Lockport High School - Forum Yearbook (Lockport, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 228 of the 1948 volume:

KL t I I 'P'-wfx, 'N ' ' 3 R 7'L7 --Y-..--5 L0 CKPGRT -G-6- U1 'IGN SCHGGL L X Jg, nm? V Eff sf 711 Lion 'VM oof in Fleur yozli Cffafe - , -if--:-Ja.:-pf: 'j: --vb.--1-gif: . , . ., . ,J ,-..:,..1 . .. '.-r,..g-. f-,. ,-v V? . . 1. .1.p . .J .' - I I- t - ' ' 5.-,'.i.a-.3 'Iv' . ,- :'.13z?'f1'3'-X'-:' :. .- f- ' - '7'.I'zP T'RL'f- '- '-'nfj-:',.Q'. ' . Lib- A-D- '. ' ' 1 ,,.,K-B.-.. , . 1 3:14 :,sS.?t-4- -.' r v ' 1 r r , 'I , .- - V, Y. -. I 4- 1 T 1 v .,.... . 1.-4fL.-, JT .,r -.3 W ,- . W , .- - fy! L z x I tx 7 A4 X . . H I fl., h . 1 A 1 f in' . 1 , ,E -nw - X ..x 'A 1 1331, - r , w 72, -5?-5 1' ' 5, gi..-A :KM 1 s f. .ar ' 5 .2 X Q w- ,-B ,..-. --.. . V. , .,,......,....,. . , 5 ff-5? A 51 f I fi 5 f X' ff ' 5 - 5 in-34 ,- K. , .M of ,. .As W, -M Communit 79 ykct f 1 L o .,.1: xg - ffigffz --I ' ' 'E ' A 111 12.5 Q , L, f-'- Q 2 ' .. o . - :rs gyrnrz' . A - 1 h , Y. if, nf? x A f--i'l5Effzi':ff 1:11 L, xl . k.,kk o ., 1.x 141521: 'Oki , f: , 1. - 11: I - ' -- . .v... A . A A - o o 35' 'm- wr P f P. f ,- fx L li ' o o 4 '. ' ' o o' i J ' '1 2: ' f f' 1 ,.42s'.:,o.sQ.1 21152, folio 1 ,2 - xiii-if -, o N : f ff 1 'f 1 Yi . 'mf 'o .. ,,Y. .- . 41 . f- - h y M o o 4 Q' of L 'f 2 A o '1-12. 5 -- f - 2- o , o . 3, ,g s f o' o W N + MQ o o 1 +Pu. oPo.r1p JQNIOH. 5 I-um-A Jes-tool.. - Locn661:.'r,VN:w'YonKo., A 52 Lockport New York ggi, We know that everyone in Lockport is eager to give the young people of the community the finest education possible. To do this, OUR SCHOOLS must be such that all children are given facilities that will help to make for the most effective teaching. Within the past twenty years we have made great strides in our building pro- gram. With the four elementary schools and the two junior high schools, children through the ninth grade are provided for very well. However, our program must also consider the tenth through the twelfth grades. The Board of Education has studied the problem of a new senior high school for some time. Through this booklet, it hopes to show the citizens of Lockport: That there is a desperate need for a new school. That the proposed building is right for Lockport. That this new school will meet the needs of all youth of the tenth through the twelfth grades. Board of Education I. Wesley Andrews Charles A. Kaiser Richard M. Archibald Agnes M. Klock C. George Harrer Milton L. Seekins Arnold W. Hautala Frank H. Shaeffer Charles A. Upson, President IT MAY LOOK All RIGHT ON THE OUTSIDE .- ! rx KP' ' iQ . arg ' X I A life' I 5 ,rx f' If'-'H X' -I, I 1 'fy I-. . J, h E ff T, f'kih gn-'S stu , fr-,.-' rs- ,iz rw' .Je -J- gmk 'gigs 5 vm X za' MUSIC DEPARTMENT ONE SMALL GYM FOR 745 STUDENTS HOUSED SEPARATELY -L L. .- THIS IS THE BOYS' SHOWER BOOM X CLASSROOMS OVERCROWDED SHOPS OUT OF DATE a ip STAGE MERELY A PLATFORM NO CAFETERIA FACILITIES THE - GIRLS' LOCKER ROOM SCIENCE EQUIPMENT OBSOLETE THIS IS Af' ' STUDENTS MUST CROSS TRAFFIC ARTERY BY WAY OF E An Adequate Library , Chmc A Wen,E,quxPPed 4 ELEMENTARY SCHCOLS 1,5 C900 THEY HAVE xnfr-HS 0?- QYKSY' Wm IN THE JUNIOR' SCHOOLS Outdoor Physical Education vw iaiiwvio CONTRAST An1,, adequil fe A Congested Library OPENED IN 1891 OVER A HALFCENTURY THEY HAVE IN Tramb lb fl: 'HQ OLD THE PRESENT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL No Space for Outdoor Activities-. A - 'I , i .V ,-,V 13551 1. Wood Stairways Prevent Exit Wood Trim Bums Fast ' Q- : A wvfb. . f f v f, ,, 2,14 f , . f 353, , 'Ms .x if xr 4 .it Y , x ,XA d Floors BU1'n,QUiCklY Must Cross Wood to Reach Exits nie Present Stmox ms STRIKES 1 SCHOOLS DAILY is Says Colliers -Oct. is 19485 0 Haw lon W New Fi re hWP6s I .Emergency Measure Wood in the Attic Out-Dated Ventilating System WE Pmwusf i ' - .K al ,Ar'L:L: W xr -1 A K A 5 99 ..i, KK , ,K V. Ziyi: . ' , N' ' SKK .X M- V+-. KK? 5 KA 1 W .X . I ' Mimi K :.Qf'K' ' 1 ' . K . K: g ' K f K .K E If, KKKKK KKKKKK ,'K' - - - 4LLK: K K f ' ' E' KKK K :K KK E E5 E f.--'ff , ix v-- fr: f.k - .1 ' gy f- g 53g g, 5 :iE,i M i E I 1 ' fag 3,3 f X. ' 'EYE' ,bf KK E 534 f XX, E i.' NEW SENIOR HIGH SCHUUL LUBKPURT, NEW YURK Gt ITS LOCATION . . . N ET T fm 0 - M Q, vQ E V i Q iii Q i j1j 1Q 2 . Q - 1,2 Q X N I IE fn 'S' Ndm mm L A , I! ii E LQNCOLN AVE. E '1- 53 -7'- VJ . 5 Z D SITE: OthS th tC fL l dL tStreets. '29 T WF A fL d L WHO WILL BE PROVIDED FOR sl, 4545! N X X, QQ F all tlydmputh 9323? 1 ' 'X 2 I h f Q 'Q fffHf'ffffHff 7X J Thtfwlhole commuqtq 5? g f! -1 In-7 I I , , Cusa ROOM- 1 II ,I I n E - Meoumcu Dlumq , 'Mecuuncu Dmvuq - - - - - Q auwqe- a.venpIIII Stow , I In v...f,.,p.,.,YIf,q --lv- VA Y. If I-Umonreer I' I I - C O D Q I D O Q- , 5 ,, IIIIIvewmoecomIImI I 5 4 3 5' -S , r - :Lit I . :I. .....i......II-...,,..1.:I - ,, A h J . S I IE IW' -- R ., I .,caII.IIITn II'-QE E Ma 5 5 It ' L v 3 I ' I -bucnoqv Lwaqqcu' 'E E ,, I . -1 - ' 2' I i' 5 II I Q ll:1.w:I' 57-Im: F- I: J' N Y J g gk.. S-.3 4 'I if -I I : - I I R I H, q '-1-- .I I- ., I I 5: I ' ' - ' III 3 I I I WI ' 0 if x I , I f I f ' I ' - l I , I 'I' E I II I I ' E F If? 3 ' I ' .5 Q 3 I I Z 7 I 'I 5 . .Gi 3 I H ' F7 I II E ' - II I aI Q I Z gg I ' I Q - I I I I I I I ' I: JP I , I ' I :L ' . SWDVK MII 6 I , I I r-.2 I II I I ' 0 ,L uIumqquII -1 I F X X , I .1 - 1 -5 3 I II ,, 0 9 I I. S 3 Il SE gg Q I II 'E G n 5 ' I I I I ' I . FIRST FLOOR PLAN .I I I I I I g - - In - 5 ' - ' I .,,, V I I ' .I :III'- . I I I ' II 'I I Q ' H if , 5 I - Q-A ' 'X I-I-I -U .zz ' . fa .IIocInIsJII.