United Colleges - Vox Yearbook (Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada)

Text from Pages 1 - 68 of the 1929 volume:

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Try “Manfield’s” for your next pair. —H B C are sole Winnipeg agents for “Manfield.” PHOTOGRAPHS THAT PLEASE—WE MAKE THEM AT BRYANT’S STUDIO SPECIAL DISCOUNT ALL WORK WE SPECIALIZE GIVEN TO GUARANTEED IN ALL STUDENTS COLLEGE GROUPS Phone 22 473 61 1 Winnipeg Piano Building (Cor. Portage and Hargrave) PHONE 3 1 376 AFTER HOURS 51 392 THE QUEEN DYE WORKS 501 Portage Ave. (2 Doors East of Wesley College) SPECIAL RATES TO COLLEGE STUDENTS Suits dry cleaned and pressed_ 9 5c Suits sponged and pressed .. 45c REPAIRING CLEANING ALTERATIONS DYEING THE MACHINE YOU WILL EVENTUALLY BUY UNITED TYPEWRITER CO., of Manitoba. Ltd. Ground Floor. Canada Bldg.. Donald St. H. BAKER 466 Portage Avenue Don’t discard a friendly old shoe, see us FOR FIRST CLASS SHOE REPAIRING A GRUEN WATCH Makes an Attractive and Lastinq Graduation Gift Watch Repairing a Specialty ANDREW’S JEWELRY STORE OPPOSITE EATON’S 311 PORTAGE AVE. Established over 5 3 years A. E. Gentzel J. B. Murray GAUV1N, GENTZEL COMPANY MAKERS OF PORTRAITS HOME PORTRAITURE IN ALL ITS BRANCHES A SPECIALTY Phone 24 487 614 Avenue Block, 265 Portage Avenue WINNIPEG, MAN. DISCOUNT GIVEN TO STUDENTS Albert Edward Heflierin ton 1867-1928 vox Vol. II MARCH, 1929 No. 2 Honorary Editor _ Editor-in-Cbief (pro tem.) Assistant Editor _ Literary Editor _ Religious Editor _ Exchange and Reviews _ Athletic Editor _ Bulletin Board Editor _ Alumni Editor ___ Business Manager _1_ Assistant Business Manager Class Representatives _ .Prof. A. C. Cooke, M.A. (Oxon) .David Owens, ’29 ..William m. Reid, ’31 ..E, Norah Maunders, ’29 ..David C.avers, B.A., Theo. ’29 ..Stanley R. McLeod, ’30 ..Bruce McKittrick, ' 29 ..Mark talnicoff, ' 30 ..Carl N. Halstead, M.A. ..KENNETH MCKILLOP, ’30 ..Clifford Matchf.tt, B.A., Theo. ( James Ramsey, ’32 1 H. Harland, ’30 ’31 prhtr 3 rm 1929 9T 4 VOX Albert Edward Hetherington, B.A., B.D., S.T.M., D.D. Late Professor of Religious Education, Wesley College Albert Edward Hetherington was born about sixty years ago near Smith Falls, Ont. When he was a mere lad the family moved to Lucknow on the boundary line be¬ tween Huron and Bruce. Here his father died. In those days Huron and Bruce were sending many of their sons and daughters to the new land opening up in the west, and the Hetherington family joined with many others in the search for a new home. After a short so¬ journ near Portage la Prairie, Man., a homestead was taken up near what was known as Plum Creek in the early days, now the thriving town of Souris. Here his boyhood days were spent and here his early education obtained. While attend¬ ing school in the nearby town he lived with his sister, Mrs. Dol- madge. She noticed that the grow¬ ing lad was of a religious thought¬ ful turn of mind and was asking many serious questions. That she might aid him she secured for him the Chautauqua course of reading and entered heartily into the study of these with him. When writing a few months ago to Mrs. Dol- madge from Galipoli he recalled the study of the Chautauqua course with her and attributed much of his later interest in oriental life to that course of reading. A Wesley Student In 1889 he registered as a stu¬ dent in the second class of Wesley College and graduated in 1893 with the silver medal for general proficiency in the general B.A. course. Among the graduates from Wesley that year are such well- known names as Rev. Dr. James Endicott, Rev. W. W. Abbott, Rev. R. R. Bennett, Messrs. J. K. Sparling and H. W. Whitla. After spending the usual time on probation he went to Victoria College to complete his Theological training, where he obtained his de¬ gree of Bachelor of Divinity. After ordination he joined the B.C. Conference and in 1898 was asked to become, with Rev. Mr. Turner, the pioneer missionary to the Klondike. In this new land with its peculiar situation and dif¬ ficult problems he rendered fine service, and did a lasting work. In 1902 he returned to pastoral work in Vancouver. One of his appointments was the Chown Me¬ morial Church, where he took the lead in building the present church. The Board of this Church, through its pastor, Rev. O. M. Sandford, paid a fine tribute to the character, work and achievement of Prof. Hetherington while filling that pas¬ torate. For a short time he was a mem¬ ber of the staff of Columbia Col¬ lege, and principal of that institu¬ tion. On severing his connection with it, he went abroad to study the Old Testament and Religious Education. Part of the time was spent at the University of Chicago and part at Harvard. From the latter irtstitution he received the de¬ gree of Master of Systematic The¬ ology. Called to Wesley College He then returned to a brief pas¬ torate in B.C., from which he was called to be Secretary of Young People’s work in Manitoba, and professor of Religious Education in Weslev College. On the death of Rev. D. Stewart, he took over the vox 5 work of Hebrew Literature and Language in co-operation with Prof. E. Guthrie Perry. This po¬ sition he held until the time of his death. During all the years he kept in close touch with the Council of Religious Education, and watched with intelligent interest the devel¬ opments in this new phase of reli¬ gious emphasis and growth. On Friday, December 14, 1928, he walked home from Wesley Col¬ lege with another member of the staff, seemingly in his usual good health and spirits. At the dinner table he mentioned casually that he did not feel well. He went to his study but was stricken with such intense pain that it was necessary to call the doctor. Then another medical man was called in, and ad¬ vised removing him to the hospital, where at five o’clock the next morn¬ ing an operation was performed. Peacefully on Tuesday morning he passed into his eternal rest, leaving a widow, six sons and one daugh¬ ter to mourn his departure. The funeral service was conduct¬ ed by Rev. Harry Heathfield, his pastor, in Young United Church, on Thursday, December 20. Many tributes, in spoken and unspoken words, in flowers and telegrams, were paid to a life well and faith¬ fully lived. Prof. Hetherington had many unique qualities. His face and form arrested attention, and made one turn to notice the man as he passed. He was a good preacher of the didactic type, winning always the respect and confidence of his con¬ gregation. It was, however, in the classroom that he excelled. He knew his subjects and was passion¬ ately devoted to them; but, better still, he knew his students and loved them with a father ' s devo¬ tion. All through life he main¬ tained that keen and active inter¬ est in youth which marked his early years. During his college days he was highly honored by his fellow students for his sterling worth and for his ability to enter into the sports of the college. His prowess as a football player will always remain a pleasant memory with the early students of Wesley. Prof. Hetherington was a keen and sensitive student, and a lover of nature. Few men could inter¬ pret the mountains, the rivers and prairies as he could. But after all this is said, his significant contribution may be summed up in three particulars. It was his good fortune to take a part in the life of Canadian thought when three great movements were evolving in the intellectual and spiritual life of the people. When he began his teaching ca¬ reer, Religious Education was just beginning to occupy the attention of religious leaders, and many were claiming for this new science a de¬ termining power in religious devel¬ opment. Its advocates were saying that all men needed for their salva¬ tion was a fuller knowledge and a better mental culture on sounder principles. Prof. Hetherington al¬ ways maintained that beyond all the mental processes, however val¬ uable, that a new birth was a nec¬ essary factor. He reiterated with unswerving fidelity the solemn truth “Ye must be born again.” He pleaded for a new life as the basis of religious experience and growth. In the realm of Psychology, of which he was a close student, while some were seeking to find all the mental phenomena of human life in stimul i and reactions in neu¬ rones, nerve centers and complexes, 6 VOX in afferent and efferent waves, he unceasingly affirmed the fact of a personality, living and essential, behind and in all the marvellous mechanism. Conduct was more than behavior, and life more than physical processes. When others were attempting to explain the strange power of hu¬ man aspiration, longing and ambi¬ tion as the residue of a lower order from which men had evolved, Prof. Hetherington grew impatient with a crassly materialistic evolu¬ tionary hypothesis, and kept clear¬ ly before the minds of his students and hearers the thought that man is akin to God, and from God come these nobler aspirations of his soul. These are not an inheritance from a lower origin, but the breath of the divine in the soul of man call¬ ing him upward to communion and fellowship with God. So, during the time of transition and change in Religious Education, Psychology and Evolution, he ren¬ dered a very distinct service, sym¬ pathizing with all new light and fresh truth, but adhering firmly to the great fundamental principles of the Christian faith and life. A good man, faithful and effec¬ tive, has done his work here, and has passed on to work in a higher life in closer communion with the God he loved and sought loyally to serve. Appreciation by a Student Dr. Hetherington will live in the memories of his students. It will be so not merely in the intellectual advance which they made under his guidance, but also in the value of personality which he revealed to them. One of his former students tells this in a few paragraphs of appreciation which follow. “We live calmly among men who might be put into brave books and be the bravest figures in those books,’’ has frequently been my thought as I have listened to Professor Hetherington illustrating in his lectures from his early ex¬ periences in the Trail of Ninety- Eight.” He was our teacher in Psy¬ chology, Religious Education, Old Testament and Hebrew, in which subjects we considered him not so much a foremost student, but rath¬ er as one who knew folks and neighbored with their experiences in the learning processes. His personality had for us the largest appeal—that ready laugh of his, that wave of the arm in re¬ cognition across the halls, that knowing glance of the eye, that pushing of the stray lock of hair across the forehead, that keen sense of the ludicrous, the rollicking glee he had in his friends, that helpfulness without censoriousness, that service without thought of self-sufficiency, that freedom from ranting, that happiness in an over¬ abundance of work, those firm un¬ wavering convictions without dog¬ matism or self-assertion, that in¬ stinct and grace of a man of peace, that spiritual nature which needed not to talk about religion all the time to let men know he had re¬ ligion—such a man he was, and as such he moved in and out among the students as an inspiration and a blessing, whose heart was young and whose sympathy was a per¬ petual spring. vox A Milestone in Canadian Criticism It Needs to Be Said ... by FREDERICK PHILIP GROVE (Macmillans in Canada, 1929.) In the year 1864. Matthew Ar¬ nold, then Professor of Poetry at Oxford, published an epoch-mak¬ ing essay entitled “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time.” To the parochial England of his day, Arnold proclaimed the need for absolute standards in literature, for the impregnation of the creative mind of ideas, and for the propaga¬ tion by the critic of “the hest that is known and thought in the world.” There followed a neces¬ sary familiarity on the critic’s part with the literatures not merely of Greece, Rome, and Judea, but also of contemporary Europe. Only thus could there be produced such a current of true and living ideas as would inspire the creative mind to work of enduring worth. In the year 1929, Mr. Frederick Philip Grove, perhaps the most dynamic creative writer in Canada today, has published a volume of essays, It Needs to be Said, with a similar emphasis on the abiding value of the absolute in art. It is a timely book. Matthew Arnold’s essay seems unknown in Canada, except perhaps to college Sopho¬ mores—in that vague way in which all prescribed texts are re¬ luctantly peered into. Here and there across the country, some aca¬ demic Jeremiah tries, with a wry face, to preach a gospel of high se¬ riousness in literature, to insist that standards of truth and beauty still have cogency. But so far as things published are concerned, most of our book-reviewers are blind lead¬ ers of blind book-writers and book- readers. It would be hard to name more than one or two professed critics in the whole Dominion who have a competent knowledge of any modern literature other than Eng¬ lish, still less of the great literatures of antiquity. Much of the imma¬ turity and ephemerality of Cana¬ dian writing is traceable to this lack of stern, enlightened leadership. Mr. Grove, nourished on six modern and two ancient literatures, and himself a writer with thirty years’ apprenticeship, now presents our generation with critical theory in the great tradition. Of the eight essays in the book, one, on “Na¬ tionhood,” is partly sociological in substance; the rest are al l critical; (1) “A Neglected Function of a Certain Literary Association,” (2) “Literary Criticism,” (3) “Real¬ ism in Literature,” (4) “The Happy Ending,” (5) “The Aim of Art,” (6) The Value of Art,” and (7) “The Novel.” The clearest statement of his lit¬ erary creed is to be found in “Lit¬ erary Criticism” and so pertinent are his remarks that large-scale quo¬ tation seems to be called for. His basic declaration is that the real critics have always faced in three directions: “They faced, firstly, that vast accu¬ mulated mass of literature which has stood the test of the centuries and which, in what follows, I shall call classic, no matter whether it was written in ancient Greece or in modern Italy, England, France, or Germany. They faced, secondly, the contemporary authors. And they faced, thirdly, the contempo¬ rary public. Let us, then, see what may be the functions of the critic facing in these various directions. 8 VOX Classic Literature “Firstly, as facing classic litera¬ ture, the critic has a passive and an active duty. Perhaps it would be better to say, as regards the litera¬ ture of the past, he is both recep¬ tive and creative. “In all great literatures we find common ground. The Antigone of Sophocles, written more than 2,000 years ago, is as living today as it was when first produced. Let us hesitate and ponder that fact. It is one of the most remarkable and astounding facts with which we can meet. Even granting—as I am only too willing to grant—that human nature is essentially the same today as it was then—since, in literary art, the appeal to that human nature is made through con¬ crete things, through happenings conditioned by laws and usages that are no longer laws and usages to us—how is it that the acciden¬ tals of these concrete happenings— antiquated accidentals that have not even a counterpart in the life as we live it—do not drown out the possible thin, quiet voice of the spirit which speaks through them. The critic answers, Because Anti¬ gone is a work of art. For Art is essentially that activity of the hu¬ man mind which converts the con¬ crete fact into a spiritual experience which has eternal life. “I cannot expatiate. I will, there¬ fore, briefly say that, in his recep¬ tive mood, the critic is the man whose own spiritual life has arisen through, has reacted to , and is nourished by, the spiritual experi¬ ences of the past as embodied in the great works of literary art accumu¬ lated through the centuries. This is, of course, merely another way of saying that the critic stands in what I call the great tradition. If he does not, he may possibly be an advo¬ cate; he cannot be a critic. Classic Tradition Upheld “I said that, in facing classic lit¬ erature, the critic has, besides this passive duty—-the duty of nourish¬ ing himself by the great tradition —an active one or one which might be called creative. That duty con¬ sists in keeping alive what is liv¬ ing; for in literature, that which is not lived, dies as too much of an¬ cient literature has died to us for the want of critics in what we have come to call the dark ages, which were dark for the very reason of that want. By the mere fact that he himself stands in that great tra¬ dition which is traceable through¬ out the centuries he must keep it alive; it must be present in every sentence he speaks or writes; if not explicitly, at least implicitly; as a spiritual presence; as a background out of which his voice sounds forth as from a cavern. Critic Faces Author “Secondly, we said, the true critic faces the contemporary au¬ thor. “What is the attitude in which he faces him? It is the attitude of reason as distinguished from that of passion. There is, in the fight of the day, passion not only in poli¬ tics, in the warfare between classes, in the schisms of creeds, but also in the disagreements between schools of art. The critic knows that there is nothing new under the sun. At all times little details of procedure, inessentials, have been made the subject of contention; even the art¬ ist is only human and inclined to quarrel with his neighbor about free verse or so-called realism. But over against him stands reason in the person of the critic. In the past, vox 9 the great works of art—no matter whether they were produced in an¬ cient Greece, in the Italy, the France, the England of the Renais¬ sance, in 17th-century Holland, or in modern Germany or Scandina¬ via, or in Russia—have always shown a certain conformity of aim and even of method; their totality offers—in its essentials, though not in its accidentals—the spectacle of an almost timeless, ageless congre¬ gation of great minds and spirits in which the various members, from Homer down to Goethe and even Ibsen, have merely happened to take their seats at different stages of the proceedings. The critic, when he speaks to the contemporary au¬ thor, speaks from their midst, un¬ moved by the fleeting slogans of the day. Essential Art This is particularly important at the present time when we are un¬ der what I venture to call the delu¬ sion of science. Because science has made us comfortable without mak¬ ing us happy, and we are apt to forget that, neither in the life of the individual nor in the life of a nation or a race, are economic prob¬ lems the most important problems of our existence. Wealth in Eliza¬ bethan times would be poverty to¬ day. But happiness then, is hap¬ piness still. Tragedy then, is trag¬ edy still. Yet many moderns think because, in the inessentials of life, we have ideas different from those of the Greeks, Greek art is as an- tiauated as their methods of fur¬ nishing a house or of travelling over the road. That is ignorance, nothing else. Greek art is as living todav as it ever was, to him who has learned to strip it and, above all, himself of the