St Ignatius College - Ignatian Yearbook (San Francisco, CA)

Text from Pages 1 - 108 of the 1913 volume:

3 5 ll is ,zmawpummmwwlasnuwm uw V r ,: v 5 N R . , I X 5 b 1 H X Q 4 K I U , . X ,fe l Ah iliainrvm Bri Cmnriam 1 Gloria in Excelsis Pope's Messiah - ToaMmmMM - Lov5s Conquem The PHdden God - Why Must I Be Moral Jonesyk Chdshnas Eve The Prince of Peace John J. Montgomery A Study in Sulfrage - llniversal Joy - - Christmas in Verse - Editorial - - - Exchanges - - University Notes - Alumni - - kthletics - Glnntrnta Page 61 - 62 68 - 70 78 - 79 87 - 91 92 - 97 105 - 106 111 - 116 118 - 121 129 mto by Bllslm Jlgnaiian f ' DECEMBER, 1913 No.2 Glnria in- Exrzluin LORY to God in Heaven! The Angel choirs sing, And star-lit hills of Bethlehem 4 With gladsome echoes ring. Glory to God in Heaven! Joseph and Mary pray And kneel beside the manger Where the Infant Savior lay. Glory to God in Heaven! Breathe shepherds who attend, And, wrapped in silent wonder, In adoration bend. Glory to God in Heaven! Murmurs each Eastern King, While Gold and Myrrh and Incense, Tributes of love they bring. Glory to God in Heaven! Sing it on' Christmas-dayg Peace and good-will to mortals Will come in its wake, and stay. STANLEY Bmms. linpfa illllenniah ll Ye Nymphs of Solyma! begin the song: To heavenly themes sublimer strains belong. The mossy fountains and the sylvan shades, The dreams of Pindus and the Ionian maids Delight no more g-O, Thou my voice inspire Who touched Isaiah's hallowed lips with tire! r cc my I b N - by HOUGH Pope s Messiah claims our atten- Ygm tion in this paper, a short slcetch of the M yw development of the Pastoral in both ancient and modern times will not be altogether out of place. Theocritus gave birth to this G! ' X ' form of Sicilian poetry from the germs supplied by Epicharmus and developed it into a distinct and finished art. One may safely say that no other poet, Greek, Roman or modern, has quite reached the high standard, which Theocritus has set for posterity. He has perhaps attained his greatest success in The Harvest Feast, a pastoral in which he introduces his friends under fictitious names. Bion, also of Sicily, drew his inspiration from the solitude of country life, and though his poems breathe an exaggerated sentimentality, and show traces of overstrained reflection fre- quently observable in later developments of pastoral poetry, still he is generally recognized as one of the foremost bucolic writers. Moschus, another Sicilian, also wrote some pastorals of merit. These, however, can hardly be classed with the masterpieces of Theocritus and Bion, ' The earlier efforts of Virgil's art, the Eclogues, faithfully reproduce the pastoral fancies of Theocritus. The country was Virgil's home, and .its solitude and grandeur are the sources of many of his noblest themes. Tibullus, in his pas- torals, shrinks from the rough contact of city life, and all his POPE'S MESSIAH 63 sympathy is- with the life and traditions of'the country peo- ple. His style as a pastoral poet tends to follow that of Vir- gil more closely than that of the idylls of Theocritus. The pastoral made its first impressions on English poetry in the 16th century. In Italy and Spain it made more rapid strides, completely outdistancing England, which at the close of the century noted a great poverty of original pas- torals among her literary achievements. The English love of country life soon overcame this- lead, for in a short time her poets forged ahead and overtook their rivals. The great strife between Phillips and Pope led to the highest development that the pastoral attained at the hands of an English author. Gay with his Shepherd's Week stands at the head of British pastoral writers, the Gentle Shepherd by Ramsay may be characterized the last true pastoral from the pen of an English poet. Pope's Messiah is a close imitation of Virgil's Pollio, the famous fourth Eclogue in which the poet treats of the expected birth of a child who is to become the Regenerator of his race and times. In the Messiah, Pope exemplifies the full development of his powers. This poem has a more pleasing 'effect than his other works, due no doubt, to the sublime Subject. The poetic translation of Isaias could hardly be more beautiful, though we must admit that he often robs the Prophet of his majestic grandeur. In explaining the poem Pope says: I have endeavored in this translation of Virgil's 'Pollio' to show the reader how far superior are the images and descriptions of the Prophet than the Poet. He certainly gives us an imitation of Virgil, in fact some of his verses are almost direct translations of the Latin poem. Unlike Milton, who was also wont to f1lch from the ancient authors, Pope does not merely take the style and fit another thought to it,-though in this poem it is essential that he adopt the thought,-but boldly makes his own the style, the theme, and not unfrequently whole expressions of Virgil. The ,wonderful child-subject of Virgil's poem has been discussed by critics, ancient and modern. Some consider that 64 IGNATIAN the child is Christ. As there were many Jews residing at Rome at that time, it is quite probable that Virgil heard of their expectation of the Messiah. In the pages of other ancient authors, moreover, we read of a general expectation throughout Italy of one who would introduce the second Golden Era. In his Pollio, without any definite person in view, Virgil may have given voice to this general hope. Dur- ing the time of the early Church, it was commonly believed that Virgil was the unconscious instrument of inspired prophecy. It is generally admitted now that though he drew his in- spiration from the Cumean Sibyl and that she in her tum may have been inspired by the sacred writings, Virgil him- self had no direct intention of referring to a supernatural birth. True, he speaks of the Virgin and of the Child sent down from Heaven and characterizes him as a Prince of Peace and delays upon the benefit of his reign, still, strangely significant as the expressions are and gratifying as it would be to trace the source of his inspiration to the prophetic writers, we must be content with admiring the beauty which his poem has by reason of its similarity to what might have been written had he really been, as he only probably was, inspired by the reading of Messianic prophe- cies. We must look to Pope's imitation of Virgil if we want to enjoy a pastoral dealing directly with the birth of Christ. The Latin poet, whatever his inspiration, gives us a pic- ture of a helpless child, and calls upon the heathen deities to be propitious. Pope, with a deep sense of the Divinity, addresses himself directly to the Child: Swift Hy the years, and rise the expected morn! O spring to life, auspicious Babe, be born! See, Nature hastes her earliest wreaths to bring, With all the incense of the breathing spring, See lofty Lebanon his head advance, See nodding forests on the mountain danceg See spicy clouds from lowly Saron rise And Carmel's flowering top perfume the skies! POPE'S' MESSIAH 65 The boldness of the figures, the beauty and sublimity of the sentiments and the gracefulness with which Pope renders them into English are ample justification of the poet's claim that the images and descriptions of the prophet, are far superior to those of the poet. Pope moreover had another advantage over Virgil even if we were to concede that the latter had drawn his thoughts from Isaias either directly, which is not at all probable or indirectly, through the Sibyl, which according to some is probable. John the Baptist lived and preached and spoke so glowingly of the coming Messias, after Virgil was in the tomb. That Pope availed himself of this additional advantage will appear in the following lines: Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers: Prepare the way! a God, a God appears! A God, a God! the vocal hills reply, The rocks proclaim the approaching Deity. Lo earth receives Him from the bending skies! Sink down ye mountains and ye valleys riseg With heads declined, ye cedars, homage payg Be smooth, ye rocks, ye rapid floods give way! Thus in announcing the coming of the Child, Pope has a decided advantage over his pagan model by reason of his more thorough and more extensive acquaintance with the inspired writings. In describing the benefits which are to follow upon His birth Pope is again at an advantage. The ancient bard, wrapt up in pagan expectations, sings of the sturdy ploughman releasing his oxen from the yoke, of the ram changing the color of his fleece now into sweet-blushing purple, now into saffron hue, while Pope delays upon the attributes of Christ, the Prince of Peace. If No more shall nation against nation rise, Nor ardent warriors meet with hateful eyes, Nor fields with gleaming steel be covered o'er, The brazen trumpets kindle rage no more, But useless lances into scythes shall bend, And the broad falchion in a plowshare end. To gain a more complete idea of this beautiful poem, we may divide the Messiah into three parts or phases. 66 IGNATIAN In the first, we find that Pope is but the imitator or trans- lator of Virgil 5 in the second, we admire his poetical transla- tions of the Scriptures, and thirdly, the modern poet, re- lying not upon inspirations drawn from common sources, gives full play to his own poetical fancies. In all three phases Pope has succeeded admirably. In his apt selec- tion of such passages from the Scriptures as would beau- tify his poem, Pope shows himself a master. The flour- ishing of Christ's kingdom, the secure and happy path to salvation He has pointed out to us, lend themselves readily to pastoral figures, comparing favorably with the peace and happiness of rural life. And what beautiful translations of Scriptural verses Pope has given us! Isaias says: Then shall the eyes of the blind be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstoppedf' Pope expresses the same thought thus: H The Savior comes! by ancient bards foretold! Hear Him ye deaf, and all ye blind behold! He from thick films shall purge the visual ray, And on the sightless eyeball pour the dayg 'Tis He th' obstructed paths of sound shall clear, And bid new music charm th' unfolding ear. The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego. And leap exulting like the bounding roe. In beautiful and majestic language that flows from Pope's own pen, at the close of the poem, all nature is commanded to bowdown in reverence before the Savior. And God's glory shall be supreme. He is addressing Israel: No more the rising sun shall gild the morn, Nor evening Cynthia fill her silver horn, But lost, dissolved in thy superior rays, One tide of glory, one unclouded blaze O'erflow thy courts .... The seas shall waste, the skies in smoke decay, Rocks fall to dust and mountains melt away, But fixed His word, His saving power remains 3- Thy realm forever lasts, thy own Messiah reigns. POPEKS' MESSIAH 1 67 The intrinsic value of the poem, its poetic worth, may be judged by the essentials of the pastoral poem. In con- templating the innocence, quiet and candor of the Mes- siah, the emotions aroused are of the 'gentler kind. As Pope directly introduces no characters, we need not dis- cuss the pastoral characteristics. Though his subject bears not immediately on the peace and cares of rural life, it is surely one of supreme joy and happiness. His sweet and gentle style leaves nothing to be desired. His fig- ures, drawn from the daily scenes of the countryside, are well nigh' peerless. Rev. Eugene H. Brady, S. I., con- siders Pope's Messiah the most beautiful of Pope's trans- lations and the grandest pastoral poem in the English language. ' The Messiah ! How fitting to be made the subject of ag pastoral poem. A pastoral, we are told, is an imitation of a shepherd, or of one considered under that character. As' Christ is often referred to as the Good Shepherdjf and so many traits and characteristics of the shepherd 'Hare symbolically ascribed to Him, surely the pastoral lends itself perfectly to the praise and glory of the Nativity, long years ago proclaimed by the angels to the lowly, shepherds as they tended their flocks on the hills of Bethlehem. FRED B. BUTLER. .4 U-'fare ' ji- 'f D EW .ti- x1Hj1f?il fir ll N 411 Un a fllllaterialint S THIS your final word,-that men are naught But Nature's. accidents,-that we exist Because by blind and freakish chance Some chemicals in contact close are brought, Of which the mixtures known as men consist? Perchance some lucky wind blows north a base And east a salt, and then some planless plan Brings salt and base together, making man! Can rocks, those senseless things, give precious life? Can splashing streams that furrow cliff and wood, Give honor, hatred, love, deceit or truth? Can peaceful meadows offer war or strife To man when he is made, or can his good f Proceed from metals valuable or base? Or evil blossom from the flowers sweet, That cloaking fields form carpets 'neath our feet? Whence come those men whose fame shall never part,- Whose names and deeds outlived each strong rebuff Of life? Whence Caesar? Pompey? Can these men Gr their ambitions from a test-tube start? They say ambition's made of sterner stuff, And well they say, for who has ever heard Of chemical,-of acid,-metal,-stone, Into ambition, restless passion, blown? TO A MATERIALIST 69 What mineral, what oxide dead, can brave, Like Washington, the cannon's thunderous roar? Or what reaction is there that can raise A shepherd girl, like Ioan of Arc, to save A nation from the bloody wave of war? Or can you bring Napoleon back to life Or else produce his strategy in weight? Such formula, my friend, is hard to state! Whence comes the pride and lust of Tarquin bold, 3 The honor of Lucrece, or sordid shame ' Of Cataline, or mother's ceaseless love For daughter fair, or son? What wondrous mold Produced a Shakespeare's or a Milt0n's fame, - Both potent kings whose sceptre was their pen? Were their great minds with keener vision blessed ' Because of liner chemicals possessed? 1 Have you not heard of Boone who braved the light Of wildsg who ope'd the path for pioneers i l To seek existence in this Golden Land? an Or Father Serra, great Franciscan Light Who heeded not elusive months and years, , Who spurned the pangs of hunger, scorned the heat l V . Of day, the black of night and irksome strife Of toil in foreign land, 'ere leaving life? A If you will pardon me, I shall attempt To give a definition where you fail: Man is a being from the hand of God,- Some matter rightly formed, but not exempt From spiritual soul that doth entail A A conscious passion of eternity. . Now there is God's own 'formula for man ,- Improve it,--weigh,--produce it if you can! , THOMAS FOSTERQ A iinutfa Glnnqurat ALPH, will you attend to this? w envelope, liberally covered with postage 'WLQQZ ,fy stamps. On closer inspection they were French, and in the corner of the envelope was the address of a well-known private detective bureau of Paris. -- T he case isn't much. The story of a kid made away with-mother looking for Johnnie, and the office hot on the trail. I '1f'iAll'I'Ight, I'll go to it. And I opened up a long docu- ment, signed and countersigned. As I was unfolding the pages a photo fell to the Hoor, I picked it up, and studied theface for some time-the face of a French boy, with sparkling eyes, small, well-shaped mouth, curly hair. Where had I seen the face before? It seemed familiar! But to the letter. I stuck the photo in a rack on my desk, and turned to the pages. The story offered no startling circumstances- hardly enough for a good, bang-up detective tale. A boy of eight torn suddenly from a mother's bosom, lost for four years, rumors of an uncle, talk of a musical career, both, uncle,-musical career, included, traced to California. I folded up the letter and stowed it away in my pocket- book, took one long look at the portrait before pocketing it, and then donning overcoat and hat, set out for the scene of combat. A small boy, a harsh uncle, a musical career, and a poor mother in France upon her death-bed. Would I do my best? I thought of my own dear mother, and of the day long ago, when I knelt beside her bed, praying God to spare that gentle soul, and weeping-oh! such hot tears of grief- and mother passing away so peacefully, so piously into the presence of her Saviour. I felt her sweet influence upon me as never before, and that mother. dying far away in Paris, , in The district manager handed me a large 5 1 I 3 9 ...Q LOVEKS' CONQUEST 71 seemed to be calling to me in the accents of my own fond parent, to bring back to her embrace her long-lost son. In a reverie, I walked along Market street. Suddenly my at- tention was arrested by a huge street sign, advertising the Grand Opera Company, lately arrived at the Tivoli Opera House. ' Among the portraits of the stars was that of a small boy, a French lad, with sparkling eyes, small, well-shaped mouth, curly hair. In my rambles through town I had often seen thesame advertisement, the same .portrait, and passed them by unnoticed. But now I felt a thrill of joy. I could 'have shouted with delight, but I remembered that I was on a public street, furthermore, I was a cool, calculating detec- tive. Quickly I had out the photo, and compared it with the billboard picture. Feature for feature it was the same, from the curly locks falling lightly over the high, white forehead, to the rounded chin. Across the photo was written in cramped, boyish hand, Francois Mahe, whilst the billboard ad- vertised Achille St. Maurice-Petrovsky. At a flash my plan of campaign lay before me. Though of a very honest and upright disposition, I would, to the best of my ability, im- personate a dramatic reporter of one of the dailies, and under that character seek admission to an audience with the celeb- rity. With this in view I stopped at the Gpera House on Eddy street and purchased a ticket for the evening's per- formance. : 22 ae: :Q 2.2 4: ff if As the last, faint notes of the violin died away amid the hearty applause of the audience, the curtain rolled down on the first act of the opera. From the libretto I learned that the boy Achille would not appear during the second act, so I determined to begin the assault. In the guise of a reporter I was admitted at the stage door, and politely ushered to the room of the young violinist. My knock was answered by a quaint and timid Come in, and as I offered my card, the boy frankly extended his hand, and we became immediately the best of friends. My heart had warmed to the little fel- low, when I saw him on the stage, charming all by the grace and ease of his boyish actions. And more so, as I knew that 72 IGNATIAN he had drunk deep of the cup of sorrow. His father plung- ing headlong at an early age into a course of dissipation, the cold hand of death striking him down in the midst of his carousals. His mother-a young wife idying of a broken heart, and her only hope snatched ruthlessly from her tender grasp. No wonder the sad tones of his violin had wrung tears from the hardest heart! Ralph C. O'Connor, my little friend spelled out the name. I am so happy to see you. You write for the news- papers ? Er-yes! I blurted out. It was hard to tell that fibg but I was a detective, and braced up: And if you don't mind we are going to have a chat all about yourself. About myself, Mr. O'Connor, he replied in the quaintest of accents. Ah! but there is so little, yet some say there is so much. So little, I protested, why, your name is famous. You have all the art-loving people of two continents bowing be- fore you, my boy. My name, yes, and his sensitive lips seemed to quiver, and his face to twitch with exquisite pain. My name is nothing, Mr. O'Connor. The tears welled up in the big, blue eyes. What? The name of Achille St. Maurice-Petrosky nothing? It was cruel of me to press this point so keenly, but I saw that I had luckily hit upon the likeliest method of winning the confidence of the child. Listen, Monsieur, I like you, and may I trust you? Oh, but what would uncle say? Monsieur, ah !