- H 4 5 'DMT' IQ n 1-I I 5 L I-I . E 0 I II e' - r F 2 I F : . I 3 P If II I ' ' I rc '- I I' I I 1 I nu 5 .-3 Y . T I 0 I I I nnoqv rpm- - --qeum :Im :1ov,Ic.:- jf .3 Duane: 1 1 I'II . fI II . I n I I I q I IM SI-IOPQ AREA - Mxcuue Suon - - T41'R '-'H' K IX fi I N H I .I rf I- C II F 0 I I 5 v v o 4 I: s -Q- I rhlvrcr- A - - I ,. In f. , - I. I- I-, - I ' ' zz: Yr! : I Xi -A::xD:gIQs- YMSCNUIIAY I ' WL Q --1111525 HE' NI ' 4?k'lIJflv: ' - I I f I- IQII A I I I I I 5 ROOM f I 5' I I I I: A 1 'IX A q Q-, -rmgimamqmr S - E D I- Q '. '? I Q 15 E - Y Q V cf. . 5 . C a Q g I u o IL-- I P I ' I ' il A .mc 1' '1 : 1 'I ' D 0 lg was-III-.I-',. -- In ,I Q E' -my , .....I- - . - ' df' A I I 1 - . . I I was '55-nm Q H M A I I f3. .TfSEL.iIf2J.1'g.' '-4 . I ' I I W...I In I I 5 ,, 1-I I STAGE OI I I ' M I, 'NNI I . I I 'MI I IMIIII ' I' cada' 7 If I 1E'i E ,.,f.2'Z ': ' r : I 2 2 , , I ' ff Ee , E- I I 1' O - , I I' 'J 'I ' 1 1 ' If Is'-I-+ IIQIIIII 17 I I I I W W., ,I 17-If - +.M-.l--I.,- I I , .. E I II 5 ' 5 I I., I II -'-af II --- I I-. I rf I - ' iff II O F I W MI I I ' I I , - 1 M 0 I' II 'I 3 3 I ' ' I 3 II I -4 5 ,,. . 5 I II II In C, I I I 0? 'Q II I I A ' -N I .B II I. Q ' 3 AUDITORIUM ,. I I -IIIW M--- IE il 1 o I I I I II 11 I ' I - - I 1 :L - 2 2 -U I I . F, I , I II I I ' I I I 'E I I VJ I I I I I' 'I ' XJ I - I L,fff ffe-.I.w::.z':e:g' Il ---- I I-, .4 5 , nr IIIIIIIIII- II I 'fl ' QIITFJ, I4. G. 8. W. H. sCI1mIII-Architects 1 at :II QI I - I - '4 .I -, I ' I v , 'T - ' H. .111 'Ji ---LL 'ss . J.MarkIeyTuIIy-AssociateArchitect I TI . -- , ' ' ' 1 I P I I I - rn I I L -1- 6- I Q bn,-- 'U-ELI I ,- Il 5 U I I I Qi i I : I , - , . - ' - - if ll ' f SZ I - I - --Gm I Q - 3- ewan - mug- --qw :ruI1qa-- In I If I' ' if I ,-ICN V3 -4 . -E I 3 . II .,F,. I I I I I II , It I New I ' I I I II .I 'IITI ITP' IL M : T: I. II UI I 'u'g' 5 N- u I I s I QYMNASIUM -,I , ... , - , Ilm.-. 51 I I JI.. I I g 5: 5 4 - nm I z l Ig .- . . iw - I I - . I I T, S li! I II1 :I '.:I -Ifi I l C 'U I 3 5 T I I O fx gi' 1. - II O 'if - Tg.n3L Wu- ,, .,,,,,f, iT . W E- 'II l 0 1 1 A iii - IIE LI. I fp. -. J.- f ' I I II . I IA --I f! I 1 if :- fi! I Qi N is--I: .Jw -it-A. I: 'gt U A I v I I It I -M-I I'-rom. 1, . I .. . - L f 3 ' ff- All YOUTH Wlll BE PROVIDED FOR ! The building has been planned in three sections. Each one can be operated separately. EAST WING QLarge assembly areas for pupils or publicj SVVIMMING POOL is 28' x 75'. For the first time in Lockport, swimming can become an integral part of the education for all children. CYMNASIUM can be divided by folding doors so that physical education can be carried on for boys and girls at the same time. This also will allow for a complete intra-mural program. There can be two basketball courts each 35' x 70' or one large court 48' x 82'. AUDITORIUM seats the entire student body. Stage is such that a full musical group can be ar- ranged comfortably within view of the audience. MUSIC DEPARTMENT adjoins auditorium. Large rehearsal room provides for choral and instru- mental groups. The six practice rooms allow for individual study. Storage space for music library, instruments, and uniforms is available. CAFETERIA provides for pupils and 36 teachers at one sitting. This will make for more effec- tive use of the school day because a single session is possible. CENTER SECTION fAcademic and Administration Area? CENTER UNIT will be used essentially for academic courses. Here will be housed rooms for Eng- lish, social studies, foreign language, mathematics, art, mechanical drawing, study halls, lib- rary, and the office suite for the principal and counselors. CLASSROOMS of varied sizes are provided so that effective use of space can be made. Each of the ' standard classrooms is designed so that ventilation and lighting are the best and the space is ample for storage, display and seating. Every room is to be equipped for use of audio and vis- ual aids in the instruction. TRAFFIC CONTROL is of the best because of the number of stairways leading to the first floor. Also the halls are wide enough to provide free movement during the passing of classes. ADMINISTRATION AND GUIDANCE OFFICES are conveniently located for students, teachers, and parents. YES, FOR All HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH ! MEDICAL CLINIC is situated in the center of the school so that the pupils can take full advant- age of all the health services offered by the school system. SCIENCE LABORATORIES are of special design for physics, chemistry, and biology. These are set up with modern planning for laboratory work and audio-visual education. AUDIO-VISUAL LABORATORY is designed on the plan of a radio studio and houses the public address system for the school. Recordings of the voice can be made for speech education. Radio programs can be produced and broadcast either to the classrooms or to the public, throughiour local station, YVUSI. Small rooms can be used for listening to recordings or for pre- viewing and studying educational film. . LIBRARY has stations for 122 students and a book capacity of nearly seventeen thousand. It pro- vides not only space for books, but pupil conference rooms, a library workshop, and loan ser- vice for films or other types of audio-visual materials. ART ROOM is planned to allow for the teaching of all media of graphic expression. It has both a studio and workroom. Display cases will hold