inessentials. Now, a work produced today may hold a great appeal through its inessentials; through the accu¬ racy, for instance, with which it re¬ produces certain aspects of modern life: through a sort of mimicry by which it fits itself into the demands of modern prejudices; or through a partisan boldness with which it defies idiosyncrasies in the hostile camp, in the warfare of schools. The critic faces it with eternal ques¬ tions. Does this work, or does it not, reveal a new corner of the timeless human soul? Does it or does it not sail into an uncharted sea of spiritual experience? Or, fail¬ ing that, does it or does it not ex¬ press something that has been ex¬ pressed before in a more cogent, more convincing way than it has ever been expressed before? In other words, does it or does it not stand within the great tradition, no mat¬ er what the accidental antics of its inessential form may be? Critic an Ideal Audience “In all those countries where lit¬ erary criticism is a reality, its atti¬ tude towards the contemporary au¬ thor who produces or tries to pro¬ duce works of literary art gives him what he needs more than anything else except the God-given talent and the God-imposed task—the urge which will not be denied; and that thing which in addition to these he needs is an ideal audience to which he can address himself, se¬ cure in the feeling that, if he have the eye to see and the voice to speak, he will be heard. For no matter what, no matter who may say, he says it to somebody; thus the writer when he writes writes for somebody. The critic is neces¬ sary, is indispensable to the author because, without him, barring for¬ tunate accidents, he does not know to whose capacity to adjust his ut- 10 vox terance. If the literary criticism of a given nation is worthy of its name, its authors will never be at a loss; in speaking to it, they will speak to that invisible, yet real au¬ dience of the ages to which alone they should not think it below their dignity to speak when they take pen in hand, and presume to set that vast machinery going which is needed to produce a print¬ ed book. This I consider the second in importance among the functions of the critic; of the first I shall speak anon. For, unless the author has this audience, how can he be blamed for going astray in the clamor of the day? It is a strange but indisputable fact that a work of art presupposes at least two, the one who speaks and the one who listens—the one who creates and the one who recreates. Art is es¬ sentially the play of one soul on another. Just as surely as vibra¬ tions created on a desert island by the fall of a tree cannot become sound without being heard by an ear, the work of an artist cannot become art without the reaction of an answering soul. So, unless there is an ideal audience like the one I have tried to sketch, the temotation of the writer to speak to that concrete, ever-present audi¬ ence which wants only to be cheat¬ ed by having something given to it to beguile its time and which is sufficiently and nauseatingly rep¬ resented by the newsmongery of the press—that temptation, I say, is so enormously great as to be al¬ most irresistible. No genius was ever born as such. He was born as a talent. A genius he became by taking pains, by striving after per¬ fection. But it is hard to go on working with incessant care” when there is none to perceive that care and to appreciate it. It is hard to go on striving after perfection, never to be attained, if the work of art is drowned in the ocean of me¬ diocre productions designed for no purpose but to satisfy the demand of the public to be entertained— which means distracted from itself. Yet art aims at the very oppo¬ site: not to distract the hearer from himself but to lead him into the very recesses of his soul and to force him to face the world, not with the periphery of the inessential ac¬ quisitions of his day, but with the innermost essence of his soul which is the same as that of Abraham. Most people go through life in the blissful ignorance of the very fact that they have a soul; how, then, should a young writer even dream of appealing to it, of evoking it, were it not for the fact that at all times there is that ideal audience, represented by literary criticism, to remind him of the fact that, at what he does, the ages look on. Literary criticism—or the body of literary critics—should be to the writer what the Roman Senate was to the general in the field: an un¬ seen presence sitting sternly in judg¬ ment over his blunders, but also voting him a triumph if he did his duty well. Shall I indulge in the sarcasm of the question, Is that what literary criticism is in Can¬ ada today? Critic and the Public I must hurry on to the third point. The critic, facing Classic literature and facing the contempo¬ rary author, also faces the concrete public. What, in this direction, is his function? Edmund Gosse says somewhere something to this effect, ‘It is ex¬ traordinary but very fortunate that (Continued on page 5 6) 11 vox Are We Conscious? By Eunice Bennett The U.S. press (in the exagger¬ ated ‘‘booster - ’ style which is so typical of it) acclaims Dr. John B. Watson’s work, “Behaviorism,” in the most flattering terms. One lead¬ ing paper says: “Perhaps this is the most important book ever writ¬ ten ; another asserts, “It marks an epoch in the intellectual history of man.” Most people who have done much reading know how to rate this stuff. Yet when there is a system which claims “to revolu¬ tionize ethics, religion, psycho¬ analysis—in fact, all the mental and moral sciences,” we should like our readers to hear some of the arguments fairly set forth. No Soul and Not Conscious In 1869 Wundt of Germany dismissed the soul from the study of psychology. He could not find it in his test tube. However, he sup¬ plied in its place consciousness, and this was taken for granted until 1912. Then John B. Watson, of the United States, after attempting to find consciousness in his test tube and failing, threw it overboard and decided all human behavior could be explained by determining the stimulus and response. Indeed, many other attributes of the mind and much good terminology were considered superfluous and had to be pitched out. The “medicine men.” the introspectionists, were buried and with them all such men¬ tal processes as attention and per¬ ception; next went the irreducible sensations and their ghosts, the images; after this clearance they felt able to handle what remained. So “proving absurd all written hither¬ to, and putting us to ignorance again,” they began once more the patient search for truth. Behavior the Problem The problem confronting the psychologist is the explanation and prediction of behavior. When this has been achieved it should result in the control of human conduct. In behavioristic terms one must be able to deduct the response when the stimulus is known, and the most complex act loses its mystery when submitted to these investiga¬ tions, and so their hypothesis is plainly a mechanistic one. The “purposive” psychologists relying on consciousness ask just how can mechanism really explain a single act, and the Behaviorist comes back pat, “Consciousness is not a cause of motor activity.” Now we must consider some of their positive assertions. Heredity Belittled It is to be feared that Watson has struck a death blow to our buried ancestors, and that the po¬ tency of the social register is no more, for he believes that the genus homo has been equipped with the same hereditary structure through¬ out the ages and in all classes of society. Adult performance is not inherited but is accounted for by a certain type of structure plus early training. Indeed, he would guar¬ antee to take a normal child and train it to be anything desired, so sure is he of the adaptability of the human structure. A certain amount of unlearned behavior is allowed us, and is divided into emotion and instinct. When instinct is broken down it is replaced by habit. Consolidations of habit and instinct result in the dozens of so-called instincts of the older school and popular speech. Just here we might mention mem- 12 VOX ory. It is said to be the perform¬ ance of a habit after a time has elapsed since the last performance. Very Feiv Instincts Watson made a study of one thousand babies, after which he de¬ cided there were but three instincts, and these form the nucleus of all emotional reactions. They are fear, rage and love, and their stimuli are, loss of support or a loud noise; hampering of the body; fondling. Very soon, though, these responses are called forth by other stimuli presented simultaneously with the original ones. They are then said to be “conditioned.” Later these second responses become further conditioned or transferred until the emotional world is varied enough to suit a Rex Beach or an Ella Wheeler Wilcox. The infant is not afraid in a zoo. The adult may run at sight of a mouse. According to this theory, man has no basic instinct, no untutored life, nor are there elemental facts. And alas! no ambitious maid can sigh for a chance at self-realization and expression. All she can do is permit her physiological processes through stimulus and response (conditioned and unconditioned) to adapt her bodily movements to the situation in hand. Thinking Explained Watson is insistent that the or¬ ganism responds as a whole. This is true even in such a hidden proc¬ ess as thinking. One thinks and plans with one’s whole body. When a particular group of muscles works, we say a man is doing some¬ thing. as, for instance, the imper¬ ceptible working of the larnyx and long-e results in thought; the overt working results in speech. “Thought is highly integrated bodily activity and nothing more.” “When we study implicit bodily processes we are studying thought.” “There is really no difference be¬ tween a game of tennis and think¬ ing.” When the kinaesthetic and verbal processes become blocked we have an emotional response where the individual is not able to act. In contrast, we have instinctive re¬ sponses where the person invariably does something. The “organism as a whole” in¬ cludes, beside muscles which move the bones, many unstriped muscles and glands. These parts of the body apparently cause many acts and states of emotion that we have not been able to explain. They are as yet unverbalized, and scientists have not learned how to talk about them. Watson suggests they are the unconscious complexes and sup¬ pressed wishes of Freud, and advises us not to attribute too much to these unknown causes. The Behauiorist Method What the Behaviorist works upon, then, is simply—stimulus, response (conditioned and uncon¬ ditioned) , gland, unstriped muscles and a minimum of instinct and emotion. He dismisses analysis and introspection. He demands that psychological conclusions must stand on a scientific basis, and are useless if they cannot be arrived at in another laboratory and by any psychologist. He is convinced that all human actions are developments of the simple reflexes which a babe displays. He uses the data of psy¬ chology at every turn, but he is concerned most of all with the or¬ ganism as a whole. It is in the United States alone that the wave of behavior¬ ism has swept all before it, and men (Continued on page 55) vox 13 The Late Honorable T. A. Burrows His Honor, T. A. Burrows, late Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, was for many years closely associ¬ ated with Wesley College. In 1911 he became a member of the Board of Directors, and acted as Vice- Chairman in 1924, and as Chair¬ man in 1927. On the formation of the United Colleges in 1925, he became Chairman of the Joint Executive Board. It will be seen, then, that by his death the United Colleges have suffered the loss of a practical and sympathetic friend. It was in 1927 that we had oc¬ casion to record Hon. Mr. Bur¬ rows ' appointment to the high office of Lieutenant-Governor of the province of Manitoba, which he discharged with marked dignity and success. His passing was quite unexpected, and was the sad oc¬ casion of the first death while in office of a crown representative for Manitoba. At the State funeral President Riddell, as befitting one who was a life-long friend and associate in church and educational enterprises, pronounced the funeral oration. Reviewing the career of Hon. Mr. Burrows, Dr. Riddell emphasized his conspicuous and lasting contri¬ butions in the four fundamental in¬ stitutions of the life of society. “They are,” said Dr. Riddell, ‘‘the State, the Church, the School, and the Home” Behind this fourfold contribution was a character of liberal sympathies, possessed of in¬ tegrity and a keen sense of respon¬ sibility. While not forgetting his services in Parliament and as the crown representative, we remember grate¬ fully Hon. Mr. Burrows’ efforts on behalf of Wesley and the United Colleges, and join with our President in extending to his re¬ latives our sincere expression of regret and sympathy. All members of the Student Body and Faculty of the United Colleges extend to Miss Gwendo¬ lyn Taylor, Norris Beamish and Ellice Scott sincere sympathy in the bereavements which they have recently sustained. 14 VOX Passing of Former Board Members Numerous tributes have been paid by various personages and in¬ stitutions to the work and achieve¬ ments of the late Sir James A. M. Aikins, former lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, and prominent mem¬ ber of the legal profession. Sir James Aikins was the chair¬ man of the Board of Wesley Col¬ lege from the charter year 1888 until 1908, a total of twenty years. To have presided over the meetings of the governing body during al¬ most a generation is to have ren¬ dered notable service to the cause of higher education, and to Wesley College in particular. We remem¬ ber with gratitude, then, the con¬ tribution made to our College by this gentleman, in whose long life great personal gifts exercised in public affairs brought numerous honors,—highest of all, perhaps, the simple dignity of service. Mr. Manlius Bull, Winnipeg business man, whose decease oc¬ curred about the same time, was also associated with Wesley College during many years. He was a mem¬ ber of the College Board from 1899 to 1916. Less in the public eye, but not less highly regarded by his associates for personal worth and business integrity, Mr. Bull thus shared with Sir James and the other members of the Board the responsi¬ bilities of directing the general pol¬ icy of the College over many years. 3n jfflemoriam HORACE A. McDOUGALL Son of Mr. and Mrs. J. A. McDougall of Prairie Grove, Manitoba Grade XII Student, Wesley College Died January 14, 1929, aged 19 vox 15 Mrs. J. H. Ashdown Winnipeg lost an honored citi¬ zen, the United Church a devoted member and the needy a thoughtful friend when Mrs, J, H, Ashdown recently passed away. Leaving Bruce Mines, Ontario, about sixty years ago, when but a child of seven, she came with her parents to Manitoba and settled in Winnipeg. From childhood until the time of her death she was a consistent and faithful member first of the former Methodist Church and, later, of the United Church of Can¬ ada. She and her husband were intimately associated with the old Broadway congregation, and prac¬ tical supporters of Wesley College. In 18 77 she was married to James H. Ashdown, at that time a young merchant just entering upon a career to be marked by sig¬ nal success. Her thoughtful care, coupled with wise practical com¬ mon sense, did not a little to ensure and preserve the growing success of her husband. Her busy life has paralleled that of the City of Winnipeg. She saw it grow from a tiny, struggling village collected around the Hud¬ son’s Bay fort to its present place of strength and importance. Although she did not, like her husband, enter public life, Mrs. Ashdown did her part in the up¬ building of the life and growth of Winnipeg. Devotion to the home, simplicity in social relation, and wise charity marked her contribu¬ tion. Mrs. Ashdown possessed a fine and delicate taste in music, espe¬ cially the music of the church serv¬ ice. Among the last acts of her busy life was to instal a chime of bells in the former Broadway Church in memory of her honored husband. These chimes are not only a tribute to her husband, but now become a touching memorial of her own sweet and helpful life. Mrs. Ashdown was always thoughtful of the poor and needy, but in a quiet and unobtrusive way. She was not a noted philanthropist, but here and there with wise dis¬ crimination she ministred to human need. She shared her husband’s interest in Wesley College and often gave her time, thought and assist¬ ance in making that institution fit¬ ted to fill its important mission. We thus mark the passing of a friend of long standing; pay trib¬ ute to her worth and quiet good¬ ness, and extend our sincere sym¬ pathy to her bereaved family. 16 VOX Stunt Night A Study in Competency and Taste For audience and actors Stunt Night is usually a merry adventure among vagrant possibilities. Stunt Night might indeed be described as a method for releasing unexpected¬ ly, and exploiting passionately, ac¬ cumulated and potential resources. What a year-group has been, that it is very suddenly apt to be,—and to be that, deplorably or delight¬ fully, very publicly. The revela¬ tions are often interesting. Because Stunt Night makes sudden demands which must be speedily met, it is like an unanticipated classroom test; it ushers in an intense period of desperate exploration in the world of the unknown the results of which are fascinating if not val¬ uable. And sometimes they are valuable, as every instructor and judge of Stunt Night programs knows. The assay of the Stunt Night performance of the Session of 1928-29 has already been made by an audience and by a committee of judges. Findings have been re¬ ported in corridors and homes. If the verdicts do not agree, the fact is but a comment upon the variety in standards and taste that exists among us. Personally, we,—well, we think it a little difficult to judge the offerings of Stunt Night. Shall pleasing conventionality or blun¬ dering creativeness score high?; acting, individual or collective, or statuesque tableaux? costuming and color and melodrama, or at¬ tempts at pure drama? satire or solemnity? music and dance, or in¬ tellectual “body”? and so on. The alternatives as stated are neither final nor exhaustive. One thing there must be in the good stunt: the evidence of back¬ ground. A good stunt is some¬ body’s or some group’s competency and taste made available in vital demonstration. It seems to us that, speaking broadly, the criterion for stunts” may be stated as compe¬ tency and taste; the measure of the demonstration of that is the meas¬ ure of the stunt’s success. Associ¬ ated with the criterion as stated is the tricky one which involves the question: Is the particular stunt ex¬ cellent of its kind? Is its kind a challenging and high kind? One word for conclusion. On the above suggested basis it might not be necessary to give the laurel annually to the current Fourth Year! Fifth Year Honors or Sec¬ ond Year might conceivably merit it! As for the Third Year or Ma¬ triculation, if one may judge from this year’s performance, the former will be a dangerous contestant for premier honors next year and the latter,—must study to make them¬ selves accredited. That is perhaps just exactly as it should be in the institution whose justified existence .. depends very fundamentally on its power to develop “competency and taste.”