obtained, are forced by the county inspector un- der the new health laws, to have a thoroughly sanitary X dairy. One creamery offers a premium to all farmers f ' whose cream is pure and sweet upon its arrival. The best 1 r butter is no longer made from sour cream and clabber. WE T mi In this day of high prices, the price of butter and iq LCU5 15-ii, cream has not remained low. Each month finds some in- ELS..1f crease in butter and sweet cream, which brings profit to the small dairy farmer who ships to creameries, as well as to the butter manufacturer. The rapid growth of the industry shows that the farmers of Mississippi are seeing their opportunity and taking it. ' The graph below, showing increase in creamery industry in the state during three preceding years, IS an estimate based on figures furnished by eight creameries: 375, 000. 3300, 000. 3600, 000. 1914 1915 1916 33 Grain Glrnpz fur Mintvr Cbruzing J. V. DABBS HE climatic conditions in Mississippi are quite favorable for growing small grain. The fall is warm and usually affords ideal conditions for seeding grainy i. e. a sufiicient amount of moisture to germinate the grain and startit to growing immediately. Ordi- narily there are no freezes at all until late in the year, which gives a grain crop plenty of time to get well rooted before winter comes on. Except occasionally in the northern part of the State, the winters are so mild that small grain crops can continue growing without having to be delayed by the excessive cold, as in the case in other sections. The Mississippi farmer has a great advantage over the farmer of colder sections in that he can use his grain crop for winter grazing. The winter crops are not covered with snow for three or four months each year as in the case in the North. This fact enables the farmer to keep 1 . i 4 .21 51 .. W '- ...- ... . ' - I, , X ' ' - +2 f 'elf -as ' l . 1 . 'fvi A' .fi - ' -- ...- - ' ' .' v - . his hogs and cattle on a green We .. -W .. . ,, -X - - . . Vw' it t J., , ':0h,:.' g ,,9:,,, -Y . O--l s . - . pasture instead of having to keep , W' f, , , 1 - , Q . ,J - A H.. , li-4 2. -.4,,,.7f4f.. , '. 1 - . . Q55 ' them in a closed barn, and thus 'ff' 3L,,,f3 .g 1,5 '. , ,. K, - enables him to raise live-stock much M, fig ..5'f,Hg.N5,,, g , - ff' f , H-f,,,f,, is. 'Q I- - - , , 1 -. more cheaply than otherwise would .Q. W. ,ag A . g i,g, ,-f f 3,5322 be possible. Grains will grow on almost every kind of soil in Mississippi, from the purely sandy soil of the Coast to the rich Black Prairie Belt Fifty years ago there was Courtesy of M. X O. Railroad Wheat Field in Mississippi 3.11 d the alluvial soils of the Mississippi Delta. a Qarger amount of wheat and oats grown in Mississippi than at present. There were nearly 200,000 acres of oats harvested in 1879: 130,000 acres in 18893 97,000 acres in 18993 but in 1909 there were not 100,000 acres harvested with an average yield of 12.5 bushels per acre. These reports do not take into consideration the half million or more acres of oats used right on the farm, for oats is one of Mississippi's chief feed crops as well as winter grazing crops. While there have been less wheat and oats grown, there has been a decided increase in the acreage of hay and forage crops. In this same period there was an increase of 220,000 acres of hay and forage crops. Last year 222 farmers co- operating With the demonstrators raised 6,363 acres of oats with an average yield of 32.5 bushels to the acre. The Delta Experiment Station in 1913 had a show crop of 135 bushel to the acreg 70 acres in Madison County averaged 65 bushels to the acre, and 88 acres in Hinds County made 58 bushels to the acre without any commercial fertilizer. In the 60's and 70's there was a considerable amount of wheat grown in Mississippi for home use. But as the cotton industry grew there was a gradual falling off in the production of wheat, not because it was unprofitable to grow wheat but because it was more profitable to grow cotton. Wheat can be grown in all parts of the State though the yield is better in some sections than in others, and on account of the heavy rainfall South Mississippi is not so well suited for its growth as the northern part of the State. The average yield is from 15 to 30 bushels to the acre: in 1916 there were 82 farms supervised by demonstrators that grew 835 acres of wheat with an average yield of 21 bushels to the acre. It is not to be supposed that Mississippi will ever become one of the leading wheat states, but at the present high cost of Hour the thrifty farmer can well afford to grow enough wheat for his own use and save money. At the same time he will get amuch more nutritious bread from the dark flour than from the commercial product. 34 lgrufita' in 1611515 VIRGIE C. COGDELL HE day of the pine rooter has passed, and the razor-back, who a few years ago Wan- dered at will through the virgin forests of Mississippi, is fast giving place to the high bred Duroc-Jersey and Poland-China. The majority of the farmers are realizing the value of pure bred pigs, and in 1916 it is reported that 2,136 pure bred hogs and 2,453 grade hogs were brought into the state: while 1,440 of the Pig Club Boys had pure bred pigs. The plan of co- operative shipping has proved satisfactory both to farmers and to the market that receives the product. Under this Sear- cy plan, as it is called, the man who has only a few head is shipping his stock to market on the same basis as if he were mar- keting a car lot shipment, and with all the advan- tages of the large shipper. 1 The hog shipment from Mississippi to St. Louis in 1916 increased 800 per cent. Five hun- dred cars of hogs valued l at 3500, 000 were shipped Courtesy of State Dept. of Agriculture to the National Stock MiSSiSSipPi Packing Plant Yards of St. Louis alone, if those that were shipped from New Orleans, Mobile, Memphis, and Natchez markets, and to feeders' trade by direct shipment were counted, the number would have been doubled. The Natchez Packing Plant paid out 332, 000 for hogs just from Yazoo County the same year. The first months of 1917 have shown the greatest interest the state has ever exhibited. The Natchez plant received over 9,000 hogs during the month of January, three car lots were shipped from Holmes County the same month netting 34,7803 in March Lafayette County shipped on the co-oper- ative plan five cars of hogs in one day, receiving over 39, 000, netting after expenses 38, 680, making seventeen cars of hogs shipped from this county in five consecutive months. In one week in February a total of seventeen co-operative car lots were shipped from the state. The Pig Clubs of the state had 8,000 boys enrolled for 19163 940 reported that they had produced 332,000 worth of hogs, Yazoo County having 98 members producing hogs to the value of 32435, Covington County 69 members producing 34,221, and Chickasaw County 44 boys producing 32,052 Aside from its direct commercial value the hog furnishes the staple meat supply, either cured or fresh. The changeable temperature during the winter months has always been a distressing feature to the Mississippi farmers who expect to cure enough meat from one or two killings to last all the year and have to risk such heavy losses. But now the open- ing up of the meat curing plants has solved the question. One is in operation at Collins and another at Wiggins. The last named was opened in 1915 and cured 40, 000 pounds of meat the first season. For the year 1916 it began work in September and by March had put up 1500 hogs or 150,000 pounds. The managers are increasing the capacity of the plant to handle 1,000,000 pounds by August, 1917. The plant has cured meat for the territory ex- tending from the Coast to Collins, for farmers within a radius of fifty miles, and even from several points in Louisiana. 35 'Beef Qleittlr Cflhriur in Hllizziazippi KATHERINE NICCARTNEY HE raising and feeding of beef cattle is rapidly becoming one of Mississippi's great in- dustries. The natural resources of the state are unsurpassed for the cheap produc- tion of beef. The grazing seasons last for eight or nine months. The winters are short and mild, and the cattle require very little or no housing. Twenty million acres of un- cultivated land make possible at cheap prices extensive farms for the production of feed crops and for pasturing cattle. The only drawback in this industry has been the cattle tick: but by December 1st, 1917, the state will be released from Federal quarantine. The native cattle of Mississippi are cheap and may well be used for foundation stock, gor Ehese cattle are in the habit of caring for themselves and when bred up make desirable ee . A few examples of notable herds will suffice to show what Mississippi can do in the raising of beef cattle. The most famous herd is that of W. J. Davis of Jackson. He has won national recognition with his Herefords, showing each year a herd that carries prizes at the state fairs in the South and West. His Point Comfort XIV has won the sweep-stake prizes at the big shows where he has been exhibited in the United States: and in 1913 at the Inter- national Stock Show in Chicago he won the grand championship for the world. Now the progeny of Point Comfort are sought by breeders in a dozen or more states. It is rumored that 310,000 was refused for him. The Hereford Breeders' Association has an annual sale at Jackson. In 1916 the Davis Farm, or La Vernet Stock Farm, alone put up fifty pure bred cattle at auction, the bulls averaged 3575, some of the high prices being 31400, 31000, and 3900. In March, 1917, a lot of forty-six Herefords was sold at an average of 3230. The lower prices of 3200 or 3300 make it possible for small farmers to improve their herds. Enochs and Wortman have a noted Hereford farm at Jackson. The Hereford seems the most popular breed and many people think it is the best adapted to Mississippi climate, but Shorthorns are increasing in number and several famous farms have Polled Angus. J. M. Aldrich of Michigan City and Walker Hurdle of Holly Springs both have famous Polled Angus herds. Paul J. Rainey has a large Aberdeen Angus farm in Tippah County. At the Aberdeen Breeder's sale last March forty-eight head were sold and only three of these went out of the state. The highest priced cow brought 3400 while the lowest fell under 3200. - There are Aberdeen Angus farms at Colum- bus and Macon and in other paris of the state. In Panola County six men in 1915 are said to have owned above three thousand Hereford and Angus cattle. To show how the value of beef cattle can be raised by breeding up, one shipment made in April will be quoted. From Talla- hatchie County a load of steers was sold to the National Stock Yard at 311.35 per hundred weight, the average weight being 1,087 pounds. These steers were certified as being from common cows and registered Angus bulls. They were finished off on silage, cotton seed meal, shelled corn, and hay, all products Con,-tesy ofthe M and 0,Rai1mi..1 of the Mississippi farm- There are now more Aberdeen Angus on Farm Ner Columbus. than 1000 silos in the state: and the raising -of beef cattle is a growing industry. I 36 Stark Raining in thv Stair HE day of the big stock ranch is past, and in the future the markets must depend upon the small farmers for the supplies of beef, pork, and mutton, and our state must answer the call. In all that goes to make up an ideal stock raising section, Mississippi has few equals. Vast areas of grazing land, a generous supply of running water, soils capable of producing a larger variety of succulent grasses and forage crops than can be found in most states, together with the most equitable climate enable the farmer and stock grower to produce at a minimum cost the maximum amount of the highest quality of merchant- able live-stock with little daily attention and care, while several trunk lines of railway offer reasonable rates to outside markets. The live-stock in Mississippi is easily worth 350,000,000 more than nine years ago, the increase in cattle being estimated at 100 per cent, in hogs nearly 150 per cent, in sheep over 10 per cent, making a total valuation of about 3200,000,000. The co- operative plan of shipping has encouraged the farmer to produce more and better stock and the year 1916 was a banner year for Mississippi in the shipment of live-stock. - - The estimate for cattle shipped was 200,000 Uoufiesy Of M- KL 0- Railroad head valued at 34,000,000 and for hogs Sheep 011 Farm in N0rfh Mississippi 3500,000. Madison County leadsin the pro- duction of cattle. Some other counties have the following records in shipping: Noxubee claims over 250 car lots, with Macon alone furnish- ing 100 cars, and Yazoo County 211 cars, Water Valley 33 cars. Over 6,000 cars constitute the total shipment from the state. The most encouraging fact of all is that last year 2800 high grade cattle and 4500 high grade hogs were broughtinto the state to form the foundation for better stock. The campaign for more and better stock will result in a steady How of dollars into Mississippi instead of the stream that has been flowing out to the North and West for all these years. This past year several car loads of mules and colts have been shipped, though we still buy about 325,000,000 from the outside. During the year 1913 one medium sized town in South Mississippi received from outside the state 3100,000 worth of mules, when the natural conditions were such that a number bringing twice that amount should have been shipped out, for it is estimated that a mule could be raised in Mississippi for 350 or less. Counted in the lots enumerated above were several cars of sheep from various parts of the state. Through the influence of government men, 49 pure bred rams and 349 ewes, either pure bred or grade, were imported last year and made the foundation for thirty-four flocks. With the good flocks that already existed this will mean better sheep and better prices in the future. In South Mississippi there are thousands of sheep ranging the forests and cut over lands, some of poor quality, and others of better grade forming the chief source of income to numbers of farmers. One wide awake farmer in Stone County made 32,000 from his sheep that ran the range, and others made almost as much, simply by having a care for the possible dangers to the Hooks. Sixty to seventy pound lambs bring from 35 to 37 per head, while the average sheep yields six pounds of wool per year, worth at least thirty cents a pound. Pearl River County leads in the number of sheep, followed by Hinds and Lamar. 