exhibits of student projects. DISPLAY CASES in the halls are planned to house valuable collections as well as exhibits of pupil work for public view. WEST WING fVocational Areal HOMEMAKING laboratories are planned for work in foods, clothing, and interior decoration. There is an adjoining complete home apartment. COMMERCIAL WORK is offered in a suite of rooms designed to allow for effective teaching of bookkeeping, stenography, secretarial and office practice, and retailing. INDUSTRIAL ARTS SHOPS are equipped with facilities to offer courses in woodworking, junior aviation, textiles, ceramics, metal working, electricity, and printing. VOCATIONAL SHOPS provide trade training in machine shop, electrical work and internal com- bustion engines Qautomobile, airplane, and diesell. dd ri nun L T SECOND FLOOR PLAN I, O . 1- -- ---- -- D -I B O ' OOQQ..1Q.Q..-- ,,,,, O ' OOO, ,O ,MUEIL ..' u ---O I O. .OO fn. M x Y I Q I -5 5 1 -ei' f.. --- O., I D n L I I 3 -5 I 11 2 I : ' ' l L I ,, 'I I 5 I il P 5 Q : 2 g' ' 'ig 1 n 5 ii U 3 'F -1- l I 1 5 I I A 0 . ' ' , E - ,, 2 O 1 I ' :L Z I I L I l' 1 Q ' 1 +wr f V E f il- m igaaiaiml - -- I ........ -' II -. If I - . R v Qi I ' J ' r ,m- - , '. ,..- - 1 I -I r.,,::- r. jk' V u 3, ,,...,.- N ,g -CcIlI'l0l Q 1 hmm :l . XI X H llwm trams- ,f T :J I--IA ' ' A . XF A 3 Sli :Z-1'l'. - - Y 'vk i g +3 0 Q Q I o o o,-f-- I -I f. I l- l l' l.,-,l I Ii. ..... ' ' .. N ,J pe I 5 ' I 1 QQPI- A-If ' sruuv um4-- If ---cuss lP0l-f- E ,Q K A E EE:-.Z ' . I . EE sz if I if I-' . ., , .e uri- - ..u.,.-.. , - ' ..gf- I--R - I uv - .-K .' . F ' e ' .. .- -.- .,fffffffff1:f. , ffl. ::::':tz: I xg 'ILZILTZZ -- 'umuui 9 . I - ,.nul. -. ... A ,'.mL..., I . I , I I E I ' g Av-rm' mum Q I 'tix I 1 - - f . I , I Q I 0 X- isis? n . -1' 2 t . I .' :LF jlmycouvm ,M 1 I F' ' -X---.::L- 'L -----'-- ' 61 E I ---Iwi -- -.c::..,:: , I 3 ' 1---Q..:::f-i5f35---- - 1 kg' ' --..-. I E -. - - xN - F- rl- .14 K. G. 84 W, H. Schmill-Architects I I Ima-I , , . nigga, ' I I' I .1 - '3:3n'i.. I ' ::-2 J. Mafkleyrully-Associate Architect I 5 --I..--I ,,,,,,rI1,.im, dim ,, ...... ----- J- -L U .,,.,,,.- K, .- - - , - . . ' g I .. 7 ----- --+I--L-I-w ------ -I E no 2 .h..,L.S'f'fi1.g l Ii '+:a.1. H ik L ...1 I , L ..----- -l4,+-AL-M A--1 I . 5 5 4- I I ' - sli m .. ', .- .., -pl I . g c , bvccmrons GALgm.Y' 5. ? E' ' I I I I I um- .. sain- UPPER PART OF GYMNASIUM ' IJ I .1 ll LJ I SVVIMMING POOL has spectator space for 500. Folding bleachers available on the sides of the CYMNASIUM main floor seat 1,200. A balcony has 726 additional seats. A common LOBBY gives entrance into gymnas- ium, auditorium and cafeteria. The AUDITORIUM seats 1,452. The stage is de- signed so that community productions. can be staged. Concerts can be given by touring groups. The MUSIC REHEARSAL ROOM can be used for small group meetings. The CAFETERIA is such that dinner meetings for 355 people can be arranged. 'id tri I 6-ii. 5, 4 fr fn Z 2 E H J ,9 5 2 0 z P4 E ' Z 3 0 ii ..... - ENTRAN CE FOYER 5-I CA FETE2 A H D' cn Cl! o D' O O P14 S D U' co o O 'B cn 9 SD o co D FV' cn H O Ph 0 O B E FJ 'C sw o C-'Z 4 III- .C-'Z cb Y' H D' co cn an U1 FP 2 I-I. D UQ as D- cn UI I-I UQ I3 cn Q- CA O that it can be shut off from the rest of the building. This permits adult groups to use the facilities during the day with no interruption of the regular school routine for the students. , me z-fain!! ' WEST WING The VOCATIONAL and INDUSTRIAL ARTS l SHOPS provide facilities for instruction in a wide I variety of subjects along the technical or manual vocA1'lonm. anon line. I.. The HOMEMAKING laboratories allow for a much greater range of domestic activities than are now offered. The COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT is design- TF., '-1 COMMERCIAL cl.A.s5 :zooms OEMAKING n-nU- QQ F- Bw? gea- CD Uggro 08. 5 Cf?-3 Sm 0 ,-. CD .E as af :Nga SQ D5 'umm '-fm 'D so-E QQ. cm ' 4 -- it Q23 QS 5 Sag fs: U! o .E-E'2g 'Ei F gig S. af Q- ' 3 G Eg O vor- CD U :S H 3-4 p.-.I-4 ' -1 gz Z E 272 3 C1 529 cs- Z 22 a v O CD Q -fi 'A Q.. 8.4. 9.-. CAFETERIA provide facilities for many kinds of activities. The whole building can become the center for adult education. Besides the facilities found inthe two wings, adult classes in science, language arts, mechanical drawing, and creative art can be carried on in the center section of the building. Radio instruction can be offered in a fully equipped studio. What About OUTDOOR Facilities ? BUIIDING SITE IS 25 ACRE Pl0T . . . fPresent senior high school is located on a 1.7 acre plot.j DIVERSIFIED SPORTS PROGRAM POSSIBLE . . . A play area permits regular outdoor PHYSICAL EDUCATION classes. This area is easily accessible to the gymnasium. A full outdoor intra-mural program can be carried on in the play area. Cln the present school, which provides no outdoor facilities, only 2096 of the student body can participate in the indoor programj. The other half of the area is a sports field planned to take care of a full inter-school pro- gram. There will be a quarter-mile running track, a well-drained gridiron for football, and rs a permanent concrete stand for 4,000 spectators. Under the stand will be found team rooms equipped with lockers and showers and uniform storage facilities for the players. Space will be available for both open and closed storage of general maintenance equip- ment. fThe field will be completely lighted for night activitiesj. PARKING N0 PROBIEM . . COver 350 cars can be conveniently parked on the school groundsj. WHAT Wlll BE THE COST TO THE TAXPAYER ? ? ll your home is assessed lor S5,000, it will cost you less than 36c each week to have this new senior high school. ll the evaluation of your property is lower, the cost will he even less. ll it is higher, the tax will he correspondingly more. .4ez2aZx,a4m'7dz4 .