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Page 43 text:
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23 1-il- The PORCUPINE QUILL . . of mankind, the history of the Church, and the history of Finland, geography, nature study-which consists of the study of plants and animals, physics, physiography, chemis- try, and astronomy-art and handicraft, hy- giene and athletics. His public school course completed 119 enters high school, where he is taught the same subjects, but in more detail. Four lan- guages-Latin, Finnish, Swedish, and English -are compulsoryg and if his aim in life is to become a doctor, he must take four other languages. Everything taught to him must be translated into each language which he is studying. For homework the student must memorize a chapter of his textbook so well that, upon returning to school the next day, he can recite any part of the chapter asked of him, and can also answer, in his own words, any ques- tions put to him by the teacher relating to the subject. This class procedure varies great- ly from our question and answer method. Finland, like Canada, also has universities. and if the pupil desires to become a doctor or lawyer, he attends there for ten years. Then the student desirous of becoming a doctor is sent to a hospital for two years, as part of his course. He returns to the university to write his examinations. Until a few years ago, these examinations were written in Ger- many, and took two years to write. The schools are built much like those in Canada. In the country, the lower primary schools and the public schools, are built of stout logs, but in the towns they are usually built of gray granite with wooden fioors. The high schools and the normal schools, which are found only in the larger towns and cities, are built of grey granite, but with floors of marble. The universities, which are very large buildings, are built of huge slabs of grey granite, with marble floors, Thus it is seen that granite is used most in building schools, mainly because it is quarried in Finland. The school term usually begins about the fifth of September. The Christmas holidays begin on the twentieth of December, and the pupils return to school on the tenth of Janu- ary. There are no Easter holidays, but the summer holidays begin on the tenth of May for public schools, and on the first of May for high schools. The school year consists of one hundred and eighty-live days. The university at Helsingfors ranks among the nnest in the world, and gives the student a more thorough education than universities of greater size and wealth in many other countries. Finland, a country with a small population, hopes, by giving its youth a thorough educa- tion, to become one of the strongest nations in the world. KAUKO SALO In Poland Education in Poland is free and compulsory. A fine is imposed on truants. Their Junior Schools differ from ours in that they have six classes instead of our eight. Religion, litera- ture, and arithmetic are taught. Special at- tention is given to the History of Europe. Those completing the junior school and wishing to continue their education may do so by attending institutions which correspond to our High Schools. Higher mathematics, history, languages, and science are taught at these schools. Special training may also be received leading directly to a career. The principal courses are commercial, domestic, and Civil Service. There are six large universities in Poland, located at Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow, Lublin, Fosen, and Vilna. Military training is a sub- ject in all universities. Before the World War there was a great deal of illiteracy in Polandg in fact, in 1906 only 30 p.c. of the people could read and write. When Paderewski took over the oiice of Prime Minister he co-operated closely with the Educational Committee of the League of Nations, with the result that now educational standards in Poland are on par with those elsewhere in Europe. ANASTASIA WOJICIECHOWSKI, C2 In Lithuania In the great continent of Europe, north of Poland, bordering on the Baltic Sea, is a small country known at Lithuania. Russia at one time ruled her. Then the Czar forbade the teaching of all languages but Russian and the use of Lithuanian books. The Lithu- anian boys and girls almost forgot their own
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Page 42 text:
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22 .T The PORCUPINE QUILL ,...T,,,i-...TT--l The highest institutions of the German educational system following the Gymnasium are the universities. These are professional schools. The method of instruction is the lecture method. In general a German stu- dent takes a longer period than in Canada to complete the work for his degree. It is the habit of the German student to migrate from institution to institution, spending a seme- ster in each of a number of the leading uni- versities, and thus coming in contact with the prominent lecturers in the different fields. The universities are maintained by royal grants, by student fees, and by appropriation from the state. An instructor receives a cer- tain fee for each student who registers in his courses. LOUISE WALTER In Switzerland I think that you will find the story which I am going to write interesting. First I will tell you about the school laws in Switzerland. In the summer the school starts at 7 o'c1ock in the morning, and each period is one hour. But 'between each period is 10 minutes time to do homework for the next day. Then at 9 o'clock is a pause of 20 minutes, or lb hour and more. And after this pause the school periods start again till 12 o'clock, In the afternoon school starts again at one, and at three o'clock is a pause of I5 minutes. All school classes end at 4 o'clock. So every day except all day Wednesday, and Saturday af- ternoon, because at these times there is no school in the most places. The most schools were built more than eighty years ago. And so the walls are some- times one yard thick which do not let enter enough light. In most schools they let the electric light burn the whole day, because it is not easy to make windows in those thick stone walls. Each teacher has around thirty to thirty- flV6 pupils. And the most teachers are men. In the High, secondary, gymnasium schools, the teachers have to make examens to get the Dr. title before they can get a place to teach. In Switzerland the only thing which is different than in Canada is that the students have not to write only notes at school, but in Switzerland the teacher explains the things, and then the next day he asks the pupils oral questions and makes marks, which, at the end of the year are averaged. Then we make small notes, but we study the most things right from the book, For example:- In geography we have maps which are on the walls, and study the lands and countries which the teacher explains. An example of the notes we have: Timmins in the north of the province of Ontario, industry, gold mine, Population about 20,000. The law is that children six years old should go to school for eight or nine years. But if they do not pass on examens they have to start the certain subject again. In the summer time there is every two weeks a day on which the whole school goes swimming in the rivers. And in the winter they go skiing and skating. In the most schools they have only two month holidays because they go on places, Where, maybe, an important historical fact took place, or to see the things which they studied at school, which no body ever sawg and so they travel by train and cars to those places. The ones which have sick lungs have to go to places on the mountains to get fresh sunny air into their lungs. I think I told the most important. BEN BAUMAN tEditor's Note: This account, and the de- scription of plant life in Switzerland which the reader will find on one of the following pages, is the work of a student who began to speak and write English only last Augustl. In Finland Finland is not a very rich country. Its chief sources of wealth are lumbering, nshing, manufacturing and mining. Its greatest wealth seem to be in its system of education. Until quite recently, a student intending to become a doctor was forced to attend school until he was nearly forty years of age. Now he completes the same course when he is about thirty years of age. In Finland a child is placed into the lower primary school at eight years of age, where, for two years, he is taught to read and Write. In his third year of school, he enters the pub- lic school. He is taught, during the six years he attends this school, catechism, geometry and arithmetic, general history, the history
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