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Page 18 text:
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XX XXX V, I - V 77 W X V , s,1:fXX Q Vf' he V,JQ,V.31g4 1, X- X yr ,,9a'VV!f ff ff, ,ff V yi: 1w'rws Q '.1 ' ', V' ,V x 'VV VV, X g X X Q ' A , ,W f V V! Q -QXX' XX ,VV . ,f ' f V7VV , V Vff 7 f ,X ' 274,11 J X ALZVWZVMMKC , V. f V I '-fit ' ,mince f VMMVV' VVVVVVVLV.V .wAhZ' V VV ' X ff X f f 1 if X Navies are born out of the spirit of independence and under the threat of warg they are nurtured into maturity by the urgent demands of defense, sharpened by the encounters of conflict. So it was with the first American Navy. What was life like in that first Navy? From where did its' ships and men come? How was it organized? And, importantly, what role did it play in building the proud tradition of the United States Navy today? Like its, beginnings, the Navy and the American Revolution were fragmented into many parts, each often acting independently of the others. The results for historians and those looking back on that era are confusing. For instance, there were several naval engagements between Americans and British actually before the Continental Congress authorized a Navy. Congress first authorized a Naval Committee on 13 Oct 1775 and then ordered the acquisition and fitting out of a number of ships. The first Naval Committee bought and fitted out one 24-gunship, ALFRED, plus the 20-gun COLUMBUS, and two brigs, ANDREW DORIA and CABOT. These were ready for sea in December 1775 and by the end of the next month, the tiny Continental Navy had obtained sloops PROVIDENCE and HORNET and the schooners WASP and FL Y. This fleet, however, was actually pre-dated by the little-known group of ships that came to be called Washington's Navy. During the summer of 1775, General George Washington was concerned as he saw British ships sail supplies and munitions in and out of the Boston harbor untouched. He needed supplies and ammunition for his own troops to carry on his seige of the British in Boston. Using funds provided for his Army, General Washington painfully assembled a small fleet of eight vessels that might capture some of the supplies and ammunition for his army. Washington sent two of his ships to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River hoping to intercept two unarmed brigs from England carrying muskets and gunpowder to Quebec. Instead, the ships raided Charlottetown, sacking the city and kidnapping a British official. They took a number of small merchant ships as prizes. Washington's Navy was short-lived. It had its' difficulties, but it must have been an eye-opener to the British in Boston. It was also responsible for the capture of one significant plum, the British transport :f
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NANCY, which carried a large amount of sorely needed supplies in the form of guns and ammunition. Washington, however, found that most of his captains tended to be too independent-minded about following orders, preferring their own prize targets. Their crews were, a disorderly set. in Washington's opi- nion. Eventually, he released the ships of the so-called Washington's Navy. The new navy which the Continental Congress had ordered to be es- tablished began to come into being in the last months of 1775. The first commander-in-chief was Esek Hopkins, who put to sea the first squadron of the Continental Navy on 18 Feb 1776. In its' continuing efforts to build a fleet, Congress had authorized the construction of 13 brand-new frigates which were well under way. All were solidly constructed ships with a number of guns, but even so, pitted against the established and superior British force Cthen the finest navy in the worldj, they were at a serious disadvantage. Among the names associated with this new made-in-America fleet of frigates is that of john Barry, john Manley and Abraham Whipple, who courageously commanded many ships. Among the most daring commanders bringing the war to British waters was john Paul Jones. As skipper of RANGER he departed from -QM dw, , . ,-,Ae France on 10 April 1778 for raids against the British. After capturing a number of ships, he actually landed on British soil, raiding Whitehaven, in an attempt to capture the Earl of Selkirk. Some months later he took command of an old French ship which he named BONHOMME RICHARD. She carried 42 relatively light guns, some in doubtful condi- tion. Jones headed for the coast of Ireland, taking some prizes and destroying others. By the time the war was over, the official Continental Navy had some 56 different vessels at one time or another, although it had only managed to reach a peak of 27 ships operating at the same time. They captured a total of 196 enemy transports and warships, with an estimated worth of more than S6 million. The Continental Navy itself never numbered more than 3000 men at any one time with a total of 123 of- ficers. This tiny Continental Navy, hurriedly assembled when the colonies declared their independence, served not only to inflict damage on the proud ships of the Royal Navy, but also lifted American morale with each of its' victories. g'
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