- AN ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL COST The estimated volume of the proposed school building is 2,900,000 cubic feet. The total area to be developed is 25 acres. In view of con- struction bids received on several recent projects in Western New York, it seems that a fair estimate would place the total cost of this project at 82,750,000 This includes construction of the building, development of the outdoor facilities, equipment, legal, architect, and engineering fees, and interest during construction. THE METHOD FOR PAYMENT A bond issue for the total amount will be retired through local taxation of property over a 20 year period. v THE EFFECT 'ON THE TAX RATE The tax rate increase because of this added debt service will be 953.69 per thousand in 1950. By 1969 the total debt will be completely retired. CThis figure is based upon the assumption that a bond issue of 252,750,- 000 can be sold at a maximum rate of interest of Zfk. T his is an estimated rate for Lockport as of October 20, 1948. lf a lower interest rate can be obtained, the estimated yearly costs will be less.j CAN YOUR CITY FINANCE THIS PROJECT ? ? The total debt limit for borrowing in the city of Lockport was 553,016,- 954.63 as of October 1, 1948. If this new senior high school is con- structed, the unused debt limit in 1950 would be 5B320,954.63 654,000 of school bonds having been retired in 19491 This balance would in- crease about Fp165,000 annually thereafter because of retirement of school bonds. YES, EOCKPORT CAN AEFORD TO BUILD THIS NEW SCHOOL sli- IT CAN BE DONE ! ! I We are under the city debt limit. Our school tax rate will increase only 33.69 per thousand. The retirement of the bond issue is for a short term of 20 years. IT CAN BE DONE ! ! ! TO CONCLUDE . . . There Is A Desperate Need lor A New SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL is inadequate THE PRESENT SCHOOL isalire trap is poorly located The Proposed School Will Be Right For The Community lt will be adequate. lt will be lire-prool. lt will serve as a community center. It Can Be Financed By The Community. let's Plan to Build N OW To Meet The PSRESENT Need M7464 do Zum .4'ocQ6afzt gecwzeto Support A New fm ALL Senior High School LooKPoRT 5. Y Q ,- EF M' X N .X X . 's -. 514'- xz x Hg QA Q1 .V Q, 'VE' '-vw x A , gg r , T v 1 I, A 3 f,,.1 .211 . if Lf . LP21iE:g: 4215 ' ' . 1 fl. . - ,,.- Q , , L,,. 1e V, KV if X 4 A , --. Till JH? 1: 4 -32 , A ' . . , 5gw.CJ'f-3-Q?fAfi'?f ' ' O I .. . 1 Q r K 'S v i 4.55 W ' ' ' 1 '83 F3755 1 1 - QA P . D , 1 5 J A ' - . gi .Q- iw-1 :rf Ilia fr Q ll!! .r u n 1 ,A up Q gvmrsnffnnnng-vffesamw QA..-2 Hg! ,, lliiii ' Z SA . gff 'VF 2 V -an fd- - 1851 5 . U ' 4' 1354-E n z ' I S A15 5 A V rf L -N5-msr:N wxznaw- . . f f ug.: 11233: f:-:zu A , ,g..,,f......- ' 1848 foo cf? A 5 C, f I J C. I w Q l I T1-:Rouen ALMA MATEHS HALLS ' Ca Chronicle Play wilh Musicj Lockport Public Schools QYQQW TO COMMEMORATE ' THE OPENING OF THE Lockport Union School A CENTURY AGO WQQW er's halls with mem Q J 1 l l CENTENNIAL OBJECTIVE Its object is to show the public, here and elsewhere, that L. U. S. is an excellent high school, that its history records facts of which every Lockportian should be proudg that it has a corps of teachers who would do credit to any institu- tion in the landg a Board of Education whose highest ideal is to see ours one of the foremost schools in the countryg that the citizens at large are deeply interested and desirous of having it leadg lastly, that the students are very appreciative of the above, that they not only love to advance intellec- tually under careful training, but to improve morally by the good example and enviable character of the teachersg that they are amassing knowledge for the future, which will enable them to begin life as noble men and women, and take their respective places in society. And whether they lead or be led, whether successful or not, in whatever position of life they are placed, they can look back, and lay nothing to the teachings of L. U. S. save what was advantageous and conducive to the highest standards of excellence. -CFrom The Junonalisf' I8974Lockport's first school az-znualj Scene Scene Scene Scene Scene ROLOGUE I - NAMING THE VILLAGE Mr. Haines proposed the name of Locksborough, Dr. Isaac W. Smith proposing Lock Port. The latter adopted, the village had a name, though a stranger would have needed a guide to find it. 