Toronto Teachers College - Yearbook (Toronto, Ontario Canada)

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FREE THE CHILD timounu Move ment A lt is said that drama as an art arose out of the very urge to ponder the question of human existence and destiny. The beat of this urge gathered momentum with the institution of the Festival of Dionysus and the founding of the Attic Theatre of the Athenian State. This was the preparation for the birth of an aspect of our emotional life which has helped to clear the rushes along the path leading to intellectual cultivation. lt is apparent that in each period of our history nature urges the development of a new aspect. Pulsation is felt as it uses up whatever material is available for its production. More and more material of a finer nature becomes available as we grow and mature as a human family. Plato admitted that play and dance were the first stages of child education when he said, Men say that the young of all creatures cannot be quiet in their bodies or in their voices, they are always wanting to move and cry out, some leaping and skipping, and overflowing with sportiveness and delight at some- thing, others uttering all sorts of cries. But whereas the animals have no perception of order in their move- ments, that is rhythm and harmony, as they are called, to us the Gods have been appointed to be our com- panions in the dance, have given the pleasurable sense of harmony and rhythm, so they stir into life, and we follow them ioining hands together in dances and songs. Plato wanted a whole man and he said, The use of exercise and motion in the earliest years of life greatly contributes to create a part of virtue in the soul. From Plato's time our mind drifts not only forward to form the link with the present, but backward to pin- point earlier surgings for dramatic expression and everywhere we find movement. At one of the earliest stages recorded we are told: Darkness was upon the face of the deep, and the spirit of God moved over the face of the waters. Creativity begins through movement. What does this process of creativity consti- tute? lt makes new combinations of ideas and patterns which produce new relationships. Our children today move to show how a certain sound or colour makes them feel. lt is the quality of the sound and colour that they express in their own im- itable way. Why shouldn't we make the utmost use of their innate desire for movement and let body move- ment contribute to the learning process? A child who perhaps might not have the chance for leadership in any other area might show his movements and have others try it. His self-concept expands as he tastes success in this area. ln working together children learn to harmonize their movements. Creative move- ments contributes to the development of personality. By acting out situations through improvisations, dramatizing a beloved tale, or helping to create an original script, the children develop inventiveness, ini- tiative and co-operation, which produces spontaneity. In addition, sensitivity to the beauty of language and visual design is developed. One writer said that movement is the medium for revealing invisible things, those seen through the eye and not with the eye. Rousseau was the first to substi- tute activity for book-learning and his motto was, 'Let all lessons take the form of doing rather than talking. By allowing children to identify themselves with ideas and qualities is to lead them to understand the ideas and appreciate the qualities. To teach them to identify themselves with others is to help them under- stand the meaning of love, kindness, tolerance, sym- pathy and compassion. What kind of classroom will you have? Will drama be accorded its rightful place and thus contribute its grace to the physical, its colour to the mind and its force to the spirit, to produce a whole man or woman? I7

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1-- ji' -- Enucimou T-3 in THE PHILIPPINES - L. c. Kui-ioNtA While it is true that I was born and educated in the Philippines, I can not and do not claim to present here an authoritative nor a technical report of the Philippine educational practices. A truly complete work of this sort would take one, perhaps two or even three years of intensive survey and study. I can only give an account from a student's observation in general and from an elementary school teacher's point of view in particular. The Philippine Educational System is largely pattern- ed after the American system although there are still some tints of the old Spanish influence as could be found in some privately owned institutions. There are institutions through the country but the most number are in Manila, the capital city of the country. There are about lO universities and 14 colleges in this city. All schools are under the jurisdiction of the Depart- ment of Education with the Secretary of Education as head. The Public Elementary and Secondary Schools are directly under the government through the Bureau of Public Schools. These schools are, therefore supported entirely by government funds. The state colleges and universities, on the other hand, are partly aided by the government and partly by the students thus they are also partly controlled by the government. The Philippine Normal College is a state college de- signed mainly for the education of future elementary school teachers. lt offers courses leading to the degrees of: Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, Bach- elor of Science in Elementary Education, Home Econ- omics Major, Master of Arts iM.A.J, Master of Education iM.Ed.J, and the Master of Arts in Teaching iM.A.T.l. The University of the Philippines fthe state universityj is hardly financed by the government. lt is supreme in its educational policies. No one but the dean of each college or department could prescribe what textbooks to use or what methods or subjects to follow except, of course lfor those provided in the Constitution of the land. Of the courses offered in different colleges and universities, the longest to take is Medicine, which takes 9 years to finish. The university is governed by a Board of Regents with the president of the university as the head. lt offers courses in all fields of learning such as education, engineering, medicine, law, agriculture, nursing, mathematics, business administration, social work and the arts. Degrees offered are Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees, Master of Arts, Master of Education, Master of Arts in Teaching, Doctor of Philosophy CPh.D.J, Doctor of Education iD.Ed.l. The elementary education is completed in 7 years, 4 in the primary grades and 3 in the intermediate grades. Free compulsory education is only up to the completion of the primary grades. English is the med- ium of instruction except in the first two grades where the vernacular li.e., the dialect in whatever particular region the pupils arel is used. The subjects are divided into broad subject areas, viz. Health and Science lsimi- lar to those offered in Canadal, Arts and Physical Edu- cation, Social Studies lthis includes civic life, history and geography of the Philippines, neighboring coun- tries and the world as a whole with a slant towards the United Statesl, English igrammar and composition, reading and phonics and spellingl, Elementary Math- ematics, Good Manners and Right Conduct, Cgood breeding and social gracesl, and Work Education CHome Economics for girls and Wood Working and Gardening for boysl. There are kinds of elementary schools in the Philippines. These are the public elementary schools fthe one just describedl, the private elementary school and the laboratory schools. By private elementary schools is meant those schools run by private corpora- tions and religious orders, whereas the laboratory schools are elementary schools in different colleges or universities offering elementary education courses. They are called laboratory schools because they serve as training ground for practice teaching, or in-campus student teaching. Students take half in-campus student teaching and half off-campus student teaching. The secondary school is completed in 4 years. The subjects offered are Mathematics ithat is, general math- ematics, geometry, algebra, and arithmeticj, History Cpresent and past account of Philippine and American history plus neighboring countries and current events of the worldl, English lgrammar and composition, and Philippine, English and American literaturel, General Science, Biology, Economics, Physics, Physical Educa- tion, Arts and Music, Character Education, Health, Home Economics for girls and P.M.T. or Philippine Military Training for boys. Each male student has to take this course the moment he enters the secondary school, private or public. Spanish is another subject that was recently added. This is only elementary Spanish, though. Following graduation from the high school, a student may choose to continue his studies at the university and take the Liberal Arts which is a two-year preparatory course. He may, however, decide to take a course other than the university course and thus takes a vocational one. Graduates of public and private teacher institutions can teach in the public elementary school provided they are holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, a 4-year course Cexcept H. E. majors course which is a 5-year oneb and have passed a government examination called Competitive Exam- ination for Teachers. All elementary school teachers in the government are provisional or temporary Cin nature of positionsj until they pass another government examination, a civil service examination called, Junior- Teacher Regular Examination, which is given every 4 years. If a teacher passes this examination his posi- tion becomes permanent regardless of the number of years of his experience in teaching. If he does not pass I9