Sumner High School - Maroon and White Yearbook (St Louis, MO)

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Scientific Achievements Economic conditions and miseducation have, to a large extent, kept the Negro out of the scientific field. But, from the mass a few individuals have risen from the mediocre and have established reputations for their ability. Very close to us is the late Dr. Charles Henry Turner, who left behind many valuable con- clusions about animal behavior. Teaching chemistry at Fisk University, we have Dr. St. Elmo Brady, a noted Negro chemist. Dr. E. E. Just, an alumnus of Dartmouth and Chi- cago, has merited universal recognition for his work in marine biology. Best known to all of us probably, is Dr. George Washington Carver, whose experiments with the peanut, sweet potato, and clay of the Southern soils have won for him many awards and honors. With the increase in higher educational oppor- tunities we expect to find many more Negroes outstanding in the field of science, perhaps by the time we reach the one hundred year mark in our progress. Elizabeth Wallace. MAROON AND WHITE X'Tiil.ggjq 5 K C 7 Gleanings from the Medical Profession Before the Civil War, Negroes, engaged in medical practice, left some very interesting accounts. Many persons of the other race believed that the Negro could effect wonderful cures as had been performed in Africa. Many Negroes began their practice among their race and were later attracted by the whites. Al- though they were not listed as physicians, they were employed to assist. The first out- standing case was performed by Caesar, a slave, in 1792. He made such a success and such a favorable impression with his cures from roots and herbs, that the Assembly of South Caroline presented a large sum for his freedom and he was provided an annuity of one hundred dollars. James Durham of New Orleans was the first to become a registered doctor. He was born and reared in Philadelphia and in 1800 was recognized as a distinguished physician. Dr. James McCune Smith, another physician from New York City, was among the five to draw up a constitution for a Statistic Insti- tute in 1853. Dr. Zeke was the most interest- ing Negro that was in the profession in the South before the Civil War. He was soon driven from his home in Savannah and later settled in Augusta, Georgia. He still had difficulties but, nevertheless, made some progress, and in 1857 was practicing among both races, serving the white 'in the day and the Negro at night. After having lived a very successful life, he died during the Civil War. Today the Negro has, without a doubt, made some contributions to civilization in the field of medicine. The most noted medical schools for Negro internes are: The Homer Phillips Page Fifty-one

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lp 4 K up in . LL-, - 'I 4 QI.-'S - :Q 41 ui-1-Q 1 n K.: q It :':'o':.4, A A Nx 0 i '9'o'4 - . .Y s Q . . 'f s'x s'c' ? i gqxzlsfsf I Nl, 'a l E ..i.K...4' . ' ' . A .SL - : - A 1 .. , N X L5 1 1 --.M ...'J. 1 nr .,, 'l., 'I '-w '. 'U , Q ' al g',.',': iQ,0si ' 4- L'o 0,'4f'4v' 4 3 -, I :,'-' t:A. '4::o..vxA v 1 ,' v ' 1 '.:'1 S 4 Y if 2..1v.':.v::1f::'.'f2.. 1 X - 1 Y1V,4f: ,:.:1, , lfuh '-' nz '--':-- '- IW l IV. .. I 'Q , In N 11 - Z fd ':A'i.v2'l,y, dl 4 :p ffv, 'ff' y 'I' 'll X A 22-ff .4 .3 . T , 1 . 1 -'-77 Q , V V i 7 7 7 Q 4 N Hilisunul Jw MKNHON Hospital of Saint Louis, Provident of Chicago, Harlem Institute of New York, Freedman's Hospital of Washington, D. C., and the Gen- eral Hospital of Kansas City, although the Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Ten- nessee, is highly recommended for the medical course. The Negro medical schools and their gradu- ates must be trained for new practices to im- prove conditions which determine health and eradicate disease. The most recent tendency among Negroes in various professions is to specialize-to learn everything possible about what they are doing and to do it efficiently. The late Daniel H. Williams was the first physician to make a very successful operation on the heart, and Louis F. Wright, of New York City, in the skull fracture treatment. Dr. C. C. Barnett was the first to organize and conduct the first hospital for the insane which was located at Larkin, in the state of West Virginia. Our own St. Louis boasts of two or three very outstanding physicians and surgeons. The Negro physicians have had much better opportunities than Negro lawyers and have made their way successfully in this chosen field. On account of the racial contact re- Page Fifty-two quired of white physicians who are sometimes unwilling to sustain this relation to Negroes, the Negro doctors have a better chance among their people than other professionals. Although it was a long time after the Civil War before Negroes had many experiences in the medical profession, they had long since demonstrated that they could teach in this profession. There were nine Negro physicians in 1890 and three thousand seven hundred and seventy in 1930. Johnnie Loii Bnrnes. Q On the Bright with the Jumping Jive Rattle, Knock, Boom, Bang, Bam, Putt, Putt, Siss, Siss, Hep, Hep. Going, Gone. I suppose all the loyal Sumnerites are won- dering what happened to the Jumping J ive. Well, so is Dee Junk Man. But, oh, the memories of the old jolopy, for instance, when we were going to the Girl Reserve party, sporting like mad, with ten cents worth of gas, everything went well until we tried get- ting it started. People jumped up out of bed, shouting Air raid, the U. S. has been in- vaded, until they looked out of their windows and saw it was the old Jumping Jive in full motion. Fenders on by a thread, tires as slick as a cue ball, not enough glass in the windows to keep out the breath of a fly. If you could hear above the noise of the ragged jolopy, one would hear the sound of the motor which sounds like a broken down coffee grinder. When in motion, the car is under penalty of disturbing the peace. When it rains it is better to walk than to ride in the Jumping Jive , for the holes in the roof are as big as the open windows. If you ever hear these sounds in the night, don't get frightened, it is only the Jumping Jive on the comeback trail. Rattle, Knock, Boom, Bang, Bam, Putt, Putt, Siss, Siss, Hep, Hep, Going, Gone. Yours truly, Little Willie Mormon. MAROON AND WHITE

