Temple University School of Pharmacy - Secundum Artem Yearbook (Philadelphia, PA)

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THE ART OF PHARMACY The earliest records of medical and pharmaceutical practices date to the Egyptian era during the reign of Cheops. King of Egypt. Records of written prescriptions appear on stone tablets dating back to 3600 B.C. Serpeants were used in healing rituals and the sick prayed to snakes In their quest for cure, from this the symbol of the medical profession consists of a winged staff (the staff carried by Mercury as messenger of the gods) entwined by two serpents, and is known as a cadeccus. By 1553 B.C. Egyptian priests and compounders were using mixtures of crushed eggs, animal blood, terpentine, figs, vegetables etc. In the proparation of prescription. Scrolls were found to contain names of drugs formulas, and cosmetics used by the Egyptians. As history continues the Greeks and Romans adopted many customs and traditions. The famous Greek Physician Hippocrates became known as the Father of Medicine and Introduced the scientific method of the art of healing, and he served as his own pharmacist where he prepared inhalations, suppositories, lozenges and gargles. A Roman physician-pharmacist Claudius Galen was effective in categorizing and classifying drugs according to their effectiveness against specific diseases. By 1000 A.D. the Arabians introduced the practice of pharmacy as separate and distinct from that of medicine. Apothecaries appeared which were referred to as sandalani and in them the art of pharmacy was practiced as a blend of science and superstition. Somewhere between 1224 and 1240 A.D. Frederic II of Sicily declared an edict that represented a Declaration of Independence for pharmacists. The legislation proclaimed that educational programs be initiated, pharmacists be licensed for practice, and pharmacies be inspected periodically as to the efficacy of dispen sing. By the 12th Century apothecaries began to appear in Europe and by 1480 the first poison control law was established. During the 16th century-pharmacists were preparing prescriptions that included unstable drugs and the art of compounding and storing medicines took on added importance. The Renaissance signaled the rebirth of Independent thought and with it an amazing scientist Paracelsus. He sought to determine the local origin of disease within the body and to treat the problem with specific chemicals rather than abide by the favored concept that disease was due to disequilibrium of the entire body. This man and his followers were responsible for the introduction of countless chemical remedies through the innovation of medicinal chemistry. As the 18th century arrived so did the discovery of benzoic acid, tartaric acid, potassium permangnates and other substances. The Industrial Revolution brought with it the specialty of pharmaceutical manufacturing, the Invention of the first drug mill, tablet machine, and the use of ampules for containment of injectables. The 19th century was fertile with important events and discoveries. Drug research escalated with the discovery of the first alkaloid, morphine. The formation of a national Association of American pharmacists resulted in the organization of the American Pharmaceutical Association on October 7. 6

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THE HEWS . . . are supposed to detect invading viruses and set the immune system into motion to destroy them. Tylenol manufacturers have issued a nationwide warning discouraging the use of Tylenol capsules. This warning comes after federal officials have called murder the cause of death of a Yonkers woman who died of cyanide poisoning after taking Extra-Strength Tylenol. Mew York State officials have banned the sale of Tylenol capsules in that state after two more bottles of cyanide-laced capsules were found. A two-week old infant, known as babv Fae I roeba smjr.’ fork State officials have banned the sale of iol capsules in that state after two more is of cyanide-laced capsules were found, w o-week old infant, known as 'baby Fae, ue the first human to be implanted with :art of a baboon. The child died two weeks i the right to know legislation brewing f lay's pharmacists would not contest right of patients to be informed aboi Tylenol firm eliminat, capsules THIRD PAnrY e ore choosing to receive »t. THIRD PART Y pie, wonders V jOV and Heaven oVW ' Home care providers join fortes Miles . Hou, f nf mpdirin

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1852. The growth of formal education for pharmacists in America took hold for in 1901 Temple University School of Pharmacy enrolled the first two students who subsequently received their degrees In 1904. With time new classes of drugs and radiopharmaceuticals were witnessed World War I was the starting point for phenomenal growth of pharmaceutical Industry in the U.S. America was forced to Independently research and synthesize its own drug products. By this time great discoveries were arising left and right, penicillin mold, streptomycin, antibiotics, and steroids became the focal point of discussion. Today, with increasing technology, the advent of computers and sophisticated organisms and diseases such as AIDS and Altzhiemers disease broad changes are occurring within the profession of pharmacy. Changes include the proliferation of HMOS; the growth of mail-order prescriptions: biotechnology and bioengineering as sources of new drugs: physician dispensing, pharmacist prescribing; the liability crisis; in creasing generic prescribing; self medication; and the growth of home health care centers. These and other changes will structure the future of new drug technology permit the extension of the populations existence, and maintain the profession of pharmacy as a prominent figure within the health care team. 7