-if he knew you were here, he would be so mad. Come, Achille, let uncle take care of himself. Don't you fear him. I'll be your big brother, and spank him sound- ly if necessary. At that he smiled, and the cloud seemed to pass from his pleasant countenance. I had visions of uncle, a pompous, little, fat Frenchman, twirling his mustache, and glaring fiercely. So you're not in love with 'St. Maurice-Petroskyg' per- LOVEKS' CONQUEST 73 haps you like 'O'Connor' better! What's un'cle's name, Archille? M. Gustave Le I-Iallier, he answered quietly. i Aha, thought I, so uncle is also traveling incognito. The letter gave the name of Jean Louis Shampol! Just then the door opened, and a man, dressed in an eve- ning suit, stepped into the room. He was a small, wiry man, his eyes shifted unceasingly, a retreating chin left the irn- pression of irresolution, which, with the cunning that lurked in his beady eyes, gave him a very unprepossessing appear- ance. The villain had entered the scene. I instinctively dis- liked the fellow, yet I saw he was a foeman worthy of my steel. f What does this mean, boy P he growled. I thought I forbade you to receive anyone here. But, uncle, this is Mr. O'Connor, gasped the lad, whose delicate spirit recoiled at the rough, threatening aspect of the angered man. I-Ie is from the newspapers, and wished to know all about my music. The man eyed me cunningly, and then quite taken aback by my innocent appearance, apologized for his hasty conduct. f'Glad to meet you, indeed, very glad, Mr. O'Connor. Pardon my intrusion, but I have to take care of the boy, as he is continually beset by your good people, who are load- ing him with presents, and I am afraid utterly spoiling him. How smoothly the words rolled out. In tones as soft and in- sinuating I answered him: Yes, how often we dramatic writers see that. These child-wonders come to this city, and immediately they are placed high on a pedestal surrounded by the costliest votive offerings. -No wonder their heads are turned. I had talked myself agreeably into his good graces. By the way, M. Le Hallier, is there anything special you would like featured in this interview with your nephew ? No, I think not, he answered musing, but you might express our thanks to your fellow-citizens for the many acts of kindness they have continually lavished upon us. You 74 IGNATIAN might also mention that our next engagement will be at Los Angeles, the week following Christmas. The call-boy knocked on the door, as the curtain rose for the third act, and the three of us walked towards the stage door. As I was leaving them, M. Le Hallier asked me to call at his hotel, which I heartily promised to do. That night I sent off a cablegram to Paris, detailing briefly the success of the quest, and urging them to cable to Achille St. Maurice-Petrovsky the news of his mother's illness. The next afternoon I drove up in my runabout to the hotel, where by good fortune I found Achille alone. The cur- tains of the room were drawng and as the little fellow arose to greet me, his eyes filled with tears, which he strove in vain to dash away. A yellow paper lay crumpled on the table beside him, and without a word he handed it to me. I smoothed it out, and read the cablegram: M, Achille St. Maurice-Petrovsky, - Palace Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. Your mother, Madame Mahe, lies seriously ill in Paris. Come at once. CSignedj H. E. Colin de Cocheval, M. D. My heart, always softened by suffering, went out to the boy. Yes, a detective is supposed to be entirely free from sentiment, but I longed at that moment to mother the child in the hour of his bitterest trial, and I yielded to the tugging at my heartstrings, and poured into his sensitive soul all the con- solation, all the tenderest expressions of sincere sympathy with which my good angel inspired me. Once more the vivid picture of my sweet mother, prostrate on the bed of death, came up before me, and I spoke words of comfort, and as mother would have wished me to do, bade him pray God to spare his dear mother until once more she would clasp her darling son to her sorrowing heart. When I saw him somewhat comforted, I branched off onto some antique anecdotes, and soon had him smiling in the midst of his tears. I then proposed an auto ride, to which he consented after much reluctance. LOVERS' CONQUEST 75 I headed the car out Market street, my little companion sat quietly, gazing at the throngs of early Christmas shoppers. Now and then I saw the tears start, and the brave determina- tion in the fine little face to keep them back. We were soon out of the business district, speeding up the Haight-street hills in the direction of Golden Gate Park. He brightened up as we entered the Main Drive, and called my attention to the pretty beds of flowers, the marvels of landscape-garden- ing, the many plots of grass where carefree children were playing .,.. just then I remembered that I had left the cablegram on the table at the hotel. By -love! What's the matter, Monsieur Ralph ? Why-er, nothing. See that rabbit nibbling away at the bush-there he's gone like a shot! Say, Achille, you didn't happen to bring the cablegram along, did you P No, he replied, I gave it to you. And I, I rejoined, left it smoothed out on the table. VVhat time did you say Uncle Gustave would return P Uncle, the little fellow answered innocently, said he would be back by six o'clock. I studied my watch for a moment-it was now three o'clockg we could take a turn through the Park, along the Ocean Boulevard, with a stopover at the Cliff House, and leisurely return to the Palace by five o'clock. Good! I answered laughing. And now for a spin ! We sped by the Conservatory, and on, circling Stow Lake, past the great Stadium, the smaller lakes, drinking in long draughts of the cool, salty breeze with which old Ocean greeted us. Gradually I drew him to speak of his mother. It was a subject he loved, and once upon it, he told me all with child- ish candor and truthfulness. You seef' he began, after papa's death, I was living in Paris with mother. I used to sell violets on the streets, and sometimes I would play the violin or sing. Mother worked 76 IGNATIAN all day, and worked so hard! She thought that I stayed at home while she was out, and never knew I was singing in the street for money. But I wanted to help her. When papa lived, and we were rich, I used to take violin and singing lessons, and so could play and sing better than the other boys on the street. One morning Uncle saw me playing, and after I collected my coins, he walked home with me, talking all the time about my line voice. Next day I met him again. He asked me if I wanted a ride. There were so many things in Paris I wanted to see that I said quickly: 'Yes.' There was a carriage waiting, Uncle spoke to the driver, and we drove away. Then I seemed dizzy, but I remember the noise of the train and the rough people on the boat. I never saw my mother again. I was brought to Leipsic by my uncle, who told me that mama was killed by a 'bus. Then he had me trained for the stage, but first he changed my name, and swore that if I ever mentioned my right name or spoke of mother, he'd kill me. We were slowly moving down Market street towards the Palace. The Chronicle clock registered 5:10, a good fifty minutes before six o'clock. And, Achille,' I asked, what did you say was your right name P Oh!'Monsieur Ralph, was his frightened answer, if uncle heard me, he'd be so mad! He'd kill me-yes, me and you, too. He always has a pistol--automatic, I think he says. Sometimes he puts it right to my face, and then I faint, I am so afraid! Oh! M'sieur, you will not let him know I told you ! I had a difficult task quieting the child as we pulled up before the hotel, Believe me, Achille, I am going to play the big brother to you, and together we'll get the drop on uncle so hard, he wonit be able to call for help. We were soon at the door of the boy's room, and without knocking I opened the door. As I stepped in, a man gazing out the open window swung on his heel, and faced us, his LOVES' CONQUEST 77 face the picture of rage and despair. It was uncle, a piece of yellow paper was crumpled, crushed between thumb and forefinger. An ugly automatic revolver lay on the table. I saw it was time for action, for quick action, no more dis- guising, things had come to the crisis. As he stood staring at us, I coolly took out my pocketbook and extracted the letter, which the day before I had received from Paris. Slowly I unfolded the pages. Monsieur Jean Louis Champol, I began. With a cry of rage, he reached for his weapon, but I was ready for him, and had him covered. He Hung a curse at me, as he sank limply into a chair. I then read the letter, charg- ing him with abducting his nephew, Francois Mahe, whose mother now lay at the point of death. He heard me through, and then, with a volley of oaths, vowed vengeance. I was short with him. Monsieur Champol, I will give you just twenty-four hours to get out of town, if you are found here by this hour to-morrow, I will turn you over to the civil authorities. You will now leave us alone. Pk Ii: Pk if if Ik Pk 325 It was dusk on Christmas eve when the boy Francois and I mounted the marble steps of the great Parisian I-Iospital. A Sister of Charity, a kindly smile on her sweet face, met us at the office, and offered to conduct us to the room of the lad's mother. She told us as we went along that all had been looking forward eagerly to our arrival, and that she, as superioress of the large institution, had received our fre- quent telegrams, and had undertaken the welcome task of breaking the news gently to the sick parent. The silent corridor seemed never-ending, faintly came the odors of the hospital, here and there a light flashed and a nurse in white cap and apron Hitted quietly past us to answer the summons. Suddenly the Mother Superioress stopped, and with a sign for us to wait, knocked on a door close by. A young nurse opened it, and as I looked into the dimly-lighted room, I saw resting upon the smooth white pillows of the bed, a pale, 78 IGNATIAN drawn face, framed in ringlets of black hair. It was a beautiful face, beautiful in suffering, and the big eyes, glow- ing with the warmth of fever, were turned expectantly to the open door. Francois crowded up close to me, and I whispered a word of comfort. I could feel his boyish heart beating madly in the desire to rush forward and clasp the sweet mother to him. A moment, and he has brushed past Sister and nurse, and flung himself with a cry into those outstretched arms, that closed about him, and strained him passionately to the mother-bosom. Silently, and with a catch in our throats we three, Sister, nurse and I, gently closed the door after us. I felt the hot tears, tears of joy, and there was joy, heavenly, measureless deep down in my heart. That Christmas Day was those two hearts, made one separation. I offered up my Child for the part granted me reunion, and prayed earnestly one of untold happiness for again after years of painful fervent thanks to the Divine to play in this little drama of that the cup of happiness of which they now drank might never be dashed from their lips. JOSEPH S. MCINERNEY. Uhr Eihhen Gnh Disdaining pomp and clothed in robes of earth, That hide His God-head from all mortal eyes, The Savior comes and as an Infant lies Upon His lowly manger-bed. His birth The heavenly choirs announce, but lost in mirth Cruel Bethlem hears no strains, nor in the skies Beholds His star whose dazzling light outvies The sun in splendor and proclaims His worth. Oh, may our hearts upon Christ's natal morn, Unlike those hearts of old that laughed to scorn His humble birth, adore, and gladly own That bed of straw, the Great Creator's throne! And sweetly may they with the angels sing A welcome to our God, our new-born King! Jos. LEISNER. mlm Muni 5 Ee Milam! ' i sg igwlgg ,v T WAS one of those chill raw evenings of November. For want of something better tw to do, I picked out a soft divan in the lux- urious lounging room of the club, and de- cided to spend a quiet evening with my pipe. I-cj 'X ' I had been pulling slowly away for a few minutes, my mind centered on nothing in particular, when tive of the other members entered and gathered round a table to my right. I was in the shadow of the wall, and none seemed to notice my presence. For a while they roamed from current topics to small talk and from small talk back to current topics. It is a peculiar thing how, in these last few years, subjects, that before were restricted to the technical expert or to the philosopher, are now discussed by the uninitiated with the same freedom and certitude as for- merly characterized the student. No subject has perhaps become so popularized as ethicsg in club-room, on the street, over the dinner-table, the morality or immorality of acts is argued and commented upon from as many angles and with as widely differing opinions as there are speakers. I was scarcely surprised, therefore, to hear the conversa- tion turn from the consideration of a recent newspaper scandal, to the general basis of morality. One of the group, a young fellow evidently just having completed his studies, and who up to this time had been a silent listener, was re- sponsible for the change. While we are discussing the foundation of ethics, he remarked, could any of you gentle- men tell me, why I must be moral P What do you mean Hughie? spoke up a middle-aged gentleman, who bore all the Whisker marks of a doctor. . Well, what I'm trying to find out, is, what obliges me 80 IGNATIAN to do one act rather than another? Why may I not com- mit murder if I feel so inclined? , While that's a rather peculiar question, replied the ap- parent M. D., yet I scarcely think the answer is as dillicult as you seem to think. Every man, instinctively feels that some things are good, and that other things are bad. He feels an inclination toward the good, and an aversion to the evil. Hence the answer to your question is simply this,- instinct, . But even granting that it is instinct that makes acts right and wrong, that does not tell me why I must be moral. It merely inclines, to use your own words, and does not oblige me to act. Now look here, Hughie, spoke up the older man, isn't it the instinct of self-preservation, for instance, that causes us to say that murder is wrong? Well, let us grant, for the sake of argument, that instinct does oblige us to refrain from acting, what follows? Either man has a free will, or he has not. If the latter hypothesis be assumed, he must act under necessary laws. But to say that, what man does, he cannot help doing, is not only a contradiction of fact but of reason. How can a man be held responsible for doing what he cannot help? Do you for a moment think that, if you murdered another, and when arraigned for trial, you pleaded that you acted under the compulsion of instinct, you would be acquitted? By no means, common sense says that we must be free, if we are responsible. To make the argument stronger: Did you ever see a dog or a cat in jail? Can't say I did, replied his questioner with a laugh, unless you call the pound a jailf' Well, if you were to analyze your doctrine, you would be forced to admit its conclusion: If instinct were the sole force that obliged men to do good, and avoid evil, then, since instinct is possessed by the brute, you should hold the brute acountable for his acts just as you do in the case of rnan. If for instance, your neighbor's cat seeks to warble a mid- WHY MUST I BE MORAL? 