Trine University - Modulus Yearbook (Angola, IN)

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THE INTEGRAL PAGE 13 COAL TAR By l'. ll. McNeill, t'h. E. '22 In the manufacture of coal gas. coal is plac- ed in the vessels or retorts which are then heat- ed and the coal decomposed into coal gas, coal tar, ainmoniacal water and coke. The coal tar is run into a tar well where it remains lllltll it is disposed of to the tar distillers. The tar is removed fro'n the wells and de- livered to the distillery where it is placed in large storafe tanks. In a number of work: these tanks hold nearly one million callous. The tar is allowed to remain in the wells until th:- evcess of ammonia water has risen to the sur- face. Coal Has was first manufactured in 1798 .it Soho. Birmincham. England, About fifteen years later the first public gas house wa: erect- ed in London. Two products of these gas 1VOl'kS-iil'l1IllOllI3C7.ll liquor and coal tar-:ave considerable trouble to the early proprietors who were compelled to go ito the expense of di-' posinz of 'these troublesome materials. XVilh the increase in gas makinz, there was a proportional increase in the production of tar and it became necessary to find some use for it. In 1838 Bethell discovered the oil Creo- so'e in coal tar and found it to bc an excellent wood breservative. About seven years later Hofmann discovered the presence of benzene in tar and later Mansfield prepared large quan'i- ties of it in a profitable manner. The first aniline color was found in 1R56 and within the nevt few years the value of coal tar had reach- ed such a point that fthe byproduct coke ovens were introduced. Coal tar is an oily liquid, varying in specific Qravity, viscidity and composition, according to the type of retort, temperatures of the distilling apparatus and the variety of coal used. When tar is submitted to destructive distilla- tion. a large number of chemical compounds are obtained. Among these are toluene. benzene. the xvlenes, antharcene, carbolic acid. naptha- tene. the cresylic acids and pyridine. Tar was formerly employed in almost its orizinal form for the purpose of painting iron or steel structures. At the present time. how- ever. this is not done, as it wastes many valu- able materials which do not aid materially as protective agents. A little creosote oil. added to the pitch while hot. is usually used for the purpose just mentioned. Partially distilled coal tar, that is tar from which all the ammoni- acal liquors, napthas and oil containing carbolic acid have been removed. is used for road treat- ment. A tar prepared in a similar manner is em- ployed in the vnzinufacture of roofing. In the proparation of fhis ma'eria1 a special kind of felt is passed throurh the prepared tar. The fel'. which must be dry. is slowly unwound from vi roller and passed 'hrouQh the tar. In coni- inf Qui, it ig 1311351 gl be'wecn two rollers which press the surplus tar out, The felt is then sprinkle with grit. cork or some other suitable iraterial and wound on another roller frozu which it is taken ready to sell. A Great many materials received from the distillattion of tar are used in explosives. dyes, paints, varnishes. drugs and the rubber indus- tries. It is not to be thought that the distill- ates are ready to be used for the purposes just mentioned. They must be subjected to various processes to prepare them for the many uses. The residue left after distilling is known as pitch. It is employed in a great many indus- tries, larfze quantities being used in the manu- facture of briquettes and as road binders. Soft pitch is the best binder and is used in the pitch- arouted macadam roads. Moderately hard pitch is used in the manufacture of black var- nishes. It is also used for lining cupalos, etc.. around steel works. The lareest fraction in :the distillation of coal tar is creosote oil. This is usually over 1S I of the tar but varies from 9 7 to 25 92. Creo- sote has a reddish-brown color and a noticeable odor. This oil is used most extensively in wood preservation, the United States alone used SR.96S,666 gallons in 1916. There are several processes used in wood- treatment but the Boulton process is a more widely favored. The timber to be treated is placed on a truck and pushed into a large cylin- der. This cylinder is made airtight and a vacuum produced which removes considerable water from the wood. The vacuum is destroy- ed in about an hour and creosote oil is pumped into the cylinder at a pressure of between llo and 170 pounds. This pressure is maintained until the timber has absorbed the required amount of oil. The pressure is then released. the oil drained off and tl1e truck run out. The amount of oil taken up by the timber varies Continued on page 51