—A.L.P. Here’s to my friend the Hindoo, He does the best he kindoo. He sticks to his caste from first to last, And for pants he makes the skindoo. Why did you give up the pipe organ lessons?” “I felt so bally foolish playing with my feet.” vox 17 Greek Classic Drama: Its Origin and Development By George D. Vlassis Literature is the rich treasure of the past. It is the eternal reservoir of the dead. Through literature men know their contemporaries by knowing those who have passed, and learn about themselves by learning about the others. Rightly, then, the great linguist Marx Mul¬ ler said that the purpose of liter¬ ature, in its highest significance, is one only: to teach what man is, by teaching what man was. Among all the literature of the world the Greek literature is su¬ preme, and its knowledge has oc¬ cupied and still occupies the most prominent intellects of the human race. It was the Greek literature which dispersed the darkness of the Middle Ages, and for that not unjustly perhaps the great Greek scholar Buchios, a German profes¬ sor, speaking from his chair, de¬ clared that the ancient Greeks are the ancestors not only of the pres¬ ent-day Greeks, but the ancestors also of all civilized people. I do not mention the Latin literature because the Latin liter¬ ature was an imitation of the Greek, and the Romans were the pontifices” through whom the Greek civilization was transmitted. This is the explanation of the fact that the immortal monuments of the ancient Greeks are taught and studied, that the masterpieces of the Greek genius are not the cold reservoir of antiquated words, but the eternal teachers of the Beautiful, the True and the Good. And the Drama bears witness to that. Birth of Greek Drama The ancient Greek Poetry is divided into three great species: the Epic, the Lyric and the Drama. Of these the first, the Epic poetry, represents the exterior world, the Lyric poetry the inner world. The Epic poet on the one hand narrates the words and actions of acting persons, neither expressing his own sentiments nor moralizing upon the human lot. The Lyric poet on the other hand presupposes that he knows the outside world, makes known with pathos the re¬ action of the inner world towards the external. The Epic belongs to the past, the Lyric especially to the present and the future. From the union, the fusion of the Epic and the Lyric poetry, the Drama was born. In the Drama the dialogue belongs to the Epic, and the chorus to the Lyric poetry. But thi s union of the two poetical species came about without design, and in a natural way. The origin of the Greek Drama is very obscure. It seems, however, to have originated in the songs sung in honor of the wine god, Dionysus or Bachus. This song was the Dithyramb which was a kind of poetry cultivated among the Dorian Lyric poets and later by the Attic poets. Its principal theme was the birth of Bacchus. It was a song addressed to Diony¬ sus, and was inspired by wine. This Dithyramb was sung dur¬ ing the festival of Dionysus, the Lenaea or the Feast of the Wine¬ press, in January. This festival was kept in the country in the vil¬ lages of Attice. The Dithyramb was also sung at the city Dionysis. 18 VOX Festival of Dionysus Imagine, then, the people of an Attic village gathered together to keep the Vintage Feast of Biony- sus. There is an altar of wood. Rustic singers gather around it to sing a hymn in honor of the god, relating some of his well known adventures. Story tells that Dio¬ nysus was accompanied in his wan¬ derings by certain beings, the sa¬ tyrs, with long-pointed ears, snub noses and goats’ tails. It would be natural for the rustic worship¬ pers to feign that they themselves were such satyrs. And then, in their yearning to imagine his deeds more vividly, another step would be taken. The leader of the chorus would enact the character of Dio¬ nysus himself, or of a messenger from him. He would relate some exploit of the god, or some danger which the god had gone through. The chorus would then express in song the feelings which the recital awakened. Here then we should have the first germ of the Drama. The first name to be connected with the Greek Drama is Arion, who lived at the court of Perian- der, the tyrant of Corinth. Arion, about 600 B.C., trained a chorus of 50 men to sing around an altar. The members of the chrous were called Tragoi, or goats. Hence the song they sang was Tragodia or goat song, from which comes the English word tragedy. The next name is Thespis of Icaria, 580 B.C. He did much to improve the Dithyrambic isongs. He introduced an actor who car¬ ried on a dialogue with the leader of the chorus, between the Lyric portions of the Dithyramb. The name given to this actor was Ypo- kritis or answerer. After Thespis the next step in advance in the development of the Greek Drama was made by Phry- nichus. The most striking innova¬ tion of Phrynichus was the intro¬ duction of a female character. There was still only one actor, but this actor might now be costumed as a woman. The Great Tragedians The naxt name in the history of the Drama is that of Aeschylus, the first of the three great tragic poets of Greece. Aechylus was born at Eleusis in Attica, in 525, and died in Sicily, 456 B.C. Aeschylus employed a second actor, thus making possible to carry on a dialogue without the help of the chorus. Later Sopho¬ cles introduced a third actor, and Aeschylus employed three actors in his later dramas. But the number of actors never exceeded the three in Greek Tragedy. Furthermore, Aeschylus did much more to improve the appear¬ ance of a play on the stage by in¬ troducing the tragic mask, the high-soled boots and the flowing costumes. The next name connected with the Greek Drama is that of Sopho¬ cles, 496-405. He made distinct im¬ provements in adding the third actor and increasing the number of the chorus from twelve to fifteen. Under him also the choral odes were shorter. Painted scenery is also attributed to Sophocles, but it is doubtful whether he introduced it or merely improved upon that used by Aeschylus. The last of the three great poets is Euripides, 480-406 B.C. Euri¬ pides found the Drama already fully developed and therefore made no change in its outward form. But in the treatment of his charac- vox 19 ters, and in the nature of his plots, he differed much from his two great predecessors. Among his contemporaries the tragedies of Euripides were not generally popular. This is attested by the small number of victories he won. Very likely this unpopu¬ larity is to be accounted for by the fact that the peoples of that time were not ready for the realism of his plays. They preferred the lofty poetical language and the ideal characters of Sophocles to the every-day language and more real characters of Euripides. Aristotle tells a story to the effect that So¬ phocles once said that he made men as they ought to be, and Euri¬ pides as they were. This describes well the difference between the two poets. After the death of Euripides Greek Tragedy declined. At Ath¬ ens, during the 5th century, there had been other tragic poets besides the three great masters, and some¬ times one of these less known poets won a victory over his most fam¬ ous rivals, but none of them were writers of the first rank, and their works have perished. The same is true of the tragic poets of the 4th century. In the third century there was a revival of Tragedy and for a time it flourished at Alexan¬ dra, but after this its decline was rapid and cannot be easily traced. This, then, is how Tragedy de¬ veloped from a rude Dithvrambic song to the masterpieces of the great dramatists. And now let us visit the place in which these fully developed tragedies were performed and how they were performed. The Tragedies were performed during the festival of Dionysus, the Lensea or Vine Festival at the city Dionysia and at the theatre of Dionysus, in Athens. The Theatre The theater of Dionysus at Athens during the 6th century con¬ sisted of a round dancing place, the Orchestra and the Thymele or Al¬ ter, in the center of Orchestra, for sacrifices to the god. There was no stage. During the 5th century a green room was provided for changes of dress, the tent of Skene (modern English tent) which was used as the background of the play. All these, like the seats of the spectators, were apparently of wood and were constructed for temporary use only, until in the 4th century Lucourgus built a scene of stone and erected stone seats for the spectators. There is a dispute whether there was a raised stage before the pro- scepium for the actors or were they on the same level as the chorus in the Orchestra. From my own local observations, I am rather inclined to believe that there was a raised stage. Competition and Judges The poet who wished to bring out a play sent in his application to the Archon. The plays offered for exhibition were carefully ex¬ amined by the Archon, who pro¬ ceeded to select from among the various applicants the three best poets, and afterwards to assign the choruses. The number of Judges for a Comedy were five, for a Tragedy probably the same. The selection of Judges was an elaborate affair, consisting of a combination of two principles, that of the election by a vote, and that of the appointment by lot. A large preliminary list of Judges was first elected by vote. At the beginning of the contest a second list of the Judges was chosen 20 VOX by lot from the first one. At the end of the contest a third list of five Judges was selected by lot from the second list and these five Judges decided the result of the compe¬ tition. The object of this elabor¬ ate scheme of the election of Judges was to avoid a prejudiced decision on the part of the Judges, although many a time the audience had the deciding vote. During the Dionysia Greeks from all parts of the then known world flocked into the city of Athens, and thus the audience was cosmopolitan in appearance. Actors, Chorus and Costumes The chorus, usually of fifteen, was chosen by the Choregus, any prominent and wealthy citizen who would undertake to meet the cost of the wages, training and cos¬ tumes of the chorus. They per¬ formed in the orchestra. The ac¬ tors, hired by the State, performed on the stage. The number of actors never ex¬ ceeded three, but each actor, owing to the fact that he wore a mask, could take more than one part. There was no limitation to the number of mute and subordinate characters which might be intro¬ duced at any time upon the stage. The only restriction was that no more than three of the more pro¬ minent characters could take part in the dialogue in the course of the same scene. The dress of the actors, always entirely distinct from that of the chorus, was similar to that of or¬ dinary life, but more dignified and flowing. The garments were dyed in every variety of brilliant color. The bulk of the actor was in¬ creased by padding his chest and limbs, and placing hugh wooden soles under his feet. Masks were employed in which every feature was exaggerated, to give super¬ human dignity and terror to the expression. In the earliest period of the Greek drama the chorus, chosen from the general body of citizens, was the sole performer. Gradually it began to dwindle in importance until at length either disappeared altogether, or sank to the position of the band in a modern theatre. Originally the principal part of the training was done by the poet himself. He was assisted by a sub¬ ordinate who looked after the rou¬ tine work and was called Hypodi- daskalos. But towards the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century, a class of men came into existence who made choral in¬ struction their regular business. These professional teachers were paid by the Choregus. When the contest was ended and the decision of the Judges pro¬ nounced, the names of the victori¬ ous poet and of his Choregus were publicly proclaimed by the herald, and they were crowned with gar¬ lands of ivy in the presence of the spectators. As to the rewards for the poets, the tradition was that in the earli¬ est times the prize for Tragedy was a goat, and the prize for Comedy a basket of figs and a jar of wine. Later, when the dramatic con¬ tests were organized, each of the competing poets received payment of money from the State. The value of these prizes is un¬ known. It is apparent, however, that the rewards were sufficiently large to cover the expenses of the old dramatists, who had not only to write the plays, but also to sup¬ erintend their production. (Continued on page 59) vox 21 Young Manitoba Lurking somewhere in these halls there may be a future premier of Manitoba, not to mention a host of prospective cabinet ministers. For their sakes as well as our own, for we are all Young Manitobans, we should like to point out a few facts which suggest that we have a job on our hands. In the first place, it is distressing to find that a man, or men, in high public office in Manitoba may have their integrity assailed on evidence which is confessedly too slight to admit of such charges in private life. Thus we have, in Manitoba, the paradox that the more neces¬ sary and vital one ' s reputation may be to a successful career, the more lightly may it be impugned. If Manitoba is to have in its public life men of culture and ideals, who value their good name, then this must be changed. There must be no lower standard when one is “speaking politically.” And, let Young Manitoba say, the best and and indeed only final assurance of honest government in Manitoba, or anywhere, is the value placed upon personal honor and integrity by the men who are in the business of gov¬ ernment. There are other things which concern us Young Manitobans. We want to know if ever we can escape from the sinister influences which may arise from the custom of all parties (with the possible exception of Labor) accepting se¬ cret gifts from interested corpora¬ tions. In the case which is at pres¬ ent so notorious, we do not know what the influence of these contri¬ butions may have been. But we want no such ready way of cor¬ ruption to remain open. We do not believe that it adds to the dig¬ nity and soundness of public life in Manitoba. It is an incubus which works in the dark, and may brood foully. Because we value our democratic institutions and the liberties which our fathers won for us, we young Manitobans are going to ask if any man will dare to tell us that the ancient dignities and salutary rights of our elected representative body are to be measured by a few dollars, or tens of dollars, gained per horse or any other power, on a commer¬ cial contract. Young Manitobans believe that what has been so dearly bought should not be lightly bar¬ tered. If bureaucracy, even if it is financially thrifty, is going to re¬ fuse to minorities the right of ob¬ taining information and the oppor¬ tunity to discuss important public measures, then young Manitoba is going to check bureaucratic ten¬ dencies. Young Manitobans are idealistic (we confess it), and we desire to be practical. Hence, believing it is bad both ideally and practically, we deplore the mistaken notions or doubtful ethics which could lead cabinet ministers, who are con¬ cerned with the disposition of pub¬ lic measures, to involve themselves in personal interests which might prejudice their action. Scripture to the contrary, we cannot prevent our left hand from knowing what our right is doing. Let it be said, how¬ ever, that we are hopeful that henceforth this difficult maxim will not be attempted by our public men. Among us young Manitobans there are those who believe that it is of more advantage to conserve 22 VOX the good of the past than to risk the new and untried project. But we are all one in deploring an un¬ utterably low standard of political mentality which could permit a member of the elected body to see what he believed to be flagrant cor¬ ruption and fail to make it known to the House. Young Manitobans do not want in public life a man, or a group of men (whatever.their political name may be), who could see a money cheque in the hands of a member, be convinced that it was a bribe, and not rise to defend the dignity and honor of the House. That they should use this knowledge equivocally four years later is no palliation of such con¬ duct. We had not believed that such a silence was possible to men who are in the British tradition, and have gained a measure of public confidence. Be that as it may, young Manitobans will be jealous of the honor and integrity of our representative body. Were we hon¬ estly convinced that such gross bribery was taking place, we would at all costs vindicate the ancient dig¬ nity and honesty of the House. To behave otherwise would be suicidal, for government by the people can¬ not live under such conditions. Also, we young Manitobans de¬ plore the mentality which could cause an elected representative to speak of bribery being used to “sweeten” the members of the House. O tempora, O mores! to regard bribery as a “sweetening” process! Besides the conservatores among us, there are radicals—idealists, not unpractical, whose faces are set to¬ wards the future. They believe that their program of social good will be achieved by a steady ad¬ vance, and by a realism in the fac¬ ing of issues. Some of these rad¬ icals will be thoroughly against capitalism, just as keenly as some of us are against socialism. But all we young Manitobans are agreed that if we are avowedly opposed to some economic or social institution, we will retain our integrity as thinkers and advocates, and not try to make private gain out of a sys¬ tem which we publicly oppose. It is fairly clear to us that pub¬ lic life in Manitoba is at present not very healthy. It is suffering from the threefold evil of great oppor¬ tunism, low mentality, and doc¬ trinaire myopia. There is some health still, we believe, in the body politic. It is not, however, mens sana in corpore sano. Here, then, is one of our jobs as young Mani¬ tobans. Unless the job is done, we must not complain if it becomes in¬ creasingly difficult for our best men to turn to politics as an honorable —and honest—career. But in any case, be they high or low, we shall have the men we deserve. DRAMATIC ACTIVITIES United Colleges Dramatic So¬ ciety is to be congratulated upon its splendid offerings on March 1 8 and 19 last, when appreciative houses enjoyed: “Brothers in Arms,” by Merrill Denison; producer, Mrs. Pyper. Caste: Nora Maunders, W. Conly, S. McLeod, D. Phillips. “The Shadow of Peter,” by Harry Green; producer, Mr. Eg- gertson. Caste: Eleanor McCurdy, W. Harland, J. McKidd. “How He Lied to Her Hus¬ band,” by G. B. Shaw; producer. Mr. Jarman. Caste: Phyllis Cates, J. Howlett, G. Punter. vox 23 A Lyric Poet of the West By T. deYong and B.T.R. It was with all the thrill of dis¬ covering a new poet that we read the selections from the work of Mrs. Christina Willey in the De¬ cember issue of the Canadian Book¬ man. She has been called “The Lyric Voice of the West,” and her poems bear abundant witness to a rich lyric quality. As far as we can ascertain, Mrs. Willey is a native of England, though now living at Bredenbury, Saskatchewan. Much of her verse testifies to her Western outlook, but her gift is not shackled to themes of merely local interest. “The Wanderer” strikes a univer¬ sal note, that of the haunting spirit of age mingled with the com¬ pensations of memory. Its theme is the memory of beautiful Helen of Troy and closes with these verses: I think I journeyed to the outer seas, I think I saw the thundering waters fall Across the very edges of the world. I knew the Great Ones. I forget them all. I have lived much but worn and aged am I. Oh, Stranger! if but once my living eyes Could see the tall towers rise Across that plain, I should be young again. I dream. Tall Troy is down; But wind-blown ashes is the mighty town, And I have lost fair Helen many years. Who am If I forget. I only knew That Time has robbed me even of my tears, That all my songs are sung. Perhaps I was that Paris, as men say, Wearied I am, and old and lost, and grey, But once I loved Gold Helen, and was young. She is successful, also, we think, with her delicate fairy-poems, rem¬ iniscent of childhood. However, the greater number of Mrs. Willey’s poems are Western lyrics. She re¬ cords the conflict in the newcomer’s heart of the demands of the Old Land and the awakening love for the New. She has an artist’s skill with words and records in marvel¬ lous fashion the true beauty of the Prairies. I wonder, can the prairie-born forget The far-off bluff-gap with the marking blaze, The evening wood-smoke when the grass is wet. The river valley blue with bush-fire haze, The badger earth, the fox den on the hill. The rare, sad, ghostly evening whip-poor-will? The gopher, praying hands on vel¬ vet breast, Alert, inquisitive, a prairie clown. The great cranes, flying black against the west, Beauty’s own shadow, as the sun goes down, Green poplar-mist, the miracles of May, The vibrant sun-drenched Western summer day? There is an underlying poign¬ ancy in the following which is 24 VOX probably echoed in many a heart on the Western plains: Oh, tuho am I to dream of swing¬ ing ships, Of hrown-sailed fishers beating in with dawn? But I have tasted spray upon my lips, Have loved rough weather, I am island-born. Ah, that grim headland and that gracious bay Are half a world and half a life away. She describes how her allegiance is torn between her adopted and and her native land in ‘‘Hearth Fires”: The river gods of all the world nod wise wet heads and say — Who drinketh of my waters I will call him back some day —- And that perhaps is how indeed the happy strife began, The Thames beneath the Cliveden Woods—the great Saskatche¬ wan. And who has not seen a Canadian summer like this?: Slow lazy days of breathless heat, Piled thunder-heads and slanting rain, Cloud-shadows sailing o’er the wheat, Suns that but set to rise again, The sudden fire-fly’s fairy light, Shrill castanets of of frogs at night, Oh, life, ’ Tis summer in Saskatchewan! The men of Hudson’s Bay Com¬ pany provide the theme for a stir¬ ring song, which sounds out the sturdy tread of a pioneer band: We took the man from London T own, We lured the lad from Liver¬ pool, From distant Isle and heather brown The Celt came West, and made our rule. We never knew the townsmen’s fears, Ho, Ho, we were the pioneers! We went by rivers, wild, un¬ known, We made the trails for men to tread, By lakes seen by the loon alone We built our fire and made our bed. There, where the Dancing Light appears, Ho, Ho, we were the pioneers! In printing a number of Mrs. Willey’s poems in the Annual Poetry Number of December, the Canadian Bookman announced that her collected poems will be published in book form, which will make them available to all. Are the problems of peace too great for us? Where are we to find the spiritual elan and vitality so that by a concerted effort some means can be taken to solve our pressing political and economic problems. Will the church give us a lead? It may head a subscription list, and urge personal giving, but how about the finding and curing of the sources of social evil? The energy, devotedness and economic sacrifice involved in one battle of the Great War would go far to make over the world. ‘‘Peace hath her victories No less renowned than war:” but, we suspect, they are a great deal more difficult of achievement! vox 25 Our Senior Stick-Elect When the student body of Unit¬ ed Colleges elected Mark A. Tal- nicoff as their Senior Stick for 1920-30, they added another laurel to a splendid collection which Mark carries so unassumingly. MARK A. TALNICOFF Mark is a late Victorian, and first became vocal in the great wheat belt, not of Canada, but of Russia. When still a wee toddler this young hopeful emigrated with his parents to the U.S., where they helped to swell the sociologists’ figures of the foreign-born population in Phila¬ delphia. Happily, however, they found their way to Winnipeg in 1913. Mark seems to have retained a wan¬ derlust, and in 1917 went over to England with the Cameron High¬ landers, no doubt as Private Mac- talnicoff! He returned to Winni¬ peg, worked in an office, and in 1924 went to Brandon College, where he matriculated, with a Gov¬ ernor-General ' s award. There he was active in debating and Boy Scout work, and indeed continues these interests. As is well known, Mark is President of Debating in United this year, and has recently taken charge of a Boy Scout patrol of one. Mark has shown himself worthy of our trust by his efficient work in debating, Vox, and as Secretary of the Student Council. We look for¬ ward confidently to a year in which his energy, idealism and quiet com¬ petence will distinguish his leader¬ ship and make its influence f.elt in all student activities. Grace Gordon Grace Gordon, Lady Stick-Elect, was born at Souris, Manitoba, sometime in the year 1909. When asked why she chose Souris as a birth-place, she replied that it was because she wanted to be near her mother. She is the daughter of Principal and Mrs. J. W. Gordon of the Manitou Normal School. As for her early training, we learn by devious methods that she matricu¬ lated with high honors from Mani¬ tou High School, and in grade XII won a scholarship for general pro¬ ficiency. Grace entered Wesley as a “knowing Sophomore” to join the ’30’s. Her class soon recog¬ nized her excellent executive abil¬ ity, for she was elected vice-presi¬ dent in her third year. She was also a member of the Dramatic Executive, vice-president of S.C.M. and vice-president of Co-eds. With 26 VOX MISS GRACE GORDON this store of experience, her gracious manners and her interest in all col¬ lege activities we feel sure that next year will be a bright one for the Wesley Co-eds under the guidance of Grace. New Book by Manitoba Professor Professor Chester Martin’s new book, “Empire and Common¬ wealth: Studies in Governance and Self-Government i n Canada,” which was recently published by the Clarendon Press, will prove of great interest to all students of Ca¬ nadian history and Imperial rela¬ tions. It should at once take its place with the best and most au¬ thoritative books on the subject, being a thorough and scholarly piece of work embodying the re¬ sults of Professor Martin’s re¬ searches for many years past. The more extended notice which it warrants will be forthcoming in a future number of Vox. Man may now see himself as others seem him, and hear himself as others hear him. But he is still spared the pain of thinking of him¬ self as others think of him. Desolation Standing on the headlong edge of Life, My soul swathed round in Stygian cloak, I call in frenzy down the corridors of Earth For any trace of Beauty, Love or Light. I strive to glimpse a single saving ray And vainly clutch a hulkless mass of lifeless chaff. Inwardly the mocking echoes ring. No answer whispers from the barren world; And all around a charnel solitude Matches a dread abyss within, While the blind planet hurtles onward in the gloom. ■ —B.T.R. vox 27 Monosyllables (“U” life as seen in Coll. Hum. —Ed. Note.) They say the Chink who rules the East Makes use of words that sound the least; But in our tongue we still can find No lack of words of that brief kind. Yea, for long words whose joints are six, Short can be found in each bad fix. Men have the con, the diph, the flu; The docs will make them good as new. We phone our ads to feed the Press, And next day find them in a mess; On that same page we pipe the news From Yanks and Japs, from states and stews; In lines of red or blocks of black We learn of all who jump the track; So, too, of czars and popes and kings We read the worst that each day brings, As bow in Rome the Chief Wop makes The rest eat dirt or pull up stakes. Small words will serve as well to show How we in class (and out) may go; At nine with sines and tans we play Or plot our graphs from day to day. At ten the profs may make us fume With Kant and Locke and Mill and Hume. Next hour, with hearts on fire, we grind At Bill the Bard, or John the Blind, Or Sam the dope fiend. One Lung Keats, Or lame Lord George with his bad feats. At twelve we damn the verbs of Gaul In words we should not use at all. At two we wipe the dust of time From kings and states and wars and crime. At three we read the tale of Troy In lines that lack the least of joy, Or curse at forms a noun might take W hen bards of Greece their pens might shake. While all day long our minds are set On skirts and hops and dates to get. For all our age is gone on girls With legs and teeth and smiles and curls. We buy them sweets and buds and drinks In hope to gain their smirks and winks; We fork out scads to feed their ears With jazz that jades us down the years; We throng the Met with hicks and coots To lamp the queens in one-piece suits; 28 VOX In dance halls crowd the hot young men Who long to fill their arms with hen; While sheiks in Fords will sigh full sore, And neck, and park, and neck some more. In art the girl is on the throne: We sculp her bust in brass and stone; We paint her face to feed our flame— She paints it first, we’re not to blame. And so at last I end my verse. I trust you grant long words are worse; For I’m quite sure the short are best For Chink in East and us in West. More than one sound is much too much: Sesquipedalia and such Seem desuetudinous to me In polysyllabicity. We are pleased to note that there is more advertising matter in this issue of Vox than in any issue dur¬ ing some years past. It seems to be an indication of Western pros¬ perity, of the keen business policy of our local houses, and of their confidence in the quality of the goods and services they offer. It is for Vox readers to give them a trial. Support your adver¬ tisers. See how they support you! The Exchange Editor acknowl¬ edges with thanks the following exchanges: The Gateway, The Ubyssey, The Brandon College Quill, The Trinity University Re¬ view, The Managra-. Commenting on the Manitoba debating team, the Ubyssey makes the following comprehensive re¬ port: “At this point in the pro¬ gram, Mr. Paul Murphy introduced the debating team from Manitoba. Both of its members, Mr. Richard¬ son and Mr. Saunderson, gave sam¬ ples of Manitoba wit”! Statisticians state that Canada’s national wealth is $2,525 per per¬ son. We would like to know when we can collect our share. “I never felt so put out in my life,” said the student as he read the letter from the Dean. iHikado SUPPER DANCE PARTIES vox 29 Immigration—A National Problem By Burton T. Richardson None of the national problems confronting Canada today are more important than the immigra¬ tion question. The number, qual¬ ity and condition of the popula¬ tion of the future has a vital sig¬ nificance for every Canadian prob¬ lem of major importance. There¬ fore, the question of our present immigration policy should be a prime consideration to every Cana¬ dian citizen. Our national policy in this matter should be recognized as one of the chief factors to be con¬ sidered relative to the question as to who we, as a Canadian race, will be in the future. Present Racial Composition Let us first answer the question of who we as Canadians are now, then let us consider what sort of a national stock we should wish to evolve for the future. It will in¬ clude some survey of some of Canada ' s needs in the matter of population, and then, and then only, shall be have reached an ade¬ quate basis on which to form an opinion of what Canada’s immi¬ gration policy should be. In the first place, the two pre¬ dominant racial stocks in Canada have always been, and still are, British and French. The last Do¬ minion census (1921) showed that these two stocks constitute about eighty-three percent, of the total population and that the remaining seventeen percent, are divided among thirty or more races. The question which naturally arises at this point is. How does the pres¬ ent policy of Canada in this mat¬ ter act to preserve this dominant strain? A brief glance at the latest available statistics on immigration shows that for the first eight months of the fiscal year of 1928 British and U.S. immigrants (the latter being largely of British an¬ cestry) constituted about fifty- three percent, of the total. Added to this we have the assurance of Mr. Forke, speaking in Brandon a few weeks ago, that his policy for the coming year will be that of closer adherence to the principle of British preference. Therefore, as far as the immediate considerations of the problem are concerned, if we consider that the present mix¬ ture of population is satisfactory, it is being maintained by the present policy. Desirable Immigrants Let us then consider the quali¬ ties and characteristics of the type of immigrant which we consider desirable and satisfactory for Can¬ ada. What must he be, what must he possess in order to conform to our standard as an eligible new¬ comer to our country? The first obvious consideration is that he must conform to a high physical and mental standard. This is the first criterion which should oper¬ ate in our immigration policy, for no one will deny that our citizens of tomorrow require strong phy¬ siques and firm mentalities. Other criteria which, I believe, should op¬ erate in this matter, and which are not mentioned very often in an im¬ migration discussion, are those which may be termed moral, social, industrial, political, even aesthetic. These aspects of the question, if considered, will take account of ele¬ ments of our national life which are perhaps better controlled by an guide in the matter of selection and 30 VOX preference of immigrants. Before intelligent preference exercised through orders-in-council rather than a rigid legislative enactment. Our present government policy rec¬ ognizes, of course, the rigid exclu¬ sion of moral degenerates, lunatics, convicted criminals, and the like. Canada’s Needs The needs of Canada in the mat¬ ter of immigration can only be suggested here by a brief considera¬ tion of fundamental economic prin¬ ciples. Canada is in the process of industrial development. What fac¬ tors, then, we may ask, are neces¬ sary for progress in a country in this process of development? hirst of ail, great natural resources are needed, and there is no doubt about Nature’s bounty in Canada. Then there is the matter of capital. In passing, we should recognize that there are restrictions and limitations to the flow of capital to our devel¬ oping industries. But, if the op¬ portunity is here, the money mar¬ kets of the world will pour the vitalizing flow of capital into our country, just as surely as water will flow downhill. Finally, what about the Labor element in our industrial life? Labor, just like capital, when considered as an economic factor, is governed by economic laws, and if available in the world at all, it will be supplied to our industrial needs. This does not in the least suppose that we must take all and everyone who comes along, for we shall always retain the right to ex¬ clude “undesirable s,” I hope, and through proper selection, and by the exercise of an intelligent pref¬ erence, we shall admit those immi¬ grants which we deem “desirable.” Principles of Preference In conclusion, then let us con¬ sider what principles operate. The Open Door policy is untenable for many reasons, some of which will undoubtedly suggest themselves to the reader at once. Nor would a general and absolute prohibition of immigration find many supporters among those who have intelligent¬ ly considered the needs of our coun¬ try. A quota system, after the style of the United States, might be proposed. Yet, on reflection, the vital factors of the problem will be seen to be beyond the scope of a policy based on mere numbers and percentages. Thus finally the principle of Preference based on sound standards offers an acceptable policy. In general terms we prefer peo¬ ple like ourselves, for there is a great underlying fear in the public mind against mingling racial stocks which cannot be assimilated into our national life, and the fear is quite justified. The more indissol¬ uble the ingredients of the national melange are, the more acute are the resultant national problems, such as, congestion in the foreign quar¬ ters of our large cities, disruption of industry, political unrest, and so¬ cial upheaval. These are real dan¬ gers which lurk near at hand for us, and as such cannot be ignored. Also, like rational and intelligent citizens, we should recognize the vital needs of Canada in the matter of immigration. The logical course of action for us to pursue, then, is to exercise our preference so that the needs may be met, and all avoidable dangers may be avoided. The ultimate criterion by which the immigrant should be measured is that he should be a potential citi¬ zen for Canada, one who will fit into our national life, serve our na¬ tional ideals, and help us achieve our national destiny. vox 31 Bibliothecal Felicities With Apologies to Addison I know of nothing more typical of the advance in civilization which has been made in our own day and generation, than is manifest by our maintenance of places for the fix¬ ing of social standards and rela¬ tions. One reads with interest of the custom of the ancients who, for the exchange of discourse and com¬ ment upon topics of the day, were wont to frequent artificial baths, or swimming pools. At a much later period of the world’s develop¬ ment, the wits, philosophers, and, in general, men of ambition, con¬ gregated at the royal courts for the purpose of showing their parts, and of obtaining such information as was then of great moment. I shall not further presume upon my read¬ er’s indulgence than by venturing to recall to his memory the epoch of that Mr. Joseph Addison, whose skill in the art of writing many young persons of our time would fain still imitate: and in whose pe¬ riod the public coffee house was the scene of much beneficial as well as frivolous intercourse. As I was yesterday perusing an edition of the Encyclopaedia Britan- nica, which volumes are to be found only in our larger and more copious libraries, I was arrested in my reading by the