37 ignultrg ia Igrntitahle HE greatest poultry district in the world is around San Francisco, and the last census of the United States showed the industrious hen to be worth almost four times our an- nual output of gold. Mississippi's part in this output of gold is rather insignifi- cant for the poultry industry here is undeveloped. The special farms are few, most of them being in the northern part of the state, and none of them comparing with those of the North and West. When we read the Government report that Mississippi had 2,350,000 fowls and 6,000,000 dozen eggs marketed last yearg that the value of eggs and poultry marketed was S2,000, 000, and the entire yearly production was valued at over 36,000, 000, it sounds enorm- ous. But when we find that Missouri last year had 356, 000,000 in poultry products. our pride has a fall. This amount for Mississippi would mean an average of nearly 2B700,000 for each county in the state. The 336,000,000 in products from our state comes largely from the small farm flocks and not from the poultry farms, which deal almost exclusively in high-priced poultry for breeding and eggs for setting. They have slowly but surely worked a revolution in the ideas of poultry raising for hundreds of Mississippi people. The old idea that fine chicks were just a fad and buying them meant a loss of money has been refuted and many farmers' wives now acknowledge that a pure-bred fowl will not only give more flesh for the table but will produce many more eggs for the market. When every farmer has been convinced of the value of pure-bred poultry there will be a chance for Mississippi to rival the Middle States in this industry. According to the United States Census Report, the number of fowls on Mississippi farms decreased 13.2 per cent from 1900 to 1910, while their value increased 11.6 per cent. In Missouri during the same period the number of fowls increased 30 per cent. while the value shows an increase of 107.5 per cent. The number of farms reporting poultry in Mississippi increased 18.1 per centg in Missouri the number decreasedg but the average number of fowls per farm reporting increased from 61 to 80, or 31.1 per cent. This comparison shows that Mississippi is not up to the standard in poultry production. A comparison of the two states as to natural advantages for the industry would result in Mississippi's being far ahead. Mis- sissippi has the temperate climate that requires inexpensive houses for poultry, and soil that makes easy the growing of grains and other kinds of feed stuffs. With green feed from grass, oat, or wheat fields to be had all the year round, nothing should stand in the way of success in poultry raising. As an example of what has been done on a small outlay. the following record is given. It was made in 1914, '15 and '16 by Miss Mary Walker of Horne Lake, Mississippi, despite the high cost of grain : Houses - ..... ...... . ....c................ ...... ...... 8 5 5 0 Incubators ---- ---- 100 Brooders ---- - -, - 125 Hens------ ..... - -- 675 Miscellaneous ----- -- -- -- -.-- ----- 50 Total ...... ...... ...... .... .... . . ,.... - .... . 3 1 ,505 On this total investment she made 31000 net income. Miss Walker sold 5.094 dozen eggs from 450 hens. She used at home 2,190 eggs and set 1700, making a total of 65,018 or an average of 144 eggs a hen. During 1915 she sold chickens and eggs to the value of 323003 the cost of labor, hauling, etc., was 81385, leaving a net income of S5915 to which must be added 385 for products used at home, making a total of 951000. Miss Walker uses a bal- anced ration for her chickens, and watches the market for their sale. The interest in the poultry industry is growing rapidly as is shown by the work that is being done by the Poultry Clubs and the Cooperative Poultry Associations. Harrison County has reported 100 club members: Alcorn, about the same: and Winston has as many. Grenada has twenty-six, who have bought pure bred hens and fifty who have bought pure bred eggs. The development of the poultry industry will depend upon the work of interesting the farm girls and women in better stock and in organizing to market their products. 38 what illlliaaiaaippi Qjbifrra fur item TRUGEN BEARD T seems that flower filled Mississippi should produce more honey than it does, as this regions. is naturally adapted to the growing of fruits and many kinds of farm plants, trees, vines, and grasses which bloom during the long periods. Then the immense quantity of fruit which falls on the ground during the summer and early autumn-such as peaches, grapes, plums, pears, mulberries, and apples-furnishes a source of honey. There is always a demand greater than the supply, and the production of honey requires very little extra labor and ex- pense. Why do so few Mississippi people produce this delectable food in marketable quantities? Some two years ago our Commissioner of Agriculture took note of an apiary on the nine hundred sixty acre plantation of Binion and Douglas near Cliftonville, Mississippi. There were about two hundred thirty colonies of bees, run by the proprietors of that place for the profit to be secured from honey. The average production of honey per colony was given at eighty pounds with several yields, and over two hundred fifty pounds annually from one colony. This honey was shipped to the neighboring cities, and the best sometimes went to Northern markets. An average price of ten cents per pound was secured throughout the year and profits of five dollars per colony were to be reasonably expected. Melilotus. cotton blossoms, wild flowers, and clovers furnish ample and varied food for the bees. Melilotus begins to bloom in May and continues in bloom about eight weeks. It is one of the best bee flowers known and the honey that it yields, called Water White, commands the highest price on the market. This flower and other nectar producing clovers and flowers grow plentifully in the lime soil of the Prairie Belt, thus causing the Government Report to state, The principal honey section of Mississippi is the Northeast Prairie. There are numbers of fine locations for profitable bee-keeping business from Tupelo south for some distance along the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Mr. George Hummer at Prairie Point ships about eight thousand two hundred fifty pounds per year and sells about five hundred poundsin the localmarket. There are five other men in this business and the total shipment per year is about eighteen thousand pounds to the Northern and Eastern markets. Bee keeping for home consumption is popular in South Mississippig around Hattiesburg a large number of farmers care for several colonies of bees. The same is true of all sections of the state and especially on the coast where the orange blossoms produce aclear white honey which is very delicious. In Mississippi bees require but little extra attention in winter, while in the Northern States care must be taken to prevent the freezing of the colonies. The Bureau of Census of 1910 gave 74,350 colonies of bees on hand. Only 7,984 of these farms with 26.187 colonies reported. The returns show the production of 559,021 pounds of honey valued at 36O,972j and 15,155 pounds of wax valued at 33.890, The whole amount would be about one-third greater. In 1916 it is estimated that the amount of honey shipped to markets was between 350,000 and 375.000, while the output of all the stands in the state was about S150,000. Mississippi has a Wholesale Bee Keepers' Supply Company at Penn, Mississippi and the managers state that the demand for honey is enormous, but Mississippians are back- ward in taking hold of this industry. It is a fascinating business and a safe one. WHY NOT TRY IT? 39 A Smh-Elrnpiral lgrnhurt---Qlanr Sgrup UGAR cane reaches perfection only in the tropics and can be grown profitably little fur- ther north than the edge of the Hot Belt, therefore its area is limited more than that of any of the other food crops of the United States, if we except the sub-tropical fruits. India leads the world in the production of sugar cane: and the southern part of the Gulf States, being a little above the same latitude as that country and tempered by the warm winds from the water, offers a home for the sugar cane. The limit for the profitable growth of Louisiana Cane, as it is called, is a few miles north of Jackson, or across the center of the state. Though climate limits it so decided- ly, soil Hgures considerably in the quality of the product. A paper of the Coast country very truthfully says. Sugar cane grows here most luxuriantlyg and owing to the sandy nature of the soil the quality of the syrup is much better than where the cane is raised on heavier bottom lands. Dr. Lowe goes even further in his discussion of the crops for South Missis- sippi: One that is especially well adapted to these light soils and one of the most remuner- ative is sugar cane. The cut over lands can be made to yield fifteen to twenty tons per acre which will produce 300 to 400 gallons of syrup. This syrup has a delicious flavor and a beau- tiful, golden, amber color, so that it commands a price of forty to sixty cents per gallon. It is far superior to the syrup made from cane grown in the heavy, alluvial soils of Louisiana, and is reported to be in demand in the sugar regions of that state, The use of sugar cane for making of sugar is more important commercially than the making of syrup, for all the world uses sugar while the demand for cane syrup is limited. In Mississippi the syrup only is made, for sugar cane is grown mainly by the small farmer, who- in the past years planted only enough for home consumption with a little surplus now and then for the local market. Sugar mills are expensive and pay only when enormous areas can be counted on for manufacturing purposes: thus Louisiana's extensive alluvial plains still furnish sugar while our smaller farms are coming more and more to make syrup. The acreage has increased decidedly in the past few years, and cane is grown more extensively for the market. A number of refineries have been established in Mississippi and pay the farmers a good price. An abnormal yield of 600 gallons has been produced in more than one county and the prices are getting higher. The Government reports for Mississippi for 1916 are lacking in several sections, but they give 25,000 acres planted, producing approx- imately 3,000,000 gallons. Pike County led in production, followed by Hinds and Harrison. Little effort has been made to create a demand for this syrup, Even the people of North Mississippi are ignorant of the superior flavor of the South Mississippi product and make a large proportion of their syrup from the sweet sorghum. The Northern trade can be increased if most of the farmers would follow the lead of a few who have realized what is lacking. Instead of putting the syrup in barrels and shipping, thus allowing it to lose its flavor and making it clumsy to handle, the producer should bottle, or still better, can it air tight at the mill. When opened a year or more later the syrup has the same delicate flavor as when fresh. When put up in quart or pint cans syrup is more easily handled by the retail trade, and the grocer can help introduce it in that form into the city homes of the Northern towns to supplement the higher priced maple syrup. 