81 night lullaby, why don't you, instead of hurling part of your bed-room's furniture at your serenader, go out and get a warrant against the cat for disturbing the peace? 4 The group laughed, including the doctor, who however continued his explanation: You must remember that I did not deny free will. All right then, suppose we say that man is endowed with free will, then since this necessarily entails operations that no material faculty can perform it must be a spiritual faculty. Now, instinct is materialg hence you would have a material faculty necessitating a spiritual one. Since law can only be imposed by a superior, and we are speaking here of the moral law, it is absurd to claim that an inferior faculty can impose a law on a superior one. , It strikes me, too, interrupted a tall aggressive looking fellow fwho, I afterwards learned, was a lawyerj, that, in- stead of answering your question, my friend has proven its contradictory. I-Iow's that? put in the doctor, with a slight show of heat. Well, the question was: 'Why must one be moral ?' that is to say, 'why must he do good and avoid evil?' By at- tributing this obligation to instinct, you have proven that we should be immoral at times. Not a bit of it. I never said anything like it! . No, not explicitly, but implicitly. You claim that we should follow instinct. But instinct often compels us to be angry or lustful. Hence if the good is what instinct dictates you would make acknowledged vices, virtues l Good! that is a point I did not think of, the young man insisted. The whole trouble with the theory of instinct is, that it makes a man a mere machine, compelled by ex- terior forces to act or not to act. This system might well be compared to a magnet, and a compass needle. Ap- proach one pole of the magnet toward the compass and im- mediately it will be attracted, approach the other pole and it repels the needle. Man is the compass needle in your doctrine. Approach a virtue and he is irresistibly drawn, 82 IGNATIAN approach the opposite pole, vice, and he is irresistibly re- pelled. The whole philosophy is too material, too opposed to both fact and reason to answer my question. May I ask what is your explanation, Mr. Handlos? and the speaker turned toward the man who had been debating with the doctor. Thus far I had been a casual listener, but the peculiar nature of the conversation began to arouse my attention, and to set my brain in action. The man addressed as Handlos was now speaking. I'm what philosophers technically call a hedonist. First of all some things we do, afford us pleasure, others cause us pain. Whatever causes pleasure is good. What gives pain is evil. Now reason demands that we should follow the pleasurable and hence the good, and avoid the painful and the therefore evil. This doctrine, if you examine it, is but the analysis of your own conduct. But your system, urged the young questioner, is sub- ject to the same objection as before. Pleasure and pain do not oblige, they are only motives which may or may not in- fluence my judgment. Suppose I feel inclined to act against the feelings of pleasure, what then ? The explanation of that is simple. Although the course you follow may be painful to some, the reason you pursue it, is because it is pleasurable to you. If that is the case, you must admit a variable standard of ethics. That is, an act, suicide for instance, may be a virtue in one man, an evil in another. Now I think y0u'll admit suicide is a wrong, yet men often take theirilives in order to avoid pain, and this according to you constitutes virtue. Beyond this, such a system would soon vitiate both private-and public morals. Some of the most vicious actions that man can perform are accompanied by pleasures, in fact we call them sensuous pleasures. They are acknowledged vices, yet you would have to call them good actions. Again, it would destroy public virtue. Hedonism looks only to the individual. It neglects entirely the duties which man owes to others. The only thing that would be wrong about WHY MUST I BE MORAL? 83 murder, is that it might cause mental anguish to the mur- derer. That may be all very true when it comes to cold logic, but taking experience as a criterion, it strikes me that many and many a time the thought of consequent pleasure and pain prevent a man from commiting a crime, remarked Handlos, somewhat decisively. I'm only too willing to grant that these considerations are strong factors in deterring a man from evil, but they are not obligatory. My question is 'Why must I be moral ?' not 'what influences my decisions ?' Moreover pleasure and pain are, as you just stated, consequent upon an act, hence before you can tell whether an act is good or bad you must perform it and then if it causes you pleasure you know it was good, if it causes you pain it was bad. This is evidently absurd. No, Handlos, 'hedonism' is no answer to my question. An elderly gentleman who had taken no part in the dis- cussion thus far, suggested a new solution: While,I agree that we must follow the dictates of reason and that we are infiuenced by personal pain and pleasure, yet I think that the solution is to be found in the fact that man is a social animal, and that in consequence of that fact, he is bound to respect the common good of the community and not to infringe upon the duties which he owes to his fellow men. Thus in the oft- repeated example of murder, the criminal is violating the right of a fellow man to his life and thus he commits a wrong. Since we are allowed the protection of society we are necessarily obliged to respect the rights of the individuals living in society. What is useful for promoting the common weal is therefore the good, what obstructs its advancement is evil. Your system is far more humane than the preceding one, answered Smith, since it substitutes altruism for ego- ism. Yet it lies open to many objections. First of all it does not answer my question. No explanation advanced thus far explains to me why I am obliged to keep the moral law. Your doctrines merely state what is right and wrong, not 84 IGNATIAN I why men must do right and avoid wrong. Why cannot I violate the duties of others, if I care to? Well, you act unreasonably, that's all. And if I chose to act unreasonably, what then ? There's no hope for you then I guess, laughed back Fitzgibbon. But look here, the intellect does not originate but rep- resents objects. Hence virtue and vice must be something extrinsic to it, You claim this lies in the fact that some acts are useful in promoting the good of the community and others detrimental. That is all very logical in the cases like the one you mentioned of murder, but let us consider suicide. What duty to society does a suicide violate? Often he con- fers a benefit on mankind by destroying himself and yet you admit that such a man is doing wrong. The same objection applies to private vices which though undoubtedly wrong, nevertheless do not harm society as such. The trouble with you is that you confuse the eifect with the cause. The cause of good is not that which is useful, although its effect may be that it promotes the common good. Acts are 'not good because they are useful, but useful because they are good. It is in this confusion of cause and effect that the main flaw of your system of ethics consists. Y Well what is the answer then ? put in Handlos rather angrily. . That's what I'm asking you, said Smith, and smiling he rose and started toward the billiard room., vffrxafxscwrvf, 5 About a week later I met young Smith and was intro- duced by a friend of mine. As soon as the occasion offered, I broached the subject of the controversy. He was about to pass the matter over with a laugh, but my curiosity had been aroused and I asked him if he would mind giving me his opinion in the matter. What I tell you,', he answered, will not be my opinion in the sense you mean. People are too apt to think morality is a matter of personal opinion and consequently they disre- WHY MUST I BE 'MORAL? . 85 gard the fact that virtue and vice are objective realities and not subjective feelings. That was one of the great faults with the men I was arguing with. They tried to explain morality by instinct, pleasure, usefulness, etc., and entirely neglected the fact that there was something in the act com- mitted that influenced its goodness or badness. However the principal reason I asked that seeming simple question was be- cause I knew all those men were atheists. What's atheism got to do with it? I asked. Just this. Unless you acknowledge a God, you can have no such a thing as morality. That's a very broad statement to make, I replied. Granted: but nevertheless it is true. The reason is briefly this: Being moral is nothing but keeping the moral law. Now there can be no such thing as a law without a lawgiverg' Hence, when we admit a law, we implicitly aflirm the existence of someone who has promulgated it. This per- son can be either man or God. If man, he may be taken singly or collectively. If singly, each individual could for- mulate his own particular code of ethics, and the result would be a chaos of conflicting virtues and vices, man could in this supposition violate and change the moral order at will, causing right to be wrong, and vice versa, just as it pleased his fancy. This is plainly absurd, for the law of morality is immutable. Nor can this lawgiver be the collective man or society, for a lawgiver must be a superior, and since all men are equal, where could society receive its authority? The only solution therefore of the identity of the imposer of the moral law is to admit a supernatural person, in other words, God. Now, once having conceded that God imposes morality on us, the answer to my question is simple. A law without obligation is in fact no law. Since God is a perfect Being, I-Ie necessarily obliges us to obey His decrees, for it is un- reasonable to make a law and not impose an obligation on us to fulfill it. Hence the answer to my question 'Why must I be moral,' is simply this: 'I must obey the Divine law.' 86 IGNATIAN But you just told me, I interrupted, that good and evil was in the nature of things and now you tell me that they are good and evil because God has so decreed. I am glad you called my attention to that point, was the answer. Acts are not good or bad because God commands or prohibits them, but He commands or prohibits them be- cause they are good or bad. In other words He sees that some things will prevent man from attaining the end for which He created him, hence His decrees are not prior to, but, according to our way of thinking, consequent on the objective morality of human acts. That is all very true, but how am I to know these de- crees of God? By the light of reason. Reason dictates that some things are good or conducive to our last end and therefore we should follow them and that other things are not conducive to our last end and are therefore to be avoided as evil. But if reason dictates what I am to do, what becomes of free will, which is an obvious fact? There is another point that was greatly confused in that little debate of a week ago. Both you and they overlooked the difference between physical and moral freedom. All that free will means is that we have the power to choose between good and evil just as we see tit, it is a physical freedom which remains even when we are not morally free. In other words: 'You can but you may not.' We are physically free to do evil, the fact that we commit wrongs is proof of this. But we are not morally free to do evil. The natural law, i. e., the Divine law as manifested by reason says, 'You may not do this, since by doing so you jeopardize the end for which you were createdf This is briefly the true explana- tion of 'Why I must be moral'. You're too much for me, I laughed, come on and let's go up to the dining-room. R,AYMUND FEELY, Ar 9 , or Jlnnvag 5 Qlhruitmaa Eur JONES walked rapidly along the Rue Vibourg. It was a cold night with a real M Parisian snowstorm. As Tom entered the lonely street of the Latin quarter famous for its crimes, he quickened his steps, for ' ' ' on Christmas Eve, of all nights, he least wanted to have an adventure. He must be at the Con- tinental Hotel that evening, if he could see the Secretary of the American Embassy he might through his influence gain a position in the French Foreign Office and he might not be starving when New Year's Day arrived. He wanted to be sent as Secretary to the French Con- sul back to Boston, and while thinking deeply how M. Monqucel of the French Bureau of State could be influ- enced, Ionesy found that his street suddenly ended, like many others in Paris. - He was thus forced to choose either an ancient little alley to his left, which would serve as a short-cut, or re- trace his steps. The dark, winding little street, however, which seemed to have dated from the time of Pepin, pre- sented so sinister and gloomy an appearance that he was held in doubt a momentg but then with an American.'s characteristic contempt of continental brigands he tucked his cane under his arm and entered the narrow way. my A flickering lamp creaked and whined as the wind played with it in a recess a few houses ahead, but not a soul was abroad in the oppressing darkness. As he pro- ceeded along, picking his way in the blackness, Jones chanced to raise his eyes. He stopped short and clutched his cane-there hardly discernible beneath the swinging lantern was a young girl who seemed to have fallen down. An Apache girl ! thought Jones, pale with fright, 2 r 88 IGNATIAN ' how will I get out of this? She's a decoy, surest thing I know. There were some ruffians behind him, without a doubt, and if he turned about he would walk into their arms, while if he went ahead there was some chance of passing through. jonesy picked up a huge cobble and a great oak stave and started on. Perhaps a lass with an extra glass of Gasconyf' thought Jones, gaining courage and hastening past her. M'sieur,-Oh, M'sieur, help me, if you will, said a gentle voice behind him. Jones looked neither to the right nor the left, but strode on. M'sieur, please M'sieur, cried the pleading voice, breaking into tears, have pity on me-by Our Lady. He felt a slight touch of chivalry, hesitated and then turned: now he could see her, for the light of the miserable lamp shone on her face. jones dropped the cudgel and the stone. The noble, clear-cut features of the lady were not those of the canaille, the clothes were not those of a peasant,-he had mistaken a noble woman for an Apache. jones took off his hat and hastening 'forward extended his hand to aid her, but waving him aside, she reached to- ward him a small wallet. Oh, thank you so much, M'sieur, she said, for the love of France take this, quick, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. But, Madam, said Jones, gazing at a small stream of blood that trickled onto the wet cobbles, you are hurt, you are bleeding. Let me take you to a hospital ? No, no, no, she cried almost in anger, I am an agent of Minister Monqucel, oh, run to him, please, with this wallet, it comes from Berlin, he must have it before midnight. Why, ma'am, said Jones, out of breath with aston- ishment, this is Xmas Eve, everybody is feasting, Min- ister Monqucel is entertaining the President. Come, let me-i!! llng rubt, Tins, blllg oak wx I a de e. ll e l IONESYXS' CHRISTMAS EVE 89 M'sieur, will you go or not? This is a Christmas present from the Prussian office to M. Monqucel. If he does not send thanks before midnight the German news- papers will be raging in the morning. I have been at- tacked as you seeg please go,-send a gendarme for me if you will. jones was perplexed, then remembering the words Monqucel-Foreign Ministry, he took the wallet, prom- ised to send help and ran up the winding alley as fast as the immense cobbles underfoot would permit. As he passed from sight he happened to look backg there was no one beneath the old lamp. But then his eyes might be mistaken by the falling snow,-he would hurry on. The first gendarme he met he sent back, with a franc to hasten his steps, and continuing a sturdy walk soon came to one of the crowded boulevards. What a Christmas night! He never before had seen such poetry in the hanging wreaths of holly and the merry faces of Santa Claus. What a Christmas present! The very day Monqucel had turned him away from the State Office he had performed a deed for France. The Minister would send him now to America as the French Consul's secretaryg what would his good old folks in Boston say? Jones hailed a near taxicab and in ten minutes he had himself presented to a gilded butler at the Ministeris man- sion which, in a blaze of light, held the grand affair for the President. As he had intended to go to the Continental Hotel, he was in full evening dress and there were few obstacles to overcome before he was ushered into the pres- ence of M. Monqucel. The cabinet official, on seeing him approach, frowned with exasperation that he should again meet the young office-seeker and with no unusual graciousness he received the small package. When he heard how Jones had re- ceived the errand, however, his face beamed with smiles and, his eyes twinkling in admiration, he exclaimed in hearing of the President that the Bureau would not forget his action. 