entrance of a number of young people, of whom, a young lady and gentleman were so amiably disposed as to take up a position in the seats quite near to my right hand. Whereupon they immediately engaged themselves in what I first esteemed to be an inti¬ mate exchange of confidences, but which I have later identified in a much broader and more compre¬ hensive character. Of all discour¬ tesies, least wishing to be guilty of that practice commonly known as eaves-dropping, I was at great pains to alter my situation to a more re¬ mote section of the chamber. Upon my so doing, however, I was not a little dismayed and astonished to behold the couple follow my exam¬ ple and again occupy the adjoining seat. For my own part, it was of the utmost importance that I should obtain certain information from the records of the volume previous¬ ly mentioned which I was in need of, for a paper requested of me by a department of the Wesley Col¬ lege. But as the parchment was not one of those which may be re¬ moved from the apartment, I de¬ termined to pursue my reading as best I might. Whilst I was thus engaged, and in spite of my faithful endeavor to concentrate my faculties complete¬ ly upon the matter before me, I could not do otherwise than pay heed to certain parts of my com¬ panions’ conversation. I hope,” says the young man, leaning far over the table and gaz¬ ing into the eyes of the maiden (whose orbs I afterwards remarked to be of a robin’s-egg blue), “I hope, Miss Lucy, you will not con¬ sider me to be sentimental, for then my words could but fall lightly upon your ears.” To which en¬ treaty our coy damoiselle replied by a most becoming and graceful lowering of the eyelashes, accom¬ panied by such a dainty and pretty confusion! “But do you know,” continues he, “that when I first saw you at that little informal affair, I 32 VOX was struck by, and have ever since retained the memory of, your eyes.” From the above simple instance of events that are today of common occurrence, it is quite evident that our libraries have taken an unprece¬ dented place in the development and revealing of humanity’s social distinctions and conceits; and one which cannot be rivalled in its ad¬ vantages by any of the institutions of the past; since in none of them was the oftentimes indifferent, or timorous spectator compelled through his own necessity, to ob¬ serve and appreciate these, the arti¬ fices, the very “nosegays of flirta¬ tion,” in which youth so delights. —C.B. The Old Front Door Through me men gon un-to the Welle of Grace Wher grene and luslie May shal ever endure; This is the wey to al good aventure; Be glad, thow reder and thy sorwe of-caste, Al open am I, pas in and speed thee fastel ■ —Chaucer. vox 33 Ballad to a Bluebottle’s Eyes (Realistic description of a Freshman’s mind on the night before exami¬ nation in one of those “review courses’’ provided by the English Dept.) Ten thousand times ten thousand, Dead Caesar ' s turned to clay. An hour to play and the match to win, Her name was Lucy Gray. Then up spake brave Horatius, The darling of our crew: “There’s more in this than meets the eye,” Said he: “The same to you!” O sharper than a serpent’s tooth. Is man’s ingratitude; For now the die is cast upon The waters dark and rude. The glories of our blood and State, Doth make man better be; They also serve who stand and wait Upon the Nancy Lee. “Oh, daddy, don’t go down the mine. Until the road is clear, And the roll is called up yonder For Lady Vere de Vere.” Kind hearts are more than coronets, This glorious first of June; O come unto these yellow sands And dance a rigadoon. We buried him darkly at dead of night, Tom Pearce’s old grey mare, And added to the dynamite An Universal Prayer. O land of hope and glory, Let’s all go down the Strand; From the field of his fame fresh and gory, Oh! wouldn’t it be grand. If all the world were paper. The moving finger writes, My head is bloody but unbowed And so was Aphrodite’s! —Rag Rag. 34 VOX “Why I am a Theologue” It was a pleasant Saturday morning in a summer of the nine¬ teen twenties. The preacher had risen early in order to spend a few quiet hours in sermon preparation. He did not relish the task, for the preceding week had brought him many disappointments. There had been a temporary split in the La¬ dies’ Aid Society, the missionary campaign had been a partial failure, and the Session had objected to cer¬ tain features of the evening services which he had introduced in order to interest the young people. As he sat and thought of these things there came to him the ques¬ tion: ‘‘Why did I enter the min¬ istry?” It was a challenge to him. He could not preach on Sunday without satisfying the demands of his reason. Why did I enter the ministry? he repeated to himself. Partly be¬ cause of my early training and en¬ vironment. I came from a home where a truly religious atmosphere was predominant, and where the Christian ministry was held up be the greatest task and opportu¬ nity in the world. The desire to enter the ministry did not come to me with the shock of a great de¬ cision. The goal of my education was set for me naturally and gradu¬ ally. I grew up into the idea. But this cannot fully explain There came a time in my life when a voluntary step had to be made towards the consummation of the ideal that had been implanted in me through home influence. Why did I take that step? First, because I realized that the Christian ministry would keep me in intimate touch with mankind. I knew that I would have to learn to study people, to work with them, and to lead them. Now, I am sincerely interested in my fel¬ low men. Therefore, the ministry appealed to me. Second, because the survey of my capabilities revealed the fact that my contribution to the world could best be made through this channel of service. Third, because the Christian ministry provides me with one of the finest opportunities of helping others, both socially and religious¬ ly. Through the worship services I can bring them into closer touch with the source of my power and strength—God. Through-my lead¬ ership in the community I can help them to grasp better the value of adequate recreation, good housing Conditions, co-operation in busi¬ ness, and the social factors. I have not an easy task to per¬ form, but by the grace of God I shall carry on, confident that I am tackling one of the greatest prob¬ lems in the world, that of getting people to work together for our social and moral improvement. That is why I am a Theologue! —Scaevola. SOCIETY NOTE On Saturday last the Under¬ graduate Co-eds entertained the girls of the graduating class to a charming aeroplane tea. Mrs. Rid¬ dell and Mrs. Baird (alias Mrs. J. N. Anderson) presided at the tea- urns. Our society sleuth has been put on the case and hopes to un¬ ravel the mystery. The most pro¬ mising theory so far is that of mis¬ taken identiy. vox 35 “Why I am Not a Theologue” By Mark A. “Yes, I have considered the Min¬ istry as a possible vocation for my life. Frankly speaking, I have been unable to overcome the objec¬ tions that have arisen in my mind.” “The Ministry? No, I haven’t thought seriously of it. In fact it holds no appeal for me.” “What! Be a parson? No sir, that is no job for a man.” The question I put to these col¬ lege students is obvious and the answers I received were frank—- sometimes brutally frank. The men I spoke to were of a fine type, capable of doing splendid work in some field of service. Some were sons of clergymen, and had spent all their lives in homes where the religious spirit was manifested. The answers given me constitute some of the reasons why more students do not enter the ministry. And as I delved into and pondered over their remarks I realized that some of the decisions must have been reached after a real mental struggle and were not the outcome of haste or indifference. On the other hand, there remained in my mind a lin¬ gering suspicion that many of the students failed to grasp the su¬ preme motive that constrains men to enter a profession which is so widely misunderstood and abused by friend and foe. This article does not attempt to answer the objections or offer any solutions to the problems discussed. I merely state the reasons as they were given to me by various men in our own college . Cost of Preparation This is the reply of one young man: “When I attempted to solve the problem of my life’s work I weighed several professions care- Talnicoff fully. I considered medicine, law, engineering, teaching from the standpoint of financial remunera¬ tion to repay me for the years spent in preparation, also the social position and the chances of ad¬ vancement each offered. I must ad¬ mit that the ministry was perma¬ nently shelved by me as not worthy of consideration. Somehow it seems to be outside of our thinking when we plan our life’s vocation. You must admit that the other professions are more attractive in these modern times.” So this young man did not even list the ministry as a possibility. In the uplifting of other professions the ministry seems to have fallen in the estima¬ tion of the young men of the present generation. Mystical Call” Another student said: “I have always associated the work of the clergyman with some mysterious, supernatural ‘call’ without which no man should undertake the work. Our pastor related for our benefit the wonderful experience he had during which he heard a voice urging him to go out for the Master. Others have told me of this ‘call’ they received and as I have not experienced it, how do I know that the Divine Being de¬ sires my services?” And so this splendid young man, not inclined in any way towards mysticism, felt himself outside the possibility of service in the ministry because someone had drilled into him this theory of a supernatural voice issuing a call during some mysteri¬ ous experience. I (endeavored to point out to him that every op¬ portunity to serve mankind is a call as well as the urge within him 36 VOX that prompts him to do kind deeds, but he smiled and said: “So you say, but I know a fellow who was actually asked by an Examining Board when and where he heard the call and was subjected to much criticism because he could not tell them.” “I am not prepared to make the sacrifice that the work of a clergy¬ man demands,” stated another young man. He said he under¬ stood that a pastor’s job meant more than two sermons on Sunday. His life would have to blend well into the things he preached and certain pleasures and practices would have to be avoided. Beside all these things the abuse and severity of fellow-men is so cen¬ tered on the minister that he felt he could not stand it. Therefore, rather than enter upon this sacred work and quit later he was study¬ ing with the view to teaching. I will not endeavor to trace to its source the belief that the work of a preacher is not for red-blooded men, but only fit for weak effem¬ inate creatures who gossip over a cup of tea at a Ladies’ Aid meet¬ ing. That this opinion exists will not come as a shock to anyone and perhaps if we were to trace it to its source clergymen would not be immune from blame. These re¬ marks I have made were prompted by a blunt statement made by a young man in answer to my ques¬ tion as to why he did not enter the ministry. He said quickly: “It isn’t a job for a man.” He did not see in the profession a call to the strength, courage, manliness and indomintable will that would be required from a rugby player. He considered a lawyer, doctor, professor, an engineer to be a man but a minister was engaged in that work because he wasn’t fit for any other. Financial Difficulties Another student defended his re¬ jection of the profession on the basis of insufficient salary. He claimed that the general attitude is that it is a sin for a minister to mention his salary. If a doctor sends in his bill it is considered to be a legitimate claim for services rendered, but when a pastor meekly asks for back salary he is a mercen¬ ary creature only in the business for the sake of the money he can make. “So,” he said, “many min¬ isters are unable to purchase neces¬ sary books and periodicals or even dress decently. They are not able to educate their children properly without severe sacrifices elsewhere. The educated man of today re¬ gards the education of his children as an absolute necessity and his failure to secure it for them as a great wrong. If I enter the minis¬ try I take a chance of committing that wrong. The pastor must ac¬ cept the wages his parishioners often bestow with a grudge, and at times he suffers the loss of self- respect as he caters to some pew in mortal fear of losing a wealthy contributor. No, I do not wish to enter a profession in which I will depend solely on the good-will of a congregation for my existence.” Lack of Intellectual Freedom You may claim that some of these reasons prove the men to be unfit for the ministry. But what of the man who knows the de¬ mands for sacrifice and courage, who does not dwell on the meagre salary of the pastor, and is willing to stand the so-called inconveni¬ ences of a pastor’s life and yet re¬ jects the profession. I said to such (Continued on page 64) vox 37 English Club Activities Some thirty English students of the Senior Division enjoyed the hospitality of Prof, and Mrs. A. L. Phelps, which is one of the most valued privileges of membership in the Wesley College English Club. The enjoyment of two meetings was contributed to by Mr. W. Bridges Adams, director of the Stratford - on - Avon Shakespeare Memorial Theater, who enter¬ tained the gathering with a delight¬ ful causerie on the production of Shakespeare’s plays; and Mr. J. W. Dafoe, Editor of the Free Press, who spoke on Political Journal¬ ism,” lending a piquant flavor to his subject by anecdotes drawn from personal experience. Varied topics have been dealt with by members of the Club, from French, Greek and English litera¬ ture. Doris Hunt read a compre¬ hensive paper on Anatole France.” George Vlassis contributed a fine account of The Origin and Devel¬ opment of the Classical Drama.” David Owens gave an informative and thoroughly interesting paper on H. G. Wells.” Burton Rich¬ ardson treated his subject, John Stuart Mill,” in an admirable man¬ ner, opening up several channels of lively discussion. We also anticipate a pleasant evening at our next meeting, when Miss Eunice Bennett will take as her subject Behaviorism.” Nurse (to professor)—Profes¬ sor, a boy has arrived. Professor (absent-mindedly) — Ask him what he wants. Prof.—Order, please! Sleepy voice from back of room —One hot beef sandwich! A Gracious Act One of the last acts of Dr. Spar¬ ling, about fifteen years ago, was to originate a movement to raise an endowment fund for Wesley College. It was to reach $250,000, and would put the College on a financial basis commensurate with its liabilities and opportunities. Dr. Sparling was able to obtain a long list of subscriptions, but unfortu¬ nately his death interrupted their collection. A number of subscribers made good their promise, and among those was the late Sir John C. Eaton. Unfortunately, however, many allowed their promise to lapse, and the endowment fund still lacks the proportions necessary to achieve its purpose. Desiring to remember its bene¬ factors, two years ago the College instituted a number of scholarships named after men who had been outstanding in their relation to the College as educationists and finan¬ cial benefactors. Among these was the late Sir John C. Eaton. Recently Lady Eaton has done a gracious thing in setting aside, through the College administra¬ tion, an amount of money whose interest will ensure the yearly pay¬ ment of the scholarship. It is very fitting that the name of a gentleman renowned for busi¬ ness and personal integrity, as well as for practical philanthropy, should be perpetuated in this way. It is a monument more enduring than bronze, and it bears witness in a realm where efficiency and char¬ acter are the uppermost values. The student body of Wesley College desires to express its appre¬ ciation of a gracious act. 38 V O X The International Affairs Group Under the able and enthusiastic leadership of Dr. Louis Moffit this student activity has been the occa¬ sion of much “sweetness and light,” at times even heat, in the comprehension and understanding of complex and yet vital present- day foreign problems. For two years this group has met and in in¬ formal but serious debate tried to thresh out some of the knotty prob¬ lems presented before it. The ideal aimed at is to give every member some active part in the problem discussed. Gradu¬ ally the meetings have beco me less formal. What is desired is not to read a set paper, but to be able to discuss, challenge, debate, “on your feet.” The “secretariat” chooses parts for “nations,” and the work of each specific phase is done by eparate persons and special preview is given by a selected speaker. To speed up the preparatory process the various “nations” tak¬ ing a part, a day or two before a meeting provide a resume of their position and attitude. The other members can read this and thus, with a certain amount of prepara¬ tion before hand, discussion can be under way in a very brief time. Picture to your self a meeting in the Faculty room. Every chair is filled. The speaker has opened the subject. The “nations” are intent¬ ly listening to the subject, the “For¬ eign Policy of Japan.” “Japan” explains her position. “China” asks a few pertinent questions. Re¬ plies and answers are shot back and forth. “Russia” wishes to know about Manchuria.” “Manchuria” details her sad plight among three warring factions. “Korea” wishes to know the why and wherefore of certain aspects of Imperialism. From politics the discussion turns to economics. Here we find the underlying motives for Japan’s attitude to China and her reluctance to withdraw from Manchuria. Oc¬ casionally a shaft of wit prevents the debate from becoming too seri¬ ous and heated. After a few such discussions we begin to comprehend some of the ulterior reasons which force the hand of the diplomat. Some com¬ plexity of the factors, racial, re¬ ligious, cultural, economic and po¬ litical. which determine the moves on the international checker¬ board can at least be realized if not appreciated. “American Imperial¬ ism,” “The Monroe Doctrine,” “The World Struggle for Oil,” “The Peace Pact,” “Japan,” “Dic¬ tatorship,” have been some of the subjects under discussion. Much good talent has been un¬ earthed, and as the atmosphere is such as to encourage any contribu¬ tion, yet lacking the formality of a debate, many members, diffident and shy at first, can now “do their bit” and know the joy of battle in a lively debate. Dr. Moffit, as the discussion pro¬ ceeds, always tactfully prevents ir¬ relevancy, and with a few pointed questions or a few salient facts, can uncover the inner meaning of seem¬ ingly inconsistent actions. The In¬ ternational Affairs Group is one of the liveliest of the permanent stu¬ dent activities of United Colleges. If you are interested in foreign af¬ fairs, or world politics, you will find in this group the associations, direction and incentive needed to give you pleasure, self-expression and information. vox 39 Matrics As the