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The Educational Progress of the Negro One of the outstanding characteristics of the Negro is the desire to learn. Many efforts have been made on his part to secure an edu- cation. During the Civil War, hundreds of schools sprang up all over the South. These schools were devoted to the training of the Negro population. Coming from the north, their white teachers had truly altruistic motives and the progress was remarkable. Soon afterwards, normal schools and acad- emies for higher education came into exist- ence. Atlanta, Fisk, Howard, and Straight Universities, and Hampton Institute, are among the nationally known institutions which had their beginnings through these first eiorts. From the beginning, the expenditure of time and money on Negro schools has been hopelessly inadequate when compared with the white schools, but this circumstance is becoming less and less noticeable. Thirty-nine per cent of the entire Negro population was illiterate, according to the fig- ures of 1890. This rate dropped to thirty per cent in 1900, and according to the latest governmental figures, the illiterates now num- ber only eighteen per cent. At least thirty-six Negro students have been honored with mem- bership in the Phi Beta Kappa, in competition with white students in our higher educational institutions. The total number of Negro college gradu- ates in 1929 was over 7,000. The public schools for Negroes in the south, especially in the countries where the Negroes outnumber the white people, are not doing efficient work because of the small salaries paid to teachers, short terms, and poor school buildings. The state teachers' Associations have worked and are working to raise the standard of the teaching profession. Jewel Busch. Page Fifty Negro Teachers The development of Negro teaching in America was natural and inevitable. As early as the seventeenth century we find slaves teaching their masters' children, however in- conceivable it seems. An accurate proof can be shown before the end of the eighteenth century when we find John Chavis teaching White and colored people of North Carolina. Miss Virginia E. Randolph started the Jeanes Teachers' Association, and Charlotte Hawkins Brown founded the Palmer Memorial Institute. In recent years the following men have perhaps, more than others, had touch with Negro education: Robert Russa Moton, who was elected to succeed Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee Instituteg John Hope, who will be remembered for his support of Southern insti- tutions which were founded but which could not be supported, and Mordeceai A. Johnson, who had great ability as an educational orator and served as president of the National Asso- ciation Teachers, and who is now president of Howard University. Honorable mention should be given Mary McLeod Bethune, who built a co-educational institution for Negroes. As guardian angel of the Negroes, it is with much worthiness that the tribute is paid to her of being the successor to Booker T. Washington. Gladys Hulbert. MAROON AND WHITE