90 IGNA TIAN Ionesy moved off among the dancers in a haze of be- wildered glory. Monqucel had praised him, without a doubt his folks would see him in Boston in two weeks. ac wk Pk Q: :w X as 1: as as if The polished Hoor rocked, the world became a blind- ing flash of white light, a fearful crash beat his ears and he fell to the floor, a blood red streamer flaunting before his eyes. When he revived he found himself in the garden be- neath the bushes whither some one had carried himg his hair was clotted with blood, and all about he could hear people rushing backwards and forwards. The sirens of the city ambulances could be heard out on the street. He remembered now the frightful explosion that had occurred just as M. Monqucel had opened the package and the thought, accompanied by terror, stole into his mind that perhaps he had been the cause' of the accident. I Come on, men, he heard a voice say from the dark- ness, hunt all over for that young American, he was the agent for the assassins, they did their work cleverly. . All right, sir, said another voice, what shall we do with this ballroom wreckage first?-then we will find someone for la guillotinef' Jones almost fainted in an agony of thought, he had not caused the explosion intentionally, he dimly remem- bered the loud report, the convulsive struggles in the ball- room and there came but one thought into his head :-to get away from the scene, away from the power of the police. -D He painfully gained his feet and staggered to the side- walk. He had not long to wait, a taxicab soon passed, and hailing it, jones had himself sped to the railway station. Once arrived, for two gold Louis he obtained the chauffeur's hat and long night coat and thus well cov- ered approached the ticket Window. . A berth for Hamburg, Germany! he cried hoarsely. It was but a matter of hours and he was speeding to the north. When the porter finally opened the Cgaqh door JONESY S CHRISTMAS EVE 91 and announced that the Franco-German frontier was passed, Jones gave a shout of joy that startled his fellow passengers into indignation. In the morning, awakened by the train stopping at Gottingen, not many hours' journey from Hamburg, he bought a newspaper and, prepared to suffer silently the cruel abuse of the press, read with glistening eyes: Christmas Eve attempt to assassinate Herr Monqucel! Paris was greatly alarmed last night when in the midst of Christmas rejoicing and while the well-known Minister of Foreign Affairs was entertaining the Presi- dent, assassins attempted the life of Herr Monqucel by handing him a bomb enclosed in a wallet. The anarchists made use of a young American to carry out their design and whether conscious or not of his guilt, it was no fault of his that the Christmas deed did not obtain its victim's life. The police are scouring the provinces and unless he has crossed the borders to Germany he will be captured this morning. STANLEY F. NOLAN. Uhr lirinre nf QHPEIIP Upon the silent midnight air there rings A song of joy, while startled shepherds view With wonderment in heaven's vault of blue A brilliant light that glows and softly flings Its rays afar, and then on angel wings Upborne, a vision fair they see that drew Nigh unto them, who with clear notes and true, Of peace and hope a wondrous message sings: To God in highest heaven sweetly raise Your hearts with joyous song and endless praise, Whose strains may sound from end to end of earth And to all men announce the Savior's birth, For of a Virgin pure, this glorious morn, The King of kings, the Prince of Peace, is born! FRED MCDONALD. Zlnhn 31. illllnntgnmvrg ROM the earliest times man has admired and envied the swift graceful flight of the birds I through the air. The art of swimming and navigating the water in rude vessels, was grxix-'I': .. J ,Xx- ldg-JJ 'Z . 31 1 In K , N 41 X N S X X' iii' I early acquired, but the power of soaring at will through the air, seemed to be the ex- clusive possession of the birds, for there was nothing in an- cient times which offered a means of enabling man to sup- port himself freely in the air for even a very short time. Human Hight was consequently deemed impossible, and if any attempts were made to accomplish it, we have no record of them. Indeed, with the exception of the fable of Daedalus and Icarus, and the account of the Hying dove of Archytas, ancient literature is silent on the subject. It was not until the middle ages that any actual attempt at flying was made, if we have an authentic account. Several experimenters of this period attempted to solve the problem of flight by means of wings fashioned after those of birds. Of course these early attempts were all failures, generally ending in disaster for the inventor. Finally in 1680 there was published a work in which it was clearly shown to be impossible for man to support himself on wings by his own muscular power. As a result, most of the efforts to solve the problem of flight after this date were directed to the end of securing a means of floating in the air. Many schemes were proposed for achieving this end, but all of them were impractical and most of them absurd. Not until the composition of the atmosphere, and the physical laws con- nected with it, were better understood, was any practical scheme evolved. The long sought object was finally achieved by the Mont- golfier brothers, who, by filling large gas-tight bags with heated air, sent up the first successful balloon. In 1783 the JOHN I. MONTGOMERY 93 first man-carrying balloon ascended in France. Hydrogen was soon substituted for heated air, and thereafter hundreds of successful ascents were made, often to great heights. The balloon therefore furnished a successful means of navi- gating the air, but it did not solve the problem of flying. At best the balloon was clumsy, wasteful of expensive gas, and until the invention of the dirigible, incapable of being propelled in a given direction over any considerable distance. What was sought for was a light machine supported by the air on the same principles as a bird on its wings, and which could be propelled by some mechanical means. Such a ma- chine, if successful, would have many advantages over the balloon, but the difficulties to be overcome in its construction seemed insurmountable, yet there were a few hopeful experi- menters who gave their time to the matter, and as a result of their years of experiments we have to-day the successful aeroplane, which is ever increasing in variety and efficiency. One of the earliest pioneers in this field was john J. Montgomery, the subject of this essay, whom Victor Lough- eed in one of his works, calls The Father of Aviation. His education was received at the old St. Ignatius College on Market street, from which he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1879, receiving a master's degree the next year. Even at this early date the young Mont- gomery was interested in the subject to which he devoted the greater part of his life. Not long after he moved to San Diego, and soon began a series of experiments on flying apparatus, in which he antedated those made by others who are generally given the credit of being the earliest in the field. These experiments were conducted near the town of Otay, just north of the Mexican boundary. Here in this remote corner of the country, at a time when such experi- menters were looked upon as foolish seekers after the im- possible, hampered by a lack of funds, and other discouraging conditions, but full of courage and determination, the young inventor quietly pursued his work. His first machine was 94 IGNATIAN of the flapping wing variety, and like many another of this type, it was a failure. Montgomery himself was the first to realize that no headway could be made with this type, and as a result he abandoned it for a new kind which he brought out in 1884. In this year he brought out his first successful glider. It was modeled on the wings of a gull, and was controlled by the movements of the operator's body 5 it was wrecked on the second attempt to use it, but the first trial resulted in a glide of six hundred feet, proving the soundness of Mont- gomery's plan of copying the wings of a bird, The next machine contained some new ideas, but after a few trials the inventor decided to make further improvements which, how- ever, proved of little value, the machine being eventually dis- carded as a failure. The next machine was rather more successful, but in the same degree as the first, so that at the end of his experiments, Montgomery found himself with a machine of less efhciency than the one with which he had begun, Far from being discouraged by such a termination of his painstaking labors, Montgomery was spurred on to new ef- forts. Prohting by his past experience he gave up all his Hying experiments, and set himself to the task of investi- gating the laws of aerodynamics, then little understood, and without a knowledge of which he felt sure that no real progress in aviation could be made. The next six years were devoted to this purpose, and through careful, assiduous re- searches and experiments, a special study of the flight of birds and the construction of their wings, by means of wind tunnels and other devices, he obtained a knowledge of aero- dynamics equalled by none of his contemporaries. The result of his labors was first made public in a paper read at the world's fair in 1893, of which Lougheed says: lt is prob- ably the briefest and most concise analysis yet made of cer- tain important aerodynamic phenomena and their relations to wing form and action. ' Although his experiments and researches were completed JOHN J. MONTGOMERY 95 in 1893-4, Montgomery was unable to utilize them in an actual Flying machine until 1903 when he constructed models and gliders which proved the correctness of his observations in a most satisfactory manner. In 1904-5 he experimented with large man-carrying machines which were so successful that in the latter year in the presence of a great throng of spectators he sent up one of his machines in a balloon with a daring parachute jumper who cut loose at a height of over 3000 feet and glided safely to earth with perfect ease and control. A second trial was equally successful, and Mont- gomery at once received the admiration and approval of many eminent scientists and aviation experimenters such as Octave kChanute and Alexander Graham Bell. The same glider was tried out many times subsequently, until the disaster of 1906 put an end to further experiments. Finally in 1911, Montgomery began his experiments anew at Santa,Clara. At this time he was endeavoring to perfect a wing warping process, in which he made use of the type of glideriin which over fifty successful flights had been made. It was in the course of one of these fiights that further experiments were brought to an end bylthe untimely death of the inventor, accounts of which appeared in all the news- papers at the time, and need not be repeated. The unfortunate accident caused the loss to aerial science of one whose merits have never been fully recognized. Al- though he built no power-driven machines and made no record-breaking flights, he contributed what none of his con- temporary rivals did-a sound and thorough exposition of the laws of aerodynamics. His gliders are none the less worthy of praise. His later models were eminently successful and the praise bestowed on them by Sir Hiram Maxim is ample proof of their efficiency. The aeroplane today is a successful, efficient machine, which gives promise of great development in the future. This success is attributed in a great measure to the Wright Brothers, Curtis and others well known to the public, while the name of John J. Montgomery is hardly mentioned except 96 IGNATIAN as an early experimenter. This should not be the case. Montgomery was more than a mere experimenter, he was one of the first to achieve success with the glider and his original experiments antedate those of any other successful rival. Especial credit is due him for his exhaustive and ac- curate researches into the laws of aerodynamics. Victor Lougheed has justly recognized the merits of Montgomery's claim, to a place among the discoverers of the art of aviation, and pays him a fitting tribute in the dedicatory preface of his recently published Aeroplane Designingv: To the pioneer, to whose rare vision and splendid genius it was given, more than to any other, to wrest from the inscrutable mysteries of force and matter the greatest marvel of engineering perfection and practical signilicances, which ever has loomed upon the horizon of human endeavor- To Professor john James Montgomery, whose lifelong devotion and final martyrdom to the tremendous problems of aerial navigation will be a never-forgotten inspiration to those who were honored with his steadfast friendship, and will re- main an unfailing example to the few in each generation who ignore the discouragements of doubt and dare the summits of human achievement. JAMES P. WALL. Q? A Stuhg in Suxifraxgr KA symposium by joseph Butler, Francis O'Neil, William O'Connell, Daniel Mahoney, Emmet Feeney and Dan- dgw , be, sighed Charlie Jones, as he delivered 'w 5 'Q the neatly wrapped package to Mrs. Silas 4WlQf Burke. It's not so bad when the roads are good, 'and when the mail pouch is small, but just why people insist on send- ing marked copies of magazines in rainy, muddy weather is more than I can understand. Get up! I'll have to make all the farm houses before sundownf' And so Charlie drove from farm house to farm house partly curi- ous to know what was going round and partly sorry he was in the mail business. That evening when he was greeted by Mrs. Jones with the usual: You're looking tired to-night Charlie, he agreed and made some very indignant remarks. Imagine,,' he said in conclusion, I had to drive three miles up the canon to Mrs. Cameron's and all for a one-cent postage stamp. It's too much. I'll burn some of the fool stuff yet. iel O'Connell.j R. F. D. is not all it's cracked up to Y ll r A.. ua 4' I O, Charles, it may not be fool stuffl' exclaimed Mrs. Jones, and then even if it were, it has the seal of the Nation and you must respect that. That evening in allthe farm houses, not only in Charlie Iones's district but throughout the State, the little, nicely wrapped package was received. Far from containing the foolishness which Charlie had in his indignation charged to it, the package contained a magazine with a mighty message. What a loss to civilization and to culture, what an obstacle thrown in the way of progress there would 98 IGNATIAN have been had he refused to deliver that message one may gather from even a cursory glance at its contents: TO YOU-THE FARMER'S WIFE. To you, my sister in the country, 1 address this. Not to the farmer's wife, but to the lady whose husband is a farmer, or the lady who is married to a farmer-do you notice the difference in the style of address? By the way, are you never going to tire of being an append- age , do you never care to be an entire human being? Always it is-Mr. X. and his wife, the farmers of the country and their wives -rather monontonous, I should think. What say you? Do you realize that that very term implies that wives are property? The things that really count are the men-the citizens. Their wives? Oh, bother, why mention them? You are only house- keepers, so much human stock to reproduce your kind, but never worth mentioning in connection with citizenship, and from this it has become the sloppy habit of the male portion of humanity to look upon woman as only a necessary sort of evil, a kind of ''handy-guy-to-have-around-to-do-the-dirty-work and whose skirts one can hide behind in case one gets into a scrape. I am heartily tired of itg how about you? I address this particularly to you in the country because you seem to be the hardest hit in this day of hustle and rush. You have not only your home to keep clean and to cook for the im- mediate family, but at certain seasons there is a tremendous amount of work to be done in a few days, help is hired, then Mrs. Farmer must cook and clean up after these as well as her own. Additional work-and your additional pay? In the air, breathe it in if you can. Not to mention the work you do in the fields and barns, the stock you feed, eggs you gather, etc., etc.- work without end. Do you never grow weary of this? Never want a brighter day for yourself and your kind? Are not you tired of being looked upon as a boob that knows nothing and never will know anything? Do you never long for a real dress to wear? Never care to travel a bit to see some of our wonderful country? Never want to hear an opera? . . . Perhaps you will say yes, you are tired of this, and would change it if you could, but how? And I tell you it is all so simple that I marvel you did not know it. Just develop your rights as a citizen, take in hand what by all the right of humanity belongs to you. It will give you poise and strength to wrestle with the three-meals-a-day problem g it will give you confidence in yourself and in your children .... Vlfhat you are not able to do for yourself as an individual, your country will do for you, VVHEN YOU VOTE and NOT BEFORE. So long as you permit yourself to be looked upon and treated as a charwoman, a rag, a bone, a hank of hair you will sink further and further from sight under the mountain of humiliation. 