40 aivtrmnhrrriva fur thr Nnrihrrn market few years ago Mississippians began studying the diversification of crops and one of the results has been the raising and shipping of strawberries. We find them grown in small quantities all over the State but most extensively and profitably in the southern half of the State. We find that as far north as Durant in 1910 as many as thirty cars were shipped which averaged about S600 per car net. However, since that season there has been a steady decrease in acreage. This is due to three reasons: first, the plants became infected with a disease which cut the crops off from a normal yield: second, transportation charges became so high: and third, prices became unsatisfactory. The farmers have brighter prospects now for they can ship through the Ozark Fruit Growers' Association. At Ridgeland, they reported the yield per acre was one hundred crates, and a ship- ment of sixteen cars was made last year. At one time Crystal Springs shipped more straw- berries than any other market in South Mississippi. Madison Station, Terry, and a few other South Mississippi towns have found the raising of strawberries to be very profitable. The man who is called the Strawberry King of the South is T. L. O'Donnell of Sanford, Mississippi. He has four hundred acres in strawberries, and other farmers living near him last year had in over two hundred acres. This season they have in a total of over seven hundred and fifty acres. The yield per acre was approximately one hundred crates of twenty-four pints each for the season of 1916. This crop brought an average of one hundred and fifty dollars per acre gross, or one hundred dollars per acre after all expenses were paid. We readily see the increase in this crop from the fact that in 1915 there were thirty cars shipped, while in 1916 the number was nearly doubled and this season they expect to ship one hundred cars. The value of the 1915 crop was S65,000. The strawberries from this section are ranked as first-class and are in great demand in the Eastern cities where the very highest prices can be obtained. From Sanford straw- berries are shipped to Cincinatti, Chicago, New York City, Boston, and even to Montreal and Toronto, Canada. Express shipments are made all over the South. The picking season begins at Sanford about April the first, and it takes from twenty five hundred to three thousand pickers to gather the crop. The boys and girls find it nice work and the industrious ones make a good bit of money. Mississippi's advantages for raising strawberries lie in the fact that spring comes early, causing the fruit to ripen here earlier than farther north: and also in the possession of trunk lines of railway connecting with big city markets by fast trains, so that the fruit arrives in good condition. No matter how favorable the soil or climate, the transportation facilities will limit the area of strawberry production on a commercial basis. 41' Uhr Eliig Illnurizhrz in Mizzizzippi BEEDIE E. SMITH NTIL recent years it was thought that figs and fig culture belonged to the Old World and Ancient Times. But Dame Nature has established a law that ifa certain plant produces bountifully in a certain physical environment, when this same climate and soil conditions prevail in another part of the world that special plant will flourish there. So wherever in the United States we find a reproduction of the climate conditions of Palestine, Italy, or Spain, we may be sure of growing lucious figs, and we find only three localities- the Pacific Coast of California, the Atlantic Coast from Virginia southward, and a narrow strip along the Gulf Coastal Plain. The sandy loam soil and warm climate of the southern part of the State are especi- ally favorable for the growth of the fig, but the trees, as they are called, are found on most of the farms of Mississippi. The largest fig orchard in the world is near Lucedale, Mississippi. This farm, known as the Eubanks Farm Company, has 1015 acres in figs. It has its own canning factory well equipped with a capacity of from 20,000 to 30,000 cans per day. The trouble with producers who have small areas in figs has been to find a market. But this company at Lucedale found a ready market for all they had and then did not supply the demand in 1916. They have out 122,500 trees and put out 33,000 more this spring, using only the Magnolia,' and Celeste varieties. They can, preserve, and make marmaladeg and sell all their products in the North- ern markets. Besides the large fig farms in Mississippi there are many growers who have from 25 to 50 trees planted promiscuously, giving ample room for the trees to draw the required food. Fig trees are easily cared for, growing readily from cuttings. They begin to bear at from two to three years of age, and at five years they should bear from 30 to 40 pounds of fruit. More fruit is found on older trees and some have as much as 350 pounds. An average of 125 trees can be planted to the acre with strawberries between, but the ordinary farmer can do better by having only a few trees as a means of diversification. Because of the limited area of production in the United States fig culture in Missis- sippi can be made quite profitable, and, if we may judge from the recent interest taken by the Canning Club girls under the direction of Miss Susie V. Powell, the State Agent of Home Economics, it will soon prove to be a successful industry. In 1916 the Club Girls of Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison counties shipped preserved figs to New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago: and canned figs to Nashville. Northern people are very fond of the canned productg and figs put up in standard form find a ready market in the Northern States at 30 cents a commercial pint, or ten ounces. Owing to the high price of cans, dried figs are very profitable. They have as much food value as fresh figs and can be dried very easily and successfully with the Granger Evaporator, recommended by Miss Powell, and sold by the Grange Sales Association, Lafay- ette Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The evaporator is easily operated and can be bought in two sizes, 35.00 and 810.00 each. The smaller size has a drying surface three feet square with a capacity of one to two bushels per day. The steam compartment is made of heavy galvanized iron body, and the drying surface of heavy coated tin and is water tight. The chamber is filled about half full of water, and in a few minutes steam generates, which must pass to the opening, thus heating the floor upon which the fruit rests. causing the fruit to dry. This evaporator can be placed over heat of any kind and occupies very little space on the side of the ordinary stove. Besides fruits, vegetables of all kinds can be dried in the evaporator in only a few hours, and jellies are made on it without any danger of burning. 42 Satsumas, Cbrapv iliruit, anh lfumquatz E. L. SCOTT EVERAL years ago a remarkable experiment was made in horticulture which revolution- ized the citrus fruit industry in Mississippi. The experiment was this: The satsuma orange, which was imported to this country from Japan in 1880, and is now a favorite among fruit conniseurs because of its unequaled flavor and its kid-glove skin, was grafted upon the citrus trifoliata stock, better known as the mock-orange. These two stocks formed a most desirable partnership, and one especially Suited to the climate and soil of South Mis- sissippi. The qualities of being both hardy and prolific make the satsuma desirable, for this fruit in point of productivity, econ- omy, and general durability is without an equal. One significant fact is that the sat- suma grows best only between the twenty- eighth and thirty-first parallel, thus giving the Mexican Gulf Coast practically a mo- nopoly on the industry. It was about 1900 that the famous 1 Rose Farm, perhaps the largest orchard of orange trees in the State, was planted out. The growers began on a large scale, and 1 made a wholesale business of growing sat- suma oranges. This example has been fol- . lowed by many others, who saw the success Courtesy of Mao. Railroad of the satsuma where the Florida orange Satsuma Oranges had failed, and the 3.dV3.l'ltageS in foreign dwarf tree which so sturdily could resist the cold. However, it is only fair to say that the path of the satsuma growers has not all been smooth, for the freeze of the past winter worked some little injury to the new fruit. Accidents of this kind, though, are rare, for the satsuma-trifoliata can resist a great deal of cold. In the opinion of many prominent horticulturists of the State-among them M. R. Hicks and H. D. Money, whose success upon the Rose Farm renders their statement authori- tative, and H. A. Davis of Alabama-the satsuma is the king of all citrus fruits. By experi- ment it is found that the average tree at three years produces from 50 to 100 oranges: at six years about 3003 at ten 800, and at Fifteen from 1200 to 1500. Some trees have been on record as having produced between 2000 and 3000 oranges in one season. The trees are usually placed one hundred and thirty-four to the acre, twelve feet apart each way, thus giving a good crop for one acre. Next to the satsuma and bearing it a close second comes the grape-fruit, to which a few are inclined to give the preference over the orange. Grape-fruit grow in a grape-like cluster--hence the name--and often fifteen or twenty to the bunch. The Mississippi grape- fruit has a flavor as delicate as any Florida grown variety, and is fast coming into favor. An odd little fruit of the citrus family and one new to many is the kumquat. This fruit is about the size of a plum and resembles a tiny lemon, but has a sweet flavor. It is used in making crystalized fruit or marmalade and is popular in the Chicago market. These products rarely find their way to the Northern States. The cities of the South are on the market for all that can be raised, and no producer has a hard time disposing of his fruit. Satsumas bring twelve cents a dozen to the producer in Mobile. Fruits as greatly in demand as these, as easy and inexpensive to cultivate, and as heavy in yield, offer an industry for development. 43 Gbther Iliruita 1311111 Eargv anh Small ATURE has been very generous to the state of Mississippi in making conditions favor- able in several sections of the state for successful and profitable fruit growing. Many ' of these fruits grow wild, and can be used to a wonderful advantage, though many people do not realize the wealth of their utility. Have you never as child gone out to get blackberries and dewberries, Wild plums, mayhaws and crabapples, wild cherries, mulberries, muscadines, fox-grapes, and persimmons? Why the length of the list leaves you quite breathless and the variety is astonishing. At al- most any time of the year, except mid-winter, some of these fruits are in seasong and they grow in such abundance as to exceed the seasonal demand and enable the housewives to sup- ply their tables through the winter with a variety of canned fruits, jams, jellies, and pre- serves. Blackberry pie is a necessity in the summer seasong wild plum, mayhaw, and crab- apple jellies are delicacies, blackberry and grape wine, and persimmon beer are luxuries. If Nature can supply Mississippi so bountifully with fruit all the year round, how much more can man improve her methods! Commercial orcharding has been developed in several sections of the state, and in most cases has been profitable. This is particularly true in the northern counties and a por- tion of the south-central counties. At other places smaller orchards have proved good, and the indication is that within a few years there will be a healthy and wide spread interest in the fruit growing business. The climate of the state is conducive to successful fruit growing especially in the southern part, and within the past few years it has been proved that South Mississippi should rival California in the production of fruits, especially grapes. Mr. Renot, a California Frenchman, brought a number of grape cuttings with him to the state several years ago and announced that he had found the climate and soil conditions ideal for the production of the grapes that grew in California. Mr. Renot has an extensive vineyard in Harrison County, and exhibits royal clusters that often weigh as much as two pounds. The soils of the state in many sections are undoubtedly fitted for more than ordinary fruit production. The lighter lands of Northeast Mississippi have proved especially adapted to fruit growing, as have several counties in Central and South Mississippi. The soils of Pontotoc Ridge are especially adapted to the Elberta peach. Many grape vines in that section are more than half a hundred years old and still bear liberally. Scuppernongs have spread over arbors as much as 100 feet across. Concords and Delawares have thrived for 20 or 30 years without signs of diminution in producing ca- pacity. Peaches are at present the popular fruit. A number of commercial orchards, some of them of large proportions, have been established in various portions of the state. ln 1913, one orchard of four acres in Elberta peaches in Prentiss County, brought S842 in the third year. The Pinehurst Fruit Company of Wayne County has 20,000 bearing trees. There are other orchards varying in size from 1,000 to 14,000 bearing trees, and where attended to the yield is satisfactory. Plums are exceptionally good in the state and cherries reasonably so. The largest plum orchard int he South is in Clay County. While the state has not been producing apples on a commercial scale, there are many who contend that several sections are adapted to their growth. Pears, quinces, currants, and gooseberries are grown to a limited extent. Blight in the pear has always made it a hazardous venture, but some have successfully withstood its ravages. It is possible for every thrifty farmer to have an orchard of some kind, and keep his family supplied with fruits the year round, and to attempt the production of fruit on a com- mercial scale. With such favorable and encouraging conditions for fruit growing, with increasing interest in canning for home consumption, and with the extension of the canning factory as anindustry in the state, the attention paid to fruit production will be greater and greater in Mississippi. 