Shenango High School - Tomahawk Shen Hi Yearbook (New Castle, PA)

Page 25 text:

cemgwilmi 'in i 1n'1 '1 '1 'l - '1 i W AWEEJZ ' L n-1:11:11-p-,...-1 ..,. ini, ,,,1,,-, .intl 1 HQIIQMQA CHTWISTRY IIT T2-In Home Leon-way in many cities to purify the water supply, Also in many cities another element is added, iodine, This is the ele- ment that prevents goiter in humans. A compound whose uses resembles chlorine's is sulfur dioxide, Bleaching by chlorine is permanent, but the color of the materials bleached by sulfur dioxide often returns on exposure to air, as in straw. The most important us of sulfur dioxide is in manufacturing a sulfuric acid, used in so very many in- dustries, Sixth: Coal, During the carboniferous period plant life flourished in swamps. Time and time again the sea came in and buried the vegetation under beds of mud and sand. In this condition the plant life underwent slow decomposition, The hydrogen and oxygen were driven off and the residue, mainly carbon, was left as coal. ' Anthracite, or hard coal, is the best coal to use as fuel since it gives a more uniform heat, burns with practi- cally no flame, and does not form any soot, Bituminous, or soft coal, is used more Widely in this region than anthracite since it is cheaper and gives more heat, Seventh: Gaseous and liquid fuels. They are in some aces rapidly replacinj coal as a fuel since they can be ansported more economically and are more easily handled, The illuminating gas used in the home is a mixture of coal and water gasses. The coal gas gives luminosityj'due 1 to the carbon it contains. The water gas contains a large percentage of carbon monoxide, It should be a matter of H common knowledge that one part of carbon monoxide in 500 - parts of air will soon cause unconsciousness and that'one- part in lOO parts of air will cause death in a few minutes. Exhausts from automobiles also contain carbon monoxideg The source of most liquid fuels is petroleum, Eighth: Colloids, an important class of substances, , Belonging to this class are: Host of the foods, examples are starch, gelatine, bread,meat, mayonnaise, leathers, furniture, rayon, celluloid, bakelite, used in cooking dishesg rubber, linoleum, and many other common materials, Ninthi Metals, another important class of elements, They are necessary to civilization, since they have such countless, essential uses in the home and in industry. Among its uses are: in wires, usually of copper or aluminum, to conduct electricity, to conduct heat, tungsten is used pl tr as a filament in incandescent light bulbs. It has the highest melting point of all the metals Which enables it to give off White light at a very high temperature. hs ordinarily produced, tungsten is a gray powder.. Its con- version into a wire was a real triumph of science, It may be interesting to some to know that rouge is made from an iron ore called hematite. Drugs and dyes have important uses in the home and are complex carbon compounds some of which are made from the organic compound, benzene, Tenth: Ordinary sugars may be made from juices of sugar cane, beets, and maple sap. In the manufacture of the sugar slnked lime is first added then the solution is filtered through cloth and evaporated in vacuum pans at a low temperature, The product is raw sugar. This is then V refined, ' ' - W ' ' 1-LELEN Dorm U'nn1ll1ll-ln-lu-nn1lu-ll-lI1nl1ll- 1ll:ll1u- I- -n 7 9 3 5 -llrllrlui I1 1 1 1111111111111 l1ll1ul-1nl- I- :ilu-zl AB

Page 24 text:

