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Page 33 text:
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APRIL INDEX FOR NINETEEN HUNDRED SEVENTEEN LATIN DErARTflEKT Memories of Latin (Tune— Old Oaken Bucket.) Hoiv dear to my heart are all memories of Latin, When fond recollections present them to view; Declensions, translations, and hard conjugations. The mammoth vocab ' laries my freshman term knew. The sophomore-year Latin, with commentaries of Caesar, Co mposition on Friday, I ' member so well; Orations of Cicero, against wicked Catiline, Was the book which my junior year knew very well. The old battered text books, the finger-marked text books. The bescribbled text books, I ' member so well. — Ex. Roman Libraries THE early Romans were far too warlike and practical to give much attention to literature, so it is not until the last century of the republic that libraries in Rome are heard of. Considerable care was taken in the placing of libraries. The room or building usually faced the east. For the publication of books during the period when the great classics were produced, the only material was papyrus, and the form, the roll which the Romans adofited from the Greeks. Their pens were made of reeds brought to a point and cleft like our quill pens. The ink was usually made of soot mixed with resinous gums, though sometimes the liquid of the cuttlefish was used instead. Red ink was used a great deal for headings, ornaments, etc.; as it was thick, more like paint than modern ink, it could be wiped or washed off. Page thirty-one
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Page 34 text:
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APRIL INDEX NINETEEN HUNDRED SEVENTEEN In making a roll, a single sheet might serve for a letter or brief docu- ment, but for literary purposes, many sheets were required, as only one side of the papyrus was written on. After the writing was done, these sheets were gued together at the sides in a long, clumsy strip from twelve to even fifty feet in length, the lines on each side running parallel with the length of the strip. Very broad margins were left at the top and bottom where the wear would be greatest, and when not in use the volume was kept tightly rolled. If a roll was intended for permanent preservation, it was finished with the greatest care, the top and bottom being trimmed perfectly smooth, polished with pumice-stone, and sometimes painted black. The back was rubbed with cedar oil to keep it from mice and moths. On the back of the first sheet, which was used for dedication, a few words telling a little about the contents of the roll were inscribed. Some- times also a portrait of the author was on this page. In many books, the title and the name of the author were written only at the end of the roll. The publication of books in Rome as a business began in the time of Cicero. There was no copyright law and no protection for the author or the publisher. Therefore, whatever money the author received, came as gifts or grants from those whose favor he had won by his genius. The publisher, who took great pains to have the books free from errors, estimated as ac curately as he could the demand for a new book and put at work upon it as large a number of scribes as possible. The cost of the books varied according to their size and style of mounting. Much depended also on the reputation of the author. Autograph copies of the works of prominent men commanded extraordinary prices. One by Virgil is said to have sold for one hundred dollars. The average book, however, sold for about fifty cents or a dollar, some at twenty and thirty cents. In both private and public libraries the rolls were arranged upon shelves of cases or cabinets around the walls, and in additional cabinets in the center of the room. In large libraries these were numbered. As they w ' ere often made of precious woods and were richly ornamented, and the room was usually adorned with statues of Minerva and the Muses as well as busts and portraits of prominent men, a Roman library was a beautiful place. P. C. R. Page thirty-two
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