years go by the Matricu¬ lation Department is showing itself to be more indispensable to College life both intellectually and athlet¬ ically. Slowly moving out of the shadow of indifference, it is step¬ ping into the light of the college day and showing itself in very cred¬ itable colors. The Matrics are becoming any¬ thing but a nonentity in debat¬ ing, scoring a decisive victory over First Year in a very interesting and instructive debate. Its representa¬ tives were Murray Smith and Miss Dorothy Herzer. In the debate against Second Year the Matric representatives, Stuart McGavin and Miss Mary Prescott, were defeated but went down with colors flying. There is a series of clubs which every Matriculation student may and is expected to join. Meeting every Friday from 3 to 4 o’clock, they are the Dramatic, English, Boys’ Applied Science and Girls’ Applied Science Clubs. The Dramatic Club is headed by Mr. Flalstead. Its aim is to develop the acting talent in the students, and so far they have put on two plays, and are preparing for three more. The English Club, under Mr. Murray, is at present studying Ca¬ nadian Poets. This Club is largely composed of girls, having only one boy in membership, and he seems to have despaired of reinforcements, for we haven’t noticed him appear¬ ing recently. The Boys’ Applied Science seems to be having a successful time under Mr. Longman’s leadership. As far as we can see they spend their time running in and out of candy facto¬ ries. It may be all right, but we wish Jim Musgrove would wear a larger overcoat, for his pockets show several suspicious bulges after these trips. Miss Pettingill leads the Girls’ Applied Science. According to what is told us, they spend most of their time in laundries. One young lady wh ose name we shall withhold was so inspired by her visits that she volunteered to wash our one and onlv handkerchief. The last Matriculation concert was very successful. A group of girls from Grade IX, supervised by Mr. Katsunoff, performed very well in their songs, and Miss Dillabol gave us some piano selections. A number of Arts students fa¬ vored us with their presence. We are very glad to welcome to our entertainments any of our noble and inevitably intelligent Seniors who wish to come. Matriculation is also standing well in the center of the athletic limelight. In hockey, our old friend Mike Mitenko is one of the stars of the Junior Team. The Cuspidor hockey team has made a very fine showing, winning more games than it has lost. James McDiarmid was skip of the first team from the CTnited Colleges to win the Porte Markle Trophy in eight years. He also plavs on the United Junior basketball team. In football both Maurice Head and Bill Horminuik made a place in the champion Senior team. Mike Mitenko, Ralph Keeling and Bert Neil are Matriculation’s contribu¬ tion to the champion Junior team. Euripides—Have a peanut. Aristotle—-Thanks, I shell. 40 VOX Class 9 32 Notes At a meeting of the Algebra Class, in room D, a short time ago, James Ramsay was nominated by Prof. O. T. Anderson for the presidency of the I.W.W. Club. We understand that the member¬ ship of the club diminished by fifty per cent about the time the table of Easter Exams, was posted. S)C 3jC jj« The annual scrummage between Sophs, and Freshies was done in real style this year. The flag was tied in a tree in front of the col¬ lege grounds and the Sophs ranged around it, prepared to meet all¬ comers. The comers” were the Freshies, who, after giving a lil’ ol Artski” as a battle cry, advanced at the double. The ground about was quickly reduced to a mud puddle, in which moved a seething mass of more or less human forms. Several inches of real estate having been removed, these forms resolved themselves into Sophs and Freshies. After several ineffectual attempts, Earle McKittrick succeeded in reaching the flag. Upon substitut¬ ing some rope for a broken belt, he descended and was given a warm reception by the Sophs. It is rum¬ ored that a compromise was finally reached, Sophs and Freshies each contenting themselves with half the flag. When asked if he knew Maurice Delicht, Cappy Rhur was heard to reply: Sure, we sleep in the same French Class!” Judging by the good time every¬ one seemed to have at our class par¬ ties, we are sure that this year has been a success socially. Our first event was a dance which, naturally, the worthy” Sophs raided. They did not suc¬ ceed in grabbing the eats, however, which, perhaps, resulted in better business for Childs that night Of course we had a toboggan party, and it too was a success. Taking all in all, many thanks are due to our Social and Literary representatives—Beth Brown and Gordon Roxburgh. ' 32 boys have done well in hockey. They won the first series in the Cuspidor League and tied with Second Year in the second series. There is always a dark cloud in every bright sky. At the beginning of the second term we lost one of our class¬ mates, Horace McDougall, and during the year Ellice Scott and Gwen Taylor suffered, respectively, the loss of his and her mother The sympathy of ' 32 goes out to them in their sad bereavement. FACTS ABOUT SOME ’32’S Roy Musgrove was the noted goalie for the Valour Road hockey team. Ed. Magill was a member of the winning team in the College Nov¬ elty Bonspiel. Ernest and Horace Dennison filled notable parts in the “Gon¬ doliers.” James Ramsay, ' 32, was recent¬ ly presented with a life-saving cer¬ tificate for his bravery in attemp¬ ting to save a drowning man at Redditt, Ontario. vox 41 WE WONDER? 1. What became of the black smudge under Norman Everson’s nose. 2. What would happen if Nan Whyte and Hazelle Bergstrom were ever separated. 3. Who won the heart of a Diamond.” 4. If we will have some more hot air about the States next year. 5. What kind of sports the male sex are, judging from the bevy of beautiful belles who didn’t get a bid to the dinner. 6. How many will get hitched up’’ after leaving Grade Twelve. 7. If it would be possible to take up a collection so as to pro¬ vide certain “males” with the means of procuring a haircut which would not be hard on the eyes. 8. What Adeline Knight would do without her giggle. 9. What Ches. Henry would do if there were no checkers in the Common Room. 10. What people thought of the ’32 stunt. News of Class ’31 EXECUTIVE 1928-29 Hon President—Prof. Phelps. President—O. H. Hibbert. Vice-President—Miss F. Mills. Secretary—R. S. Kippen. Athletics—N. Beamish and Miss M. Hopkins. Social Lit.—J. Warriner and Miss M. Armstrong. Debating—S. J. Parsons and Miss E. Ross. Dramatics—W. Harland and Miss M. Graham. Manitoban and Vox —W. M. Reid. PARTIES Class ’31 this year held two very successful class parties. The first was held in the Elks Hall in the early part of the fall and was ac¬ companied by the annual Fresh¬ men’s raid, which helped to make a break in the evening. (Suggest¬ ed amendation: Many breaks”!) The second party was held on the evening of March 7, in Osborne Hall. There was a very good turn¬ out and all those present enjoyed themselves. Printed souvenirs were given to all those present. The non-resident girls of Second Year recently entertained the resi¬ dent girls to a very enjoyable tally- ho party, after which the girls re¬ turned to the home of Miss Eliza¬ beth Ferguson for lunch. Sylvia (just before exams) — Well, now that I know everything I hope my memory doesn’t fail me. Jean—I don ' t give a darn about my memory as long as the Prof’s don’t fail me. H.O.H.—What lives in a barn, has four feet, eats oats, and can see as well behind him as in front of him? M.H.—Darned if I know! H.O.H.—A blind horse. Norrie—Come on Emmy, get up for this lecture. Emmy (sleepily)—Aw, what’s the hurry? we’re not even late yet. L. D.—And how did you like Wilf’s moustache? M. H.—Oh, it tickled me im¬ mensely. 42 VOX GLIMPSES INTO THE FUTURE Extracts from Newspapers-to-Be “His Honor Judge Stark was yesterday unable to be on the bench on account of his wedding.” “Dr. W. S. Allison led his Win¬ nipeg rink through to win the Ca¬ nadian curling championship.” “Young Beamish, the fair-head¬ ed custodian of the New York Ran¬ gers, turned in a wonderful game and was largely responsible for his team’s victory.” Out of a large field of competi¬ tors Miss M. Hopkins, formerly shot put champion of the Univer¬ sity of Manitoba, yesterday won the rolling-pin throwing competi¬ tion.” Oyez! Oyez! Oyez! The Theological Fraternity take great pleasure in presenting “The Whoop and Holler Review of 1929” by Alex. Cox, Producer of Hair¬ splitting Situations Prologue The Stone Wall Jig—a Dance to the Spirit of Inspiration-—Miss I. Farrow. The De Koy Ness Chorus—“Give Me the Brains of a Theolog”— Mrs. M. Thompson and the Sotch Sisters, Marion and May. Miss E. Patteson at the Nordheimer Grand. Part I The Greatest Sensation of the Age J. Scott Leith, the boy with his heart in Brandon. Song— ' Under the Mistletoe”— Cliff Matchett. Monologue—“The Broom She Sweep”—Jim Brown. “At a meeting of the Board of Directors yesterday, Prof. O. M. Hubbard of the University of Win- itoba was appointed as President of Bisley College.” “Miss J. Holt took last week¬ end from missionary duties in West China and visited her Alma Mater, Wesley College, Winnipeg. She returned by the Monday morn¬ ing radioplane.” Bill—Do you know Sam is two- thirds married? Bob—How’s that? Bill—Well, he’s willing and so is the minister. Bob (looking at watch in Lab.) —Are you twenty to? Jessie—No, I’m just nineteen. Lecture—-“The Value of Cultivat¬ ing an Appreciation for Musical Ability”—Bert Boone. Part III Cecil King—Famous English Va¬ riety Artist—War Stories. Skit, “The Skipper Takes Con¬ trol” The Skipper, biggest lit¬ tle man on the water, Homer. Lane; Efficiency Expert, he knows his notes, John McLeod; the Traveller, going from one place to another, Geo. McNeil; the Cookee, he likes a free meal, Dave Cavers. Finale “Save Us from the Wrath to Come” Scenery by Jack McKenzie, de¬ signer of the College Crest. (Serv¬ ices donated free.) Prompter—W. R. Welsh, chief aide to Prof. Kerr. Wigs designed by J. E. Clarke. Musical Director and Cigarette Seller—Sigmund Balia. vox 43 The Big Parade (Note—This annual event will be larger this year than ever before in the history of the Institution.) ORDER OF PROCESSION 1. Prof. A. C. Cook Reading a history essay aloud (quite loud). 2. M. J. Willis With a big stick and football attached. 3. Winifred Bradley In a red dress, carrying stick with red flag (to match dress). 5. Tableau: Large gondola. Youth (Jean) on the prow, and Pleasure Cam. Langille) at the helm. 6. Demonstration: Practical Sociology. Kay Bell distributing alms. 7. Tableau Vivant: Seven Sisters. (Note, rightly disposed this time. See number opposite.) Laura, Muriel, Madge, Helen, Dot, Bea, Hazel. 8. John W. Linton, Secretary House Committee: also Class ’29, also Annual Parlor Games, bearing large pen. 9. Harold A. Mooney In lab. coat and odor of H2S. 10. Band: Cliff Udell at the piano; Bruce cornetting on top, Jake Ly- secki going round with the hat (Ethel’s, we presume). 11. Dowager Duchess of Honoris Causa (B.T.R.) on Throne. 12. Float Containing a group of cephal- opodic pre-Mesozoic Manito¬ bans: Furnival brothers, Milt Halstead, Earl Hicks. 13. Lill Vanstone Skinning one large rabbit. (We hope its epidermis will be large enough to go round.) 14. Les Sages Oiseaux: Doris, Urla, Grace and others sing “Allouette.” 15. G. Demetrius Vlassis Assisted by Sig Gillis and Richard Buck, directing Greek chorus (tragic of course). Chorus Girls: Esther, Eunice, Inez, Muriel, Ivy, Eleanor and Miss Belton. 16. Prof. A. L. Phelps On horseback, brandishing a brown Boston bean-bag. 17. Large Float Following at respectful dis¬ tance (of one year), contain¬ ing Masqueraders: Jerry Riddell as Clio, Dot Be- well as Student, Nora Maun¬ ders as Lady Vere de Vere, and Dave Owens as Peter Pan. There was a young fellow called Burton, Whose upper lip seemed to have dirt on. He called it a whisker, It looked like a blister. What it actually is, we’re not certain. Prof. Phelps—Did you study this poem last night? Mr. Udell—Yes, I put my whole mind into it. Prof.—I see it is blank verse. Jake—This piece of fish is not as good as that we had last week. Maid—That’s funny—it’s off the same fish. 44 VOX So far during the second term two more trophies have been added to the list of athletic awards al¬ ready attained during the 1928-29 session. The hockey has been somewhat of a disappointment this year, but in basketball and curling the results have been most gratify¬ ing. The Men ' s Junior Basketball team so far have taken everything before them in the interfaculty league, and will, no doubt, be seen in the play-offs in the near future. The Ladies’ Senior Basketball team are again to the fore. with their strong lineup; three members of this team played on the Varsity Co-Ed team against the Western teams. The Juniors also have a very promising outfit of players. The beautiful Porte Markel trophy was captured by the United Curl¬ ers, and the Co-ed Interfaculty Championship goes to United Col¬ leges this year. JUNIOR BASKETBALL Prospects for a Junior Basketball Championship look better this year than they have for some time. So far this term the team has gone through the regular schedule with¬ out a defeat, and it only remains for them to meet Accountancy, the winners of the Second Division, to decide whether or not the cham¬ pionship cup shall occupy a place in our halls. The team this year is under the captaincy of Alex. Danylchuk, who plays on the forward line, and who also has been responsible for a good number of the points chalked up for United. On the other wing we find Bill Korchik, who has worked in well with the forwards. The center position is well filled by J. MacKidd, who does some very effective pivot work. He is very ably assisted by J. McDiar- mid, alternate at center. On the back line we have about as good a pair of guards as could be desired in the persons of T. Millar and D. Conly. Although both are short they are right on the job when it comes to intercepting passes, getting rebounds and scoring baskets. This term the team made a trip to Brandon, where they met the collegiate and college teams in two very fast games. Although forced to take the short end of the scores, the boys put up a plucky battle, and report a real ripping time at Brandon.—W.M.R. CURLING The exponents of the “roarin’ game” have enjoyed a very success¬ ful season. Every Saturday the Scottish sportsmen were compelled to play early morning games in or¬ der to reap the benefit of an invest¬ ment in a bus proposition, and St. vox 45 John’s rink has been the scene of many interesting and novel draws. A rink of lady curlers, skipped by Miss Mildred Musgrove and in¬ cluding Misses J. Ray, M. Hopkins and E. Ross, was successful in cap¬ turing the interfaculty cup. In the single series of the men ' s interfac¬ ulty competition, E. Thompson, W. Allison, H. Lane and J. Mc- Diarmid (skip) comprised a four¬ some which brought to the Col¬ lege the Porte Market Trophy. This same aggregation also showed up very creditably in the provincial bonspiel, turning aside several of the old-timers to draw near the jewelry. Interclass competition has been a feature of this year’s program, and since the champions for the season have not been determined, there is still much speculation on the question. The annual bonspiel, with an entry of sixteen rinks, is now in progress, and judging from the keen interest again manifest, the usual success will be attained in this an¬ nual event.—D.E.L.G. HOCKEY The results of the Interfaculty Hockey League are somewhat of a disappointment as far as the Unit¬ ed Colleges are concerned. Al¬ though no games were won, none of the defeats were overwhelming. The United boys were quite an even match for any team they came up against during the season; and with the brand of hockey exhibited they were deserving of a higher standing in the league. In the first game the United team divided the honors 1-1 with Science, champs of last year, in a game in which the College boys had a slight edge in the play. The M.A.C. and St. John’s teams were victors in the next two games, win¬ ning 2-0 and 1-0, respectively, in two hard-fought games. Of the last year’s team N. Beam¬ ish. B. Richardson, C. Avery and B. McKitrick were still on the line¬ up, while the new recruits to the team this year included G. Fother- ingham, K. Truman, E. McKitrick, M. Mitenko, G. Dailley, R. Duff and K. Clarke. Two of the team will be lost through graduation, but with such a force of material added to the team prospects look very bright for next year’s hockey honors. The team this year was 46 VOX under the direction of J. Murray, coach, and H. Hibbert, manager. The Interclass Hockey League, under the management of Sig. Gillis, has yet to decide its champions. First Year were the winners of the first series, but the teams stand fairly even in the sec¬ ond series and there is much doubt as to who will be the winners of the “Cuspidor” this year. Girls’ interclass hockey was revived this year, but so far only one game has been played in the schedule. Girls’ Basketball SENIOR LEAGUE In the Senior League of the girls’ basketball our line-up of this year has defeated Arts and Medi¬ cine. The games scheduled for next week with Agricultural College will determine the Senior cham¬ pionship. The girls are out to win two championships in a row. The quinteete line-up is as follows: Silvia Bird (right forward)—A good ball handler, quick, makes pretty shots from the field and is known to drop in extra baskets. Willa Carson (left forward) — Captain of the team and a good leader. She has scoring ability plus; and much of our success is due to “Bill” and her clever shoot¬ ing. She just can ' t miss. Ruth Armstrong (center)—Has three years’ experience and knows the game. Her shots are always de¬ pendable and she is sure on the tip-off. Marjorie Hopkins (right guard) —Marj’s slogan is They shall not pass”: fast, and plays a good checking game. Clever defense player; makes sure passes and is a much valued mem¬ ber of the team. Is” is there Isobel McLaren (left guard) — every time. Due to the unfortunate delay in timing the schedule, the Juniors have had little opportunity to show their ability. There is good mate¬ rial among the players and we are confident of winning the league next year. As we go to press, word has come to us of the 2-0 victory of the United hockey team over the Arts Juniors. The contest was the last of the series and the win kept United from the bottom position in the league standing. The game was scoreless throughout the first two periods, but in the dying mo¬ ments of the final period United scored twice, the first by E. McKit- rick on a pass from his brother, and the second by C. Avery from G. Fotheringham. Another championship was SPORTING GOODS We carry a complete stock of all Seasonable Lines. SKATES AND BOOTS. HOCKEY STICKS, PENNANTS, SWEATERS, Etc. SHAW’S SPORTS STORE 387 PORTAGE Avenue, opposite the Boyd Bldg. vox 47 claimed by the United Colleges when the Men’s Junior Basketball Team won the series, defeating Ac¬ countancy in the recent playoffs. The United boys are to be congrat¬ ulated on their