Temple University School of Medicine - Skull Yearbook (Philadelphia, PA)

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Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital and wounded. Philadelphia General Hospital, first founded as an almshouse in 1732 and known as the Bettering House at the time of the Revolution, was temporarily used by American soldiers during 1776 until Congress could make further provisions for them. At different times. Carpenters Hall was used as an infirmary by both the British and Continental armies. Likewise, Washington Square served as a burial ground for both armies. Once the Revolution was over, medical progress continued. Lea and Febiger, established in 1785. is both the oldest publishing house and the oldest medical publisher in the U.S. The first medical book published by the firm was a pamphlet on rabies dedicated to Dr. Benjamin Rush and a treatise on the care of infants. By 1830 the firm was publishing eighteen medical books and by 1845, nearly sixty. Since 1859, it has been the publisher of the American edition of Gray's Anatomy. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, established in 1787 and modeled after the Royal College of Physicians in London, is the oldest institution of its kind in the U.S. It was founded to advance the Science of Medicine and thereby to lessen Human Misery, by investigating the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to our Country: Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine and discussion of papers on medical, surgical and allied subjects. It houses one of the largest medical libraries in the U.S. with more than 275,000 volumes including over 10.000 books printed before 1801. Dr. Benjamin Rush was a prominent Philadelphia physician who served the city in many ways. He was one of five doctors to sign the Declaration of Independence and was also a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He was a member of the staff of Pennsylvania Hospital and was on the faculty of the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. One of his great contributions to the city came in 1793 when Philadelphia was hit by a yellow fever epidemic. During this epidemic, when 20.000 fled the city and more than 4.000 died. Dr. Rush stayed and tended the ill and dying with little help. One person who did stay was Matthew Carey, the founder of Lea and Febiger. Carey wrote his own account of the epidemic and later published Rush's report. Rush is also known for his contributions in the field of psychiatry. His Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind published in 1812. was the first American treatise on psychiatry and Rush is often called the Father of American Psychiatry. The early 1800's saw the growth of many more important medical institutions within the city. In 1817 Friend's Hospital, the oldest private psychiatric hospital in the U.S., was opened. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, the first institution of its type in the Western Hemisphere, was organized in 1821. Wills Eye Hospital, the first hospital in the Western Hemisphere specifically devoted to the eye and the third hospital of any kind to be established in the city, was founded in 1832. In 1824 Philadelphia gamed a second medical school, a distinction then shared by neither Paris nor London. Jefferson Medical College was founded by George McClellan, M.D., a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. Dr. McClellan had been giving lectures in Cannonsburg, Pennslyvania. then the home of Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson University). In June, 1824 he began teaching in Philadelphia. This addition to Philadelphia medical education was, however, not welcomed by the University of Pennsylvania who sent a deputation to Harrisburg to inform the Legislature that Dr. McClellan's school had no authority to grant M.D. . . . An independent medical society without formal affiliation with any local or national medical school or society, it is a scientific body dedicated to the reception Temple University School of Medicine The Medical College of Pennsylvania 13