'Lock Port Hotel, by E. Brown,' stood about forty rods west of Transit Street, near Main, and, being the headquarters of the canal contractors, was for a short time the head and center of the newborn village. fFrom Illustrated History of Niagara Co. - 1878.1 II - THE FIRST SCHOOL The first school was taught within the limits of what is now the city of Lockport in 1821. The pioneer settlers in the vicinity, feeling the need of a school, made use of the Friends' Meeting House for a schoolroom until other accomodations could be obtained. The first teacher was Miss Pamelia Aldrich. III - OPENING THE CANAL At Lockport - the spot where the waters were to meet when the last blow was struck, and where the utility of an immense chain of locks was for the first time to be tested, the Celebration was in all respects such as to do honor to the work itself, and patriotic feelings of the people. It is here that nature had interposed her strongest barrier to the enterprise and the strength of man. But the massive granite of the 'Mountain Ridge' was compelled to yield. The rocks have crumbled to pieces and been swept away, and the waters of the Erie flow tranquilly in their place. fFrom Memoirs .... Celebration of the Completion of the N. Y. Canals - 1825.1 IV - A DISTRICT SCHOOL - 1830's The entire stock of apparatus consisted of a half-dozen well-seasoned switches and a substantial ruler, and no opportunity was neglected to make use of these appliances for the general advancement of the causes of education and good manners. In those days the question was not, 'Has the teacher a good education?' but, 'Is he stout? Has he good conduct? ' fFrom Illustrated History of Niagara Co. - 1878.1 V - THE FIRST BOARD OF EDUCATION In 1846 Sullivan Caverno originated the plan of this Union School system. He framed the act to be passed by the legislature. The trustees of the Union district were constituted a corporation by the name of 'Board of Education for the Village of Lockportf Immediately after organizing and adopting the by-laws, the Board of Education purchased a lot, centrally located, for the Union School-house, and commenced to build the large and com- modious house now thereon. CFrom Illustrated History of Niagara Co. - 1878.1 'nrkpnri Eailq Sthnrriiirr. I vor.. lm uouaroliu-, riuoil, rmnxsnuzr 9, uses. I A ne. I ,,,:'a's.'s.:i.!:.:bx I A usa.. ,. 99 ' THROUGH THE YEARS L lad is Q, . . Q ., . Scene I - O emng of Umon School, July 4, 1848 0 Q4 51 gn ' P 035 gs 9' ig Until 1848 Lockport contained no academy, sem- - P 'ffl' 3, inary, or other educational institution, except seven x , 4. A common schools, some of them kept in houses NQ1, 1 unpleasant, uncomfortable, unhealthy, dark and gloomy, and a few so-called select schools. To obtain N - S. . a respectable degree of education for their children, REWYOB.I,,HRfI gALRAUaBOAD- parents were obliged to send them away, at great expense. The new system went into operation July 4, Tnlnl pass Lockportsrfollovu: vns-rf un.. 'IhNiqraraFalls. Tblilflllllf. ggi ECM. Ex. :Ami Freight. pm Sim Aoeommoddnl 1:81 N. Y. Exprt 10:21 To Bible- ignnt gm. 0:58 glam 11:48 so . 7185 N.Yt Express mms 5:40 Mail 8:45 'Q'T.Zl'.,.... ' t E33 P-IL Aceomsladou 5280- Dd.z0h1. Ex. 10:21 emmxr mulls- Toluislo sm. 9:50 Falla W 10:56 eh S . E552-, E..ifi'1'.'L, f1-?.'Snr1,' V313 vim cn. - To N' t Em lfTo.l!.nii-interynan. 4:38 'halos have ankle lor Loekpertu N on :- lui train lesvesBuKa1o st - - - 'l:50s,m. ghd ss u - - - lgmgn. a I'hs:s tutxlueeo bij'-Allnuy'-M in 0 N - , . . . 586111: N minutes hsrtginasn pox-red Iockpo me. , HDAG Pwpridom at ik TBBOK k 0 Winn or mm mm, Lockport. omnibus runs in eouoeetlon with the esrs, eu-:ying penn' gerl Sree of chu-gs. k , JQB. GALDICOTT 85 00.1 Nmnn 86 lun Stun,-Locxronr, Wholesale and Retail Dealer!!! Groceries, urns, wooo nm swam: wma, p V7 I N' E S , Foreign lad Domestic 4 Liquors and Cigars, And deihr In l'srmer'l Produce gene:-diy. 1. l. oawiooxt. .AI-IL DOUGH!!!- '- Vsliso and Carpeting Store. f ' ' INTBEBERKSHIRE BLOCK.. JOHN HUMPBRYM sinh' 1 established inthe business of sz- uesssnd tnufk makin , nearly opposite hislold phoe of bushes. Ike workmanship has he- qusutly received premiums, sud he Batters him- sellthsi the work turned out of his shop ' is ll ih ch t d d th bell. , if I jg-s, etc., alyaysgnjiaud. Repgiijigg nsuslifi. M BBIGEPB Henan! Znmranoe Agency' OH IB Main streegnt H. Helmet 8 C0.'!lf01'0. eohsv You Cin' Ixsuxnrol Oolrulr, New York City. lmuvx Vsun Ixsuiuxcx Coxun, Amsterdam. Tu Ihun Ixsuiunes Courun, N Y rk Ci ew o ty. Burma Cin IKBURAMGI COIPAIY, Hartford, Conn. Coxlnaul. IIIBUBAFGI Conan, ml New Jersey. G0,DB Y'S Msgs-sine for January, 1855, Ruth Hall, Barnum s Autobiography, Life of Hor- ne Greeley, at the Cheap Bookstore, one door Ooltol Chrysler tBl-eylodn. I. W..ABBlY. Scene II - THEN .QND NOW Scene From the horse and buggy to the helicopter, from oil lamps to neon lights, from parlor heaters to solar furnaces, from handpower to atomic energy, from the town crier to television - that is perhaps the story from 1848 to 1948. Certainly with such strides as these, education could not stand still if it were to meet life in a changing world. To veer from chronology seems a necessity to show how life in the classroom has changed from the days when the Old Union School opened as a spacious stone edifice, the grounds provided with stone walks, shade trees, and other requisite con- veniences. Changed from the days of the New Union School building, commodious, convenient, centrally located, and scientifically planned and con- structed, one of the best, if not decidedly the best. public school building in the State. III - FAMOUS PEOPLE To pay tribute to all the men and women who have played a part in the development of Lockport, or of its schools, would require a full evening's perform- ance. It is with regret that-we can give only a few brief sketches. Those we have chosen are merely representative of phases of democfatic life: freedom of the press, the right to vote, tolerance, education, and family life. Surely every Lockportian has influenced one of these in some small way. C ,, V '- , - UU8'.NlBOUIAND8lIOXB'!0Hl RUBIIIHISELBGUJBB Corner Sun, - e-.ex Stands snperlor 5' No. 1 nuuv same. .Q Q S 5 xx um. sn. like subscribers . KN X Toni Rouen- . :m '::'it ci' - 1- 'r.: '...f:,'tf,':.': .1 n o o ', bl . ,wxili the public generally , I' X i 'Qi gg perous, bo.,qv- gtygx eg . tbthelumnfnoon v 1 'N 'erinveu!ad. It s V P ' sndshuesprhlchthey ' ' - sg. ,- 'X iam ulalhly .ts 1.4131 ,ff :hooking chapter . K , gazgtheirtbr .