ribillx- - - 1 -t'.1-u- 1M'- -' '- 'Q 1' ' -1111: - 1 1 Q 1, 1 .1 1 i - 1 1 ill-.u 'B ' 52 ga by in in JF? Yea Ne hit-K 53-7! QM CHEMISTRY IN THE HOME Perhaps some of you have never realized how much chemistry enters one's everyday life. I'm going to point out some of the common things used often in the home'with which chemistry is directly concerned, First, let us consider the baking powders. lt is usually made up of three things: Sodium bicarbonate,starch, and an acid in solid form. When water is added the sodium bicarbonate reacts with the acid to form the gas,carbon dioxide. This gas forms bubbles in the cake which expand upon being heated and causes the cake to be porous. Sour milk mixed with sodium bicarbonate is often used in leavening. The sour milk contains lactic acid which reacts with the sodium bicarbonate forming carbon dioxide and sodium lactate, . Secondly: Fire extinguishers. These also work on the principle by which carbon dioxide is formed and since it is heavier than the air, remains closer to the burning substance and smothers the fire. , There are different types of extinguishers one of which the foam fire extinguisher. The foam formed in this is sticky, and it therefore clings to vertical surfaces. Another advant-N age is that it does not injure delicate fabrics. This type of extinguisher is also used in oil fires, The solution often used in an extinguisher to put out electrical fires is of carbon tetrachloride since it does not conduct a current, It is important that people who live on farms keep these types of fire extinguishers on hand at all times, since they are far from any fire departments. Another use of carbon dioxide is in dry ice, It is made by allowing the carbon dioxide to escape rapidly from K a small nozzle, This type of refrigerative agent is used chiefly in transporting perishable articles for long distances, Thirdly, let us take a subject about which there is little common knowledge. lt is a process called hydro- genation. By this oils, such as cottonseed,peanut,coconut, and fish oils, are changed to hard fats by causing them to absorb hydrogen atoms in the presence of finely divided nickel as an activating agent. It is tho process by which cheap butter substitutes, as oleomargarine, and lard sub- stitutes, as Crisco, are made, , Fourth: Manufacture of matches, The match consists of a sitck of soft wood which has been dipped in melted paraffin, or other easily ignitable materialg and consists also of a Uheadu of which there are two parts. An oxidiz- ing material which feeds oxygen to the flame and a Utipn made of some substance that will ignite easily, as phosphorous or in safety matches, antimony sulfide, The materials are held together by glue, On rubbing, sufficient heat is gen- erated to ignite the tip. Fifth, we shall consider the uses of the active non- metal, chlorine. It is used in bleaching cotton goods, as a cheap but effective dis infeetant if used moderately, and q,332,Jp-.-..-..-.-.-- - -- -.........-a--.I--..-............-, - -H 7 9 5, 5 n-u-m- -2- eg - '- if - :T :ai F: '--Ein-'lava

Page 26 text:

5 b - 1'1i '-'------nu--I 5.5512-01716 .1-H --.- ....- ,, -, - - -In-mm iff Fel use MK uf -3 Ri YI: - U P xiii-5 X f-PAX Z KT ' X..-.., 1 ii, x., Al . N9 X51-i5'fi or r T SM 0'l EDVCLTION LND WLR Until recently human nature has been blamed for War, and it had been thought that human nature would have to be changed if we were to have peace. Lately those who are promoting peace have definitely named government as the ag- ency responsible for war. In former days it v1s understood that monarchs were responsible for war, and plans for peace were addressed to them: In a democracy it is quite difficult to place responsibility for war, War is not an impulse that causes one nation to go out and slaughter another, War is possible because the masses are willing to fight, but before they can fight, there must be some issue tc be disputed, The masses are placed in a position of opposition by some force unknown to them, Prof- iteers and governments constitute the force that brings The masses are working for their about the opposition, families and happiness, When these are endangered, it takes very little propaganda to envolve the whole group in warg The losers, the people, are nothing but instruments in the hands of a machine that is looking for gain. If they are the instruments, how are they going to be taught that they are the losers and that government and Wealth are profiteers et their cast? , We must first look at war in different ways and find the factors that are most necessary to do away with it. Education and arbitration are two of these important factors, Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by either written or eral submission. It is used for the purpose of preserving peace, Arbitration has been used since the be- ginning of time. During the middle ages arbitrations were not unusual, Some of the late treaties of alliance have provision for peaceful settlement of all disputes, One difficulty comes in naking this compulsory, When compul- . sory, the constitution is nullified for it states that no 'person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or prosperity Without due process of law, Arbitration may be an important factor in doing away with war, but education is far more important, The condition of the world today is the same as that of a man who went into an uninhabitated part of a country and lived there for many years, but before his children had grown up the country was developed and he had to teach his children to live in a world that he himself wasn't prepared to live in. The world of today is so much different from that of a half century ago that the educators don't understand how to teach the coming generations so that they may protect themselves from the dangers of war and to train them for the kind of world that lies ahead, People must be educated in a manner that will prepare them to live peaceably as neighbors with men of all nations. uf 1 9 3 5 Ill 1ul1uiun-ll 1111111 llill-ul-an-n1ll633w