44 Iganrr 5711211 Hrrana R. L. THOMPSON Mississippian has said that a grove of bearing pecan trees is as valuable as a gold mine, and judging from the wide-a-wake interest a number of our prominent business men are taking in the cultivation of this particular fruit there must be some truth in the assertion. Most people are familiar with the wide spreading pecan trees around the anti- bellum plantation homes, and as children have played in the groves and picked up the nuts that were common property. These trees are found in all sections of the state and grow wild in the Delta and further up the Mississippi Valley. But commercial pecan orcharding is an industry of rather recent origin in Mississippi. The nuts from the wild trees are small and bring only a few cents per pound, so to make a paying enterprise out of pecan growing a larger nut had to be found that would command a better price. On the Mississippi Coast with its loose soil and abundant supply of moisture, the small nut had evolved into the stock which nut growers found and built upon in order to ob- tain the full sized paper shell variety that is so popular today. Mississippi is the place where practically all of the standard varieties of pecans originated and were developed, and is still The Pecan State of the Union. The parent trees of these large nuts have been found only in Jackson County, but the variety is being propagated all over the South from grafts taken from these trees. The fancy paper shell is not grown to any extent west of the Mississippi River, the main plantings being from Louisiana to the Atlantic Coast. The largest orchards yet undertaken on a commercial scale in Mississippi are found in the Coast counties, particularly around Pascagoula, Ocean Springs, and Long Beach. Mr. Frank H. Lewis, who is an experienced nurseryman as well as orchardest, names certain cli- matic and soil conditions which must be found before one can hope for success in growing the largest and best nut for the market. The main thing is plenty of rainfall and a perma- nent water stratum not more than 10 to 25 feet below the suface. The sooner the pecan reaches water with its tap root the earlier it bears, so a sandy loam with light clayish subsoil is better than a heavy clay subsoil. The tree is not sensitive to cold, so it is moisture and not temperature that affects its productivity most. There is much divergence of opinion as to the average yield of a pecan grove, since it varies at different ages and individual trees in the same grove produce widely different amounts. A conservative estimate by Mr. Lewis is as follows: Sixth year 2 pounds per tree. Eighth year 5 to 7 pounds per tree. Tenth year 15 to 20 pounds per tree. Twelfth year 30 to 50 pounds and up per tree. After the twelfth year the tree would vary from 25 to 200 pounds, usually reaching its maximum production at about 60 years of age. Trees are not considered revenue produc- ers until the seventh or eighth year. The paper shell groves in the Coast counties amount to about 15,000 acres, 5,000 of which are bearing. In 1915 the Jackson County crop amounted to 150,000 pounds of grafted nuts or cultivated paper shells, and 500,000 pounds of the seedlings or smaller nuts. A ready market was found in New York, St. Louis, Chicago, and New Orleans at prices ranging from 15 cents to 35 cents per pound. The selected nuts ran up to 75 cents and 31.00 per pound, and the demand has always exceeded the supply. The prices for the medium sized nuts have gone down as the supply has increased, but the recognition of the food value of the pecan will aid in keeping it always a steady seller at a good price. 45 Emu waging igrnhurtri nf the Glnaat MARION CHAFEE HERE is scarcely a family in Mississippi, a state where the home garden is general, which does not vie with its neighbors in trying to be the first, in the spring, to have radishes and lettuce for the table. These vegetables are coveted because they mature so early and are keenly relished after the winter diet. But it may be surprising to some to find that radishes are raised on a commercial scale in this state, and shipped by the carload to Northern markets. Lettuce is also a com- mercial product, but for some reason is not shipped in such quantities as radishes, and it is astonishing that it is not grown more extensively for home consumption. Lettuce requires so little space and so little cultivation that everv one with even a window box can produce this delicious relish for his own table. This delightful vegetable is especially enjoyed during the winter months as a garnish and for salads. The climate of Mississippi from Hattiesburg south is suitable for the growing of lettuce out of doors the year round except in unusual seasons when it is killed by a hard freeze. It is not affected by light frost and is more tender and heads out better in cool than in warm weather. Yet ever so many housewives of South Mississippi buy lettuce, shipped in from Louisiana and Florida at five and ten cents per head during the winter months, when they can grow it themselves at practically no cost in hot-bed or open garden. Since there is such a demand for this vegetable for which the soil and climate of the state are so admirably fitted, the truckers of Mississippi are missing a great opportunity by not raising more lettuce for market. It could be made a very profitable crop, and yet the only place in the state from which itis shipped to any extent is Crystal Springs. On the other hand, radishes are shipped from various trucking centers in Mississippi. Crystal Springs shipped 930 crates this year. Long Beach on the Gulf Coast, owing to its soil, climate, market conditions, and shipping facilities, is the largest center in the United States, for the production and shipping of radishes. Radishes need a light sandy soil and moderate climate. Around Long Beach there are about 500 acres of land devoted to this crop for shipping purposes. This land is all situated within a four mile radius of the depot at Long Beach, where the roads are always good, and where marketing is a comparatively easy matter. In this section the planting season extends from November until April. Shipping takes place from December to June. Radishes are ready to market three or four weeks after the time of planting. When the crop is ready for shipping, the radishes are taken from the field, washed, and tied in bundles of five radishes each. These are packed tightly in sugar barrels with a thirty-five pound piece of ice in the center of each barrel. The barrels are then shipped to their destinations in well iced refrigerator cars. The destination of these ship- ments is usually a city in one of the Northern States. Columbus, Ohio, Pittsburg, Cleveland, and Detroit are among the principal markets for this vegetable. Itis interesting to note that these radishes are sold mostly to miners and workers in the iron mills of these great manu- facturing cities. In the best seasons when the markets are not flooded, radishes bring from ten to twelve dollars per barrel, netting the producer a profit of four or five dollars on each barrel. Long Beach ships on an average twelve thousand barrels per year. Under present conditions there is not much possibility of the further development of this industry at Long Beach. However, if the farmers could be made to realize the need, importance, and advantages of co-operative shipping, all those now engaged in the business could realize more proiits. The Coast country with its soil and climate so splendidly adapted to trucking, and with its numerous towns having good shipping facilities, offers wonderful opportunities for the production and co-operative marketing of such vegetables as onions, beets, lettuce, cabbage, radishes, celery, carrots, parsley, turnips, cauliHower, okra, squash, egg plant, cucumber, and strawberries. 46 A illrmunrratiur Glrnp fur Zlntrnziur Zliarming ROUTH HOLLINGSWORTH OT so many years ago the tomato plant was considered poison. Later the plant because of its beautiful foliage and fruit was used as an ornament. Then it was discovered that the tomato was good to eat. Today the tomato crop is one of the most important of the state. Practically every garden in the state grows tomatoes for home useg and be- cause of favorable conditions for its growth and early maturity the tomato is a favorite with the truck growers. Mississippi ships thousands of crates to Chicago, Cincinnatti and St. Louis before the crop farther north is put in the field. Thus we find farmers on the trunk lines of railroads which have fast trains into a Northern city planting out 50 or 100 acres of tomatoes long before the snow has melted around the Great Lakes. These crops are watched and tended with utmost care, protected from any possible late frost, and gathered and mar- keted as soon as the first sign of red begins to appear on the fruit. Crystal Springs is the largest shipping point in the state. 830,638 crates of tomatoes were shipped from this place in 19153 and 854,950 crates were shipped in 1916. This was an increase of about 14,312 crates in the amount shipped in one year's time. These tomatoes brought a price of about 60 cents per crate. In packing the tomatoes in the cars for ship- ment, there was an average of about 900 crates placed in each car. If the tomatoes were very ripe, only 600 crates were packed in one car. The farmers and business men of this place have organized a Truck Growers' Association through which the members ship and market on the co-operative basis. However, some of the most prosperous truck growers ship independently. The Gulf Coast section of the state boasts of a yearly output of 300 to 400 crates of' tomatoes per acre. Hundreds of crates are shipped annually from Wiggins and Braxton. In 1913, a man in George County cultivated a 65 acre plot of land in tomatoes, car- rots, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, and peavine hay. He realized 400 crates of tomatoes, one half bushel to the crate, and 350 bushels of potatoes. He easily found a market for them at 75 cents per crate f. o. b. shipping point. The demonstration agents and the canning club girls have done much toward the development of the tomato industry in Mississippi. There are about 4000 girls in this state belonging to the clubs. Each girl has a tenth of an acre plot under cultivation in tomatoes. The girls realized a large profit last year and expect a still larger profit this year. These clubs are organized in the different communities by the county demonstrators. The tomatoes are cultivated by the girls themselves, who not only sell the fresh tomatoes but also can large amounts. Several of the girls have won prizes worth while. One girl in Lauderdale County received a prize of 8100 from The Meridian Implement Company: others have received prizes of equal value from the fertilizer factories. Numbers of girls have put up over 1,000 cans apiece, have sold their entire stock to the grocery stores, and put from S575 to 6100 in the bank. For four years the Normal College has had in attendance girls who were paying their own expenses with tomato money realized through their own work. The valuation of the entire production sold from the canning club girls' plots in a year is about 330,000 All of the work is superintended by the demonstrators who keep record books in which the accounts of the girls are kept. The tomatoes have to be up to a certain standard, or the canned product will not receive the trade mark of the club. Thus we see that the educational work of the Tomato Club will bring the state at large into a realization of the possibilities that lie in to- mato culture for its economic value in the home and its commercial value in Mississippi towns and in the great markets. 