- ff,-4. . - i fr M- ,vyl x 1, 9-emma ue. X 4 by 1 r Ale in bowl: ' f n1:P.4mma ws, - :A 'vis' the mul ' , K 'QA l ' donein thebest style is K ' dmv 1125 0001!- ozessnoteic offs Geo- ...:.':'s:'.,.'1s ' 1,, gg .. . ROY! ' . . 'qi ' Juno 10. 1854. 0 X-J the trade. A B Moon sole sgent,226 Main at Bulhlo APS mods to measure and order st LUI-L'B. 82-ting' uilnmnr A. nn Age-2.,Tl.mxperi. BIKE! old. 51' -1 g LOCKPORT DAILY ADVERTISER. rn DDQIPQIIDAILY mvmrxsan. ' S S A newly .furnished and neatly fitted up Shaving and Hair Dressingsaloon haejuet been opened iuftlie basement of Mrs. Be1den's Millinery stony by Mrs. Luntlgreu dr Strubel. the adven Lisement for which will appear to- morrow. Drop in. The laden of the Cobgvegationul Church, with the design ef furnishing tllenew Chapel, design holding a Few Rival at Arcade Hall, on Wednesday evening next. The ladies of that So- eiety are au. fbi: iueueh matters, and 0 large attendance will undoubtedly I :reward their exertions. l 1 A l i li Hens are having quite a pastime re ning IWII. They shoot by our amos at a speed of 2 40, leavinga 1 number of splinters and' azere Egliilng them. Nobody hurt. 8 ,Z. CANAL B'.l'B-EET LIVERYITRBLI. THB Subscribers havin pnr-f M chased the Livery eutnbllnhmenfliere- to ore can-led on by Steele h Housrater, under the qrm nl' J. W, Steele It Co and having formed A neun eonartnerehip under .ihe style of HQDBTA- TKR I eKAlN. wlll hereafter conduct! e busi- nea at the old elend. 'A continuance-lg the lib- eral patronage heretofore extended to ie estab- llehrnentin solicited, and ln return the uhllc wlll be lervedwith the beetsniszgeognmndatlliinl at hh C'-ll!!-PK!! F HOUSTATRIL July 15, 1854. ED. llcKAIN. N. B. Calrkgeefnmlahed for Funereh ll ln- mie ternl. 125 S nouns rmrrnte maenarn. S Olfflggl Nh.. 14 ABIJADE.-New Ydrk B iolll -to o, themes 'Euternvend Western oitlee- its helllliel exceed tholeofnny other liner for led bushel. 0. IL Cnumua, Manager. A First Rate New Mllela 00W FOR SALE. Inquire at the store of .B X Feb. 9-U It HELMER h Co. We Wim. ornn eniuonnav mowing V J an. 22d',1B65, e nice annrtmentof Watch-, Qtlld ,J!'0lfJ. Gall and see thgm nt the earliest Qpodinhy. I at cnussucx at sou. IODAHSIIAHIS tg :.frlif '--- Q .f Q A, w..f ' yr., ' 11 lv . 't A . .rig ' . I :gif 'iz' . -. AND PRINCE 8 lb!! MELGDEUNS an pit constantly on bend at our New 'ln- efc Rooms, 8 Mein etreet,.md gill be gold ntmen-1 uheturers prices. The reputation of the shove Instruments il seumdent remhntendation to all who wanton honest. srtietcet new E-lee. The demand for them exceeds that May o er menu- fnetum, and eltheuqi they are naw makin 40 of the Plume 134160 nglotdaeam per weel, 11.51 the demand pee y exe n su . o. c. fi-fc. wxu ar G . N.-B.-All lnltrumentn sold by ll ,Ill vu-nav qd perfect. Y Lockport, Feb,v20, 1864. COR COBSDI' lla!-When ground with the eorn, which le done at the old shud.- Alln All ki da of grain d to n COITIQ groan order lt the Planter lllll, by S. HOPKINS. 1 Scene IV-THIS MODERN GENERATION Life has changed in most ways, but to parents each new generation presents the same ageless problem-- What's this younger generation coming to? 1850 - Lucy Long - In the old packet days. previous to the opening of Rochester, Lockport and Niagara Falls Railway, June 30, 1852, Lockport had four packets each day, two from the east and two from the west. The one due from the east at 10 a. m. made connections with the Lockport and Niagara Falls'Railroad and there was always a crowd on hand to witness its arrival. Sometimes it was late. There was a character always on hand named john Moye, better known as iLucy Long,' as he was con- tinually singing or whistling that song. He was a peanut peddler, and quite a mimic. When the packet was late he would cross the canal and get behind thc piles of stones, always piled there for shipment in those days. Placing his hands up to his mouth he would imitate the packet. horn so perfectly that people waiting in the Lockport House across thc street would rush out and over to the dock only to find it was 'Lucy' on the towpath giving them thc laugh. fFrom Souvenir History of Niagara County. New York - 1902.5 1861 -Isaac Sly-But tragedy came to Isaac Sly. The regiment reached Washington on June 28th and on the 5th of July was attached to General Pat- terson's company in Martinsburg, Va. On the llth, Company A, while on a scouting expedition, met the cavalry of the enemy, and had one man killed- Isaac Sly of Lockport. fFrom Illustrated History of Niagara Co. - 1878.1 1901 -Beta Epsilon was just one of several social fraternities and. sororities that have come and gone. Now the Hi-Y and the Y-Teens are the names given to these social groups.' Even in the Hi-Y, Greek letters can be found in the names of individual chap- ters. 1910-Old Home Week- In educational institu- tions, Lockport is well off. It is the home of the first Union School in the State of New York, now thc Lockport High School. The records of the statc educational department reveal an enviable standing for this historic institution of learning. The Lockport Board