'The .fact that you know who your mayor is and what he is doing will not make the sun stop shining: knowing your congress- A STUDY IN SUFFRAGE 99 man and having voted for him will not blight the blossoms on the trees. Understanding the machinery of the government will not cause you to stop bathing the children or to desert the cook- stove, but it WILL give you the necessary knowledge to go about making the division of the world's goods a lot more just than it is at the present time, and in so doing, you will give more leisure, not only to yourself, but to all humanity, which is your duty, for, after all, we are sisters and brothers, if not in our virtues, then surely in our vices. The article was one of many similar effusions contained in the, Progressive Woman,', a suffrage sheet, edited by the Women's League of San Francisco. It was blue-pen- eil marked with such a high degree of artistic delicacy that it could not escape the notice of the Farmers' Wives. While Charlie jones was lamenting over the difficulties of Rural Delivery, there was thanksgiving in the farm houses. It was no longer necessary to wait till Silas Went to town, the mail was delivered at their very doors. The Govern- ment was beneflcent beyond description, the mail-carrier was so prompt and so good natured about it all, there were so many things to feel thankful about. And now, Dear Reader, the scene changes and the time changes. You are in the San Francisco Post Office, three days later. The mail clerks are very busy, unusually busy. There are murmurs of discontent, complaints against the authorities for not employing more help and now and then an indignant remark is passed about the Women's Politi- cal, League. What are they doing in that Women's League? one of the overworked clerks remarks, as he looks at the mountain of letters bearing that address. Perhaps, someone suggests, it is a popularity contest. At all events the letters poured in on every train and on every ferry from all the Farm Districts in California, Booneville, Katscanon, Cripple Creek, Lemontown, Knox- ersville were among the chief farming centers represented, or rather these were more ponderously represented. When the mail-man made his third trip that day to the League quarters he was surprised to find that the women had gathered from all parts of the city to feast upon the 100 IGNATIAN country mail. Never before had an article of theirs re- ceived such generous and prompt response, never before was the author of the appeal to the Farmer's wife, so highly extolled and so enthusiastically felicitated on her powerful style and convincing arguments. Gradually, how- ever, as the letters were opened and read the enthusiasm cooled and despair succeeded the anticipated triumph. The Farmers' wives were not as enthusiastic as their city sis- ters. Some, indeed, approved, many disapproved, some missed the point altogether, others wrote of trivial matters. We shall give a few choice selections of the letters that caused so much trouble to the mail authorities and so much disappointment to the militant members of the Women's League. From Booneville, a little town in the north of the State, came the first ray of hope. It came in the shape of a letter from Mrs. J. Epsom Jones. She caught the idea at once, she set to work in true militant fashion to realize the idea. We shall let her speak for herself: Booneville, Nov. 24, 1913. Dear Progressive Woman: Your circular created a great stir here. We realize the justice of your statements and we are making steps towards organizing a club where we can discuss the matter and take the necessary steps to obtain our rights. We shall hold our first meeting to-morrow night. My husband, the Pastor, has graciously given us the use of the church for the purpose. I expect a large attendance. I should be delighted to have one of your representatives address the meeting, as all the ladies of the congregation have been invited and I am sure are anxious to hear one of your ladies speak. Trusting to hear from you soon, I am cordially, , MRS. CREVJ I. EPSOM JONES. It was indeed a ray of light, but, as one of the members of the League remarked, it did not come from a Farmer's wife. Booneville, however, gave promise. Many letters of a more or less satisfactory tone were opened and read, but gradually it began to drop in the estimation of all present and when Miss Corabelle Buggs' letters were read. Booneville was erased from the suffrage map. As the le' 'lore her iow- .asm The sis- ome ters. ihal iuch ieiis the lfiif idea llize sur ar: the We the the 1 to the are rom ltfi fr's ol ad. all id. he A STUDY IN SUFFRAGE 101 reader is anxious to read the letters of Miss Buggs we shall give them in full: Nov. 24, 1913. Dear Progressive Woman: To-morrow we are invited to Mrs. ,Iones's meeting. She has promised us to invite you also. I am so anxious to see youg I can hardly wait. I have a beautiful new gown to wear to the meetingg I am sure you will like it. Archie Rogers is going to drive me to town in his new buggy. I know all the girls will be dead jealous as Archie goes to high school now and is the classiest boy in the valley. The girls refused to speak to us since the dance last Tuesday because Archie wouldn't dance with any- one but me. He taught me to rag too. Isn't it jolly? Be sure to come as I am going to wear my new dress. Yours lovingly, CORABELLE BUGGS. Two days later the foregoing epistle was followed by another equally discouraging one. It was not only dis- couraging in itself, but it gave such a vivid picture of the Booneville Club and such a detailed account of its pro- ceedings that nothing more was necessary to give the town a bad name with the zealous members of the League: Dear Progressive Woman:-I was awful sorry you couldn't come Sunday, we had a lovely time. After the speeches we had red lemonade and cake and every body was all dressed up. You missed itg I made an awful sensation with my new dress and my silk stockings, I sent all the way to Chicago for them. I know all the ladies will be talking about me but I don't care. You ought to see Emily Parker, the old skinny cat, she looked a fright, she had a silk dress, but you could see it was awful cheap material. Mrs. Squires made a speech and in all your life you never heard such a bunch of slang and mistakes. She told of the drudgery to which she was subjected by her unsympathetic husband. Last week, she said, while preparing dinner for the help, I let a can opener slip and cut myself in the pantry. But do you think I got any sympathy? Not much. But Illl have my revenge! Oh she was awful in her remarks. It sounded like the deuce if any stranger had been here. I hope vou'll come out next meeting as we missed you very much. CORABELLE BUGGS. From Cripple Creek the letters were not of the same high literary character, nor did they contain any, even the slightest ray of hope. The effusion of Sally Smith, which follows, was considered important only inasmuch as it contained a dreadful example of the tyranny of man. It 102 IGNATIAN- was ordered filed and will be published in the next issue of the Progressive Woman: Cripple Creek, November 25, 1913. Dear Mrs. Progressive Woman:-Seeing your writing in that beautiful book you sent me, as my duties around the farm such as getting up four a. m. in the morning and milking seventeen cows then after that I cook breakfast for twelve men, do up my house work and then cook dinner, I just got a glimpse of your swell letter, you know how to do it, alright, the part I read was about making our husbands work around the house, I tried it and I am now in the Barnville Hospital, yours Tryingly, SALLY SMITH. ' After the reading of the Sally Smith letter, a motion was made and duly seconded to the effect that a card of sympathy be sent to the poor woman, who was really a martyr in the struggle for women's rights. Then followed another letter from the same district: - e Cripple Creek Lame Water Co. Nov. 25, 1913. As I am an active sufferingcat in this fcunl community I have taken up the burdens of my fellow sisters, we have formed the pain 8: ache, club which meets regular every monday nite in first episcopal prayer meeting assembly, on Pike, and Laddle road, opposite the Town hall. We have tried to follow along your lines and I think we will be successful in time. Lovingly yours, , LIZZIE PUNKI-IORSE. The letter did not sound as pathetic as it looks and in fact after Miss Williams had read it there was an opinion expressed that the League communicate at once with Lizzie and enlist her in the cause. Miss Williams objected on the ground that Lizzie's letter manifested a total absence of education and passed it among the promi- nent members for inspection. It was unanimously agreed that a letter of sympathy should be sent to Lizzie also and that they should proceed with the reading. They accordingly proceeded: .My humble Mrs. Progressive woman. Cripple Creek, Lame Water Co. Dear Mrs. Progressive Woman, ' November 25, 1913' I was cleaning up the ranch the other day and way in one corner of the hay loft, I came across your magazine, say you can write all Crigthj right, all right, I read all the advitizments and say that recipe about how to make doughnuts without the holes Ut of 3. 1 Rh: surh 33663 D my Nur l W33 fdi: 'DOH 1 of y a wed I are the ISI ad. mr ld n e i l A STUDY IN SUFFRAGE 103 caught my eye, and say how much does that washing machine cost that is on the second page, I would like to buy it, but pa says they are a fizzle 8: a fake, just like the music stool he saw in a magazine and he bought it, but the old thing would not give out any music only a little squeak now and then, so he uses it for a milking stool. And say did you hear that my daughter is going to get married to Joe Punkhorse? Hoping this leaves you the Same MRS. SILAS HOBOKEN. From Lemontown there was a surprise. The first let- ter opened was from a mere man. It was put aside as a fair specimen of the brutal traits of man generally: Lemontown, Nov. 26, 1913. Dear Mrs. Progressive Women: I received your paper to day, and I must say that it's all to the mustard, you got to hand it to Emmy Pankhurst for the fiery stuff, but wait until the Mrs. reads my little story, and then she will want to drop out of the game and leave the rest to me, JOE MURRAY. Besides the surprise from Lemontown there came a scandalous note and to deepen the scandal it was from a feminine pen: Yours, Mrs. Progressive Women, Gentlemenettes: This is a lively town but not as lively as your paper, its a mammoth. Since women have been voting hear, I have opened up a thirst emporium, I sell near beer and the root of the species, we must drink and be like the males you know. Yours,-MRS. PEDRO BALUZO. The following letter sums up the impressions made on the Lemontown community: Dear Sirette: The women of this ville have chosen me to write a letter to you and give an example of our troubles. I will give you one of my own. I was reared on Mellens Food as a baby, and I won many prizes at baby shows. I am still winning them. My hus- band, Hennel makes me wear black glasses with with wooden rims, thus spoiling my hansomeness. Do you think this is right? Yours,-MRS. NUTMEG. Katscanon was somewhat adverse to the movement, as the following epistle clearly shows: - Katscanon, --1-, Miss Progressive Woman, Nov. 25, 1913, Dear Madam: Received your paper and thank you ever so much. Your paper came in very handy, as there is a going to be a prize corn husk- 104 IGNATIAN ing match in this village, that is going to take place in our barn, the leaves of the paper patching up the broken window panes. I also have got a brood of chicks, which were just hatched, so you can see for yourself that all my spare time is taken up. Ezry, thats my husband, says for you not to send any more those papers, and as his word is go around th1s farmhouse, Im think- ing you had better take his word, and he also is some shot. MRS. EZRY STUBBLE. The following from Knoxersville need no comments, and received no comments at the Women's League: Knoxersville, Cal., November 26. Dear Miss Progressive Women, Perhaps it is only ignorance that you so write about the wives of the farmers, but it may be that you allow your imagina- tion to prevail through the greater part of your writings. If it is ignorance, I gladly take this opportunity to say that your article about the wife being overworked is absurd. Of course there is the poor class, who have to do a little hard work, but I dare say the women won't remedy this, even should they be allowed the ballot. As a whole, we can see no reason, why we should have the ballot. When any voting is to be done of any importance, we talk on the matter with our husbands, come to an agreement, then he, as a committee of one, goes to the polls and votes for the good of the family. Do you imagine that we have no social life? but are just kept busy from morning to night or is it ignorance on your part? As a rule the country folk are very friendly and in place of operas, which we wouldn't enjoy, real dresses which are not necessary, as we care not for style, we find amusement and pleasure right in our own homes. Yours Sincerely, MRS. I. M. CONTENT. Dear Miss Progressive Woman, I read your bit of raving and I am surprised to think, that a lady supposed to be familiar with mankind, would write such about the women of Knoxersville, who enjoy being the wives of good, honest and hard working farmers. You should know that women were not made to meddle with any of the government's affairs. Personally, I think it would be much better were you to devote your time bringing a little sun- shine to .the poor, instead of trving to become famous, thru your Silly notions, about women being tied to the tubs long enough. I wonder if you have ever been engaged in any real work, if not, You must be VEYY, kind, or have you an object in view, since you are interfering WVIII1 the home affairs of happy and home-loving people. 'D AY? You a man-hater? Should you be able to answer in the negative, I would advise you to go forth, find some gentleman, whom you'd like, rnarry him, make him a success, then I will say that you have done your duty, just as we proud wives are doing in Knoxersville, MRS. LETTUCE ALONE. A STUDY IN SUFFRAGE 105 After the foregoing letters had been read many of the members commented upon the low intellectual standard of the writers. Some of the more kind-hearted among them wished to excuse this failing of their less fortunate sisters, and blamed tyrannical man for their condition. By far the majority of speakers, however, blamed the farmers' wives themselves, and thought that they were too lazy and indif- ferent towards making any efforts to emancipate and place themselves on an equal footing with man. After much discussion the resolution was made and passed, that as farmers' wives had not as yet arrived at such a degree of civilization and enlightenment as to ensure their proper use of the ballot, they be excluded from the suffrage move- ment and denied the ballot until such a time as the Execu- tive Officers of the Women's League should deem proper. lininmml Jing From the wilds of Unalaska, Wrapped in garb of ice and snow: From the sun-kissed Tropic Islands Where perpetual zephyrs blowg From Atlantic to Pacific Of bright Freedom's chosen land, From the shores of fair Europa And from Afric's burning strand, But one joyous song is lifted, That from pole to pole is borne: Peace, good-will on earth to mortals, 'Tis the Savior's natal morn! JOHN B. CARSON. Uhr mnrh Man flllahr Zlllvnlf' HEN God, with mighty power, the vault of blue Did arch, and set therein the lamps of night, And when the king of day, rich-girth with light, And this great universe His fiat drew -1.11- The soulless clay, His all-creative might,- The Word,-was with Him, and from heaven's height As God, creation's wondrous work did view, But when the Word made Flesh among men came And in the midst of His creation dwelt, His own received Him not, nor pity felt, To see the winter's cold benumb His frame, Though dumb creation did acclaim Him King And choirs seraphic glad hosannas sing. ll I l From nothingness and did with life embue CHARLES WISEMAN Uhr Angrl-Qlhnirn The watchful shepherds tend their flocks by night, Whose stillness oft is broken by the bleat Of restless lambs, when heavenly strains most sweet They hear, while in the winter sky a light Appears, whose sparkling rays most strangely bright Flood all the vale, and myriad Angels greet Their wondering ears in tidings so replete With joy, their souls are ravished with delight. All glory to the Triune God they sang, The hills re-echoed and with Glory rang, Peace be to men on earth their joyous strain, Yea, peace to menu replied the soft refrain, As far and near the heavenly melody NVas mingling heard in sweetest harmony. CHARLES J. NVISEMAN. Nu illnnm! HE evening stars with twinkling light Shine brightly forth on high, Their glistening rays of myriad tints Illume the moon-bathed sky. Clear on the winter-laden air Ring shoutings loud and long, For revelry and clamorous mirth Rule Bethlehemis festive throng. Two weary pilgrims wend their way Through streets and narrow lanes And seek a shelter for the night 5- Their quest no shelter gains! Repulsed and scorned from door to door, In vain they sadly trod, For near each hearth-fire glowing bright, There was room for all save God. They travel on till Bethlehem's lights Gleam faintly far behind, Until upon a shepherdls Wold A sheltered cave they find. And there within these cavern walls, Ere dawned the early morn, An outcast,-though the world was His,- The Son of God is born! STANLEY BURNS Uhr Ehrer Kings RUSTIN G in the bright St3.1',S guidance That lit up the unknown way, Eastern princes find the manger Where the King of Israel lay. There in adoration bending In the heavenly-lighted cave, Priceless treasures of the Orient To the new-born King they gave. Gaspar, gold of brightest lustre Drawn from distant Persia's mine- Gold that kings of earth might covet, Gffered to the Child Divine. Melchior, from a wondrous casket Drew frank incense rich and rare, Whose sweet perfume gently floating Scattered fragrance everywhere. Myrrh, Balthassar humbly offered. Kneeling at that manger-bed, Symbol of the path of sorrows That the new-born King must tread. WILLIAM J. MURPHY Uhr Shrpherhn UDEAN shepherds ceaseless watch Throughout the midnight chill, And guard the Hocks that scattered sleep On Bethlehem's frost-nipped hill. When lo! a messenger of God In robes of dazzling white Before them stands and sweetly breaks The stillness of the night. Behold to men the tidings glad Of peace and joy I bringg In yonder cave of Virgin pure, Is born the Savior Kingf' Then suddenly ecstatic strains Their wonderment increase: To God in Heaven, endless praiseg To men on earth, sweet peace. FRED MCDONALD :UHm'g'n Heart To Him the Wise Men of the East Their priceless offerings bring, The shepherds bow with love profound And worship Israel's Kingg But Mary in deep silence kneels From His first Court apart, And treasures all these happenings In her maternal heart. EDMUND 1. Momzrsslzv. 