47 iiurlg fllilvlnnz fur Expnrt JENNYE LEONA ROBINSON ELONS are thought to be native to the Kolmuck country in Northern Tartary, and were cultivated by the early Egyptians. They were mentioned by the early Greek writers and by Pliny in his descriptions of Roman life. But it was left to the man of modern times by scientific cultivation to develop superior qualities in melons and to propagate a great variety of species. With the majority of farmers in Mississippi the Fourth of July is the standard time for eating their first ripe watermelon: for every farmer plants a patch and no negro could imagine himself as celebrating the Fourth if he could not have a watermelon to crown his happiness in the holiday. Watermelons grow anywhere in the State, but thrive best on the light lands of the Plateau and the sandy loams of the Pine Hill Section. Thousands of them are grown for home use, for the family to enjoy and for the hogs to grow fat on, while wagon loads rot in the fields. Mississippi does not make watermelons a commercial crop to the extent that Georgia planters do. Georgia ships over 10,000 car loads yearly, and Florida gets the earliest melons to the market. However every local market is liberally supplied from the farm wagons during the entire season, and some shipping to outside markets goes on from the towns on the trunk lines of the railroad. One farmer in Madison County made a clear profit of 3165.00 on 2 of an acre of watermelons marketed in the town of Canton. Melons are shipped to St. Louis and Cincinnati from points north of Canton, and from towns between Vicksburg and Meridian. On the Mobile and Ohio Railroad the chief shipping point is Shubuta, and the melons go to St. Louis. On the Gulf and Ship Island McHenry, McLaurin, Collins, Taylorsville, and Mize all ship melons. The greatest experiment has been made at Fruitland Park, where in 1914 one company had 425 acres planted in melons. In 1916 the cars were being loaded for shipping when the destructive July hurricane passed over South Mississippi. The railroad was washed up and 230 car loads of melons spoiled before the track could be repaired. These were the melons that were cut up and the seed threshed out to save for the seed company frnentioned on page 22.3 Only 45 carloads of melons went over the G. and S. I. last season. In Pearl River County the Agricultural High School farm ships several carloads of watermelons besides selling wagon loads to the Bogalusa mills. Watermelons grow almost for the planting in this section, many weighing 50 and 60 pounds, and having an especially delightful flavor. All the farmers within easy reach of Bogalusa can dispose of their crops there with little trouble. The McNeill Experiment Station ships watermelons and the Demon- strator in charge believes that there is a great opportunity in South Mississippi for growing a late crop to be sold after the Georgia and Florida crops are off the market. The early crop from the southern counties, however, can get to market before the first of July. The Government report gives 2,000 acres of melons and 100 acres of cantaloupes grown in the State for commercial purposes. Crystal Springs ships cantaloupes but not on a very large scale. Some were shipped from Durant a year or more ago, and the Coast counties grow a limited number for the market. Cantaloupes grow in South Mississippi almost as rapidly as watermelons, but the difficulty of getting them to their destination in the best condition has discouraged the farmers. Demonstrators recommend the best varieties for shipping fCrystal Springs uses the Rocky Fordl, state the proper stage for marketing, urge correct grading and crating and co-oper- ative shipping so as to have a sufficient quantity for refrigerated freight, and help the farmers find a good market. Their efforts will cause Mississippi to produce melons of as good quality for New York hotels as do New Mexico and Colorado. 48 A Paging Glrnp fur Svuuih Hllizzizzippi UR Northern friends who come to us very modestly but very firmly refuse our sweet potatoes when passed to them and ask for a generous helping of white potato- meaning the Irish, This is hard for the Mississippi housewife to understand when she has looked on the sweet yam as one of the chief vegetables for winter use. Very few farms in the state are without the bank of sweet potatoes, and the town market is usually supplied from the country until Christmas time. South Mississippi soil is so well adapted to the sweet potato that a few enterprising people have planned for this vegetable to become one of the chief commercial crops of this section, the yield being from 150 to 250 bushels per acre. Farmers complain that they raise several acres of potatoes for shipment and then find the Northern market will not receive them: the potatoes are left on their hands to ruin, so next year none are planted to sell. From every side we hear this explanation: the wrong va- riety has been grown and the people north of the Ohio River will not eat them. They like the dry, mealy, yellow Jersey sweet potato and will not eat our candy yellow yam. In order to get a market we must grow what the public demands. This potato is as prolific as the yam: grows more uniform in size and can be put up in more attractive lots. There is a wide demand for this variety, and the farmers who have planted the Jersey potato in quantities large enough for the community to use the cooperative plan have had no cause for complaint. Last year a Jersey potato club was organized in one community and several farmers planted from one to ten acres in Jersey sweets, to be shipped on the cooperative plan. When these potatoes were held till the market was well open or till early spring, as much as 952 a bushel was received for some lots. The price is never less than 31 a bushel. The great drawback to the potato industry, both for home use and for the market, has been the difficulty in keeping the potatoes from spoiling. It is impossible to estimate how many thousands of dollars have been lost each year by the rotting of sweet potatoes all over the state. The Government has come to the rescue with a plan for drying the potato and thus preserving it in perfect condition for as long as is necessary. The process has proved very successful: it quickly passed the experimental stage and is coming into general use. It has been found that if the extra moisture is dried out from the potato as soon as it is dug there will be no difficulty in keeping it sound. So kilns are made at small expense, and the potatoes are placed in them and dried. In March, April, and May the local market offers a good price, or the car-lot shipment pays the farmer for his trouble. The Community Club mentioned above built a drying kiln, so they could keep the potatoes sound till the mar- ket was favorable. At Arbo, Wiggins, Brookhaven, and several other places large kilns have been built. The operators buy up the potatoes from the farmers, dry them, and ship them in car load lots. The largest kiln of this kind is at Fruitland Park. It has a capacity of 20,000 bushels, and the owners ship potatoes to Oklahoma, Arkansas, Colorado, and Pittsburg, Pa. The Gulf and Ship Island Railroad shipped no less than 45 cars of potatoes in 1916. The sweet potato is recognized as an excellent canning crop, and there are a dozen or more canneries in South Mississippi putting up potatoes in season. The canned product has found a market in about the same sections where the fresh potato is popular. 49 Gllimate aah Elranapurtatiun illaunr Elrurking VIRCIE C. COGDELL ERY few people of Mississippi know that Crystal Springs of Copiah County is the larg- est shipping point of raw vegetables in the world. This statement is given out by the Marketing Department from the Washington office. To give an idea as to the shipment made from this place to the Northern markets the following statistics are taken from records of the past seasons 1916 and 1917: 1916 1917 fTo May 19 Hampers Hampers Turnips ..... --- 5,118 12,959 Radishes . - - - - .... 698 930 Carrots---. .... 11,567 tToo earlyi Peas- .... ---- 43,266 13.496 fOnly begun? Beans .... H- 52,001 tToo earlyj Beets - ,... , , , - 16,459 fToo earlyl Crates Crates Cabbage- ..... .... . -- -. 49,054 fToo earlyj Tomatoes - .,............ 854,950 fToo earlyj These statistics do not cover small shipments such as onions, lettuce, squash, cucum- bers, pepper, and other vegetables which were not shipped in car-load lots. This section of Mississippi has had marked experience in trucking for it is the oldest shipping point in the state and has a reputation for the record shipments. As far back as 1907 there were 3,000 acres around Crystal Springs planted in truck crops and 818 carloads of vegetables were ship- ped North, bringing in over S495,400g 432 of these cars were tomatoes. Other points in Co- piah County brought the total shipment up to 1,110 carloads in the year 1910, and in 1916 Crystal Springs shipped 1,306 cars with no additions from the outside. Trucking has proved profitable in Grenada County, where tomatoes, beans, turnips, and cabbage were shipped: in Madison County near Madison Station, and at Durant in Holmes County, large shipments of tomatoes and other vegetable crops have been made. Gloster and Centerville in the southwestern part of the state have developed large trucking interests. The region around Laurel has been found well adapted to truck and a number of acres are planted each year for an early shipping crop. On the coast, particularly around Long Beach, the growing of early vegetables for the Northern market has been found profitable. Winter veg- etables grow so successfully here in this mild climate and sandy loam soil that some men from Ohio were encouraged to come South and go into the vegetable business. There are two As- sociations of truck farmers in Long Beach. Mr. F. H. Adams, who is director of one of these Growers' Associations of Long Beach, states that the Association shipped in 1916 200 refriger- ator cars of vegetables and the equivalent of 30 cars by express. They began shipping in October with beans: then came radishes: and in February turnips: in March carrots, onions, lettuce, and the season closed the first of June with spring cucumbers. Their net receipts varied from 375,000 to 3125000 according to the season and market. The raising of early vegetables on a commercial scale can be profitable only where the soils warm up early and where, as in the case with strawberries, there is quick transpor- tation to a city market not already stocked with our product. The Illinois Central and Louis- ville and Nashville Railroads furnish these facilities, so the trucking industry has grown up largely along these lines. The climate favors early maturity, and the Northern cities pay a good price when we get the vegetables in before their winter is over. From close observation we are ready to conclude that there is much uncertainty at- tached to truck farming in Mississippi. Many failures are made by the farmers of various trucking communities by staking their year's work on only one crop, because it happens to bring an unusually high price the previous year. This mistake has been made throughout the trucking Southg and as a result an over-production of one crop made prices low while a good demand and high prices prevailed for crops which were not grown. One of the biggest factors necessary to successful truck farming is better distribu- tion. A better market is needed for the purpose of selling the truck to good advantage, in- stead of having just a portion of the crop consigned to commission merchants in Chicago. Cleveland, and Cincinnati. If the crop is large these markets are Hooded, and prices there are reduced in many instances below the cost of production. According to Mr. E. C. Mclnnis, one of the extension agents. there is a great need among truck growers for a complete organization that insures adequate information, effective advertising, and proper distribution: until such a plan is adopted trucking will be undertaken at considerable risk to the farmer. 50 GBM Hart nf thr illirr 16211 ICE is more widely used as a food than any other cereal and actually forms the principal food of one half of the population of the earth. For nearly two centuries South Caro- lina almost monopolized the rice industry in the United States, but of late years the people of the far South have awakened to diversification and have begun to read their geo- graphy anew. The result has been the spread of rice culture all along the lowlands of the Coastal Plains from Virginia to Texas. It is estimated that on the Gulf Coast of the South there are 3,000,000 acres which could be easily irrigated and made to yield five times the present consumption of rice in the whole United States. Since Mississippi lies almost wholly in this Coastal Plain its surface is well adapted to the cultivation of rice, particularly in the southern counties and in the Delta. In the latter region, the lowland variety can be grown, for the land is nearly level, and numerous rivers and bayous together with the artesian wells make irrigation easy. Rice can be grown throughout Mississippi at a great profit where the land is com- paratively level, reasonably fertile, and not too porous. Clay loam with a semi-impervious subsoil is the best soil for rice culture. Rice can be grown on any soil adapted to cotton, pro- vided climatic conditions are favorable. There must be an adequate water supplyg and for this purpose rivers, large creeks, and ponds may be used to advantage. Deep wells with pumps attached to them have been a necessity in some parts of the state, as in the rice dis- tricts of Texas and other states. In 1909 Mr. Charles Scott of Bolivar county with the assistance of the eminent Agriculturist, Dr S. A. Knapp, made an interesting experiment. 