New York University College of Dentistry - Dental Violet Yearbook (New York, NY)

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.amfa.a.a lllllf yromza in .il , . . ' 'li Illmumnnummm uunnuuunln num ull ll 257 Im ul nunnnlunn n in u nl lin' . . I. .li i . f B V. fl ' I fl . ' J T GWATHMEY M D .. f From the earliest times man has sought to assuage grief and pain by some E .. -: 2 means of dulling consciousness The Bible and the Talmud contain references to : z the ancient practice of inducing sleep by artificial means . Moses never would have .. - 5 - written that God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam had not the people of - 5 g E his day known something of anesthesia as we know it today An Egyptian carving E f : : dating 2500 B C has lately been discovered illustrating how anesthesia may be : E : produced by means of pressure Chinese literature also has references to the use E - of mandragora and other herbs for drilling pain During the classic era of Grecian g- -4 : literature Homer tells us that Helen of Troy puts '1-drug into the wine to lull S E Q p E all pain and anger and bring forgetfulness of every sorrow Five hundred years - E ii .Z later Herodotus wrote of the Scythians inhaling fumes of hemp which produced - f 5 - an exalted mental state followed by sleep Later on other Greek historians Dio- : A E scorides and Galen refer in unmistakable language to like practices The chron- : 5 f I icles of ancient Rome furnish similar evidence Pliny describes the employment E J 2 Q 1 - of mandragora to relieve the sufferings of those condemned to crucifixion Unques- : E E tionably certain practices and drugs that would make anesthesia safe have been E E Txjfitl I im.. 'II Illlllllll ,Ill all ullllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllq ,I IlIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllu ill INIIIT. III: mul. K fi ff, if-nm, . -fi .1 cr Q A SHORT HISTORY OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA lg, 5 5. 5--, . . , . . : 5 E . . E : 2 E - E E ' ' ' f E E 3 - c E E .- 1 . E Q - . . 1 E 5 ' E I - E E . n E E its ' ' : - ' 2 2 2 . , , E 1 E s 1 2 . , . ' E Efll, 2 - 3 ffxs 2 N S ' E 'is . ll ' ' f E 5 A E lost to the world following the many useless wars that from time to time have if E gf, aj blotted out civilization The art of embalming 'is practiced by the Egyptians is 5 'tg E E extinct today. Shakespeare refers to the state of anesthesia as we know it today, E E E l VE but this was probably poetic license. He makes Cornelius prescribe a drug which 2 l E 5 5 'L 3 gg Will stupefy and dull the sense awhileg but there is No dangeruin yvhatvshow 'of death it makes, More than the locking up the spirits a time, To be more fresh, reviving . y The beginning of modern scientific anesthesia was foreshadowed by the dis- 11 1 Q covery of the synthesis and properties of ether about 1540 by Valerius Cordus and 2 3 w by Priestly's discovery of oxygen and nitrous oxide in 1772. In 1800, Sir Hum- 3 E , 5 phrey Davey stated that Since nitrous oxide seems capable of destroying physical 5 E E-iQ pain, it may be used in surgical operations where there is no great effusion of zl: ' :- 2 E:- -'E blood . , - :E E Sulphuric ether was used in 1805 by Warren of Boston on patients suffering with phthisis, and in 1806 in attacks of asthma. A paragraph appeared in 1818 QE--'E in The Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts that is usually attributed to 5 E Faraday,'in which it is stated that when the vapor of ether is mixed with common Q air and inhaled, it produces effects very similar to those occasioned by nitrous oxide . The use of ether and nitrous oxide for other purposes than anesthesia is ire an interesting study in evolution. 5-5 The development of surgical anesthesia was a tragic story for those immedi- QE ately concerned. Henry Hill Hickman at twenty years of age becamea member kt E of the Royal College of Surgeons. He was a country practitioner in the little Eli 'M town of Ludlow, England, and made the first successful experiments upon lower 5 if I r 5 ' S ellis ...E o. . 55: 'f gmmu- r 1 'llll lIl - fi u n f- 1 'Ig'wwlllllllllgliglmilwiEiqiwarunuglllllllllf 1:--up 1 IM.-1.. flllllllllmrrmimmfifrlfffni,mlglq1lllIIIIIWf,L lll -- ks il : JullllI' .n,irlill:lu. '1lIlu.i'.-I' .. li l I ll ., D lnl' inlllll' .1luilii..i. 'fllll-5 'A ,ll 1331 .