3 Q I i .Ugnatmn Published by the Students of Saint Ignatius University. San Francisco, Cal. December, 1913. RAYMUND T. FEELY, '14 , Editor-in-Chief. FRED S. JOHNSON, '14 WARREN W. BROWN, '15 ' Associate Editors. Alumni - - - PAUL AHERN, '16 Exchange - - - - PERCY S. MCCANN, '14 University Notes - - - THOMAS FOSTER, '16 College of Law ---- WILLIAM QUEEN, '16 fLawD College of Engineering - - - FRANCIS LESSMAN, '14 College of Pre-Medics - - - THOMAS G. HALL, '14 Review ---- - PETER McI-IUGH, '15 Athletics -------- HENRY FLOOD, '16 JAMES M. SULLIVAN, '14 Business Manager. JAMES HARRINGTON, '14 FRED BUTLER, '17 LELAND JACOBSON, '14 Assistant Business Managers. iihitnrial There is, We are told, a commercialized Christmas- a coldycalculating, heartless Christmas which frequently ' takes a hold of the selfish gift-giver, who CHRISTMAS. gives in order to get. There is a material- istic Christmas, born .of shops and godless merry-making. This nfiateriaiistic spirit generally begins and ends with thexbanquet table. The thoughts of Christ- 1 L 112 IGNATIAN mas are thoughts of plum pudding and mince pie. There is a worldly, humanitarian Christmas, good as far as it goes, but it does not go far enough. It insists upon the peace on earth, the good cheer, and even the satisfaction of making others happy, but it neglects to give Glory to God in the Highest. It is therefore an incomplete Christ- mas. Finally there is the Christian Christmas, with mem- ories that cluster around the humble birthplace of the Savior, with thoughts of His goodness and His love, His self-sacrificing loveg and these holy memories and ele- vating thoughts make the Great Festival something worth while, something that endures the whole year round. It is in this last sense that the editors of THE IGNATIAN wish their friends and patrons, their student contributors, the old boys and the esteemed members of the Faculty, a Happy and a joyful Christmas. WAR! How often, in these times of peace and prog- ress, have we read these stirring capitals. How often has our fancy depicted the long lines of men, advanc- WAR, ing or retreating, under a rain of leaden destruc- tion, the dead and dying trampled under foot in the maddened charge, the groans of the wounded lost in the rattle of musketry and the dull booming of the cannon! Such is our concept of war. Terrible though the picture is, it presents but one aspect of the dread curse of nations. Consider for the moment, the declaration of war be- tween two great powers. There is the cause. Some wrong, fancied perhaps, yet harped upon by the politicians and their mouthpieces, the yellow journals, until a whole nation becomes inflamed with the desire of bloodshed. One foul, muckraking journal, voicing the opinions of a few political lights, can and does do far more towards precipitating international trouble than all the bombs ever hurled by the arm of an anarchist, or all the encroach- ments made by one nation upon the territories of another. All this is overlooked by the casual observer, when at EDITORIAL 113 breakfast he reads of another war in the Balkans, or a new civil strife in Central America. Think of the enormous cost of international war. There are the human lives cast away like so much dustg the property of private citizens, devastated by many a hostile incursiong the heartbroken parents seeing for the last time their darlings marching away as a sacrifice to the insatiable god of war. From the standpoint of an econo- mist, consider the wealth involved. Property losses, panics in the stock markets, bank failures-all these are certain effects of strife. Then there is the public debt under which a nation groans long after the sword and the riiie have given place to the axe and the plow. These are the causes and the effects of war. And for what purpose? Can any sane individual ascribe a correct reason for international troubles? Can any one prove their necessity? Surely they can bring no immediate good to any power. Yet war is as certain a part of the affairs of a nation as statesmanship, as certain as the death and destruction that follows in its wake. To use the expres- sion of General Sherman, much quoted and abused, War is Hell. And the road to Hell is easy. Man requires food for his mind as well as for his body. A hale and hearty individual cannot be reared on unwhole- some foods. A vigorous mind cannot be THE PRESS- cultivated nor sustained with unwholesome reading. We are all familiar with the Food and Drugs Act of 1906, when our Government placed the ban on many quack remedies and straw breakfast foods, not to mention the many canned goods then sailing under false colors. Although even under the present ruling we still consume many of the by-products of alfalfa and peanut-shells, nevertheless the branded article does much to protect us against injury. Why not run both ends of the game and engineer a crusade against unwholesome literature? ll4 IGNATIAN The chief source of education for the masses is the news- papers. One need only to observe his fellow-passengers on a street-car, to acquire a rough estimate of the wide circula- tion of our daily papers. The influence they exert on the populace is very great, hence it can readily be seen what opportunities for evil lie within the reach of an unscrupulous editor. Political elections have frequently been decided in the editor's office, strikes have been called, and it is the be- lief of many that even wars have arisen through the efforts of sensation-mongers. The A B C of the up-to-date editor is murder, suicide, and divorce. Our papers are full of such articles, and the daily feature is usually some unsanitary divorce suit or something equally disgusting. We also understand that the intellect seeks to know the truth. If one were to boil down the contents of a newspaper, eliminate the exaggerations and falsehoods, he could literally put the news in a nutshell. How, then, are the people to be enlightened? Surely a grain of truth guarded by thorns is not easy to reach. Nor is the solution of the problem an easy one. If we were to advocate the promulgation of laws regulating the intellectual food that is served to the millions, there would be an immediate outcry against us, the freedom of the press, it would be urged, will brook no legislative inter- ference. Were we to suggest that the magazines be labeled under a pure fintellectual and moralj food and drug act, we should be scorned as medieval and our suggestion would sound very much like a plea for an Index Purgatoriusf' VVere we, as a further remedy, to suggest that the whole force of public opinion be brought to bear on the evil, it would be a clear manifestation of ignorance of the forces that go to form public opinion. It is, in the vast majority of cases, formed by the press, and there is very little hope that the press will form a public opinion iniinical to itself. VVhat, then, can be done? A sense of self-respect would save you from the fake foodstuffs, once their poisonous na- ture were made known to you. You would not wait for a EDITORIAL 115 law to be promulgated before you would deny yourself the luxury of adulterated breakfast foods. You would not take headache tablets that kill, just because they were not forbidden by law. What this self-respect would and should accomplish in the matter of bodily food, common decency and respect for that which is higher and nobler in you-your intellect and moral aspirations-ought to accomplish in the matter of mental foods. The Press turns out what the peo- ple want. You are unable to control the tastes of the people generally, but there is one person Whose tastes you can con- trol, and if you do so, you will be contributing your share to the much-needed reform of the Press. 7 xrhemgvz The October number of the Marquette University Journal is the most attractive received thus far from that institution. The cleverly drawn cover MARQUETTE design gives it a professional snap and UNIVERSITY an air of up-to-dateness that was un- JOURNAL- noticeable in the past. It is always in- teresting to follow the activities in the various departments of a large university, and it is es- pecially pleasurable to meet an instructive article of a professional character, though in our judgment the illus- trations of facial deformity are a little bit out of taste in a student magazine. It was with special pleasure that the Exchange editor reviewed the September issue of The D'Youville Maga- Q zine,', in the first place on account of its THE high rank as a college publication, and ITYOUVILLE especially for the unique feature of being MAGAZINE- edited exclusively by the ladies. One article in particular, The Gar- goyle, deserves high commendation. The subject is a difficult one, dealing as it does with the unfamiliar char- acters of the old French court, and life in France in gen- eral. The author's delineation of the French peasant, of the conspicuous court figure, the Kingls jester, and of the well-famed minstrels of ye olden days, bespeaks an en- viable knowledge of a very fascinating chapter of history. The story is made to play upon the reader's imagination through succeeding paragraphs, and only at the close of the tale is the mystery of the Gargoyle unveiled. The D'Youville Magazine can well be proud of tal- ent such as that displayed by the authoress of The Gargoyle. It is worthy of note, too, that this long con- tribution is uot the only one in the September issue com- ing from the pen of the same writer. 'trsity H that COW V' and is unf YS in- Il the is es' of a illus- Ste in editor llaga- oi its , and being Gar- is a char- gen- lt, ol f the 1 en- tory. ition e of fal- The ton- Jill' EXCHANGES 117 The Girl Across the Campus, appearing in The VVabash, is a story with an interesting theme, but very poorly told. It is disappointing. We cannot THE admire the taste shown by the author in in- WABASH- troducing a feminine character so lacking in the rudiments of refinement. Its coarseness shatters a universal ideal. The composer, in an effort to add color to his story, stoops to an unpardonable breach of propriety, if not of decency, just before reaching his climax. H Freshman Hazingjl in The Randolph-Macon Month- ly, is a humorous entreaty to the first-year men from the upper-class men, begging them THE RANDOLPH- to desist from their infantile frolics. MACON MONTHLY. The article is well written and may serve a good purpose. We were shocked by the opening poem of the October number of The Tattler g it is blasphemous. Allah, Christ, Brahma, God, Creator THE TATTLER. Thou, Known in a thousand waysg . . . After reading it we felt sorry for the young ladies of Lynchburg and we wondered if such promiscuous relig- ious ideals were prevalent. We looked through the No- vember number to see if there were other touches of un- Christian philosophy, and, to our surprise, we found the following beautiful sentiments: Do you know --the wri- ter is addressing the members of the Y. W. C. A.- that it is upon you that the success of the Association work is depending, and consequently the success of Christ's Kingdom in Randolph-Macon? We must make good not for our sakes alone, but for the sake of Him whom we are servingf' Where Christ is not only mentioned in the same breath as Allah and Brahma, but identified with them, the work of Christ's Kingdom is in sore need of reorganization. Piracy S. MCCANN. Hninvrniig Numa The department has the good fortune of retaining as Pro- fessor Dr, Otto Zajicek, formerly of the University of Vienna. ' The eminent Professor is ably assisted by PRE-MEDICAL. Mr. Menager, S. I., who teaches organic ' chemistry to the second year students and inorganic chemistry to the first year men. The pre-medical work is both practical and theoretical. The first year men are devoting their time to general histology, the second year men to bacteriology and embryology. We have begun the second year of Engineering with an increase in numbers and with an addition to the Faculty, in the person of Professor Eugene F. Kriegs- ENGINEERING. man, graduate of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology. The Sophomores are hard at Work in mapping, plotting and topographic draw- ing. The courses in mineralogy and geology are also Well under way. The Freshmen are kept busy with physics, chem- istry, mechanical drawing and mathematics, While, by Way of diversion, they have frequent opportunities for field work. The students of the law college are now so well advanced that the Faculty are making preparations for several special lectures to be delivered by some of the most eminent LAW- jurists of the local bar. Probably the most interesting and profitable branch of the curriculum is the philosophy course given every Wednesday by Fr. Mahoney, S. J. These lectures are at- tended not only by the regular students, but also by a score of outsiders, among whom are many practising attorneys. Every week adds several new students. The first year alone now numbers iifty young men. UNIVERSITY NOTES 119 , Having debated everything from American intervention in Mexico to the admission of Mrs. Pankhurst into the United States, a wide range of subjects indeed, the DEBATING Senior Debaters feel well prepared for the SOCIETIES- series of tryout debates for the HJ. Franklin 1 Smith Medalf' which is contested for annu- ally. The tryouts will be held, as in the past, a board of three judges will pass upon the qualifications of the contest- ants and select the four best speakers to represent the society in the public debate. While the debate will not be held in time for publication in our Easter Edition, yet we will then be able toannounce those who have survived the tryouts. At the last regular meeting of the University Student Body, Mr. O'Connor, president of the High School Students, gave a brilliant speech on the relative UNIVERSITY positions of the two student organiza- STUDENT BODY. tions. He showed very aptly how the High School students rather leaned toward false pride when they did not solicit the patronage of the University, and he par- ticularly emphasized his appreciation of the kindly feelings of the higher students when they volunteered to help his student body to dispose of tickets and be present at the games. Mr. Harrigan, our somewhat corpulent basketball manager, then told of the prospects for the ensuing season in his par- ticular sport. He exhorted more of the boys to show up for practice and tryout for the team. He also made known his plans for the arranging of a schedule which will include games with some of the best teams in the state. The next talk was an interesting one by our moderator, Mr. Flaherty. He spoke of basketball and finances, and also dwelt for some time on the High School Student Body and its separation from the Varsity. 3 120 IGNATIAN For the past year or so, the High School students have 'been threatening to break away from the University Student Body and form an organization of their THE NEW own, STUDENT BODY- A number of the Varsity men scolfed at the idea and expressed the opinion that there was not enough life in the High School to try it. Now, however, they see how sadly mistaken they really were. The High School students have broken away and have shown sufficient life to make the new plan a splendid success. Their meetings are attended with much gentlemanly enthu- siasm and their various athletic teams show unlimited zeal in practice as well as in scheduled games. THOMAS FOSTER. EKQTIUQ EIHIEJE l E Alumni ntvu The annual meeting of the Alumni Association of the University was held Thursday evening, October 9, 1913. Over fifty former students were in attend- ALUMNI ance and many affairs of interest both to MEETING. the alumni and the present students were discussed. The chief business was the election of officers for the ensuing year. The following were chosen to serve: President ................ Wm. A. Breen, '98 Vice-President ........ George A. Connolly, '92 Secretary ............ Charles P. Knights, '12 Treasurer ........, Edward H. Chambers, '12 john T. Fogarty, ,75 Richard P. Doolan, '79 C james J. McNamara Leo. C. Lennon, '99 Wm. P. Golden, '02 Robert X. Ryan, '04, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Mr. Richard P. Doolan, '79, proposed that the alumni association make a special gift to the new St. Ignatius Church and suggested that a bell would be appropriate. Rev. Father Trivelli, President of the University, remarked that as a bell had already been provided for, a statue of St. Ignatius to be placed in the niche in the front of the new edifice would be acceptable. Accordingly, the associa- tion 'agreed to donate this statue as a memorial to their devotion for their Alma Mater and they further resolved that the work itself should be entrusted to the skill of some California sculptor. Mr. Charles Fay has been chosen Postmaster for San Francisco. This is a position which carries with it great 122 IGNATIAN p responsibility, particularly in a city as large and important as ours. We join with the many alumni, who remember Mr. Fay as a former student, in congratulating him upon the recent honor he has received. It is with great pleasure that we note the return to the University of a recent graduate. Joseph A. Giannini, A. B. 1911, has registered in the college of law and '11 intends to complete his preparation for a legal career. After leaving college Mr. Giannini entered the em- ploy of the First National Bank, where he still holds a responsible position. Joe's prominence as a ball player is well known and his presence on the varsity nine of which he was formerly captain adds greatly to the prospects for a successful team. The memory of the Class of 1913 is still fresh in our minds. Only a few months ago we saw them attain that goal which we are all endeavoring to reach. Out '13 of a class of five two, Vincent S. Brown and C. Harold Caullield, have returned to complete their studies in the college of law. Robert L. Chambers is pur- suing a course in scientific agriculture at the University Farm near Davis. John I. Schlappi has succeeded in pass- ing a civil service examination and is at present in the city engineer's oflice. Edward M. O'Neil, popularly known as Merc during his college days, is enjoying a well-earned vacation. We are interested in them all and wish them all the greatest possible success. On Thursday evening, November 20, 1913, the Alumni Association held its annual banquet at the St. Francis Hotel. The committee of arrangements prepared a. splen- did repast, which firmly established their reputation for good taste and reliected credit on the worthy President for his wise selection. Some seventy members attended and the harmony existing between them was accentuated by the music which accompanied the dinner. The pro- gram of the evening was eminently instructive though not at all lacking in entertainment. 1 ALUMNI NOTES 123 Mr. William A. Breen, '98, President of the Associa- tion, proposed the toasts, one to Our Holy Father, Pope Pius X, and one to the Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. He then introduced the toastmas- ter, Mr. John Mulrenin, '96. John rose to the occasion literally and figuratively. In his own forceful manner he sounded the praises of Alma Mater, dwelling especially on the fact that our Alma Mater dates back to the time, some 360 years ago, when St. Ignatius and his little band of followers established the first college of the Jesuit order. He reminded us also that our degree from St. Ignatius University entitles us to claim as our Alma Mater every Jesuit institution both in this and in foreign coun- tries, and he expressed the hope that in the near future a formal affiliation would be made of all the Jesuit insti- tutions in the world. George A. Connolly, '02, followed with an earnest and well worded speech on The Graduate and Civic Progress. He made mention of many prominent men in the United States who received their literary education and moral training in Jesuit universities. Glancing around the ban- quet hall, he said that we did not need to go beyond its yvalls to look for men who were a credit to their Alma Mater, to their country and to their God. His tribute to some of the Alumni present was very tactful and at the same time glowing, and elicited rounds of applause. A poem on An Idea of a University was read by, Edward F. O'Day, '0O. All were struck by the rare com- bination of pleasantry and sound sense which character- ized the poem. We subjoin it in its entirety to the Alumni Notes so that our readers may share in the pleasure which was experienced at its first recital. Rev. Albert F. Trivelli, S. J., President of St. Ignatius University, responded to the toast Alma Mater. He reiterated in an impressive manner the praises of our Alma Mater which we mentioned as the keynote of Mr. Mulrenin's speech. He then passed on to a theme which 124 IGNATIAN he rightly judged would be most dear to the hearts of the Alumni-the present prosperity and the immediate prospects of St. Ignatius University. Although the Alumni on the whole keep closely in touch with student activities, the statistical information set forth by Father Trivelli gave them many agreeable surprises. Father President closed with a stirring appeal to the Association for their hearty co-operation in the extension of a work which is progressing so rapidly and which will greatly enhance the glory of St. Ignatius University. . When Father Moderator, the Rev. Dionysius J. Ma- hony, S. I., rose to say the customary prayer 'of thanks4 giving, he was greeted by shouts of Speech! Speech ! He responded with a few apposite remarks about the ster- ling worth of a Jesuit graduate. He said that the seed of virtue planted in the heart of the Jesuit student will al- ways bear its fruit, even though it may seem for a time to be choked by the temptations and enticements of this world. PAUL AHERN.. AN IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY. 101111 Henry Newman, poet, cardinal, Briton, Has on this theme a lengthy volume written. If you've not read the work it's time you should- I haven't read it but they say it's good. But that is not the point I wish to make. The thing is simply this-why can't I take A therne which Cardinal Newman found appealing, Treating it so you won't suspect I'm stealing? You'1'l all agree that there may be diversity In his and my idea of a university. Newman had his, a good one, I opineg And though I'm not a cardinal, I have mine. And if you'll bear with me a little space My own idea I'll briefly try to trace, The University I like to bear in mind Is of a strictly Jesuitical kindg fUS1r1g the adjective as a word of praise, Not in the sense beloved of A. P. Afsj. AN IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY And if you ask me, growing rather critical, Why I insist that it be Jesuitieal, I answer, all the knowledge I possess CExcept some naughty things, I must confessj, My spelling, reading, Latin and geometry- Not much of that and less of trigonometry- In fact, my all of serviceable knowledge Was garnered up in St. Ignatius College. Not much, I know, but I got it there, you see, And so the Jebs are good enough for me. But let's cut out this personal discursity And get back to our Jesuit University. In dreams I see it perched upon a hill, Breasting the upper spaces, calm and still, Its walls upraised above the city's noise, Although no perfect stillness it enjoys- How could it, sheltering so many boys? Its buildings take up all the space that lies Between that hill whose cross salutes the skies And that green strip where lovers love to spark- Of course I mean the north side of the Park. And equally, of course, I do not mean That student-sparkers in the Park are seen- Ignatian youths all study like the dickens And have no idle hour to give to chickens. The buildings rise in fancy, here a hall And there a towered belfry wondrous tall, Fair colleges of every humane art, Where every branch of learning has a partg Museums, lecture halls in marble piles So grand that when Minerva sees, she smiles. Minerva, if you'l1 pardon explanation, Was quite a figure with the Grecian nationg A suffragette and quite a scholar, too, She boasted stockings of a learned blue, And so, alone of women, she enjoys The right of entrance to a school for boys. But to return-this University of ours Boasts of its lofty astronomic towers Where aged seers sit gazing at the sky To nail the comet as it sputters by, To tab the moon as it doth wax and wane, To track the sunspots and predict the rain- A task of nicety but not too hard Provided we can steal Jerome Ricard. Pardon me, Alma Mater, while I pause To wish that Santa Clara's seer were yours, That great Ricard, magician past compare, Acknowledged St. Ignatius, not St. Claire! An envy not ignoble, a desire 1 To see our glory lifted high and higher ' Prompts me to say that if we boasted him No other college could our glory dim. But this of consolation we can frame- He's not our Rick, but a Jesuit just the same! IGNATIAN Forgive my rambling. We left fancy gilding ' Our blue print dreams, and here's another building A library well filled and laboratories, Refectories and spacious dormitoriesg A chapel too whose soft religious spell Speaks in the tones of Dicky Dolan's bellg That bell which Dick so proudly gave away When our Alumni met at Jules' Cafe. And music rooms so padded that the din Disturbs those only who rehearse withing For music, when it's in rehearsal stage, Evokes no feeling but a murderous rageg So, to avoid all homicide advances, We'll pad the music rooms and take no chances. And not to slight the just demands of sport, We'll have a diamond and a handball court, Showers, a swimming pool, and next to that is A gymnasium with all sorts of apparatus. And deep within the basement, cold and drear, No torture absent and no comfort near, A prison room for every lazy mug- Our University can't do without a jug! Forgive my use of mug -it sounds amiss Spoken in gentle company like thisg Such phrasing is a sort of social crime, But pray be lenient- jug is hard to rhyme. I picture many other rooms and galleries I Where teachers, lay and cleric earn big salaries: And every year a brand new millionaire Will leave a fortune to endow a chairg Until our University has a college For every branch and kind of human knowledge, And all its halls will echo to the feet Of myriad youths that on its pavement beatg Till Oxford will be emptied, the Sorbonne Deserted and old Heidelberg undoneg For all will flock to don the learned gown Of St. Ignatius in St. Francis town. Ours will not be like certain universities, A hot-bed of all down-to-date perversitiesg I don't expect professors to demean Themselves by teaching sex hygiene. There'll be no lectures on the latest mode In women's dress, or on the newest code Devised by scatterbrains enwrapped in fog To supersede the exacting Decalogue. Our science won't rename each ancient vice, Using a Latin term to make it nice, We'll have no morals based on etiquette And taught like manners in the gilded set Where Thou Shalt Not receives no passing heed And just to be discreet is all the creed. Nor shall we teach the latest dancing fangle- You won't learn how the Tango to untangle, No don half-versed in mental calisthenics AN IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY 127 Will lecture from the stud book on eugenics, Teaching you cunning ways to pick a bride With veiled approval of race suicide. The brutal jargon of a soulless day, The caution wont the false and true to weigh, Time-serving cowardice with a slave's obedience Stooping' to do the dictates of expedience, The glib sophistic of corrupted men That brand us swinish and the world our pen, The hopeless system that elects to plod A darkened path that leads away from God, Pragmatic puzzles full of wise pretense But empty equally of soul and sense- To this and other trash mislabeled science Our University will bid a bold defiance, Lifting its banners coniident and free Against all fraud, all smooth hypocrisy, Strong in the cause of virtue and of right, Giving no quarter in the endless iight- This will it do, and may we live to see The glory of our University! EDWARD F. O'DAY, '00 awww WV nl-1 by Tluslm Athlvtirn 1 VARSITY BASKETBALL Basketball is now occupying the time, attention and interest of the majority of the university men. This sea- son's five should be a winner from the start, having a full complement of veterans, as well as several likely finds to fight for a place on the team. Every afternoon finds the squad working out under the supervision of Bob Flood. Manager Harrigan has arranged a long schedule for games for his charges and the season should be a success from every viewpoint. Keating, Flood, Evans, McHugh, Foster, Harrigan and Campana are the veterans who are out for the team. A series with the Santa Clara live will in all probability be arranged, owing to new relations having been resumed. TRACK. President's Day. The date for the gala event of the athletic calendar, President's Day, has been tentatively set for the early part of February. Already considerable enthusiasm is being shown in the various departments over the probable possession of the various cups and trophies. In addition to the track events, a baseball game will be added to the list of sports, making the whole affair the most notable feature of the coming semester. HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL. Witli the game with Santa Clara High over, the Red and Blue ruggers have put away their suits in the moth- balls and turned their attention to other things, including studies. The season was hardly a success, nor could the most sanguine look for aught else. With an army of undeveloped youths at his disposal, some of whom knew 130 IGNATIAN a football was inflated, Bob Flood turned out a fighting little bunch. That they didn't win a number of games was not the fault of the coaching. The green team upon every appearance showed less of the rough edges, and in the final games, displayed the form that should return them winners when Rugby is the order of the day once more. St. Ignatius High 0, Lick 11. Someone called Lick the Tigers The same person would be stumped for a name to bestow on our classy little fifteen. The Tigers were outfought, outclawed, and in spots outplayed. But as spots are to be predicated of Leopards and not Tigers, the C. S. M. A. boys managed to score ll points while our worthies were still fighting. As a matter of course this was unfortunate. But who would ever expect tigers to be able to play Rugby. St. Ignatius 0, Lowell 6. ' The neighboring tribe of athletes from the vicinity of Hayes and Masonic, were treated to a surprise party in the shape of defensive work. Only twice were the Low- ellites able to break through the Red and Blue for a score. Most of the play was in Lowell's territory, and their tries came as the result of brilliant individual work, rather than any merit of the team. John Wilmans fea- tured the game with a run of fifteen yards before he became tired and stopped for a rest. Flynn of Lowell showed an abundance of speed. St. Ignatius High 0, Cogswell 11. Scoring 11 points in the first half, the Cogswell team had a rather easy time with our representativesf In the second half the fray resembled the stand of the Six Hundred rather than a Rugby game. The Cogswell team was kept on the run, in both directions, but failed to score again. ATHLETICS 131 St. Ignatius 31, Commercial 0. Cicero, or Aristotle, or some other profound thinker said once that a worm will turn. It did. If memory serves us rightly, this Commercial aggregation beat us out of a baseball championship last year. Revenge! The Commercial Rugby team was fast, but ran too long in the same place. In fact some of their performers played far better for us, than for their own team. The High School Student Body, through their worthy President, Mr. O'Con- nor, tenders the Commercial team a vote of thanks. Santa Clara juniors 21, St. Ignatius High 0. On.a muddy field, the youngsters from the prune val- ley romped away from our colts as they pleased. The Santa Clara boys with the unpronounceable names, showed more Rugby skill than any previous high school team who had the fortune, good or bad, of mixing with the Red and Blue. The game was a tragedy in two acts, with stage settings of mud, cold weather and more mud. The vast crowd seemed to enjoy themselves, so we pre- sume the wind-up of the Rugby season was a success. HENRY FLOOD. The Ignatian stands behind all its advertisers : : : Tatronizc them, and thus show your appreciation of our eforts and their assist- ance::::-::: ADVERTISEMENTS 133 ITALIAN AMERICAN BA COMMERCIAL AND SAVINGS Capital Paid Up ..........., S750,000 Surplus and Undivided Profits, 5247340 NII OFFICERS: Andrea. Sbarboro, President C. H. Crocker, Vice-President Alfred E. Sbarboro, Cashier Romolo A. Sbarboro, Assistant Cashier DIRECTORS: A. Sbarboro, C. H. Crocker, E. A. Rossi, M. J. Fontana, A. J. Merle, Luigi Boltano, G. Garibaldi, Luigi Demartinl, C. A. Malm S. E. CORNER MONTGOMERY AND SACRAMENTO STREETS I W 51 .