20 acres were planted in Honduras rice. A large sum of money was spent in making the plot attractive because this was a demonstration as well as an experiment. The actual expenses of the crop, including the deep well which was used for irrigation, were 3915. From the 20 acres 1,851 bushels of rice were harvested, making an average yield of 923 bushels per acre, or 512 sacks at 34 a sack, making 32,0485 and also 39 tons of rice straw, equal to first class prairie hay at 38 aton, making 3312. The total was 32,360, with a net profit of 31,455. Mr. Scott was offered the best price on the New Orleans market for his rice, but he preferred to keep it for seed. He decided to plant a larger acreage to rice than to cotton because he found it took less labor for rice and the profit was as great. In 1907, there were 1,100 acres of rice planted in Mississippi. The yield was 24,000 bushels, which was valued at 32,200. In 1913 there were 1,500 acres harvested and the yield was 42,000 bushels valued at 329, 000. In 1915, according to the Statesman's Year Book, there were 1,800 acres planted in rice and the yield was 45,000 bushels. Great profit has resulted from rice growing in the Arkansas prairie where the soil is very poor. There are many acres of land in Mississippi where rice can be grown as success- fully as on the Arkansas prairies. Several farmers in Forrest County have grown upland rice on land that was naturally poor. These farmers had only an acre or two planted in rice, but they made with little labor and small capital enough rice for the family needs and some to sell. 500 pounds of as good rice as the Normal College had during 1916 was bought from a farmer who lived near the college, but he had to haul his rice to a distant mill to have it cleaned. Many of the farmers of the three counties, Pearl River, Hancock, and Harrison grow enough rice for their family needs. A greater acreage could easily be put in rice on these farms and a neat profit be gained from the sale of the surplus product. The chief handicap is a lack of mills for cleaning the rice and the farmer argues that the expense and trouble of hauling to and from a distant mill counterbalance the profit gained by raising this commodity at home. Many a family has no rice in the bill of fare, and thus misses a cheap and wholesome addition to a monotonous menu. If all the farmers would plant a few acres in rice, mills for cleaning the rice could be built on the co-operative basis and the expenses would be reducedi to a minimum, while the straw could be sold for a good price and a ready market found for the surplus rice. At the large mills. rice is sometimes coated with paraffin in order to give it the transparent whiteness demanded by the modern housewife. The polishing of the rice to give it afashion- able gloss robs it of much of its food value, so it may be a consolation to the housewife to know that the dark rice that is grown on her own farm is more nutritious than the white rice which is bought at the best grocery store. 51 flliiaaiaaippi Sfnil lgrnilurra Qlnuh Eiulmrrn ROUTH HOLLINGSWORTH OBACCO is a plant that is found in many latitudes, but each heat belt instills into its product a flavor peculiar to itself: and though it will grow readily in any soil the quality is adected by the slightest variation in the proportion of the mineral foods. This plant has been grown in Mississippi since our grandfathers' time, but in former years it was not regarded as a possible commercial crop. At present a few acres are planted in a dozen or more counties in the Northern Plateau: some is raised for market in the Black Prairie Belt along the M. and O. Railroadg a little is sold from Pontotoc and Tishomingo. But in the last two years the greatest success has been attained on the sandy land from Meridian south. C. K. Evans, a wholesale grocer at Pachuta, familiar with the famous Bright tobacco section of the Carolinas and impressed with the similarity of the tobacco soil of that region to the cut- over pine lands of Mississippi, got the Agricultural Department of the North Eastern Rail- road Company interested in the possibilities for tobacco production in this state. As a result, in 1915 this railroad company employed E. L. Ring, a man experienced in the tobacco industry of the Carolinas, to make the experiment of raising tobacco for the market. After a campaign, Mr. Ring obtained the promise of about twenty farmers scattered throughout the sandy loam region of the southern half of the State to cultivate four acres each in tobacco during that year. He found a market for the crops in the Carolinas where the dealers of those states agreed with him that the tobacco was as good as their own, and paid the same price for it. Some of the farmers received as high as S100 for each acre's yield: some as low as S30 which was even more than they received for their cotton. The success of this trial crop increased the interest in the tobacco industry throughout the state. The following year about one hundred and twenty acres were grown with still more satisfactory results. Buyers from Richmond, Virginia and from points in Carolina came to this section and bought the entire crop at prices so satisfactory that a still larger acreage was encouraged. In view of the fact that the product could be sold at home thereby eliminating the trouble and expense of shipping it away to a distant market, preparations were made to plant approximately five hundred acres the present season. Of this five hundred acres two-hundred and fifty are being planted at Pachuta, one hundred and fifty near Meridian. seventy-five at Waynesboro, and a small acreage at Heidelberg and Enterprise. Mr. Ring is quoted as say- ing, It is probable that more than a thousand acres will be planted next year in the section mentioned. The best grades of this tobacco sell for fifteen to thirty-five cents per pound: the average yield is about eight hundred pounds per acre. The cost of cultivation and curing an acre of tobacco amounts to about 315.00 per acre more than cotton. The quality known as Bright tobacco is used principally in the manufacture of ciga- rettes and granulated smoking tobacco. This type of tobacco is milder than that of Virginia and Kentucky and the demand is increasing at a rapid rate. , The seed beds for the tobacco grown in this state should be prepared early in January and the crop is ready for market about the first of July, which is nearly three weeks earlier than the earliest sections of the Carolinas. 52 Glnttnn Alumga lfing United States 11,068,000 Texas 3,068,800 Georgia 1 1,937,700 South Carolinai 1,174,200 Alabama Sl 1, 025, 800 Mississippi I 925,509 Cotton production in 5 leading states as reported July 31, 1916. State 925,509 Bolivar i 92, 563 Coahoma il 68,350 Sunflower Z 58,877 Washington 1l 52, 647 Leiiore Z 38,182 Cotton production in 5 leading counties in Mississippi as reported July 31, 1916. Cotton is King in Mississippi. This has been a fact for almost a hundred years, and will remain so for some time to come. It is a great crop, one of the greatest that the world has ever produced, and it commands a money value in any of the civilized markets of the globe. Many a thoughtful Mississippian agrees with this opinion given by Mr. Blakes- lee, former Commissioner of Agriculture. The cotton crop has brought into the state as much as 390,000,000 in one year, and in 1915 the cotton seed products as turned out by the 98 mills of the state are estimated to have been 38,878,000 of oil, 3578, 300 of meal and cake, and 251,150,800 of hulls, besides linseed to the amount of S884,000. There can be found nowhere in the world a district of equal area where the con- ditions for growing cotton are more favorable than in the Mississippi Delta: the five counties and others leading in the production of cotton are found in this section. Cotton has been the chief product of all Mississippi except the Southern Pine Section since ante-bellum daysg but the yield fell in some counties from twenty-five and thirty thousand balesin 1913 to eight and nine thousand in 1916. The cotton crop as reported for the year ending July, 1916 was worth less than 370,000,000 even reckoned at the unusual price received for it. The falling off in all sections of the State is due largely to the boll weevil. Some predict that the doctrine of the diversi- fication of crops and scientific farming which is being so zealously preached to every com- munity by our extension agents, and the lessons learned in our 44 Agricultural High Schools about the value of food production at home will mean that other crops will largely supplant cotton. But I ask you to study the climatic conditions that influence the maturing of the cotton plant and find how limited is the possible area of production, to consider the fact that practically all the people of the globe use cotton goods and that the demand for cotton is ever increasing, and to remember that the greatest cotton producing section in the world is the Southern Coastal Plain-and you must arrive at the logical conclusion that Mississippi will continue to grow her share of cotton, only she will have learned to grow two bales on the same plot where one grew before. ! x Cotton as it Grows in Noxubee County 53 Igilnxi iliiualzi Ealtimurr---Clbgatera anh Shrimp frnm fllliaaimiippi MARION CHAFEE HE two salt-water shell-fish, oysters and shrimp, when prepared by a skillful Southern chef, are among the greatest delicacies which the Coast has to offer her guests. They are found in enormous quantities in the Gulf of Mexico. One of the leading industries of the Mississippi Coast is the canning of oysters and shrimp: besides, they are shipped fresh in large quantities. Oysters are found along the beach, and shrimp in the swamps of all the Southern States, but those used by the packing companies and raw oyster shops of Mississippi are brought from the Coastal waters of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The oysters are usually dependable because they grow in stationary beds or reefs, while the shrimp travel in schools and are harder to locate. Oysters are good only from September to April, while shrimp are good all the year round, though there are two periods in the year in which they may be easily found,-one from August to October and the other from February to April. The oysters for canning are unloaded from the boats at the factory where they are opened and the shells removed. This is known as shucking, and is done by women and children, many of them Bohemians brought from Baltimore to do this work. After being shucked, the oysters are washed, packed in cans, and sealed. Then they are cooked and la- beled, after which they are ready for shipment. When oysters are to be shipped fresh only the largest and best are taken from the beds. Their shells are removed by expert shuckers. Then the oysters are put in tin cans holding from one quart to five gallons, which are placed in wooden crates filled with ice. They are shipped by express. Shrimp are canned in much the same way as oysters. Those to be canned are hulled, While the ones to be used fresh are sold within the shells. Owing to their extreme perisha- bility, very few are sold fresh except for local consumption. They can be shipped only short distances and this trade is insignificant as compared with that in the canned product. Biloxi is the center of the oyster and shrimp business in Mississippi and claims to rank second in the world in the shipment of canned and raw oysters, and first in shrimp. There are six factories in Biloxi which put up both oysters and shrimp. In addition to these there are several smaller ones which handle shrimp only. In Biloxi there are about twelve raw oyster shops. Each of the other Coast towns has one or two packing plants and some raw oyster shops. Canned or steamed oysters and shrimp from Mississippi are shipped to all parts of America and to many places in Europe. Raw oysters are shipped only as far as St. Louis, Florida, and Texas. I U The Government report gives the following figures : Cases Value in Miss. Value in U. S 1914 Canned oysters- ..... .... , .-- -196,041 3525.105 332,676,951 1915 Canned shrimp , .,.., --,. .... 266,120 954,135 1,726,621 1911 Government Revenue from oysters in Mississippi ---- - S 11,907 1915 1915 Government Revenue from oysters in Mississippi - .... S 24. 452 Boats engaged in oyster fishing in Mississippi .......... ..,, 6 85 Total income from oysters and shrimp in Mississippi for a good year Capproximatelyb ................ - .... - --- .......... 252,000,000 54 flbthvr Eliiah frnm Mississippi waters GRACE EATON HE bulletin from the Bureau of Fisheries for 1913 shows that Mississippi received a full share of the Government distribution for stocking streams and fresh water lakes with substantial game fish, more than 300 different water bodies receiving from 150 to 1,000 or 4,000 small fry or well-grown fingerlings and yearlings. The kinds that Mississippians preferred were bream, black bass, strawberry bass, yellow perch, and rock bass. Corinth and Tupelo received the lion's share for stocking their ponds, but altogether the fish were very evenly distributed over the state. These fish were planted to furnish sport for the owners of the ponds and food for the people. The streams of Mississippi furnish choice fishing grounds all during the fishing season. Some people think that itis only on the Coast that fishing is worth while, that real sport does not begin till one gets in a boat and sails out to the middle of the Sound and catches more fish in an hour than he can carry home. Since time immemorial the Mississippi Gulf Coast has been considered the Fisherman's Paradise, as every stream that sweeps into the Missis- sippi Sound isliterally teeming with all kinds of fish. Absolute poverty along the Gulf Coast will always be U unknown, for the man without a job may go fishing and in a day's tlme catch enough fish to last his family for a week and have some left to sell to his neighbors and friends. Sometimes he lands a black bass and off Ship Island he finds trout and Spanish mackerel, and often comes across a game fish called Amber Jack which resembles the tuna, the famous California fish. Many hundred dollars worth are sold annually from the Coastal waters. Biloxi, Gulf- port, and Bay St. Louis all ship oysters and fish: but Pascagoula leads the state in the ship- ment of fresh fish. Mr. C. H. Delmas, of Pascagoula, is the largest fish dealer in the state. He ships extensively. The town is nine miles up the Pascagoula River from the Sound, and Mr. Delmas has a fleet of boats equipped with nets and storage tanks: he hires a large number of fishermen who catch the fish and pack them in ice as caught. They catch quantities of fish from the brackish waters of the river and still more from the open sea. The principal fish for the market are red snapper, flounder, mullet, sheephead, pompano, speckled trout, green trout, and Spanish mackerel. The