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lllllnln I llllllllll ll num 1m11m:11mullIlllll1l umfu mul xi M ' E qtuuu A-E .lm ww dw f1-Nw M' ' .1 1 '- 1-Ni. 1 -11 ' 1 f fM11111u !f,-Ir, -VGV , , X ' , 1 1 gf ? T1ZlQSH'lQSlOf ,. w 2Lf 1 1 1 CASTON I ABAT I xMEs GWATHMEY I ru exsor General Ana sllzwvza I rnfesslr Condurtzue 411a1..rtlzL.1ia JAMES GXVATII MEY 41 ,J 1. J- . . , ' '. 'Ju-J' . T: ,yr-,xv 471.1345 Q . JJ' ,X 1, 1 V 3: . 1 I -.1 'ri .' q-. ,z Il N' i' , ll 5 A A I 1 llll 11 5' E-gig .- I E 5 E Ei? E E i: -.: 5 5 sg lf 'mm :ll lglllllmmqu Zia. pllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllll llllu ,I Ugmnuumn uuummumuumm tl -ulvmmlnlz' II Ill nm. 1 ll 1:1 I sn- D 1 1 1 '- ll 1 1+ .1. ' .mr ..llu... -. hlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I1 Y? JI lm llllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllll .T I' ....:1ll..n111.,lhH..1. J M13 if 4f.x - - 'YV' 3?- gb E: x fi! I 1 fywy 2 f i, Z f 1 nfl' Q2 7211 fri? 77,1 ,Z b y if if JH, I ke. : - 0' 1 , Ailwf 1 12 ,M ff f M f. ff ,U : 5 gf 1 F1 L S ,1 1 J 0111 -..... ....- EW E': ff ff 15 ,fm - 1 E E 3 E ff 11111 112 f 5 1 5 E 5 5 11 1 1111 1 1 E E .- 1 1 1 1 W ,ff N V 1, 1 E a E 11 Eu f' ' ' 2 E 2 Y 1 M? 4 115 f X X , 1 Z 7 12' M - E 5 f 'L , ' 5 1 ' 5 5 : Z X 14 424 A f x D gs E : f ffl 1 If 5- X4 X X Laran 11 21, F Y I 441 5 E 3 1 , ff fy, 1,, f, 11 ,f f, ,f y 5 - E E ,fl ' I 1' 1 f 1 fff W P1 11, y 1 1 ,E 1 17 2 1 1? X 5 E 11 1 Q X11 Q1 gfx g 1 4 ff, 1.1 I1, I E 1 Q J f I f 1 1' f 1 I , . E 11 X . L 4 : : N E j E , 1' ' X I A 5 I 1 N 5 a..- E E 'IF 'f 5? '10 iii 2,5 E H1 i S A GENERAL ANAESTHESIA CLASS up 9? :,. 50? Snfg i El Q ' , 1 ' NK K 1' 1 .E E111 gm ' 1'v1r ' III' l ' 1 1 f l! ' I -5 Ml- yi i1111!!!!!!!!F 1111i'1'?111f11:r1fs::1!1 F!!!!!1-111.'11 1 112 .f1f.2f-1!!!.! llmnl W' Ga 'I Ill Q Il Il 'S Ill 'IIIIIIII 1321

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'Il 111' ' lll ' ' ltxcyl ' 1 I 'll .. '.' llllllllll lllulunu an uunnuunuvun r sunu ununa sl ll 257 In mu .............. . . in if ' ,,l ,., E 2 galllgf ? K5 3-E F '? - 1 E 3 2 gif if inimals between the years l8'7O and 1878 His British colleagues were unim- pressed by his eFforts to relieve pain and French surgeons were no more sym- pathetic in their attitude Hickman practically sacrificed his career and life in hi' attempts to gain recognition of the value of his discovery for relieving pain during evere surgical operations dying at the early age of twenty-nine Iater both ether and nitrous oxide were used especially by medical ,rtudents for inhalation to the point of intoxication or stage of excitement It remained for Dr Crawford W long a graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania and a country practitioner of Georgia to intelli ently employ ether for surgical operations long continued to use ether in his practice from time to time but he did not publish his discovery nor make any claim,for priority until after the successful demonstration of Morton and so is necessarily deprived of the larger honor which would have been his had he been less modest Iong was not embittered as were others advancing their claims for priority and is the only one who died a peaceful death in the sixty-second year of his age In 1844 