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PAGE 12 THE INTEGRAL THE WIRELESS TELEPHONE Hy Harold XY. lltnver, E. E. We have heard a lot about the various ares thru which civilization has passed. Centuries tuo there was the Stone Ace. and in later years st-it-tn-e has known tlte ages of Steam, the Aero- ilan--. and the l-Zlectrieal Asc. Now we have eotne into what tni::ht be called the wireless axe. 'l'he means ot' cominunication by air is not a new thins. havin: been used by the Spaniards ts early as the year 1705, although in a very I-rude way. The first experitnent was perfortned in 1811 by Sotntnerinu of Munich. who employed, dis- persion of leakage tnetltod. The next step in Wireless Telegraphy was tak--n in INIZS by Steinhill, wlto accidentally dis- eoVt'l'e-tl that by :rounding one wire of a tele- graph instrument a messafle could be trans- mitt- tl tltrtt the air with one wire. Up to this time Morse had been using two wires, thereby havin: what is called a complete metallic circuit. lt- snet-eetled in establishing: communication ln-twt-en t'astle Harden, New York and Gover- nors Island. a distance of about one mile, -.Xluoui the year 1866, Dolbear of Tufts Col- lect-, Nlassaeltussetts, protluced the first wire- less telezraplt tltat worked without it tnetallit' eottttt-t'litJtt. lle used the eleettrostatit' tnethod by nt'-ans ot' which he was able to transtnit and r-ie'-ive ttiessttue-s between stations lot-ated about one halt' tnile apart. In tht- yt-ar lsfotl, however, Nlareoni brought rut at new systr-tn in which he tnade practical tpplieation of certain well known pritteiples. lXlll4'll were ltrst stats-41 in Hia by lf'at'adav nt pig theory ol' the l-Ill-etrotnaunetic oriuin of lizlht. l'his theory was tnatltt-tnatit'ally proved t-ort 't'I il. ts tvs, by Ataxw.-11, tan its ttltysivut tletitettstrrt tion dnl not or-eur ttnttl lass, when Hertz, by a 1-ri-As uf brilliant exp:-ritnt-nts not only proved lht- 1-I-etrte waves confortnt-d to the saint- lu-,vs is ltuht wavs, but also showed how they eottlrl be proflueed by purely physit-al tn:-ans, and lttt-tltertnore, how to tl'-tt-eg their pt-est-nee when thtts protlttet-tl 'I'lte first IIIVSSZHJO' 4'YI'I' ll':tllsltlit'ierl :lilql rt-- ttiyetl across the sea was aeeotttplisltt-tl by Xllirvoni in lflltll, 'I'liott:h the apparattts was very crude an'l till in the expr-ritnv-ntal stare it was :tceredited 1' le-int: the first ft-at of that kind at-cotttplisltetl ng. t.. tliztf tlltia-, ln lwov tt'.it1satI:ttitie radio stations wt-I opened for business. In 1912 the principal nations ot' the world enacted laws requiring passenger ships to carry wireless equipment and operators. The t'irst wireless telephone message was sent t'rom Washinston to Honolulu, a distance of 5.oo4l miles. This was accomplished in the year 1905. The transmitting apparatus was a telephone transmitter electrostatically con- nected in the ground circuit of a high powered Ponlson Arc transmitting set, During the World War wireless ttelepraphy was largely responsible for the directing of all l'. S, ships, by means of the large Naval station at Arlington, XVest Virginia. The wireless compass also came into use dur ing the war, by means of which ships that had lost their bearings were able to find their true course and proceed thereon. XVireless telegraphy and telephony have slow- ly advanced frotn the experimental stage so that today there are approximately eight hundred thousand amateurs and they are greatly in- creasing in number every day. The principal newspapers of the country are installing broadcasting stations by which speer-lies, stories, market quotations and music from noted singers and musicians are heard in the tnany thousands of homes equipped with ret-eivin: apparatus. lladio has a wonderful future. but in a lintit- ed field. Its settlement depends on the set- Iletnent of problems that business men attd leftislators have never before considered. livt-rybody cannot use the air to advertise some special line of business or popttlarize some particular hobby. So it is a question in Wash- inaton at the present time what will be permit- I--d and what will be barred. 'l'he question we will soon be facing is, who will hear the cost of broadcasting the various features of news, education and entertainment? lletore lonf.: the radio audience of the United States and Vanada will be the largest audience that can be r--at-lied by any one instantly and sitnultaneottsly. lt is pt-rl'et-tly plain that the air cannot be sold to any individual or corporation for vo ntany dollars, to use in any way and for any pur- pose the purchaser desires. Advertising matter in newspapers and mana- zines are eensoretl by the Post Office authori l'ontinned on page 50

