New England College of Optometry - Scope Yearbook (Boston, MA)

Page 6 text:

X uf,xX uw. ,HX ,. 1 ' - ku?-X 1. ,-V11 ' 1 I'X p 'fff .nv-f'X A 1' X '41 1: .3ME.f-dw , -fl- 2 1 :'i 'I!hx 1' 'gXXQ'-gp' ,, , 1-. - N1-',. ,1 , M 1:---W 1.1 wx- Karr:- - -2 .,: -1 ,,, ,V .111 'f iafffyii' . -Cy ,ll 1 'I ' x 1 ,.W. . , ' 1 . . . . ik' 'f ' 4. f H X . . yn-, 'X' ' A , , , . . , . . , I -. ,, ,,. , , 1 K 'I , - . Y . .XJ , X. , , 1 . 5 1 ., r XY,- ,X X X X , ,, , , . . , I X 2 1 'bww V 1 4- .f. M ' X1 1 , . . , , 1, X , X . 'v L Hn: -, I ' ph , ' ..sX.., 4 A.. ' I . ,v'v.XgX,X, 11'FX 1,2 .Xi g.-'1,,,,- ' 1 1 ,,, ,- .IQ I .WX 1X,'5,X,' '- ' '1. 117 '14 1 :ffn N1' '. Y . .1 ,SX .,3fXlXy1,1X.XX X .VZ ' C1 I :Xv'1a1. ky -1 ,. I .,..,gX.,X,:..-... ,u,,f. .114 M. 1 ' A N' Q 11 if-A 3 ff 'K ' A 1 , 11 JF A. ,. . .f 1X --g,..g1' ,n V. 1 ' 1. I .VI -1 ' 4, ' 1 1 ,, :J--. ,X gm, 11 1' ,,. Nh . - N ,' MN ,:.,5 1 1 1 ,.- '1 1 1I,,f. 'z -4,1 X N.,-. XX-11 X4n,a1X11,X I 4:1-I , VK ' X YS 1: , 'X X: X,' Ini 16? -1. I U1 4- V' ' .,'3f1.?'f Q 'V v :' , 1 X .1 iff ' K4 My 5 ... 'X '.X XAv,'.1', D -X ,5 V1 , -,... 7 .. ,,, X- my M' 1 .11 1- VT, ': '1f.1' 5 11'3' 1' 1111 -In ,1 1 1 V uw L-2,511 - 1 1' .- 'A' 575- M' ' 1 . 1- la' .VWf' . X, Xatwr I ,,,X . . X X XXX KXXIX-..f',5X'A.,1'1fR ' 4' fi 'X1.110- '11'H. 1 . JL' .2 5 X Y if W- 1 - ,,.,1,.,,g1 .. - 11111539 - . , .X X , , 1 , 515- Ag?3,,5., I H' 1 ,1 111-wx. ' ' 'K' ..' Nu: ki-20 1 , 11','vT::i:'l'? X 'VJ R' ' . .'. 's . QNX X X ,XfX:XXXXXI'. XXX-bs .X f XXXX11?-2-' ',,11+JX, . X . . Jn. IX .114 new , 1 1 1 -14.151 , -1 1,121 ,. 1' -1 11- j5g, .1 ' 1 1 - 1 1 . .'l9' X '11 X , XX'.'-x Tivldw , .,,'X f3 X X ' X 1.4-. X -P.M,,'1 JXP, X., X XXX X.X X . '.XXXX'1t.X'gX.1 'Arn A 'lf'-. 1 Winn, -'iw A .- x aUrvT1f I XX X X ,- 1 , hiya! X , . xy . ' H1 H. XX .X 41 , , , ,. Q V uf' 'R .w .115 1 'X l'g:'f5 X 1 . 'rf1.'!.'1:X 9' ' 11'-5 V .Ls ,t,' ' ' :5 , 1' f 4 4l'X A n s Sl.. 'N , 11.1 .I'f1-',.,,.,H- 1' ww M, , . '59 -,gW 1':'1:,g'l x -, -15' . ' ' ,.,1.5. bv'LuQ'l ' - ful X 1X,X X '. u 1 ' , ' 1-'1 1 , ,. ,11,.,fr .t X. X , , 1,1f,,g, 11s..y.. .X XI - , 1 . vi- 1... W ' ,, 41.6 x , X -.Sui If ' WX 'fyfk-' 1241? 1 Ii,L','4f 1 ,, j'11,.l, lk' C' 1! '11 . .52 s 'X 'I 1 r ' ',',' .1--J1. ' l'l'r'r 11. ,, . y- , ,,,, , LV u' 5 r.. ,ws - I ff aS1.f.114 1 . .-I .will I