of Education is composed of citizens devoted to the cause of education, and they spare no time or aains in the promotion of its highest interests. fFrom Official Souvenir, Old Home Week, -July 24-30, 1910.1 1925 - The year 1925 is significant in the annals of :he City of Lockport. It marks the hundredth anni- tgersary of the opening of the Erie Canal and thc sixtieth anniversary of the incorporation of the city. True, a century is not a long time in the history of a community. But to have those years filled with sound prosperity is a tribute to those generations that have gone on before and left behind a thriving city as a living monument to their efforts. fFrom the fore- word of the souvenir, Old Home Week, -1925.j 3948-Need we be reminded of today? This is our ay. Scene Scene PILOGUE I -- AMERICA g Main Street, U. S. A. All over America, in every city, village and hamlet each day's activities begin with the populace surging into their various places of work. All of these people, from the highly skilled scientist to the unskilled laborer, are products of the schools and the educational principles of yesterday and today. II - THE SCHOOL OF TOMORROW The office of a school administrator, any school in America. just as thc style of dress, automotive design and architectural form change, so must the theories and principles of education be altered to meet the demands of our rapidly moving existence. Scene III - THE SCHOOL AND THE HOME The living room of a home, any home in America. The educational process has a pronounced effect on every phase of life beginning in the home and making itself felt throughout the world. The future homes of America are in the making. The future products of our schools are now enrolled. We must maintain our progressive attitude to lit our boys and girls for the world of tomorrow. 1847 1848 1850 1854 1857 1858 1865 1866 1874 1875 1877 1880 1885 1891 1894 1896 1898 1900 1913 1916 1918 1925 1930 1940 1947 1948 HAVE WE PROGRESSED? Union School District set up and Board of Education organized. Lockport Union School opened. fSchool in session 6 days a week and 48 weeks a year., Four hundred and twenty-five scholars. First full time superintendent, James Atwater, appointed. Belva Lockwood preceptress at Union School. Four pupils form first graduating class at L. U. S. Village incorporated as a city. Boundaries of school system become boundaries of the city. All students in Lockport admitted tuition free. First state law regarding compulsory attendance. First full-time music teacher engaged. First use of central steam heating in the world. 1 Washburn St. School one of three .buildings using such a system.l Segregation of colored children abandoned. Women allowed to vote in school elections. First ungraded classes for retarded children. First evening school. New Union School opened on East Avenue. School physician engaged for vaccination. Free text books adopted for all except Senior Department. Fiftieth Anniversary celebrated. Monthly report cards introduced in grades. First kindergarten. Mrs. Anna H. Merritt, first woman elected to school board. -Vocational work and physical education provided in remodeled High School. Board of Education changed to 9 members, elected by the city at large, instead of 12 members elected by districts. Emmet Belknap and DeWitt Clinton opened. john Pound, Charlotte Cross and Washington Hunt opened. North Park and Emmet Belknap opened as elementary and junior high schools. - Old Union School sold at auction to the city. 3,858 children registered in Lockport Public Schools. Centennial Celebration. A CHALLE GE This is emphatically a commercial, industrial, and utilitarian age. Millionaires and multimillionaires are increasing in numbers and influence, and this tendency must be modified, and to some extent neutralized, by increased intelligence and morality among the masses of our people. If the nation is to live, the vexed ques- tion of capital and labor must be settled by the present and rising generations, and it will require the highest order of intelligence and the most acute moral sense to settle it aright. 'Ill fares the land, to hasfcuing ills rr prey W hen wmlth ac'cumu1ate.r, and men drray. Our schools are the bulwarks of our national safety. Stronger than armies and navies, they must have our constant and foster- ing care. Their success during the last century should be the assurance of greater success during the century to come. -QFrom Souvenir Hisfory of Niagara- County, New Y ark - 1902, James At'zuater.j fw r msg fQ Q-.A ,, .,,. X 1948 x-Wlfa o 14 , 9 X in on A TID leaf A if A' 'x fi7 g l INC PO A f. --,.q-e..M.-- ,v, Q--+Wfffw3-1-g-.g,..,,.,.,,Cf:5 LOC!-iPORT NHQN SCHGGL 1347 W f Zlfum Cfckoof 779m 302724 cffalk v Q V 1 . 3 :1',Q3-gf- f Z, Q14 ' x ii -sfg' 'fl 2-,-551' A kgjl-.Q f Y' fy : sz xv-1 ,421 my , fi, 2 by-515?.,ff:' .i T 1 1912.15-, ff! i-X ' 1: ' -. ' f L1.,', V' 4 H1- if v 1 1 J' f' 5' Q- F f-,q,:f,,w. ,.i- - ' F E I 5 A v ' , 3 1 Z - ! s , ' ..-,...,4.4,A 1 -L' 1 lg V -A .--4 , .fr ,k,,1- 1 g . A,A...,...-A...g, , ith. ,, Lag ,.,g4g K L -..,.. L,-,L Q.. Lp, A -j - QE?-'15f:jTJT1T.gZT'I-'-:fy 71 -Y A fm. .A f .ff ,I 3' -- ,'-:....- 1,1 ' ,,-' fig f ,.,..:-gf' 7'f75':.Jifg'-51.f2HA,3E:1.RQ-,'l - Mx. fu -- 'J leg., ,,,,g'. Q5-1'-ffe1g4f. ?j F . -H . ,:.pv 5L,f,wMf V'-.UI . ' '. :Lf ,.x . -,I ,i .- ira- -gm - fn- jc.