University of Maryland School of Medicine - Terrae Mariae Medicus (Baltimore, MD)

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early years. Dr. Granville Sharp Pattison was a Scot, small in stature and sandy- haired, with an aggressive stride and con- fident air. He had been associated with the distinguished anatomist Allen Burns of the Andersonian Institute in Glasgow. He brought with him a large collection of ana- tomical specimens prepared by Burns. This collection was purchased by the university for $8,000 to begin the Anatomical Mu- seum. In 1820, Pattison had applied for the chair of surgery at the University of Penn- sylvania. His appointment was bitterly op- posed by one Nathaniel Chapman of Phila- delphia and he was not awarded the posi- tion. Pattison drafted a fiery letter to Chap- man which was ignored, so Pattison sought out Dr. Patrick Macauley to serve as his second. He challenged Chapman to a duel which the latter declined. In 1821 Chap- man published and distributed a paper en- titled, Official Transcript of Proceedings in Case of Divorce of Andrew Ure, M.D. vs Catherine Ure for Adultery with Gran- ville Sharp Pattison. Several years later, Pattison met Chapman and his brother-in- law, Gen. Thomas Cadwalader on the street in Philadelphia and publicly insulted Chap- man. Cadwalader challenged Pattison and a duel was arranged for the following week. In the quiet Delaware countryside, Patti- son ' s shot shattered the General ' s pistol arm, himself suffering only a hiatus in his coat tail. Following this Pattison resigned his position and left Baltimore. Following Pattison ' s abrupt departure, Nathan Ryno Smith became Professor of Surgery and the dominant figure in the faculty. Appointed in 1826, he was already a well known figure in American medical educa- tion. The son of Nathan Smith, founder of Dartmouth and Yale medical schools, he Nathan Ryno Smith, m.d. himself was a leader in the reestablishment of the University of Vermont Medical School and in the organization of Jefferson Medical College. Destined to head surgery for 42 years, the department flourished under his stern eye. In 1843, Professor Potter died and in the next three years the Chair of Medicine was filled three times. Finally in 1846, Dr. Wil- liam Power was appointed at the age of 33. As a student in Paris, he had observed the methods of percussion and the use of the stethescope there. These observations he brought to Baltimore and was the first to teach them in the city. Pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease fatal to so many of the early professors of the school, brought about Dr. Power ' s death in 1852. The vacancy was filled by Dr. Samuel Chew, noted as a polished speaker and clas- sical scholar. 15

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satisfy this need the faculty initiated the construction of the Baltimore Infirmary. By means of their own funds, the professors, in 1823, obtained a lot on the southwest corner of Lombard and Greene Streets and had erected a small rectangular hospital. Built to house 50 patients, the Infirmary was divided into four wards, one of which was devoted entirely to diseases of the eye. Attached to the main building was the oper- ating theater, seating several hundred stu- dents. Nursing duties were undertaken by an order of Catliolic nuns, tlie Sisters of Charity. Under the control of the professors, the Infirmary provided ample teaching cases. Three physicians and four surgeons com- prised the staff and with its immediate prox- imity to the school, it gave tlie institution advantages not possessed by any other American school of the day. These facilities were soon overtaxed how- ever, and in 1833, an addition of four more wards was made, raising hospital capacity to 90. YEARS OF CONFLICT Meanwhile, the medical school had en- tered upon a period of strife and instability. By an act of the legislature passed in 1826, the Board of Regents was abolished and a board of 21 trustees established, with the governor ex officio president. This move was said to have been instigated by certain faculty members who were jealous of Dr. Davidge and of his popularity with the stu- dents. Whatever the cause of the act, the result was 13 years of ferment. The faculty and the students bitterly opposed the gov- ernment of the trustees. Duels were fought and ill feeling simmered. The feud reach its climax early in 1837. Professor Potter discovered that liie janitor of the school had been conducting a gam- bling den behind Anatomical Hall, with the sale of whiskey to the students between classes. The janitor then threatened the life of the professor, who protested to the Board of Trustees. No action was taken, the jani- tor continued his activities, and Dr. Potter acquired a pistol for his own protection. The faculty was enraged at this attitude of the trustees and when, shortly thereafter, a new faculty member was appointed against the wishes of the faculty, the break- ing point was reached. At a meeting in the Infirmary on May 2, the old Board of Regents and certain of the faculty voted themselves independent and decided to hold classes in a local hotel. Most of the students attended these classes; the rest either transferred to other schools or left school entirely. A new faculty ap- pointed by the trustees held classes before an almost empty Chemical Hall. For two years this situation existed, flar- ing at intervals into violence such as the incident in which several of the old Faculty, with the aid of a number of the students, ob- tained keys to the University, expelled the janitor, and occupied the grounds for two days. In 1839, the Court of Appeals ruled that the act of the state legislature establishing the Board of Trustees was unconstitutional and tlie government of the university was restored to the Board of Regents. The old faculty was re-installed. THE FACULTY Shortly after the opening of the lectures in the new Me dical School building, Drs. Davidge and Cocke turned the professorship of surgery over to Dr. William Gibson, then 24. Nine years later, in 1821, Dr. Gibson became head of surgery at the University of Pennsylvania, and in his place appeared one of the colorful figures that marked these 14

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Samuel Chew, M.D. In 1848, anatomical dissection, previous- ly an elective, was made compulsory. Gas light was introduced into the dissecting rooms, in order that the students might spend their evenings dissecting without in- terrupting their daily schedule of lectures. This was the first time in America that prac- tical anatomy was made a requirement for graduation. At about this same time, a chair in Path- ological Anatomy was established. This marked the beginning of the separation of the teaching of pathology from that of the clinical branches. This was the era when the Baltimore Clip- per was sweeping the seas and the city was experiencing a phenomenal growth as the riches of the world poured thru its port. The infirmary was soon jammed to capacity and the overcrowded conditions made expansion mandatory. In 1852 the Infirmary was extended to the corner of Greene Street by the addition of a rectangular wing. Private cubicles and a large amphitheater with skylight were in- cluded in the new structure. Tlie expansion established the hospital as the largest in the city with a capacity of 150 patients. Early in 1861, Professor William A. Hammond of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology provided microscopes in the Anatomical Museum. Since the museum possessed one of the largest microscopic collections in the country , introduction of tliese microscopes unveiled a wealth of his- tological material for the students. For the first time in the United States, histology was introduced into the curriculum. WAR The outbreak of hostilities in the Civil War found the School of Medicine at a peak. At this time it had no peers to the south and only a few to the Jiorth. Recog- nized as the leading medical institution of South, most of the student body was drawn from southern states. Enrollment declined sharply as tlie students hurried home to join tlie Conferederate armies. Military Surgery and Hygiene was established in the curricu- lum as Baltimore huddled under Northern cannon on nearby Federal Hill. Professor Hammond was appointed Sur- geon General of the Union Army in 1862, and founded the Army Medical Museum and Medical Library at Washington. In 1863 Dr. Richard McSherry assumed the chair of Practice of Medicine upon the dcatli of Dr. Chew. Dr. Chew ' s son. Dr. Samuel C. Chew, became Professor of Materia Medica. A PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT Following the war there was an influx of physicians to Baltimore from the South. 16