-1-215-i.. it-Q. -si .- f .vj,,.:.,fj-EZ' '24-2-Em ,- '3 -. A , '- ,gzip ,A Yagi: E 3... H. ., ,ff . ..-:ii-3 3335455 .7 -' 3ir?fEQS, - ' 1 '15-1239 1 ' ' ., . , In . . 716 MARKET STREET and 33 GEARY The Leading Tailors of San Francisco College Cut a Specialty SUITS 'ro ORDER FROM 525.00 T0 S50-00 NE STREET ADVERTISEMENTS Wm. F. Wilson Company PLUMBING Modern Sanitary Appliances 1175-1177 TURK STREET SAN FRANCISCO ADVERTISEMENTS 135 Telephone Douglas 121 Residence: 291 Fifth Avenue Telephone Pacific 929 A. LYNCH 8 CO. Artiticial Stone Pavement and CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION OOO ESTIMATES GIVEN ON ALL KINDS OF CONCRETE WORK Office: Builders' Exchange Building 185 STEVENSON STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. COMPLIMENTS OF A FRIEND 36 ADVERTISEMENTS COLLEGE OF NOTRE DAME BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL For particulars apply to MOTHER SUPERIOR 16TH and DOLORES STREETS SAN FRANCISCO Drew's Coaching School Admits to University Without Examination ANNAPOLIS, WEST POINT, ARMY, A SPECIALTY High School and Grammar School Courses Day and Evening Classes 2068 DIVISADERO STREET MARRON'S CREAMERY CLOVER MARKET Butter, Eggs, Milk, Cfeam and Buttermilk 2039 FILLMORE STREET Butter Made Fresh Daily. Full Weight 2-lb. Square a. Specialty. Pure Country Milk and Cream Delivered Twice Daily. Wilson Bros. Co. Incorporated FIREPROOF STORAGE Moving, Packing 5' Shipping 1636 MARKET ST., nr. Franklin Phone Park 271 Phone West 2652 Home Phone S 2680 MCCARTHY BROS. GROCERS Orders Promptly Delivered COR. BUSH AND BAKER STS. SAN FRANCISCO Orders Prom ptly Del ive red CUTS Desxgnecl Engraved and Pubhshed by Commercial Ark C97 53 Third Sl.,8anlhncisco ADVERTISEMENTS 137 Tl Z S WPHMWW GOLD MEDALS and Diplomas of Honor M I , awarded to , aff S GEORGE MAYERLE Mayen S y German Expert Optician Hman M3555 960 MARKET STREET EYUWHWT Medals on Exhibition at 960 Market Street Established 20 Years TELEPHONE KEARNY 751 PACIFIC PACKING HOUSE JOS. BUTTGENBACH 8. CO., Inc. PORK PACKERS SAUSAGE MANUFACTURERS Champion Brand Ham, Bacon, Lard FOURTH AND SHIPLEY STREETS SAN FRANCISCO 138 ADVERTISEMENTS OUR SIXTIETH YEAR BRITTO REY LITHOGRAPHERS STEEL 85 COPPER PLATE EN GRAVERS PRINTERS-BOOK-BINDERS 560 SACRAMENTO STREET SAN FRANCISCO Mills: EI Dorado Co., Cal. Factory: Oakland, Cal. Branch Stores: Oakland, Los Angeles, Cal. THE CALIFORNIA DOOR CO. Manufacturers of DOORS, WINDOWS AND BLINDS 43-49 M.AIN STREET Phone Kearny 2010 Cable Address: uCa1dO1 ' SAN FRANCISCO ADVERTISEMENTS 139 PHILIP J. FAY CHARLES C. NICHOLS Nichols CH, Fay General Insurance Brokers FIRE - MARINE - LIABILITY BONDS, ETC. 601 Merchants' Exchange Building Telephones: Kearny 2774 C 4932 SAN FRANCISCO Butte Engineering and Electrical Co. 683-87 HOWARD STREET SAN FRANCISCO Contractors and Manufacturers of Electrical Equipments ADVERTISEMENTS No Complaints Are ever made by our patrons, because their Laundry work always reaches them in first- class condition. Our system is different and we never by any chance injure in the slightest degree any garment intrusted to us. We give you a perfect finish and call for and deliver work promptly. Family trade solicited. Our charges are very rea- sonable. LA GRANDE LAUNDRY C0 248-250 Twelfth Street Telephone Private Exchange, Market 916 ADVERTISEMENTS 141 Telephone Franklin 968 L. A. KELLY 'GT CO. REAL ESTATE INSURANCE 807 ELLIS STREET SAN FRANCISCO - Boys, Be Fair to Yourselves :Pfam ff - 0 'G' Play with the Spalding atloqnqfgigggyue n CORK CENTER BALL ff f '-.. ff- lv It means many a hit that would be 5PALDlNG'0ffl9'A! lost if you used the old style rubber gi ... Pel ' I core ball. MTM- W-wi' Play with the ball the Big Ifaguers M- f s1-e wi use all the year, and in the world g P Y . 'N THERE'S NO GUESSWORK WITH THE BIG LEAGUERS X H01 AGU! 110 L 's'f: w I e..--..'7'-.4,.rrrs wM 'n..., -u if M' f series aAWl g ' IAL I' ,xi .N pam G ,Am T A. G. SPALDING Q BROS. 158 Geary Street, San Francisco 142 ADVERTISEMENTS Kearny 34 Phones: Keamy 1892 BARTLETT MINERAL WATER BARTLETT GINGER ALE For Purity and Excellency Try It Bottled at the Springs No Artificial Process Bartlett Springs Co. 634 THIRD STREET SAN FRANCISCO FRENCH AMERICAN BANK 0F SAVINGS SAVINGS AND COMMERCIAL MEMBER OF Associated Savings Banks of San Francisco Resources ...... S680,000 United States Depository for Postal Savings Funds 108 SUTTER STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ADVERTISEMENTS 143 St. Mary 's Hospital 2200 Hayes Street Phone, Paclflc 4240 Rates: 512.50 to 575.00 per week. A three-year course in training in medical, surgical and obstetrlcal nursing is offered young women desirous of becoming nurses. A WELL EQUIPPED MODERN HOSPITAL, OPEN T0 ALL REPUTABLE PHYSICIANS Phone Douglas 115 Lydon, Egan :Q Co. REAL ESTATE and Insurance OFFICE: 201 LICK BUILDING 35 MONTGOMERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO 144 ADVERTISEMENTS WE PRINT THE IGNATIAN The James Hg Barry Co RINTERS AND UBLISHERS 1122-1124 Mission St Phones Paxk 6380 and 6381 ADVERTISEMENTS 145 El. lUllEllllIS UlIlVBI'5llU The University embraces the following Departments: -The College of Letters, Science and Philosophy. A four years' college course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The College of Law. A four years' course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and beginning in Junior Year. The College of Engineering. A four years' course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, and beginning in Freshman year. -The Pre-Medical C ourse. A two years' course in Chemistry, Bacteriology, Biol- ogy and Anatomy for prospective students of Medicine. This course begins in Junior year. St. Ignatius High School An eflicient course covering four years from the com- pletion of standard grammar schools, and preparatory to the University. REV. ALBERT F. TRIVELLI, S. J., PRESIDENT 146 ADVERTISEMENTS Telephone Market 2684 J. Loo EY PLUMBING AND GAS FITTING SOME OF OUR WORK St. Ignatlus Church, Resldence and College St. Agnes' Church Sacred Heart Church, Resldence and College St. Mary's CPauIlstl Church and Resldence St. Peter's Church, Resldence and School Spanlsh Church and Resldence Providence Hospital, Oakland St. Anthony's School, Oakland Convent Sacred Name of Jesus and Mary, Oakland Youths' Dlrectory Presentation Convent U. S. Custom House Columbla Theatre ChIldren's Hospltal Scottish Rltes Masonlc Bulldlng Odd Fellows Bulldin St. Domlnlc Apartments Chlsemore Apartments Warren Apartments Cadlllac Hotel Arlington Hotel Southern Hotel, Bakersneld Tavern, Lake Tahoe Sacramento Bee Bulldlng, Sac- ramento Barbour Residence, Piedmont Chabot Resldence, Oakland Jobbing Promptly Attended To All Work Guaranteed ADVERTISEMENTS Telephone Mission 890 PIUS GFELL Successor to T. MUSGBAVE Sa Co. Watchmaliers, Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Medals and Ecclesiastical Goods a Specialty 3272 TWENTY-FIRST STREET Bet. Mission and Valencia SAN FRANCISCO Phones: Franklin 216 Home Phone S 3135 Franklin 217 elly's ine Equipages Automobiles, Limousines, Carriages Broughams and Light Livery 1623-1631 PINE STREET SAN FRANCISCO ADVERTISEMENTS ST. IGNATIUS STADIUM Shrader and Fulton Streets COMPLIMENTS of A FRIEND ADVERTISEMENTS 149 CARRDLL '81 TILTON -- . Q . . WM ff .,. , V H I Alu! 1 Y-L ,H , H x . '55 ,, A. ,g l X 9 f V 9 E 1 ' f 0 1 . V ,E X7 9 9' 4, 6 I' W fl O 1. ml I I 1 - -I I, n lyll I Q I. l K n T- D WP if T v l f mx , GJ YOUNG MEN 'S OVERCOATS ALL THE NOVELTIES OF THE SEASON- Balmacaans, Ballymedes, Chesterfields Shawl Collars and Convertible Collars Gabardiney and Raincoats Come in and try on a few of these new styles--No trouble whatever-S15 to S35-Some wonders at 520 and 525. CARROLL 'EI T ILTON 735-737 MARKET STREET 150 ADVERTISEMENTS SWEATER COATS A G. 81 M. SWEATER COAT IS JUST THE THINIG FOR THESE COLD, WINTER MORNINGS. -5- REASONABLY PRICED r FROM 52.50 TO 597.50 ' Give G. 65' M. BUJ' ffom Knit Gifts Headquarters I' onurrnvnn POSTS! for Xmas ALL DRUGGISTS THE WORLD OVER SELL- A Ve ronica Wate r For ...... HEADACHES CONSTIPATION Veronica Water Company 2 1 25 MARKET STREET F. H. KIMBALL, President SAN FRANCISCO ADVERTISEMENTS 151 Phone Market 4996 Dr. Charles J. McCarthy DENTIST ANGLO BUILDING Sixteenth and Mission Streets SAN FRANCISCO Hours: 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Telephone Douglas 2868 Res. West 7724 P. B. Morrissey Q Co. REAL ESTATE, INSURANCE COUNTRY LANDS MINES Rooms 103-105 35 MONTGOMERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO OTTO N. FITZGERALD, Mgr. Tel. Park 2666 Royal Ice Cream Company Manufacturers and Dealers in ICE CREAM, WATER ICES, ETC. Office and Factory: 1155-57 McALLlSTER STREET Near Fillmore SAN FRANCISCO Jno. A. Lennon Vice-President of Ed. J. Knapp Beeswax Candle Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Jno. A. Lennon Wholesale Grocer and Importer of Tea, Coyfee, Rice English Breakfasts, Oolongs and Green Teas Sm Fnncrsco, CALIFORNIA Tel. Paciic 917 and Pacilic 6287 W. T. LYON NOTARY PUBLIC Ofhce of THE RICHMOND BANNER 320 SIXTH AVENUE Phone Park 2140 SOUTHERN'S STAGE CRAFT STUDIO Play Writing and Theatrical Instruction 333 HAIGHT STREET SAN FRANCISCO Up-to-Date Stage Dancing, The Art of Singing. Elo cutlo n, Sketches, Monologues, S o n g s, Written, Music Published 4 152 ADVERTISEMENTS Geo. A. Knight Telephone Kearny 4145 Chas. J. Heggerty Wm. M. Madden Knight CE, Heggerty ATTORNEYSQAT-LAW RooMs 807-810 CROCKER BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. COMPLIMENTS OF A FRIEND x ADVERTISEMENTS 153 Phones: West 6870 Home S3458 Fillmore 867 DR. Wo G HI RESIDENCE 1268 0'Farrell Street Bet. Gough and Octavia Oiiice Hours: Io-A.- M. to I P. M.g 2 to 6 and 7 to 8 P. M. l54 ADVERTISEMENTS University of Santa Clara SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA The University embraces the following Departments: A. THE COLLEGE OF PHILOSOPHY AND LETTERS. A four years' College course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. B. THE COLLEGE OF GENERAL SCIENCE. A four years' College course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. C. THE INSTITUTE OF LAW. A standard three years' course of Law, lead- ing to the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and pre-supposing for entrance the completion of two years of study beyond the High School. D. THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. fab Civil Engineering-A four years' course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. Cbj Mechanical Engineering-A four years' course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Cel Electrical Engineering-A four years' course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. E. THE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE. A four years' course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture. F. THE PRE-MEDICAL COURSE. A two years' course of studies in Chemistry, Bacteriology, Biology and Anatomy, which is recommended to students contemplating en- trance into medical schools. Only students who have completed two years of study beyond the High School are eligible for this course. WALTER P. THORNTON, S. J. President -.5 -W T .f.a,,.x..gs-W,-.- ADVERTISEMENTS 155 HENRY HOFFMANN EMILE HQFFMANN HOFFMANN Q C0. REAL ESTATE Z2 INSURANCE Rents Collected Full charge taken of property 322 MONTGOMERY ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Phone Douglas 4419 J. D. MCCARTI-IY WM. HENCKE, JR. J. J. COLLINS Phone Kearny 208 COLLINS MCCARTHY CANDY C0. Just a Little Berferu Candy Makers 25-31 BEALE STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 156 ADVERTISEMENTS VVM. HUNT Phone - - Kearny 646 Home Phone - J 2453 Third and Townsend Streets JERE. F. SULLIVAN Telephone Kearny 5740 MATT. I. SULLIVAN THZEO. J. ROCHE SULLIVAN 'E SULLIVAN THEO. J. ROCHE ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Humboldt Bank Building 785 MARKET STREET, NEAR FOURTH Rooms 1109-1118 Quth Floorj San Francisco, Cal ADVERTISEMENTS 157 HERMAN MURPHY PATRICK VAN POPART MURPHY-'81 VAN POPART ATTORN EYS-AT-LAW 602-608 HUGHES BUILDING Cable Vanmurp, W. U. T. SAN FRANCISCO J. J. HELAN WHOLESALE GROCER IIO MAIN STREET SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA 158 ADVERTISEMENTS X 'X 'TX wa .X,,, ., X, X, X' 1f1x!J'.l . ' mg.--X f,'., I. .7-,:X-1 . .- r,-.gtf.55..-vpLjg-5:,QX:g,f1!'l', ., XAEXSEXE 4s,::. fl: 5n'gf.:.-X,-wi. WX, ir.,.iLl,3ggiXXf.:p9?f,l all 14,1-Xe' ,441 , gli . l I nm-594 ' iw:-X jL-',f'Lr,'..fi-u,X- uw' X f , -P41-'fgffflpe-X'mf-5r1',f,':g,1lXq1ffXfX -XXX X X X ffAf:f-Xffa w, -'als-wif X X X If-Q44 j'fl l7,'?X1 12'::'.'Xr554 qfJXHf'.- 'fl ' ., ,mms -- ':' .Y-x,.5XA,, .R,..,n, .gg-X X.:-Ja., ..iX,.:vX: v V, .,.,jXb,.,H -. XXV? -WU' A f'.:'1:X14.' 3.91.1 ' 9.1 -TX! fr: av 92.957 Xi X XX ., N., .,. . ,0- .JF1 .Xr.,X,,3,f',-'f.-we .X,,.1,.4ae ., fl X Xl '3' C '1L,X A N .1 .15 ff L X,-3 ., 1'f J W'?'5-7 EQ-u? WE25i7ff:. ' . ,,,. ,I ' .L . :1,f1':'5' -543, Hifi'-. :ff mi: JXQLXW 23 we -2'P1iZi2f:,'rfk?Prs+-4 - y?v4EX:zXX5f:wJEgfC 'X - X--.far X1Xw15!1Q:f' . . 'X -X1y,,f., +R- ,X X - we 1 X X' ev' -W -my ' .1. XX ll,-.p ref l xv' 4 ,Af I ir., -X ffl X. E' 'X fl Lfllffrefsagplgvgi f X and X 1'Ji5352lfl'11X2:f:X 5 . ' 4?X'5X??lfY513 X X-.wrt ,-yr.. l 'ff VX In ,XX XX- X X X XX I X XXXXLXXXX ..1-. .X--r ? J-n,.-.,.- X. - ...,X, -.-X -' X, .l.., . I-1. W feng, gong- y., L! XXX XX fPl.1LT it .X h X3 sg-.51 nf'-.L 1 :Ii-315, X X X X lx-:?J,'1f -1 X ' 4 5f4.,1. 7 :.' f 1 ,f1'3'?jZ' 'f ..X,.X ' n'.-.AX-:sf-Pa . f my X- f ,jfzpggzrw X ,..f1.'3:24 X '!f.'2i.i'i- I, ' ,gn r 'ii 1,1 X X Eg-ifgj X JT X?l'G'1','5 2,35 .45 -.jf X X XYTXIX,-X' ,X .X,X,+5',- X sw: X ' 5273 X , 1, 1.. .I X il 'Z 'f' 4. ff'- , :iff-ff.i'2L X '..eXQv'. 2'-.'3:1f?26:f42 ' 'vfsilf'-if 5 1.15-4,5l 5' -'XX .VX-5 6 1 '4' Eisiflli . .L,. L-,.,, . Xe 2-X was 'XX ',n:'g'fi, . ' -,J X, ?-i.Xvgkf- -1-5 X53 5l:'??3',',5IQ-'.iTX?'7u2' l1',7:'Ar:--'ligisill ffl: H . . M . -I ,.- -. XHXXX...-'..X X. r-gig, :Qc X X J 3.-X f,,,X.xX X X XIXJX Xu X r XX X XE X , ,P X X X rx 1 1 44' ,Ly Yr 6 X M, X., jx., l XX M ! X If ff' gn -EX X N ' ,Xatixh ,U X X XJ, my W ' 1 X If 9 9 X X, X. 1 m lu,-XFN X. K XX? rg X X-', -w X XX X ivy, X, , X. X MQ? , , X XX ' Q22 ' X fe, ,ge ,..,X. X, x 'Qi' dd X -sf as 'X WXMXX X X ,hill Xl' X ,S Nw, gbblw an X FJ' X 'Q I ' 1 if X X L ' T XX: fa ,3 X .. X, 'f 'r ki. fb-'N cy' 'X X-if f' X- ' fe, X 3 , ' -5,113 fc, 5, XX ll Lev! X: farf- eslf XX X' ' f X. . ,.- X I Q AE mf' 4 1 ' X XX Xl G-IX X- , XX X ml v ,Ve AW -:Q l 'ff 5 X 'TQ q! w x ,w 3 ef X XXX'XXX,X'1., wr, -,f ' f as X 41 X -4 ff X we 1' T L. 'Z ' +55 LM ' 1,-I 'w N of- 5 X we. 21 1' Qi, '35 ,1 UH XXX, 'X J Q4 M, .X .J an ,H 1 px X V4 I YA :HU X X., QE, yv ' Ms -1 bfi 5.2155 ' Ps ' 'J X 'L z'2l'fX- :My -X-:Xue-X X ff X 'X 4,1 :A FLEX W X. iw 1 X 5 ,Xt X J, xx 1 1:51 Vgx X.. 'NXX X X rl W HQ 7 bg J, :X HW, fx.- , f. , .JLWX Cownahuexai uneanxmacqup Announcement Snrietg Mranh Gllnthra Now await your approval at THE JUVENILE. Exclu- sive style departures and a higher effl- ciency than ever in tailorings, stylings and models, find ex- pression in SOCIETY BRAND CLOTHES. THE STYLES Society Brand Engllsh Model Soclety Brand Box-Back Model Society Brand Straight-Llne Model 520.00 t0 530.00 Others S10.00, S12.50, 315.00 THE JUV NILI-: Style Originators to Young Gentlemen 1 30 GRANT AVENUE 4. 444, W -5,1 vi- ,w,.',w- FW' N U ', ' ' Yu-. .-.X V T ' is , yi, V .sh 1. .r ,. ff? . ,. 1 ,. V -vp -vw f' '.,- V- s,. ,, -. , ., , A fm., ffm: 'i:s'!e435' ' - f 3 X. I: . ,V 1.2,-.5 ,S-:gf 1 ' f-'WP A , . N '7 ' -J' um -, N 213' 'XM--Q- X A I' ' Q -f - .i 731995 ' ,- J' 1' 1' w HW 1 17 x ' - ' 'F A Q ws 14 f 'w M A ' :.,. V 5 4- -,ff ,Lg -ff -.MQ-'f ', .- -, -4H'A..,x,'S , .. mf f f, Q 1w.'9Vi25ff',Tv.T:'4 '. W- T553 4' 39 71 1? , 42? 2 ffffyi-ff , , ., . 13, fly pg, Qi-gsm 3,12 -X .JE fig. . -2' W' . , -F uf '- U'?f' f'F'fA,iZ-- 41 a 11' vm. - - - P ,4xff?J 1ef'9',f ' f V V WW- 'f f . fn' 1gLa :-.:,- -, ' - :Y W ' - fn:-' .F -Xwffi.-7g,5L 5QM A tMi8l2fw,f:'9f - ' FQ ' U X W - ' L T 5 -- ' ' rw- W gmaf, Tm ,Q f- - dlrffws' I ,. 'if ' - ' ' ' 1? . H ' 572351 72 ' ' M' i V 3 A 'M' ...Q ,AQ I M - Wh 1 ,.., A 'X 5 .. -Q J 1 -A fury' '-in K l 'Lgzgiqlf PS yy.. ' .3 ' -,MJ 4' M AIAA-,W,:.f-'I ' , I , 3447 l ...dy gg A , . ,. 'W wffe ffm I 'ffl I ff 'Qi-.eff 3129 rv Q ' K 1- ' N ax . ' ff' ' 2 v 'Lf ' ' 'Mn' , ' :+,j,r -Q, Mi' - - , A, , faq, ' f A ff f .g,,V'?, , M 4.a4f,,.,4r,,,g- 4 , A . Q -M' A , , hgkpmkx! ., , 3,.,4E1, pr , yvi, , '41, rib- itj -3 ff P x ' fi!! . f7+,ui,..7 ' , ?'W?ff '255Y'h ,vifmygig , 'A Vw ,L D, .1 V -I1 - an , mf + iw, r. W ' L' ,W Fekj :nj A sQLi,Ffigg:Xi,Mr,P7, r I d'af 'j-U I' H' 2 1577 ,,f'2 'f13'1i1-e,Q3',, A ,WF v 1 N ' - '-'71 f lQ.Vf'51 3 F1 f 4,17 ,Q ' - K 5 'Afs' a 1, V I ,,, .wld lQ.- ,, ,,,- ', 5 ' '1','f1? . .- Jia, 'ini-A -, 1 W, ,, W- 4 '75f'- 4 tw if ,. -' A 51, f ,zxgfwr ' ' A 'p f,5 L 4,,a..,,i,gi:,fa, firm .Q ' - Ka,2-,bfzf ' - ,m 3J ..,,2 4.2 . - w z ' db . . , Q u, fdif ' .. ,W my ! 1-ffr W ',! i:q-ffigg , . -- '- 2 .i iw.. , ? 1,,swf,,qf,9,?,:,:l,iv:MiW,m34 iff, ' t H V , NVQ: w91'7v4,Q,f,'1mQ yrxr V A ' 'V ' -mg ,W J X . by vf -iv , W 4 Y 4 F V wg. 'QM N ,- img,-A,,Jv-31? V I' . U fi 1 X' an .: , , , f 1 .Y . 1 . ,4' 'r 11- 4 if 3 1 ,Lf ,H '+ff'7?2?1'??n-LVM-,,, , . sihdm, ff' Emwv 5, , ,gg .X -.f -1- '- -f ff,4 -A , q