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Philadelphia Medical History It was an era of new beginnings, new thoughts and unique ideas. Europeans from all walks of life had come to the New World to start life afresh. In 1681, William Penn acquired the province of Pennsylvania from King Charles II of England as a place where his fellow Quakers could enjoy freedom of worship and a chance to govern themselves and develop their own way of life. Penn sent his cousin, William Markham, to lay out the city named Philadelphia, city of brotherly love, the name symbolizing his idealistic concepts. Since its beginning, Philadelphia has been a leader in the economic, intellectual and cultural development of this country. Medicine in Philadelphia has proved to be no exception to this rule. Among its many firsts. Philadelphia was the home of the first hospital and the first medical school in the nation. Philadelphia has also produced more than its share of famous physicians. The city can also boast of four medical publishing houses and even a world-famous artist whose interest in medicine and anatomy led him to capture on canvas moments and persons important in the History of Medicine in Philadelphia. Born in 1706, Benjamin Franklin has proven to be the most famous citizen Philadelphia has ever had. Franklin was involved in every aspect of the city's life, including medicine. In 1751. he and Dr. Thomas Bond were responsible for the establishment of Pennsylvania Hospital, the oldest hospital in the nation. The hospital was founded to help the poor and the mentally ill. Initially, mental patients comprised approximately one—third of the total patient population, and conditions at the hospital were considered advanced and humane for the 18th century. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a member of the staff, was considered well in advance of his time in regarding insanity as a form of disease rather than a divine visitation. The hospital also had the first out-patient service and was considered Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania a pioneer in giving treatment to all races. It has the oldest existing ampitheatre in N. American, and its historical library houses the oldest collection of medical books in the U.S. In 1765, formal medical education began in America, and it did so in Philadelphia. In the 18th century, wealthy young men desiring to study medicine traveled to the medical centers of Europe: London, Leyden, Paris or Edinborough. Most Philadelphians went to Edinborough which was noted especially for its lectures. Founded in 1765 and modeled after the University of Edinborough, the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania was the first medical school in the U.S. The first graduating class of ten men graduated in 1768 with the degree of Bachelor of Medicine. By 1825, it was teaching one-fifth of the nation's medical students. D. Hayes Agnew, subject of Thomas Eakins' {Minting The Agnew Clinic, joined the faculty in 1870 and became one of the first surgeons to adopt asepsis in the OR. The school notably contributed to the late 19th century reform in medical education when the Hospital of the University of Pennsyl- Pennsylvania Hospital vania was established, making bedside teaching an essential part of education at the school. Opened in 1874. the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was the first general hospital in the U.S. expressly designed and built by a university to provide bedside teaching facilities for its medical students. With the coming of the American Revolution, medical progress was at a temporary standstill. At the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania there were no graduates from 1774 until 1780. and except for 1777-78, the courses were much shortened. Such important members of the school's faculty as John Morgan, Benjamin Rush and William Shippen. Jr. were members of Washington's army. William Shippen, Jr„ generally credited for having first had the idea of establishing a medical school in Philadelphia, served as chief of the Medical Department of the Continental Army. During the occupation of Philadelphia. the British under General Howe used Pennsylvania Hospital to care for their sick Children's Hospital The College of Physicians of Philadelphia 12

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degrees since it was only a branch of Jefferson College. Unruffled by Penn's claims, the Legislature granted Jefferson its charter. Harrisburg's only concern was whether Philadelphia could support two medical schools — a feat which even New York had been unable to successfully accomplish. Oespite the opposition to it. Jefferson flourished and by 1845 it had a larger enrollment than the University of Pennsylvania. Between the two schools, they educated one in every four doctors in the U.S. during the 19th century. In February. 1848. Drs. Jacob Jeanes. Walter Williamson and Constantine Hering met to establish a college of homeopathy and as a result of their meeting, the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia was opened on October 16, 1848. In 1869 it merged with another small medical college to become the Hahnemann Medical College, named for Samuel Hahnemann, an early exponent of homeopathy. Homeopathy was never the sole method of treatment taught at the college. It was instead, a supplement to the orthodox curriculum. In 1885 the Homeopathic Medical Hospital, chartered in 1874, merged with the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. In 1850, The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania was established through the efforts of Mr. William J. Mullen who believed women needed not grudging admission to co-educational colleges but a medical college of their own. Prior to the establishment of the medical college, women who wished to study medicine were forced to do so in doctors' offices under tutelage, rather than in a medical school. Such precept orships, while preferable to no medical education at all, were hardly the best way. When the first graduation was held on December 30. 1851 at Musical Fund Hall, Jewish Hospital, now known as Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division During the Civil War there was a great shortage of qualified surgeons and Dr. Samuel Gross, a Jefferson graduate of 1828, wrote A Manual of Military Surgery which was widely used by both Union and Confederate military doctors. Dr. Gross, generally acknowledged as the greatest physician Jefferson has produced, occupied chairs in four medical schools and was extremely influential in the development of surgery during the 19th century. He was immortalized in the painting by Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic. the action was so controversial that 500 male medical students and their friends protested the ceremonies and threatened to interrupt them. Fifty police were needed to cordon off the Hall while the eight yaduates received their degrees. By 1867 the college had changed its name to the Woman's Medical College and in that same year, Rebecca Cole became the first black woman to graduate from the college and the second in the U.S. In 1969 the college accepted men for the first time, and in 1970 it changed its name to the Medical College of Pennsylvania. An old delivery chair Philadelphia has long been a leader in the field of pediatrics. Children's Hospital, founded in 1855, is the oldest children's hospital in the U.S. Its establishment was inspired by a visit to the Hospital for Sick Children in London by Dr. Francis West, one of the founders of Children's Hospital. Started as a charity hospital, it was not long before the introduction of specialties began: surgery in 1870. a clinic for eye treatment and diseases of the ear in 1873 and one for the nose and throat in 1892. Important members of its staff have included Arthur Vincent Meigs, founder of the American Pediatric Society, and Dr. Alfred Hand, who in 1893 was the first to describe what is now known as the Hand-Christian-Schuller Syndrome. In 1875 St. Christopher's Hospital for Children began as a one room dispensary, a tiny beginning for an institu- 14