Horace Wells a dentist of Hartford Conn. discovered independently of Long the anesthetic qualities of nitrous oxide and used this gas for the painless extraction of teeth. In 1845 he attempted a public demonstration before the Harvard Medical College, which proved a disastrous failure. A sensitive man, he was overwhelmed with mortifica- tion, and felt himself disgraced. He continued, however, to use the gas in his private practice. Four years after his discovery, his reason having given way early in 1848, he died by his own hand. On March 8, 1847, Flouerens, a Frenchman, pointed out the anesthetic quali- ties of chloroform and ethyl chloride, but his observations did not attract general attention. During the same year, and independently, Dr. Simpson fafterwards Sir James Y. Simpsonj consulted Waldie, a chemist of Liverpool, who suggested the use of chloroform. On November 4, 1847, Simpson discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and made known the fact in a paper on November 10. William T. G. Morton, a successful dentist of Boston, and a former pupil of Wells, demonstrated the anesthetic properties of ether, as far as we know, entirely independent of Long's discovery. The ether was used at the suggestion of Charles T. Jackson, a chemist of Boston. Constant worry and anxiety that he would not be credited for his share in the discovery of ether caused a mental derangement in 1873 from which'he never recoveredg Dr. Jackson died August 29, 1880. Morton ,.s Illlhuirull E 'fi 2 its ata il' A I lll 5 E 'E E .E 5 5 Q E 2 : E E : .- 5 r . 'auf uv-'H ' ' ul- L111391111..1 !!l!2TEWW!fffrf?i:!!F F....l-f1Yl,'..l.. H926 .,..'.f'i'17f..l!... li'1::?111ifffun25ii'EeaTi'2l!!' E was unquestionably the first man to give a successful public demonstration of E g 5 : r lpn ,Tm HKQWI iiliwli.-:::.'lI Ilmmumlmlunnuu null l 'Q 'lullmlllmnlnmllllulllllllllllllllll ll u: 'lvH: Elll I I l ' 'Im' x ll-1' ,lb 'W-1-- f ' ffvmfn . IM-EV l -1---'Il-W--1--rea-..n l- r'e1ff'a : I ,gym sl llr u I L V lllll I I lllll ll I III ll I 'Tl I. x . dia' gk 2 2 . . .. .. . ' ' E E-tg , ' 5 r-T.: 1 4 D 5 5 s . , . . E - A 1 , ' - : E : E C ' ' ' ' 5 E 5 . . . . , E 5 5 ' ' D Q E 5 5 ' E E 5 - 4 Q F G . 5 5 R Q , gl ll. 5 E .-2 - 4 , 2 E 5 1 2 ' ' E I Q 2 xv E 9 ' 1 9 2 E if , 3 1 9 s 9 g - I s :K N 3 . 1 E ,I E 2 ll ' E ' surgical anesthesia. This occurred in the Massachusetts General Hospital in the V 'A presence of the medical and surgical staffs, on October 16, 1846. The circumstances 1 5 E were very dramatic. .1-g Morton came into the amphitheatre late, delayed by waiting for the completion ' ' of a new inhaler. Just a few minutes before. Dr. Warren had remarked, As Dr. 5 - Morton has not arrived, I presume he is otherwise engaged, apparently conveying 3 the idea that Dr.'Morton was not likely to appear. As he was about to proceed 1 is ith his operation, Morton entered. Amidst that sea of faces he saw not one which Q was sympathizing. Blank incredulity, or at the best, curiosity, alone was to be seen. 1 1 Warren, turning to him, remarked: Well, Slf, y0l1r patient is ready . Adjusting 4 alla --- CMU :Z lin qi I-UE 95 'E F'5 r 9 E li ... EQS .2 ?-i 23 2 a 1, 3 4 U-ii llllll I I Y 1 um 1 i Ju n ll as II ll I ll ll In mul ,5-azz ll I u 1341