fish are well packed and shipped all over Mississippi, to New Orleans, Mobile, and many Northern cities. Fish are shipped from Pascagoula on every train that passes through, and Mr. Delmas has amassed a fortune from dealing in fresh fish and oysters. Other smaller establishments ship crabs in baskets to nearby cities and green sea turtles to the Northern cities for choice turtle soup. In Biloxi the meat of the crab is remov- ed from the shell by machinery and the crabs are canned and shipped throughout the North and East. Courtesy of the L. and N. Railroad 1 A Day's Catch from Mississippi Sound 55 Eg-igrnhurtz nf the Sven ISTORY tells us that our forefathers were taught by the Indians to place a fish in the ground under the grain of corn when it was planted and the yield would be increased. No matter how the ignorant savage may have come by his information, his theory has a scientific basis: and today we have great factories using fresh fish, stale fish, and fish scrap to work up a very important element in fertilizers. On our Coast where the waters are alive with fish of a hundred kinds, we find quantities that are not suitable for food. These are easily caught in nets and are sold to fertilizer factories. A whole boat-load of fish sometimes becomes stale because the ice gives out, and the cargo is turned over to the factory, which furnishes a market for what would otherwise be a waste product. The scrap and stale fish from the fish shops are disposed of in the same way, and aprofitable enterprise is established. Another by-product of the water is found in the shells from mollusks. In Mississippi we find great quantities of mussel shells in our fresh waters-among them the Mississippi River, the Tombigbee, the Noxubee, and the Pearl. These shells are gathered and shipped for the most part to Iowa and Illinois to factories for the manufacture of pearl buttons. Statistics show that in 1911 before the rivers of the state were being so generally worked for mussel shells, 514,698 worth of shells were sold from Mississippi. Small shells of the sea are used in combination with a tar preparation to make a top dressing for roofs. By far the most important of these materials from the sea is the oyster shell. When so many tons of oysters are opened at the shops and at the canning factories there would necessarily accumulate great heaps of shells. When it was found more profitable to plant oyster beds than to depend altogether on the natural reefs, oyster shells were dump- ed into the water for the tiny oysters to attach themselves to, in order that they might begin to grow. Tons of shells were used up in this way. Loads of oyster shells are crushed into a very fine powder, which is considered the best kind of lime to put on acid soils, superior to the crushed limerock. The Missis- sippi Fertilizer Company buys large quantities of shells to use in mak- ing fertilizer. The clean shells not crushed so fine make a splendid lime element for poultry food. Eighty-five or ninety per cent of the oyster shells in Missis- . sippi are used in road building. ' They are crushed roughly, thorough- - ly wet, then placed while wet in a thick coat over the sand or clay road, that has been dragged or graded, and packed by a steam roller. Ordinary traffic finishes the . . I , packing. The shells soon crush and One of the Shell Roads on the MISSISSIPPI Coast the road is as Smooth and firm as macadam. sheds water readily, and is easily repaired by the addition of other shells. The shell roads of the Coast are known all over America as the beautiful driveways of the South. l Courtesy ofthe L. X N. Railroad 56 illiauufarturing in thc Stair ALMA TANKERSLEY The industries of Mississippi are estimated as follows: No. of Value of Per cent Value Establishments Products Added by Manufacture All industries. ..... ........... ...,,,,,,,,, , , 2,598 380,555,000 37,8 Lumber and timber products ,.,,,, ,,,,., ,,,, 1 , 647 42,793,000 49,2 Oil, cottonseed, and cake ...... ....,.....,,- , 87 15,966,000 50,9 Cars, shop construction, and repairs by steam railroad companies ,-.. , . , ,, ,U ,,,, 10 3,233,000 16,5 Cotton goods including cotton small Wares. - 14 3,102,900 30.2 Fertilizers- . ............Y, ,..........,,, 1 0 2,125,000 28,9 Turpentine and rosin -..-...... c.r,,,,,,,-,, 6 4 1,475,000 42,9 Printing and publishing ..... ..,..... - - - 225 1,308,000 39.8 Foundry and machine shop products .--- 50 1,033,000 9.2 Bread and other bakery products ..... 79 878,000 52.9 Ice, manufacturing ,............... - 51 866,000 42.6 Canning and preserving ........... 11 824,000 33,3 Brick and tile ............ --- ...... 73 794,000 2,6 Clothing, men's, including shirts -- 6 775,000 52.9 Carriage and wagon material ..,, - 41 642,000 31 Furniture and refrigerators ...,,. ,. - 8 392,000 9.2 Gas, illuminating and heating , ,,--.- - 3 256,000 97.7 Marble and stone works ...... . . ...... 11 176,000 Ship building including boat building .... 15 161,000 34.5 Flour mill and grist mill products ,.... 13 153,000 40 Confectionery ............. . ............. 10 123,000 66.2 All other industriesv , ..,,-,-....,- . ..... .. ., 165 3,475,000 Lumber plants which embrace establishments engaged in logging operations, also saw mills and planing mills, constitute one of the oldest and most important industries in the State. A somewhat new departure in the lumber industry for Mississippi has been the establishment in recent years of several veneer mills at Beaumont, Lumberton, McComb, and other places. In 1909 the lumber industry gave employment to 33,397 wage earners or 66.3 per cent against 22.431 or 53 per cent in 1904. Prior to 1390 the industry of oil, cottonseed, and cake was of little importance in this State and its growth is of particular interest because it is based so largely on the profit- able utilization of what was at one time practically a waste product. The value of products in 1904 was 312537, 000: in 1909 315,966,000 In 1904 there were 15 railroad repair shops reported and in 1910 only 10, yet the value of their products increased from 32,836,000 in 1904 to 33,233,000 in 1909. The report for cotton goods including cotton small wares for 1904 and 1909 was the same but the industry shows a considerable advance in the Value of its operation. The classification for fertilizers includes establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of fertilizers: however, a number of cottonseed oil mills produced fertilizer as a by-product and therefore the statistics do not fully represent the industry. From the year 1904 to 1909 there was a considerable increase in the value of products in naval stores. Except in the monthlies and the publications included under the head of All Other Classes, the printing and publishing industry is particularly interesting because of the in- increase in the circulation of daily papers. In 1904 there were only 3 - morning papers and 11 evening papers. In 1909 there were 15 morning papers and 13 evening I , papers- ai ..i. . f I 4 , 4 , Q-A Statistics for steam laun- Q ip dries are not included in the totals ' P - HW 'nf T U' a for manufactures but in 1909 there l i li l. .1 were 30 establishments in Missis- ,fyl 'f it .l ee ..- ,l ni? ,-f..LQ,i 4 With such a wealth of raw ' 7' 'inl ml 1' 'li' 'i 5 'U 7 ii .1 ' H M material in the State, with coal 007 i i TITQT' liiii 77' I - 1 '77 easily available, and with our schools offering industrial branches of study Manufacturer's Building at the Centennial and our colleges giving training in the Textile Industry and in Engineering, there is no reason why the material, the means, and the brains in Mississippi should not promote the growth of the industries already existing, and establish others, thereby inmeasurably increasing the wealth of the State. 57 iixtrnainn mnrk nf ilkiilruaha ROUTH HOLLINGSWORTH HE railroads in Mississippi constitute one of the chief factors in the development of the industries of the State, not only by furnishing means of transportation but by actively encouraging and fostering enterprises in their territory. Realizing that when the timber is cut away one of the main products for commerce will be withdrawn, the manage- ments of the various railroad systems have instituted departments to encourage the agricultural development of the lands from which the timber has been removed. These departments send out booklets and pamphlets encouraging thrifty home-seekers to settle in the State: and they publish bulletins on the crops suited for cultivation in the different sections through which the roads pass. They establish demonstration farms and send out demonstration agents to assist the farmers in working out a diversified crop system in the selection of seed, in the preparation of the soil, choice of fertilizers, in numerous details of farm management, and in the marketing of their products. The Agricultural and Industrial Department of the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad Company has aided very materially in the agricultural development of the territory between Jackson and Gulfport. Mr. Taylor, the Industrial Agent of this department, assisted by their Farm Agent, Mr. Bryson, has taken an active part in introducing scientific farming and pro- moting other industries of this district. The Farm Agent goes to the farmer in the field and shows him how to break his soil, how and where to put in tile drainage, what the soil needs to increase its productivity, and just when his melon or fruit crop must be planted and gath- ered to get the best prices. The Industrial Agent keeps informed as to prices and conditions of the market, and they both make it a point to encourage only those crops that can be mar- keted profitably. It was the Industrial Department of the G. and S. I. Railroad that found the Oklahoma buyers for sweet potatoes, and the St. Louis market for poultry and vegetables. The canning industry is encouraged along the route, and good markets are found for the canned products. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, which traverses the eastern and north-eastern part of the State, has accomplished similar results in this region through the efforts of their Indus- trial Department. The M. and O. Agent cooperates with the County Agents in finding a market for the live stock, in keeping informed as to the fluctuations in the hay market, and in finding a demand for such products as his section can supply. This road has extensive exhibits of farm products at the State Fairs, and a few years ago the Industrial Department offered to one boy in every county through which the M. and O. Road passed, a scholarship sufficient to cover a year's expenses at the A. and M. College. The Illinois Central Railroad Company, which includes the Y. and M. V. Railroad, has been engaged in this work for the last five years. The Industrial Agent for Mississippi has his headquarters at Jackson. The road has 30 demonstration farms south of the Ohio River. 26 of which are in the State of Mississippi. The plan this road follows is to buy in different counties 30 to 50 acres of land that the people of the community had considered either worn out or very poor for farming purposesg the agent gets it cheap, and then he puts a trained demonstrator on the place, often an A. and M. graduate, who builds up the soil and shows the people that scientific farming pays. The plan has succeeded wonderfully well, as is shown by the detailed account of each farm given in the I. C. Special Bulletin. In 1916 they had in all an acreage of nearly 1,500 acres: they operated at an average cost of 2513.67 per acre and made a net profit of 3533.12 per acre, the best a.verage the farms have ever shown. The Southern Railroad system has recently organized the Sowflzeriv Roilu-oy Systenz Development Service. The purpose of the organization is to develop the industrial and agri- cultural interest of the states through which this railway passes. Mr. Turner is at the head of the department and has his office in Atlanta, Georgia, Mr. Hearn. fruit and vegetable agent, with headquarters at Hattiesburg, will assist the farmers in the territory to market their products, including fruits and vegetables, poultry, live stock. and anything else they have to sell. There is a Farm Agent who will work with the County Agents in assisting the farmers of the territory. One of the State's best natural resources, her climate, is being splendidly featured by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Through the beautiful folders and booklets sent out by this road the Mississippi Coast is coming into general notice as a resort. The L. and N. is now bringing 100,000 people each year to visit the Coast. And this road is also assisting the trucker and orchardist by offering inducements for the marketing of vegetables, citrus fruits, and pecans. The Alabama and Vicksburg, the Great Northern, and other railroad systems of the State are doing work of the same kind-all helping to further the development of Mississppi's agricultural resources and commercial possibilities. 