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PAGE 14 THE INTEGRAL AGE OF WATER POWER DEVELOPMENT NEAR By Nl. ll. Mirullrlal, M. E. '22 'Vhttst' who look into tht- I'utu1't1 with pro phtttitt t-yt-s pretlit-t that an nut- of waiter power is tlztwninu, Tht-y point wisely towards the :rent water power dvvt-lopinvnts already com- plt-tt-tl or in tttturst- of t-onsti'ut'tion all over th:- worltl, tiroin tht- rivt-rs of Alanine to tht- t-anyons ot' t'zzliforitizt. from Alaska to Argentine and frttxn liztshmir Valley in India to the outlet if Yitttoritt Xyxtnzzt in Afrltta, And they hack up thtir ntxunittnrs with the statement that coal will ln- t-xhztustttl early in the next eentury and tht- mineral oil and ll2lllll'ill mis will vanish with tht- t-onl. .Xmitl :ill this prounostit-ntins and nrguin: :tristts :t host of tluestions about this water pttwttr v.hit'h is to lit-ep us from fret-zine in tuc- nttxt t-entnry, to turn the wheels of our indus- tries, to prttpztrt- the food and to run our V-tllivles. I-Tvtry strt-aim ttf runnina wntt-r. from tht: 'I'ti1',i ltrook sportinf: throu'1h the farm IIIPLHIOXVS 'tv tht' l:t :t-st rivt-rs, is txipnhle of Dl'OClL1l'lIl2I 't'l ' HY' NSS llU'i'-'lll't A hundred years ago. wht-n steam power was still in its infant-y, watt-r I'lHYf'l' was quite t-xtensivttly developed in this tttnntry. but tht' stt-:tm t-n-:int-. with rlieztp wootl rtntl vttzil futtl. flllltdiij' rt-at'l1t-tl the prat-tirztl stztutt :intl tht- oltl ow-r shot :intl under shot wrttttr wheels wtfrt- nhnntlont-tl. l'p to a 'ew xt-.tvs :Vo it was not pl':1t'lit':ll to devt-lop most w:t'tr ptiwt-r ltet-zillsv this power haul to he utilized on tht- spot und vttry nztturztlly tht- vt rv 'lf'-l wzitt-r falls wt-rv lttrnttftl in the wilder- n s , sttttrvt.: ol inllt-s away trom the stfztports. tht- railrozttls :intl tht- eitir-s whirh needed it, llnt tht- fil'Yf'ifllJllIf'lll ot' tht- ttlttrtrit- trnnsforzn tr t-h:tn':fttl ull this :tnd mzitlt- it possiltlt- to t:':tn-ssnit this ttn--ray for huntlrttds ot' milt-s with- out st-rittns loss The power of water is greater than any one without experienre t-un imagine. For malty of us have, when in swimming. struck the water '1 sharp ltlow with the flat of the hand. or. when leurninu' to dive, strut-k the water flat, in- stead ot' head first. only to learn that tl1e liquid otfered t-onsidernlmle resistance. A stream t'rom at firen1an's hose will knock '1 man down The jet from a nozzle in placf-1' mininu in the west eats away 3 large piere of luntl in at day and toys with great boulders as if they were pehhles. Water power represents heat enerfzy. The water is drawn up into the clouds hy the heat of the sun and deposited on the distant moun' ains in the form of ruin. This water spends this :ivqniretl energy in racing down hill, back to the sen. Watt-r wheels are but devices to t-atvh and utilize this energy which ordinarily is wasted on the unmoving rocks and stones. XYnter at-ts as at movine power either hy its wt-iuht. whivh is over sixty-two pounds to the cultic' foot. or by its pressure or impact. The power of ti fall of water is equal to the weight of its volume and the vertical height of its fall. To ttompute the power of fallinf: water it is ntt-essziry to multiply the volume of flowing water in t-nhit' ft-et per minute hy its weieht. 62.5 pounds. und this product by the vertif-al httiuht of the fall in feet, Thus a stream of wntt-r when flowing over a weir five feet in width hy ont- foot in depth and having a fall of twenty feet dev:-lops 237.91 horse power. So iinportztnt is the developmentt of walt-r power in this t-ountry that the G6'lli:'l'2il Eleetrit- t nnpany and other large electrical concerns maintain it lurut- staff of engineers whose duties nrt- to t-xumine prospective water power de- vt-lopmt-nts for enterprising men who plan to harnt-ss the rivers and streams, No lllllllvl' how inuny ll:trtl ht-rrit-Q von t-:irn ft lo tnkt- von to t-ollt-tw 'l'o study :intl lt-1 rs lI'll1 No mztttt-r httu m'lnv t lou vt- cot in tht- lull, Iht' tl'-alt' lltllt- toet-ds Will :tt throuuh it ull.