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Page 30 text:
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W ise-oA cres the organisms live in the soil and are able to resist much cold and dryness. It has also been found that the lower leaves are infected first from the soil. On this account all diseased parts should be gathered and burned and the soil around the plants should be soaked with Bordeaux mixture. This should be done in spring before growth begins and later both the soil and the leaves should be sprayed and the growth of the disease checked in the beginning. We have several Delphinium plants which are infected with Leaf Spot and we are trying several preventions. Spraying and dusting with Bordeaux mixture may be a preventative but it is certainly not a cure, for the spots appear again on the leaves after several dustings. Some of the plants and the surrounding soil were treated with a solution of three different strengths of permanganate of potash. The strongest solution was i oz. of potassium permanganate crystals dissolved in 250 cubic centimeters of water. This concentrated solution was mixed with an equal proportion of water and the plants were, and are, being sprayed every ten days with 250 cubic centimeters of solution. The surrounding soil is stirred and also soaked with the solution. Formaline solution is also being tried as a spray and it is surprising to notice that the plants have survived this drastic treatment. Formaldehyde, as you prob' ably already know, is supposed to kill all living protoplasm, both in animal and vegetable cells, so we have hopes that the disease may, at least in some way, be checked. The solution made was one cubic centimeter of 40 per cent, formaline to 288 cubic centimeters of water and the application was the same as the potassium permanganate solution but used once only in four weeks. Lysol spray has also been tried on our plants in the same way as the two pre ventatives already mentioned. We are now making many experiments with various solutions and hope, in time, to not only check but cure the disease. The soil in which both the seed is sown and the plants are grown, is being sterilized. At present we have not found a definite cure but we hope to do so in time and if so, we shall publish it in the next issue of “Wise Acres. To prevent any possibility of getting disease on our young seedlings, we are taking all the necessary precautions. The soil used for seed sowing and pricking out is well sterilized with formaldehyde solution and it is left for a few days to dry before using it. The beds which are being prepared to receive our next crop of Delphiniums are frequently sprayed with formaline solution, using it twice as strong as before mentioned. We can only hope by using all these precautions to grow good, healthy Delphiniums free from the troublesome disease of Leaf Spot. The varieties of Delphiniums are all beautiful, and 1 should, indeed, hesitate, if asked to say which variety I liked best. The mauve ones may not appeal to some of us as much as the clear blues, but when wandering through a perennial garden, gay with many flowers, picking a few flowers here and there, one finds it extremely difficult to resist picking even the mauve ones as they look up with their dark brown, yellow, or white eyes and invite me to add them to my bouquet. Twenty-eight
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Page 29 text:
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School of Horticulture It is quite a good plan to cover the roots in winter to protect them. This may be done either with sand or wood ashes and a little mound of either sand or wood ash may be placed around each crown. This keeps the crown fairly dry during winter and prevents the young shoots from rotting. Until quite recently there has been practically no disease which has attacked Delphiniums and bugs were apt to get rather scared of the healthy, vigorous plants or perhaps they had respect for the handsome foliage and refused to destroy it. Anyhow the Delphinium was left severely alone so far as the insect world was concerned. Only in very neglected ground did one find a few millipedes, wood lice, and wire worms, which did some damage. To prevent these attacks the soil should be cultivated and also fumigated. For fumigation, small holes about three inches deep should be made and a fresh, dry mixture of the soil vaporizer (one spoonful to each hole) should be put in the ground, covered with soil and left undisturbed for ten days before planting. Delphiniums are sometimes attacked by mildew and in such cases precautionary measures should be taken. The preventative which is most commonly used is sulphide of potassium. This is dissolved in hot water and then rain water is added to make a two and a half gallon solution. The plants should have three sprayings, first, when the shoots are about twelve inches high and then later and again when the flower spikes begin to show. On cold soils, Black Rot Fungus sometimes appears at the base of the stems, penetrates to the crown of the plant, and causes decay of the entire root-stock. This disease, however, may be checked by improving the drainage of the soil and also by surrounding the plants with charcoal. Several years ago a peculiar “blight” attacked Chestnut trees all over the country and killed them. Although research work was done to find out the cause of the blight and how to prevent it from spreading, nothing definite was really found and practically all the trees were killed. In our woods there are still some of the diseased trees which show us what handsome trees the Chestnuts were. Now, something of the same nature is trying to kill off many of our fine Delphiniums. Last year the Journal of Agricultural Research published an account of the work done in connection with Delphinium Leaf Spot. In short, it stated that bacterial Leaf Spot on Delphiniums occurs north from Pennsylvania and westward from Maine to Illinois. It is interesting to note, that it occurred in the West in one place only, in Washington State. The spots of the disease are irregular in shape and about one to two centimeters in diameter. On the under side of the leaf the spots are small and brown and later when more developed, the spots are tarry black on the upper surface of the leaf. The old spots, however, do not have water-soaked edges like most bacterial diseases. In its very early stages, it can be readily seen with an ordinary lens. The lower surface appears to be sunken while the upper surface of the spots is slightly raised. Spots occur on the leaf blades as the result of stomatal infection and they are also common on the tips of the leaves where they make their entrance through the water pores. When infection takes place on the young leaves, distortion usually results from the failure of the diseased areas to keep pace with the growing healthy tissue. Flower buds are occasionally attacked and become black and distorted and the petioles and stems are also attacked. In later stages of the disease the spots coalesce and form large areas, sometimes covering the entire leaf. The climatic conditions play quite a large part in the development of the disease. In spring, cold, moist weather is very favorable to its growth, while in winter T wenty-seven
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