58 Tlhe Cflnmn sinh iKural Beuelnpment TRUGEN BEARD ISSISSIPPI is just awakening to the need of cooperation between the urban and rural communities. The town and the country need to get better acquainted and to under- stand that they are mutually dependent and may be mutually helpful. It seems to be the most important task for leaders in Mississippi today to show how to distribute more uniformly the social and educational advantages. Already there are forces at work on this problem. The town is cooperating with the country in the building of good roads-the first means of bringing the town and country together and of bringing the daily paper to the rural home. The educational leaders are planning for county libraries, which will give to the rural homes opportunities for general reading: and are establishing consolidated schools, giving to the boy and girl in the country good school advantages, and socializing rural life. These ac- tivities so heartily endorsed and encouraged by the towns will mean that life for rural Missis- sippi will be broader and more attractive. The organizations in the various towns of Mississippi which do civic work are vitally interested in the work of rural development. The Commercial Club of Yazoo City has spent 90 per cent of its efforts in this direction. The officers of the Club work in cooperation with the County Commissioner of Agriculture. Most of their efforts have been along the lines of live stock. During 1916 through the help of the Club the farmers marketed S230,000 worth of stock, and have on hand the largest supply of live stock in the history of the county. Most of the money is on deposit to the credit of the small farmers. The Jackson Board of Trade is cooperating with farmers in several ways. The mem- bers are encouraging the Baby Beef and Pig Clubs: the banks and business men of that city aid in financing these enterprises. The Club was instrumental in having a splendid syrup re- finery built there, a canning factory, a modern creamery, and a pickle factory, all of which industries promote agricultural development in Hinds County. It has set on foot a central cooperating marketing association with a View of handling the farm produce of that section. Another practical movement it launched was the establishment of a monthly Trade Day which is held on the first Wednesday of every month. The house-keepers and women of the Federated Clubs of the city have shown an interest in making a success of these Trade Days and in planning to establish a permanent market place and Trade Days held once a week. The Young Men's Business Club of Jackson has inaugurated cooperative hog shipments. Copiah County was the pioneer in the rural work of Canning Clubs and Demonstra- tion Agents in Home Economics. The County Superintendent, Business Men's Clubs, bankers, and merchants li have all cooperated with the County .,,,,, Agent. They have encouraged the J' Clubs by offering liberal prizes on 2 - S good exhibits, and have furnished a , 4g, ,'fjl . Ll. market by purchasing the products of ,.,. ff r ' 'r V T' the Clubskifltlirthonae .consiumptioni Erqfll- 2 i - ,finial .fggfg a is eing one in azoo, Qiifiiimiailii7wd'f,Eia L'L',g,,.7d:'-4 Hinds, and Copiah counties by the ' ' i ' ' Q p efforts of Commercial Clubs, Women's ' 5334 ' Clubs, private enterprises and indi- The Coliseum at the Centennial vidual citizens to correlate the forces of town and county for economic de- velopment of the entire county serves to show what beginning has been made in Mississippi in community work. Eliehvral Ain ami! Giur liuhvurlupeh ifteiinurrvii GRACE MILLS HE Government, Federal and State cooperating, by its financial aid within the last de- cade has been the means of bringing about in the State of Mississippi a great awaken- ing and transformation in the agricultural and economic life of the people. This year the Federal Government appropriated 345,000 known as the Smith Lever Fhund forcextension work in Mississippi, and the State Legislature appropriated 310,000 for t is wor . The State Home Demonstration Agent is the head of the Home Economics Extension division of the work. Under her supervision are County Agents whose salaries are paid in part by the county. This department of Home Economics has charge of the Canning and Poultry Clubs for the girls, anc. the organization of clubs for rural women. The agents teach the girls how to can and preserve all kinds of vegetables, specializing in to- matoes and figsg and help them mar- ket these products. In 1916 there were 36 counties organized in the Canning and Poultry Club work with an enroll- ment of approximately 7,000. At pres- ent there are 45 County Agents with the enrollment approaching 10, 000. This work has meant the opening up of a new field to hundreds of enthusi- astic girls all over the state: and num- bers of them have been enabled to earn enough money to take a year's Administration Building at the Centennial course in a State College. The State Agent in Agricul- tural Extension work supervises the work of the County Demonstrators in the organization of boys for practical Agriculture, and in the demonstration work with farmers. Of all the intensive agricultural work that has been done in later years, perhaps the most educational and effective has been that done through the Boys' Corn Clubs. Farmers who believed their land would yield no more than 18 or 25 bushels of corn to the acre have seen their boys under the direction of government experts grow 75 to 100 bushels per acren-even 227 bushels. Such a demonstration is more convincing to Mississippi farmers than dozens of lectures and hun- dreds of bulletins. While the department is giving considerable attention to organization of Baby Beef Clubs, Poultry Clubs, and Pig Clubs among boys and girls on farms, increasing effort is be- ing put forth in the interests of improved organization and cooperation among adult farmers. Extension work in Agriculture and Home Economics is regarded as the most direct force at work in the state for the development of our resources because it brings immediate results. The Farm Demonstrator helps men who are already farming: the Agent in Home Economics directs girls who are engaged in industrial pursuits, and redirects the misspent energy of the house wife in the rural districts. 60 lgnhlir Ehuratiun zmh EI Cfrvatvr Mississippi J. V. DABBS liinh anh Number nf Srhnnln Kind Number Cost of Board Enrollment Consolidated .............. --- - 290 ..... .. .... -- - .......,...... -33,037 Separate District-- ---. ..... ----232 Agricultural High Schools- --- - ...... 44 ..... ..... S 6.82 .... ..,. - 5,346 University---. --- --- ...-o ---- - 1 ..... --., 14.00 ---- ----- 600 Agricultural and Mechanical College 1 ..... --- 11.00 .... ..... 1 ,200 Industrial Institute and College- ---- 1 ---. -, --- -- 11.00 ---- 800 900 Mississippi is making every effort to develop its people in all phases of educational activity. In the curriculum of its schools there is provision for giving vocational training. The Consolidated School offers besides regular academic Work courses in Manual Training, Domestic Science, and practical Agriculture, The separate school districts offer high school education at public expense. The Agricultural High Schools offer a means through which the boys and girls may secure a good secondary academic and agricultural education Without hav- ing to leave their home county. This opportunity may be had at a low cost to the student. The board in the 44 Agricultural High Schools last year averaged 36.82 per month. About one hundred and sixty pupils in these schools last session paid their entire board, and more than one thousand paid for part of their board, by doing some form of Work. The Agricul- tural High Schools offer a very thorough course in Manual Arts for boys, and a similar course in the Domestic Arts for girls. It has been officially stated that the Agricultural High School system of Mississippi is among the best in the United States, that it is fulfilling the real mis- sion of the Agricultural High School. . Our Model County School Organization is the first in the United States. An all-time health officer, an assistant county superintendent, a farm demonstrator, and a home econom- ics agent are the officers added to the educational forces. The Agricultural High School is the center of the system which is intended to touch every home and help the rural people to be more efficient, healthful, and happy. The General Board of Education selected Pearl River County, Mississippi, as the place to Work out a plan for the correlation of all the educational forces, and through a sup- plementary appropriation by the county is putting this plan into operation. For giving higher education, Mississippi has four institutions. The Mississippi Nor- mal College embraces in its course of study the Industral Arts, Agriculture, Science, Physiog- raphy, Rural Economics, and Social Science as well as other subjects for training men and Wo- men to be efficient community builders. The United States Commissioner of Education has said that the Mississippi Normal College is one of the thirty-five Normal Colleges in the United States that are doing the work that a Normal College is intended to do. The Industrial Institute and College is the first state college for Women established in America. It offers varied training in different fields, being strong in academic branches, the Fine Arts, courses in Education, and the Industrial Arts. The Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College is a Widely known institution for men. It has four departments: Agriculture, General Science, Engineering tboth civil and electricall, and Industrial Education. This college works through the farmers' institutes. its extension department, and various short courses, besides the regular four year courses for the upbuilding of the agricultural industries of the state. The University of Mississippi, the capstone of the educational system, offers splendid advantages in seven schools: Philosophy, Science, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law, Engineering, and Education. It is closely in touch with the life of the people. During its seventy years of existence this great institution has furnished to the state many leaders. With her many industrizs, her varied natural resources, and her excellent system of schools which are bringing about a rapid advance in her industrial and agricultural life, the state has wonderful opportunities to become a greater Mississippi. NormalCollege ------ .-- -- ---- 1- ---- 11.00 61 -Q 'S,'T,'. r.ISf'1A - . 372' 'A gf' 53 - 2?-G Q bf i i? Thin- ' E M' Q' -LQ - if .7 Q6 gi iff 5 .1 5' V! AL The W6 FIBFMJEH JONES l iug,,,1 w:aX'i0n , W A ' A.'B, D! Ll..-E. A- Agra-guXTu,r'e f iQ-vz ' .5 i I i3 ' 5 x ' x r f Z1 M lv ' E! f 'E-P 5'cOTT,' Viceh- Pre5i,de -f Maiixzma 7 Manual 1. V4 ii X X is ALMA HxlQKMAN Ejfxg X zggh, K NA Tomsou SchoolMu.j1C-- . .-Q KATHERINE SMITH C, B. BOLANI5 ' ' Penmamshi P X . i' 1 . N ., Prachce School A . IQ . lf ' Xw N lk b - LA 'Na D . I if Q V ' ' LORENE T'HAr5.1ES A ,534 M x 1 15 Pmano Musxc X ' iileiau 'Q-W ,,+,- , ,, Q 'f' TJ M- .-----..- ,-- -..W .WW , W , I 5 , P 1 1 i. 5. ? I A W l I ' 1 N , 1 E w , : I 1 ' ' w ' 3 1 Y 1 ' 1 is ni Q, ii 1 2 ' A. , ... .Y Y- ,..-..-- ,...-... ...,.....- ' J. Rgsfar TIN Dalvb X EMX C.R,. Mayfield, Debater, Orator-. VV.5.5W 1 152 ' N U Fchl fx 'N' C..R..MSI.Q,od N Dunaho O F. J. J. B. H. H. Bass G. Jacobs V. Dabbs C. COX - W. Stevens W. R. McGraw Q. im. oi. A. Qbliirerz fur 15113-17 President W. L. Carter - - Secretary Vice-President R. B. McKay - - Treasurer Glummittvr GJIIEIUIIIPI1 Devotional J. G. Jacobs Social Service Bible Study Mission Study Membership W. L. Carter - - Music S. L. Stevens - Employment Bureau R. B. McKay - - Finance -,, J ennye Leona Robinson Virgie C. Cogdell - Grace Mills - - Virgie Moore - - Bessie Beauchamp - Bertha Smith - - ig. ri. ol. A. Gbftirrrsa fur 1915-17 - President Beedie E. Smith - Vice-President Velma Russell - Glnnunittrr Qhairniirn - Mission Charlie Pentecost - Association News Lona Havens - - Social Service Inez Moore - - Finance Lottie Hansell - Winnie Decell - - - Music Secretary Treasurer Program Membership Bible Study Social fw ' tbfzsi' 7, Wil AN N I va' W ,J 57 1 .4-1 ,fir mf' 1 1. 1 Q - 4 , 'K 1 Q! xg Rf 1 Y- Q 1: G ,ki X . K , 1 ,Q 3 -it 'il .,, 5' 1 4 4 P1 a U .- U O 71 Z C5 I-4 QJ ..4 ..- W hull S 11 'a .E- L ill ill IZ -1 Z A I s4'L I Y, I X l 1 I Qfl V951 I 'Q '5- 4 mi? v L-.J -.-. , ' 4.2.3. 1' 1, -A ' w 1 , , v L W l , W 1 f LW, V l , wth Illf ,Q ,l.f .,,4..,,-,1, fl 51 7.7 H ML 1 sk IA. l ,J L. 1'a' X f'Xl 3 1 1 1 , f,.l p'i 123, f A K f ? ... l.,J.M -w 1 74 ,mf 'kfqpl 1? ff: . wr A Zzq if ,, ,- -f fa: fr? X ,., . 4 , wmv f' 4,5-, I - 3, K. 33, 1 mf fa!! 5 Wk? 4 xii! 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Carter, 2nd, Bass . i . ., 5 1 1 .. , ., V ' 'F ..., 151,44 . 5 he , M., - w - v ,fy ,N,. U X45 A, -. ,.,,,, . A., V - M. . An., A Haraitg ilinnt 'Ball Gram Front Row, Left to Right: E. S. Roberts, Davis, Crabb, Dunahoo, McDonald Campbell, M. M. Roberts Second Row: Peacock, Graham, C. C. Roberts, Smith Forwards D. Welborne C. Hunt S. Touchstone C. Boyd Harzitg Easkvt Ball Squah Centers V. M. S. L. Mattie K. McCleskey Pearson Graham M. Minyard Moore, Coach Guards F. Dent E. Dale A. Rayborn G. Molpus Haraitg Zinn? iiall Umm Front Row, Left to Right: Sewell, Dabbs, Graham, Bishop, Howerton QCoachJ Second Row: Smith, Finch, Patton, Jackson, Peacock Harzitg Enzkrt Nall Gram Center Guards Forwards Otho Messer J. W. Ware, M. H. Powers R. V. Peacock, E. C. Grissom V. I . I -x Rx Eennin Qlluh 1El1E-17 Henrietta Clemens, President Bertha Ash Reuben McKay, Secretary-Treasurer Maude Smith Elizabeth Ellis Effie Grimes Mattie K. Moore Dan Warren Thelma Clark C. B. Boland Vera Burnham R. J. 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