splendid showing, having never met defeat and win¬ ning handily in the playoffs. A Successful Experiment Lecture-Readings by Prof. Phelps Invited by a number of city teachers and others, Prof. A. L. Phelps of the English Department recently delivered a series of four public lecture-readings in Convoca¬ tion Hall. Dealing with Milton and Wordsworth, respectively, Prof. Phelps used in each case the method of adopting a thesis which involved a review of the entire literary pro¬ duction of the poet. Milton, he maintained, never underwent a ra¬ dical change, as some critics claim, but rather his roots struck deeper with the years. Readings in Mil¬ ton’s poems all the way from the Nativity Ode to Samson Agonistes helped to establish the position. Similarly, it was held that Words¬ worth, popularly regarded as a Na¬ ture poet, was primarily a poet of Man. Prof. Phelps gave his hear¬ ers readings from the Prelude, the Sonnets and other well-known poems, and even dared to challenge them with the notorious Simon Lee.” The lectures were well attended by an appreciative audience, who enjoyed greatly the wealth of tell¬ ing phrases and the inimitable fac¬ ulty for reading poetry with which we shall always associate the name of Prof. Phelps. A significant feature of the at¬ tendance was the number of grad¬ uates, who are evidently keeping up their intellectual interests, and en¬ joyed their lectures so much as to come back for more. Some people wonder what the Mormon ceremony is like. It’s something like this: Preacher (to groom)—Do you take these women to be your law¬ fully wedded wives? Groom—I do. Preacher (to brides)—Do you take this man to be your lawfully wedded husband? Brides—We do. Preacher—Say, some of you women there in the rear will have to speak out if you want to get in on this. After Hours of Study A brimming glass of pure, pasteurized CITY MILK relieves fag and fatigue Ask for “CITY” Milk at your favorite store or fountain. City Dairy Limited 48 VOX The Jolly Juniors A stands for Avery, a youth of our class Who chases the puck and is often called Chas B brings Birkinshaw, Broad, Bradley and Brown, Outstanding students, the best in the town. C gives us Carson, Cates, Coulter, Conly, A finer quartette nowhere can boast C. D ushers in Denham, Dawson, De Yong, And Davidson late our number among. E is responsible only for one; Easton is sure of his place in the sun. F is for Ferguson, blithe Eleanor, Ferrier and Foreman, whom all girls adore. G gives Lady Stick Gordon and Gill, And Griggs with his musical note so shrill. H hands us Howlett, a runner so fast, And also Harland who ever is last. I brings us Iredale, ever called Jean, Who other than smiling never was seen. J gives us a rest and a chance to coast; No member of ’30 this letter can boast. K stands for King, a musician so true, Prof. Kirkconnell hon’ry president too. L brings us Lyons guarded by Love, A secretary good, as mild as a dove. M shoves in Musgrove, before the Scotch crowd. Macs—’Kidd, ’Laren, ' Innes, ’Killop and ’Leod. N numbers Nettie Nedatafko, Here’s where we slyly slip in our O. P presents us Peden, a fr eckled-faced lad, Who in neatest of clothes ever is clad. Q sends us in quest of a member bold, But finally shuts us out in the cold. R rings out Reynolds, our president fair, Echoing Robson with so friendly an air. S stands for Stinson, a friend good and true, And Swyers, a youth who is clever too. T turns in Turner, and clever is she; Also Talnicoff, Senior Stick to be. U is for United, so ever we stand For class and for college, a true noble band. W with Whitley our list does complete, Leaving X, Y and Z for others to meet. With a lusty shout make the blue skies quiver Till they resound with a “ ’30 FOREVER!” vox 49 Amenities of College Life A pleasing complement of initia¬ tory rites and First Year party- raids was supplied recently when Class ’30 entertained Class ’29 to a right-royal party in Osborne Hall. With stunts and eats and fun ga¬ lore, the Juniors and Seniors en- poyed each other immensely, while the College Orchestra discoursed sweet music. We say Bravo! to the Thirties, who have set an example of bonhommie and comradeship to all the ensuing years. Rev. George B. King B.A., B.D., Ph.D. With the opening of the second term this year a strange face was seen in the halls of the College, and upon investigation it was found to be none other than that of Dr. G. B. King, who came from Toronto to take up, along with Mr. A. R. Cragg, work left vacant by the recent death of Prof. A. E. Hetherington. Dr. King has had varied expe¬ riences throughout his travels in various lands. His early education was received at Albert College, Belleville, from whence he went to Toronto University. Dr. King took an interest in books and was a fre¬ quent contributor to student publi¬ cations. He graduated as an honors student in Oriental languages and later from Victoria College in The¬ ology, with the gold medal. Dr. King took postgraduate work at Harvard, and then set out to obtain his Ph.D. degree at Leip- sig, Germany. However, the war broke out, and after many hazard¬ ous experiences, which cannot be related here, he managed to escape from Germany and returned to To¬ ronto, where he obtained his doc¬ torate. Dr. King has taught at Albert College, Belleville; St. Stephen’s, Edmonton, and Victoria College, Toronto. He also did much preach¬ ing, although never having a charge. One of Dr. King’s hobbies is newspaper work. Golfing and ca¬ noeing fill the Doctor’s leisure mo¬ ments during the summer months, while volleyball occupies his at¬ tenti on during the winter. United Colleges welcome Dr. King to their midst and we hope that he will enjoy his work among us.—W.M.R., ’31. CAPITOL THEATRE For Recreation F.ARL HILL AND HIS FAMOUS CAPITOLIANS 50 VOX Alumni Alumnaeque The Grads of Wesley mourn the loss of one of their early associates in the person of Dr. A. E. Hether- ington. Vox extends its deepest sympathy to the bereaved family. The Alumnae meetings held during the past two months have been enthusiastic and extremely in¬ teresting. On Saturday, February 9, the Club will meet at the home of Mrs. Dr. D. A. McKay, 364 Ash Street. Mrs. D. Digby Wheeler gave a most instructive and inter¬ esting talk on “Child Education.” On Saturday, March 9, the Club met at the home of Mrs. Dr. M. S. Lougheed, 169 Lanark St. The graduating girls of ' 29 were the guests of the Club. Miss Mildred McMurray, T 7, gave an extremely interesting address on certain phases of her work on Child Wel¬ fare. ronto. Mr. and Mrs. Maynard have taken up residence in Toronto after an extended tour of the West¬ ern States. Miss Florence Cameron, ’26, and Mr. Enoch Gillam on December 28 at Cypress River. Mr. and Mrs. Gillam reside at 47 Ferndale Ave., Norwood, Winnipeg. Miss A. Blanche Crosby, ’24, and Mr. H. Victor Copley. Mr. and Mrs. Copley reside in Winni¬ peg- Congratulations to Mr. and Mfs. Osborne Parkinson (nee Miss Ha¬ zel McDonald, ’22), who are the proud parents of a daughter, Donna Elaine. Vox extends heartiest congratu¬ lations to Mr. and Mrs. Charters Vox congratulates A. Russell Cragg, ’18, M.A. Chicago ’28, on his appointment to the lectureship in Religious Education at Wesley College. Vox is glad to make the follow¬ ing wedding announcement, and to congratulate the happy couples: John D. Murray, 25, and Miss Ruth Hart on Dec. 28, 1928. The latest despatch from Mr. and Mrs. Murray at Suite 3 Bradeen Court, Langside St., Winnipeg, is “You’re never happy till married.” Miss Marie Durnir, T 7, and Dr. Henry Granat. Dr. and Mrs. Gran- at reside in Vancouver, where the Doctor is engaged at the Vancou¬ ver Hospital. James E. Maynard, ’21, Ph.D. 1928, and Miss Jean Post of To¬ Society Brand Clofhes “It’s the cut of the clothes that counts”—and you can pick out the man who wears a Society Brand Suit by its dis¬ tinctive smartness and clean- cut style. Spring models are now on display. Come and see them. HOLT, RENFREW iS COMPANY, LIMITED MEN’S SHOP vox 51 (nee Miss Edith Pitt, ’25), whose home received a welcome guest, Joan Elizabeth, on March 8. A letter from Leith Draper, ’26, former Senior Stick, who is now stdying at McGill, indicates that Leith is enjoying the work and in¬ tends to take up teaching in Eco¬ nomics. A ’ 17 Class reunion was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ewart Morgan, ' 17 (nee Alive Switzer, ’17) on Saturday, March 16. Of the ’17 Class present were Ewart Morgan and Mrs. Morgan, Charles Cook, Albert Cooke, D. A. Patter¬ son, C. N. Halstead and Mrs. C. N. Halstead, Mildred McMurray, Florence McNair and Wesley Run- ions. FREE SERVICE FOR POLITICIANS 1. Opposition party. Formula for condensed appreci¬ ation of the government party. “The great measures of ... . (fill in name of prime minister) which produced three good har¬ vests, have entirely revived prosperity. 2. Government party. Sorry, but we cannot give free service here. The Professional Union of Royal Commissioners won’t allow us to work with¬ out pay. Nevertheless we are willing to do what we can, at the proper rate of remuneration. 3. Sundry politicians. We are in process of inventing spectacles with replicas of cheques between the lenses. This will enable interested per¬ sons to see a cheque for $150 instead of a Free Press in the hands of fellow-members. If it should be some other journal, it might be a cheque for $50,000. 4. Liberal Party. We will gladly lend our copy of Morley on Compromise. 5. Labor Party. We have some good stock-ex¬ change tips free-gratis, guaran¬ teed to be as reliable as some others. 6. Mr. Pratt. One, any, or all of the Seven Sisters. Also a free chart of the seating possibilities of the Legis¬ lative chambers. S. R. Mac—Why did you stop singing in the choir? B. J. Mac—Because one day I didn’t sing and somebody asked if the organ had been fixed. Perth Dye Works Ltd. STUDENT’S SPECIAL— Use your identity card and save 10 % by having your Dry-cleaning. Dyeing, Pressing and Repairing done by Perth Dye Works Ltd. 482-4 PORTAGE AVE. Just across the street from the College PHONE 3 7 266 52 VOX Fourth Flat Table To our dear old Alma Mater, Just at noon or maybe later, Came a very learned Doctor Of a very high degree. And at night while all were sleeping, And the dean no watch was keeping, Soundly slept the new professor Just next door to 33. In the hall a board was creaking, Someone for a keyhole seeking, To initiate the Doctor. They had planned the raid with glee. Lest the Doctor only suffers They will dump five other duffers; All at once four doors fly open Aided by a master key. But the din that they are making From their well-earned slumber waking, Nocturnal noises terrify 35 and 33. To these baffled bandits flying Come the sounds of shrieks and crying, While their more successful comrades Do their stuff ' midst loud whoopee. One had felt the water pouring On his feet as he lay snoring. As he felt the bed go over What he said must censored be. At this time the Doctor, sighing, Salve and liniment applying, Thought of student days at Albert; “Boys are still the same,” said he. Next day when the Dean came seeking Who the magic key was keeping. Each boy told the same old story: Each had slept most peacefully. Since the “Doc” forgave them freely Top flat boys respect him really. He is now an honored member Of our high fraternity. —V. F. M. vox 53 The Last “Touch” Dear Father: Once you said, “My son, To manhood you have grown, May others trust you, trust yourself And learn to stand alone.” Now, father, soon I graduate, And those who long have shown How well they trust me want their pay And I can stand a loan.” She sat on the steps in the even-tide Enjoying the balmy air. He came and asked, “May I sit by your side?” And she gave him a “vacant stair.” “I fear you are forgetting me,” She said in tones polite. I am, indeed, for getting you, That’s w T hy I came tonight.” Learned United man proving to Bran¬ don that Kellogg’s Pact won ' t save the world. Brandon remained unconvinced, and the Pact stands where she stood. 54 VOX On an Infinitude of Matter (The less complimentary side of the usual graduation chatter.) O Muse, inspire me now with grace to tell What lofty and what lowly thoughts impel The senior, late grown wise in worldly ways, Whose drooping glance and voice of manly bass Reveal with portent that the Season’s come When he shall hold the earth beneath his thumb: Whose tribal garbs in all respects comply, Nor halted have fair Fashion’s baneful eye: Whose ruddy cheek and smoothly tonsored chin. Have in this term not once unbarbered been. Observe him now, as off down-town he struts. How well he knows what swank his figure cuts: Which polka dot upon his neckerchief Will make their round eyes stare—yea, knock ’em stiff! He looks not in the windows on The Mall Because he has already seen them all. You will have seen him as he hove in sight, Swinging along upon a frosty night. He waves his arms, perchance he sports a cane. At those broad sail-like cuffs that flap and strain, The new Fords buck and snort with startled fear, While through their glasses spectered faces peer. He smokes perhaps—nor yet perhaps! At least He knows he’s laid them flat as Fleischmann’s Yeast. Then, on a Wrigley strip, the twinkling mite Proclaims fine prowess to the public sight. When he has left the empty avenue, straight To archives he will go with Wisdom’s freight: Uncloaked, and robbed of feathered derby hat, Sits wisely down, as once bold Cicero sat. Although his chin is bald, without a doubt A moustache on his upper lip doth sprout, Which he doth twist, as ’mongst the learn’d he delves, And seems to awe the very books themselves: Until their cloth-bound backs do meekly curl Before the gaze of this potential earl. But speak, Muse: answer from the Flail of Fame, Let not these hollow words alone disclaim! Faintlv a voice replies with sad despair: ‘‘Alas!’ 1 only know he combs his hair!” -W. R. F. vox 55 Boulevard Barber Beauty Parlors Highly Experienced Barbers Ladies’ Work a Specialty Private Parlors 471 J4 PORTAGE AVE. (Five Doors West of Colony Street) Phone 37 496 THE Colony Pharmacy Cor. Portage and Colony Phone 30 350 A Good Drug Store for Students of a Good College INSIST on getting CRESCENT MILK CREAM BUTTER and ICE CREAM At the Petty Sessions (English Office, Wednesday) A remarkable story was unfold¬ ed during the hearing of a case un¬ der the Wild Bird’s Protective Act. before Mr. Justice Riddell, on Fri¬ day last, when Samuel Taylor Coleridge, described as a sailor, of no fixed abode, was charged with having shot at and killed an Alba¬ tross. Accused admitted the charge, but pleaded extenuating circum¬ stances, alleging that the bird had followed the ship for several days and, in his opinion, had brought bad luck. Police Constable Richardson, who arrested Coleridge, said he had done so at the request of a gentleman who had been delayed in attending a wedding in conse¬ quence of having been detained by accused, who made a confession to him. Accused had approached other men with a similar object: the crime seemed to have preyed on his mind. A fine of five dollars was imposed. ARE WE CONSCIOUS? (Continued from page 12) like McDougall are set at the task of proving that consciousness is a fact—something as patent (they, say) as that man is a biped. Criti¬ cism is levelled at the way the Be- haviorist brushes aside the mental processes and facts” of human ex¬ perience. When a fact does not fit their theory it is the fact that must go. Another criticism is that neural correlations, can never be traced be¬ cause of their complexity and so behavior should not be explained by such means. Nor does the ac¬ companiment of visceral, glandular and neural reactions explain the why” of behavior. In short, they 56 VOX contend that a man is more than a mass of muscular contractions. The most damaging theory brought out against Watson’s is the Gestalt theory of Koehler and Kaffka, but in this paper there is not room to do more than men¬ tion it. While we may not care to sub¬ scribe to the views of the Bahavior- ists, we must credit them with hast¬ ening the day when Psychology should become an exact science. Many men have worked honestly but have not given the scientific im¬ petus to this subject that has been given it by Watson. Behaviorism will pass away, as has many an¬ other system, but in the meantime it has done a praiseworthy work. A MILESTONE IN CANA¬ DIAN CRITICISM (Continued from page 10) the firm expression of an opinion on the part of a few expert persons whose views are founded on prin¬ ciple and reason still exercises a very great authority on the better class of readers. When it ceases to do so, the reign of chaos will have set in.’ “The English critic refers, I be¬ lieve, to a function of literary crit¬ icism which, though important, I cannot consider as essential. It con¬ sists, of course, in the guidance the critic affords to the public when it takes purse in hand to buy books. Whether, at the time when the au¬ thor lives, his books are extensively bought or not, may matter to the author as a person; though I have found that a great immediate suc¬ cess usually does them vastly more harm than good. Some of the most gifted authors living at the pres¬ ent time—talents that might have become geniuses—have been trans- BLACK WHITE CABS 26 301 BANK AT The Royal Bank of Canada Portage and Good Branch WINNIPEG THINK! SAVE WITH US At Our New Location Hundreds of dollars a month saved in rent and overhead amounts to thousands of dollars a year and this saving we are passing on to our patrons. Our policy of “Better Clothes for Less” has brought suc¬ cess in the past. We further ex- emplyfy this policy with still greater values. Suits Overcoats $25, $30, $35 and up ALL NEW STOCK UNBEATABLE VALUES! You will find our prices Less than Sale Prices Scanlan McComb Now 417% PORTAGE AVE. Between Vaughan Kennedy vox 57 LOOSE LEAF NOTE BOOKS A flexible Loose Leaf Note Book is the most convenient book for lecture notes. The notes of all subjects can be kept between the covers of one book. Our Leader is the EMERALD JUNIOR A three-ring cover in flexible fabrikoid with large filler. Price $1.85 University of Manitoba Book Department Pictures and Picture Framing Richardson’s Art Gallery PHONE 22 477 332 MAIN ST. WINNIPEG PERFECT DRY CLEANING and LAUNDRY SERVICE For those who desire the best at no extra cost. Rumford Limited Phone 8 6 3 1 1, Seven Lines Phone 47 28 1, Ft. Rouge Branch Phone 83 929, Norwood Branch 22 DELIVERY CARS formed, by that success, into mere purveyors of reading matter for sale to his Satanic majesty, the illiterate public. I quote the passage, how¬ ever, solely because it testifies to the influence of literary criticism on the public: an influence which can arise from one source only, namely, the respect in which, in England, ex¬ pertness is held. That influence is a fact in the older countries, and even more so in France, Germany, Italy, than in England. Critic Deals with Ideas “Now criticism, in contradistinc¬ tion to art, deals primarily with ideas. The concrete, spiritual ex¬ perience into which facts of reality have to be transformed in order to become subject-matter for art is, by criticism, analyzed and recreated as an abstract idea. Art, though it nei ther originates nor develops ideas, often uses them, especially in the art-form of literature, as media of expression. It is clear, then, that criticism, by dispersing and clarifying ideas—and ideas concerned with the spiritual expe¬ rience of humanity—will tend to create an atmosphere, mental and spiritual, which is uniform throughout appreciable fractions of the population—and that the frac¬ tion which becomes articulate in public life; and at the same time it will develop one of the most valu¬ able tools of literary art. “Now it is characteristic that the great flowering periods of art in the great nations that were pecu¬ liarly favored and predisposed, by their temperament, to produce great art have invariably been periods in which a large body of ideas, reli¬ gious or temporal, perhaps long prepared, perhaps quickly devel¬ oped, was almost universally and homogeneously spread throughout 58 VOX the racial or national groups to which the great creators in the realm of art belonged. In some cases this spread seems to have been spontaneous, though we may have that impression simply as a result of our ignorance; for a nation is never more than the sum of its in¬ dividuals; and perhaps we simply do not happen to know the names of the great critics who spread the ideas. Greek tragedy arose and flowered and fruited at the time when the idea of the city-state had taken hold of the Athenians; when splendor meant national splendor, not individual wealth; when Peri¬ cles, after working all day at beau¬ tifying Athens by the most perfect buildings the world has ever seen, at night returned to his poverty- stricken house which we should consider a hovel hardly fit to give shelter to the pioneer at the out¬ skirts of civilization. Elizabethan drama arose when the Renaissance had pervaded the civilized world, penetrating and unifying the world of ideas everywhere by a new ideal, that of the ‘humanities.’ The classical German drama arose when Lessing and Herder, in the midst of surroundings of an unimagina¬ ble pedantry, had proclaimed, to the acclamation of a disrupted na¬ tion, their ideas of a new, national literature which, though German in content, was to be ageless and without geographical border-line to its appeal. In these three cases, the ideal audience of which I have spoken, the invisible audience of jtlamtoba UntoerSitp (The Provincial University of Manitoba) Offers to students seeking general cultural or professional training the following courses: Through its FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, and with the co-operation of AFFILIATED COLLEGES, courses leading to the degrees of B.A. and M.A.: B.Sc. (Phar.) and M.Sc. Through its FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE, courses leading to the degrees of B.Sc. (C.E.), B.Sc. (E.E.), M.Sc. and B. Arch. Through its FACULTY OF MEDICINE, courses leading to the degrees of M.D. and C.M. Through its FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS, courses leading to the degrees of B.S.A. and B.Sc. (H.Ec.) Through MANITOBA LAW SCHOOL, conducted in co-operation with the Law Society of Manitoba, a course leading to the degree of LL.B. For terms of admission, details of courses and other information apply to: W. J. SPENCE, Registrar, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Winnipeg, Man. vox 59 the ages, had suddenly become the concrete audience which we call the public. “We have, here, then, another, a vital, the most important function of the critic. He must sift—does not the very word originally mean sifter?—and judge ideas, after hav¬ ing created them—ideas which have eternal value. The fundamen¬ tal idea which stands behind all art, the idea of beauty, is one of the great realities, of vastly greater im¬ portance than economic prosperity; it is one of the immortal needs of mankind, without which it cannot have ‘life.’ By insisting on that, the critic must, in an economically heterogeneous mass, in ‘the pub¬ lic, produce that homogeneity of judgment as to what is excellent which we call ‘taste’ and which is characteristic of those nations which present to us, as such, the Box Office Phone: 28 683 A carefully selected list of standard attrac¬ tions will be presented during the Current Season. spectacle of a spiritual individual¬ ity, as France, or Greece, or the Germany of 100 years ago. ‘‘And I might add in conclusion, that such a national movement of art—or, in other words, of a uni¬ fied spiritual experience—is the only thing which, in a wider out¬ look, has ever justified the existence of any nation on earth.” GREEK CLASSIC DRAMA: ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT (Continued from page 20) Aeschylus Aeschylus is a poet of the high¬ est order. Some critics put him even above “Omero poeta sovra- no,” as Dante calls the poet of poets. His high rank in antiquity is attested by the fact that 52 of his works won the first prize, and that after his death his spirit ruled the stage. Theoretically, however, Sopho¬ cles is the chief of the three. Aeschylus lacks the grace and nobleness so characteristic of So¬ phocles. But as Croiset, French Historian, puts it, what Nature de¬ nied Aeschylus in gracefulness, gentleness and charm, she repaid him in force of mind and power of imagination. There was in him a force of soul which impelled him to try to penetrate the mysteries of existence, and a power of imagin¬ ation which assisted his soul in its upward flights. He was instinctively religious. Zeus is represented as the supreme sovereign unscrupulous in his om¬ nipotence. Fate is a concurrent agency. The fall of Troy is decreed by fate but 60 VOX Zeus assents to please Hera. But whether Zeus or Fate, it is Jus¬ tice that rules. A crime committed must be atoned for. There is no escape for the sinner. The admin¬ istration of the Laws of Justice and Destiny is in the hands of Zeus. Justice is the virgin daughter of Zeus. The function of Zeus, then, is to govern the world in accord¬ ance with the laws of Justice which have been ordained by Fate and Necessity as the established order of the Universe. But in Prometheus Zeus is pre¬ sented in a different light. The subject of Prometheus is the punishment of Prometheus for raising mankind from their bru¬ tish condition and teaching them the use of fire and various other arts, in defiance of the commands of Zeus. For this offence he is chained to a rock near the ocean, and finally plunged into the depths of Tartarus. It is intimated, how¬ ever, in the course of the drama, that he will be delivered by a de¬ scendant of Io, and that Zeus will be impelled to consent to his re¬ lease in order to learn from him the secret of a certain danger by which he is threatened. In all his other plays Zeus is the personifica¬ tion of perfect justice, but in Pro¬ metheus Bound he is presented as an odious tyrant punishing Prome¬ theus for his services to mankind. This can be explained, as Haig points out in his excellent work on the Greek Drama, by the fact that the story of Prometheus, resolute in self-devotion and unshaken by threats of vengeance, offered a slendid subject for Tragedy. The central idea of the play, that of a god submitting on his own free will to ages of torments in order to rescue mankind from their degredation, is perceived by some of the early fathers as a pre¬ sentiment of Christian Doctrine. In Good Taste Good taste as evidenced in personal possessions or in gifts bestowed on others is a definite part of cultural training. The choice of a DINGWALL Diamond, Watch or other gift article is indicative of good taste and appreciation of the art of gift selection DINGWALL’S Western Canada’s Finest Jewelry Store Portage at Garry - - Winnipeg Portage at Garry, Winnipeg vox 61 The Art of Sophocles Sophocles is proclaimed the supreme among the three Drama¬ tists. He is not so profound or religious as Aeschylus, but he pos¬ sessed the balance of qualities, that is, he had all the desirable quali¬ ties without each hampering the other. Sophocles is full of pathos, but only so much as to be com¬ patible with his general effect. He commands superb language, but near enough to the ordinary as not to be thought affected. He ponders the mysteries of the Universe deeply enough to shake the heart without agonizing it. Here was a man who did and does please everyone. Prof. Gilbert Norwood, of the University of Toronto, in his works, “The Writers of Greece,” says: “Sophocles is the consummation of the Athenian Age. If we pre¬ fer Homer to him, it is because we prefer action to thought: if Shake¬ speare, it is because color is more to us than balance: if Goethe, it is because we value intellect above emotion: if Dante, it is because God is more real to us than man.” Sophocles’ literary characteris¬ tics are finish of language, careful elaboration of motives, delicate character drawing, tender sympa¬ thy towards the importance of human nature. And Sophocles is the master craftsman of dramatic irony. The Antigone He took as a motive to his Anti¬ gone a deep and difficult question of political and ethical science, the relation of the individual citizen to the State. What shall a man do if his duty of obedience to the Gov¬ ernment of his country conflicts with other duties. Are there any obligations higher than that of loyalty to the laws of his nation? The poet says that there are such, for instance, certain obligations to religion. In this play there are two won¬ derful choral odes. A hymn to human ingenuity which has sub¬ dued earth, water and air, and their inhabitants, and has invented lan¬ guage, political institutions and the healing art: “Many are the wonderful things, and there is nothing more wonder¬ ful than man. He goes impelled by the stormy south wind to the fur¬ ther side of the white sea. passing beneath engulfing waves. And he wears out Earth, the supreme of the gods, the immortal, the un¬ wearied. breaking the globe with offspring of horses as the ploughs go around from year to year. GOOD PHOTOGRAPHERS ARE SCARCE So are good Subjects But it is surprising what is done sometimes TRY THE ROBSON STUDIO FOR YOUR NEXT PICTURE 62 VOX “And speech and thought sivift as wind and feelings of social life he taught himself, as well as how to shun the shafts of uncomfortable frosts under the open sky and driv¬ ing rains; resourceful in every¬ thing he is, and without resource he meets nothing which must come. Only he cannot procure for him¬ self an escape from death. He has, however, jointly with others, de¬ vised escapes of irremediable mala¬ dies.” Shakespeare puts in the mouth of Hamlet something almost iden¬ tical : “What a piece of work is a man. How noble in reason. How infinite in faculty: in form and moving, how express and admirable! in ac¬ tion how like an angel: in appre¬ hension how like a God: the beauty of the world: the paragon of ani¬ mals.” Another sings of the power of love. “Love, unconquerable warrior, love, who fall upon man ' s pos¬ sessions, who make your couch upon the cheeks of a maid. And you roam over the sea and in dwel¬ lings of pastoral Helds. And not one of the immortals can escape you nor any of the short-living men, and he who has you is mad.” Euripides, the Modern Euripides is usually considered equal to his two predecessors. Aechylus and Sophocles. It has been said that loftiness character¬ izes Aeschylus, beauty Sophocles, and pathos Euripides. Consider¬ ing Euripides, however, in the de¬ velopment of the Greek theatre, and in the history of Dramatic poetry in general, he certainly re¬ presents the quick decline of the art. His two predecessors, of illus¬ trious families and wit h wonderful upbringing, came out of the very sanctuary of the Greek race and of the Greek religion. Euripides, of a poor family, lived among Soph¬ ists and Demagogues. Unfortunately Euripides, who had inborn in him the spirit of contradiction, was distracted by the daemon of criticism and nega¬ tion, and this daemon threw down his gods, destroyed the heroes and brought Tragedy down to the con¬ versation of the Agore and the base quarrels of the home. Aeschylus and Sophocles saw mankind through the magnificent mythology and the heroic tradi¬ tions. ( Euripides did the same thing. But whatever Euripides the Poet conceives with his magnificent ENGRAVINGS FOR COLLEGE ANNUALS Photographs, drawings, cartoons, headings and engravings, plain or colored, for University or High School Year Books. Years of experience in the pre¬ paration of College Annuals make us leaders in this class of publicity. TELEPHONES: 23 850, 23 859 Artists, Photo Engravers, Electrotypes and Stereotypes TORONTO 290 Vaughan Street WINNIPEG Montreal I VOX 63 imagination, Euripides the Critic analyzes and often stifles. Aeschylus and Sophocles believe deeply in the existence of a divine life in Nature and the gods are eloquent symbols of that power. But Euripides is a Sophist. He discusses gods. He is not afraid of them, and occasionally he mocks them, and interprets their acts through natural and cosmogonic theories. The Chorus is not any longer the inspired interpreter of the great religious and ethical truths set forth in the plan, but simply a witness of the dramatic action. He also shows a profound change of spirit. Persons and classes hitherto condemned and ignored, receive from him not necessarily praise, but lively interest, sym¬ pathy and attention. In Euripides, then, we see the qualities of the modern romantic drama. The question arises, would it be possible for moderns to turn to the dramatic tradition of the Greeks, and produce similar masterpieces. Euripides, who her¬ alds the decline of the Greek drama, supplies the answer. The sanctions of certain religious con¬ ventions and a paramount interest in the hero or demi-god, are neces¬ sary to the ancient art. Weaken¬ ing of these sanctions, questionings of religion, and a new interest in the average man of democracy, to¬ gether with the modern interest in the portrayal of character-develop¬ ment (impossible to the ancient drama) preclude the likelihood of such a revival. Maurice (to his cuspidor squad) —Remember that hockey develops individuality, initiative, leadership. Now get in there, and do exactly as I tell you. He—May I have the last dance with you? She—Don’t worry, you already have. Prof.—I will not go on with the lecture till the room settles down. Bright One—Better go home and sleep it off, old man. B.T.R. to D.O. (the morning after he read an English Club pa¬ per on John Stuart Mill)—Well, Dave, how do you feel after going through the Mill? Dave—Fine! How is’t you art? KENNEDY BROS. Butchers CHOICE MEATS, FISH, POULTRY SAUSAGE OUR SPECIALTY 569 Ellice Avenue Phone 33 213 vox 64 ' WHY I AM NOT A THEOLOGUE” (Continued from page 36) a man: ‘‘Why then do you refuse to enter the Church?” His reply is the expression of hundreds of stu¬ dents scattered throughout all the institutions of higher education. They feel that they cannot be re¬ strained and hemmed in by worn- out creeds and beliefs, and that any advance in thought in the pulpit is not welcomed by the average man in the pew who rises up in indignation and holy wrath if any ancient formula is contradicted. The stigma applied to such clergy¬ men as dare to depart from the beaten path is “modernist” (a term that is synonymous to some with his satanic majesty). He said: “Because of our advanced thought I feel that our work would not be accepted to the Churches. Nor can we be reproached for refusing to enter the ministry. Our educational training has taught us to think and we have experienced the in¬ tense satisfaction that comes from thinking. Can we be blamed for refusing to enter a profession in which the great majority of those who have undertaken it are for¬ bidden to think except within the narrowest limits? No, I am afraid that if in my intellectual develop¬ ment I come to hold certain opin¬ ions my services will not be de¬ sired in the Church.” I replied that in this very condi¬ tion lies a great challenge and his answer was: “The Church does not want to be challenged and has no patience with the so-called heretic, and her motive for this is often merely prudential.” I have endeavored to bring the answers of the students without modifying any of the statements or trying to tone them down. That the problem is pertinent need not be emphasized, and from all appearances authorities in the Churches will have to grapple with the problem of enlightening stu¬ dents regarding the calling of which so little seems to be known, and of the transition within the Church from old to new thought, a transition that is gaining pace rapidly. Agent (summarizing advan¬ tages)—Five rooms, modern kitch¬ en and dining room between bus and street car lines. Mr. J. D. M.—Central, but somewhat public, eh? Reynolds—Would you accept a pet monkey, Nora? Nora—Oh, This is so sudden! You will have to ask father. Nan W. at chapel, as we read a Psalm—What does “Selah” mean? Why don’t we read it? Hazel—Oh, that’s what David used to say whenever he broke one of the strings on his harp. WE DO IT BETTER 303 Kennedy St. Phone 27 759 HOLLINS WORTH CO, LIMITED Specialists in Women’s and Misses’ Rready- to-wear. Prices to meet the demands of every person 386-390 PORTAGE AVENUE, BOYD BLDG. USE CANADA BREAD The Quality goes in before the name goes on Telephone 33 604 TRULY A WONDERFUL WORD adopted by us as our slogan with the full knowledge that our organization and those responsible for the future success of our students may be depended upon to uphold a word which means so much. By restricting our enrollment to intelligent and well educated young men and women, and by providing them with long and thorough courses, our graduates are meeting with definite preference. COLLEGE GRADUATES ARE PREFERRED IN BUSINESS BUSINESS COLLEGE LIMITED PORTAGE AVENUE at EDMONTON STREET Phone 25 843 WINNIPEG REGINA CALGARY Cottage Sweets Have a Circle to Themselves Now on the MAIN FLOOR, CENTRE Honey-sweet candies of every variety—from big, luscious Pandora chocolates to clear, fruit-flavored jellies and creamy fudges! No sweets are nicer at teas and bridges—to take home to the family as a week-end “treat.” And every pound is made under expert supervision in the Eaton Candy Kitchen on the top floor of the Store. Here are some of the many varieties: Coralgold Assortments In 1 and 2-lb. packages, at $1.25 and $2.50. Each package contains a tasteful assortment of the finest can¬ dies—chocolates and salted nuts. Beautifully boxed. “Cottage Sweets’’ Cream Wafers, at 50c a Pound Dainty little wafers—perfect for serving after dinner—and at bridges. They ' re made of pure sugar, cream and flavoring, in peppermint, winter- green, lemon, orange, maple, chocolate and pistachio. In various delicate colors. Pandora Chocolates Rich and Luscious Thick, sweet chocolate coatings en¬ closing 32 varieties of centres—fruits, nuts, creams, nougats, caramels, chips, dates, peppermints. Sold in boxes, x i lb., 1 lb., 2 lbs., 3 lbs. and 5 lbs. Priced from 30c to $2.75. In bulk, 60c lb. “Cottage Sweets” These samplers contain an assort¬ ment of the choicest of the Cottage Sweet Candies, with just enough chocolates to h ave something for everyone. l 2 lb. box, $1.00. MAIN FLOOR, CENTRE, T. EATON C 2