Page 5 text:

THE SCOPE Foster Namias, O. D. Physiological and Praciical Optics 4 Guy C. Blodgett, B. S. Theoretic Optics .l ,- Miss Alyce McCabe Secrelary to Registrar l lFa1o1u1llIt'y O.- l avid Y. Cohill, M. B., M. D. Dr. Albcrt E. Sloane Embryology and Pathology and Hygiene Physiology l l Dr. Theodore F. Klein Dean Registrar Theoretic and Practical Oplometry August A. Klein. M. D. Dr. Ralph Green Dr. Wilhelmina Svendscn Perimelry and Theoretic Anatomy Optometry l2l

Page 7 text:

THE SCOPE Co1rtiooQNuolea1r Pathways for Eye Movements PAUL S. CLINE The study of the ocular innervational pathways have always held the in- terest of the investigator of neuro-anatomy, not only on account of the intimate relationship existing between the organ of sight and brain through its embryo- logical, anatomical and functional connections, but also because of the fact, that in disorders of the nervous system, ocular symptoms, principally as disturbances of movement or coordination, are in the great many of the cases, present. Since the memorable experiments of Vogt, anatomists have written vol- umes on the localization of function of the brain cortex. A motor area in the precentral gyrus, a somesthetic region in the parietal lobe, a visual center in the calcarine region, etc., have revealed themselves to the indomitable perse- verance of men of the calibre of Schaefer and Luciani, Sherrington and Horsley, Bernheimer and Dejerine, Tilney and Riley and so forth. It must be remembered that a cortical center for ocular movements, best thought of as a physiological rather than an anatomical entity, serves for the purpose of initiating the efferent or motor impulse to the nuclei controlling the innervation of a set of conjugate muscles associated obviously in a particular con- jugate movement, and does not preside over a single nerve or a single muscle. To the present day, three sites have been uncovered in the cerebral cortex, which are engaged in ocular gyrations. One exists in the frontal lobe, another in the occipital lobe and iinally one is located in the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. The oculogyratory area in the frontal lobe occupies a small area in the second and third frontal convolutions of the both hemispheres. This region is purely for the execution of eye-movements dependent upon the volition of the individual. Stimulation of this area results in a conjugate movement of the eyes and the head to the opposite side, vertical ocular movements. convergence and clilatationof the pupil. The frontal centers in each lobe are thereforeantagonistic, The cortical center in the occipital lobe covers quite an area of cortex, Stimulation of the angular gyrus of one side results in a conjugate movement to the opposite side, convergence, pupillary dilatation and vertical movements. Schaefer. Horsley, Bernheimer and others have shown that stimulation of the an- terior part of the angular gyrus, resulted in binocular elevation, while a similar stimulation in the posterior part of this convolution resulted in depression ofthe both eyes. The above results cannot only be produced by stimulating the angular gyrus, but also by exciting a large area in the lateral surface of the occipital lobe, and even its medial surface. The occipital center is purely a reflex center, and serves for the completion of the attention reflex arc, having for its afferent links, the optic impulses traveling to the calcarine area. The center in the temporal lobe is situated in the posterior part of the su- perior temporal gyrus 4Foersterj, while even some advocate a center located in the parietal lobe. This temporal region serves for the execution of ocular rota- tions dependent upon acoustic stimuli, and is thought to be purely a reflex center. If a center exists in the parietal lobe it probably serves for ocular con- jugate innervation in response to a somesthetic or perhaps equilibratory stimulus. Stimulation of the temporal center results in the same movements as is ob- tained by stimulating the occipital centers. l3l