-Q-Q ,' nhl, dx. A, 'fH1EkQ.i?'i? ' ' ,WffI,,x X., -, - -wr, Eiiiiir K I '21 Qt , Y K lk i I , Lx Y E . H L -, , Q tg ...A iii A f f . -wi-i:':u'1 - X ' mf 'F L 5' -- 4 ,, , k y Eff f ma , f K - - ':., I . . V W . E L 4 1 lil ' t c . 3? , Q' 'fi BSI? 5 fish . gn-g - , . k E55 iigg B36 . 53.931 in F ' l '. line: ff' Q -.. 3 I if L' . Asn .f-5.-RQ X-. I it E ,- . ,, - sa i ,ily u X' un. mlm ' r p . ,Hx S S if , H IF1 2. IFE? ll H Fifi gtk-' 1 9523 eww-- ri' Y 1 V . x . ' 4-X. 51 . , gn ., ,Q ,N . , ' - . .- x ,- ,Q y . 4'-.H N . ff,-N.. T 1- . ,V , -- --....... -4 . X '1i'I4g'.--g:,.z,.r'l-1F'f 111, --,X1-,'.--r,gn-g..z-.Q.-.i-R4f-r..v-+15 . ,,,..3,f .. ,,,-. f , gg, . ff'?':fra' Fu 9-:,-4 445 ini BE Gil 3 E. F :Quia 5 ,A I Q ik 3 1 f 4 - ' k '- - - '- -' .A M ' - f. -. X-Phi-'H :,'f 'f . I' A-. .- 12.1 -' '.Q'L.?- '-512.55 Kiki- A.-A,'.? ,,Lif64,v 1,315 ,4- ACI 111:32 ' I 1' j sw, ' , ' , in ' fx, 4 5 ,,,,,- -,,,.yfg..,,,, .:. X...-1,-,.1y gag . scngf--rf --,, 4.1, -Q.: ,r A , , I, ' -7 .- J-.- :N - . 5 . -. --.fr y -eff zz. :..- , f . 5-,.1,---:z,-- ...M-'i.-.:::'x.714-x milieu.-1 5 7- -.- .pw gg 9, 'S-.f . ., , X--mr-1 A 1-31,4 .4-yr I , ,A .V -, V A .,--f-x---.,- - , 5 , -gf .'.+' - -1-Q-Eu' 5,4-if I 7.-'jr' ,Jiffy-ff --2 1551 X-'gygfi 'iff .1.-A.,,gsf.:.'f' Ta:?X,g.ia, We-'--. ' 1 .Q 4-Y' . . - 'it ' .x.-5?-'ifx-'ff'-:'f-1 -' Y: - 'is :fx 5. I+' 311 73.-A 'I -f . .3-g,.i -.EQ-eQg..:gfJ ?.f..' '-.frwg ,-.4345 -:J-wtf .gQ:1..1.1E:,,4i,:-.1.:.-r,:..g-a1jSa,5.n:: , ' E 1 Y . Q -A. 4 Y LQ- J v, ei .,.,-.-15:7-yi..-f:,..g...-,, gg,-I - ,-15:-fy. . J-A-5-Lf: . if , - - -' 'X 'I 'FL M -' -Tb -'Z--I-Q-,.'. '-':'! :' .1 35' . '-3- '-'17wL.. .-If: , 3., --H, '-'Q wwf- Tl: 1 . ' J' ,iff-' . 'D' '. k ' 4.-.155 V795 ' V ' ' '-m - -'.r.-'5' ,Z--1 :J f'- '- ' 'ff' ,. '. ' -7 -' - ,. F- 41 9' k . --nz - ., , r- -.ww 1'-'-if w 'e'-'1-'-S 'wf,4 f- . -r-- '- -f.-.:'..--.- , , M - f -' . , f f .f -- -nf - .- -.- Jr- ---,.,--V f .-V: .-, JF, , 1- -1-J. .-:-- x 1-:Xxx-.-, K... 11' -, :L,f 7.'-,, ,, .-x :- F571 2, eg, u p V ,S+ gg. ' ifi '7S?1:---is-i-5-cf, fra+.:-: : L --' UI' M . .. - ' - 6. ,fl ' '- ' - I . .P ' fm ' L. Y 1- . - 2:1 4 - 'if .i-'Aw 14- x f T-'T-fifal-1 '- L - , -..-1 V. .,4,,, ' ' 1.-:Fd -1.1 A-r ' -rf - Rf ff N? f y .2322- 1- -Lirzflfg' ,J Q35-2 ' -R -A 5 q ' - fi'71 ,'i , QQ, 21'i '4f ,': f., '1',' :QQYL X 2. 1 ',..g5,' 1'5'p37f'Q:z1:f1Q.A', ff:-:Z 4, :-QSJE. ft, ?1Ei'1'. .,':.-:':fgIil,-ll,,g fi,'k--1 -tif ' 1-1g'.1 21g : --f- - 'J-1'c'1Ti:ae E. -. - sr-':.1l.f'-Y Xin'-EZ 'fnfirx' x i,,f 5E '11' Z: ' T553-1f3f'5'f?:X'Sfif?-':'b,g+. i?:f-iL1f5'k:2,?lgfv'v-.,- .gagf-r1:'g..i:g::If2 .gagsfl-1i.,11'1f3?Vggssgffs'-.gre3f1:,.--'Nff?i3',-fzf-.Qreriifq-'35-'HS'-'!'ff?: if 1-v - .: ,,,15. ' - l ' ' ' - !1 '+ 'i:Ei:1 E2i?'23jff2':? '-A7-fihffiv' Fafi':f5w'z.?:s,.,'i if 1-W:--95,54-g12ffT1g-fQf7'.'vg'gri?5afff: 2,3-Pig f:i2'.f'-Nj? ' , ',i.54 +.?Ef2 .- 1'1i.5i1fz:,t3:T3-4.5553,,mr.1E-:a?zE5.,3f'-'iiifMZ.--sixm-E.:i5T'fj-5p'1iw3'-5,-gee 512-Hey?-f:'f,1e?:.if',,,,' N-de., 'Q'-LE:.,j4.w- 'f':l.:-1 '.'?,.fiT2g-kl-,' wyi 1, . 3 .xzaxl-5-2 sf-'Su'-:i.':-'2?::-1:1Q1-3111 k:-a-4-: ':::-'1F'2-1.f'.d,.. 'Ff5:av.f'1'3- .:e-1-:4-a1:g:da-:f2s-'.--- '-'-Ff:.f+'e'2Q1u , 5.11:-aylnwvf-----ff-rl-f-: f':--::2,.-'-.su .'f,f..41':..g f J-:'.'f,':1.: ' . . 1 - ,1-1-14.9-' ' :zap Q: .+A--ws' 1:-, :Sf ' -fa-pf -U1-:, vg--has - :cf -lelf'--F21-gg-2.-'cu-2- '.' 4- 4 -K -- , . -' -4 'W' - . . zu.- ' f,,f,-iff'-'-111.11 '--fwr,-V -A-.- ' g:.r.L'4i'14 --1 ,: ' gn .-Sd-51ggf,.:g,3'i-413 ..11f,,-F4.fgq,,LQ3.l.:.5.'G - - ' , .10 , Q:.,.,: 'S3..,N15Q:w f1 , ' ' . J , ?:.' gtfav-f-. 1, - 5 -g'?'1F':5.-,' 2fTs5'!'A1f'3f-F 'is 1-gf-e'5 T ' f 5 2-i if 1fs1a1:Z5.a.aa,w 1. 1 -m igg -W:- .1-as-r ' ,.. ' ' .i f.fJ4f:3Q5f2' -44.1--M -'31 ' 1 ' WSMSQL .t,,.g:-:.- 5' ' ' + : 1.7+'ess4fA - - 'MJ-fr -4 251 ? 11 .-' ---f Je- --- ,--Y ':, .,., -.. 'f ' ff- ' 1. , ' 4g,, -. If- 5 ' . 2-.4 I ' Y ' -: ' Q'-L :-365' 1 4 Y 4 T-1,3 21' g 1.1. ,,,,:f.:-:,,5- ,i74x'.1e, N -3231 - ..-, ' Y '- -5:2 -Axis: A ,1 ,aw ,L-. ' f a. 's,i3A -- ' - F 2 Q -W JQS, --ai? '. fir? L f U - ,. -- :W-' Lis' '- 2 4 - -.Lf N, -' V , .- , ,- -2' - - ' -- - r- -.g if-Fi. ' -, :. FSQ-: ,. , Ev- .-:C -. ::f'f.3n,2:gs.va:- b'f.5a1i'l'1r?r?. PT'1t '1 5, 1'-1 '- V Q.-. , 'A-,gi-..,. . .::Sp4::- --, 7 4 1--i. ,. ' 5 ,sf 1' - 4 - L. 'Q . ,V - ' .--1-ag-...-sag - -'Q-'Sf-3?gffP'fw.f-P9,.':.,. v-:-f..---:533'Z,:.q:v--,,fA ., . 3- A . - , A- Q-:1:.. 7 fa-A . .-no-.'f:.. -.KY . . . 1,- - --4 ' 1 - 311i'-gL- '- - . 2- V ,- -f Y . f-QH.,,.+'M-'lbs-J 41- ,ag . .f-:s-ff.u,...,5,-,gg .n..v az.-.,-'::-1,,.,-pax:--J, -f . C3 C-:I ,.i 1 -.,f- A Y ,L , - x - Q- , - , f . ,. ' ' ,f , f - , f ..A., , , .. , ,. A ,-2-.,f-DY:-Qf:::f ff'f1i:.Y-fr V.-..,:f1f:' -'15 ' ,E.4:E5r: .S' ,:,:: -.:: ' ' - - 1 -f . - .-, Au-ffgffi 2'-1 a, ', a? ?57:g'Egk,N-5: 1 -1 ,gf .L-- Q Yf .':::-:GW Y Q. --' 1 1-f:ff::-.15 S i535Qfi ma . A f :2f:4::':Y.-- 5 fix- J LQ'-'T9i6.. .' ,345-wir ' '- . .irr -'Q .4 W Q '- -:. f si Q f .,. '-s+qee- 3 .91-'F' .Jf-F - . A ' Suit.- .QEK ef-Fffkfv-' -V3 Q.-na. . ' , - - - , ' ' . -'--,-':-Faiidwv - 'ff QQ. ,Q -Q,5,..:.sr -- -, -4.: . .--.,,PP'-'- -.wNf::Eg:-,.- - ' 1-,, -.. ' ' .rv eu.-re. asf-S' . A -5 - N . .za-.-1-E, w.1e-'Q-f . --- - 114-.S -- -ff' hp- . 1 ,.f?,.f. -'fpzgffrex-ae,5'!44a55y 1,-1 , - fvfgyg .i,v:'Q-:- ' S+- -' ' Y -'v . ,. ,. L A S: 'A1 12. - x.,5g+? 5,g-5.-:E.5w2-I, 'A-if -1+ 5-t -5, f-'-fri? .An ,'.'12+-:HQ ' - 1 ,AA Q, JV, ..w.,.,.! -- V, ..-.g -,,,..m.g,- me - , .. A5 ,. . , , .M .L-,-, X - We-. 1 -Q.- Q...,, -14, 1.1 .,.-..--,,.,- - , -P+ , ,:'..x.4f ,QL-1 .,.,-l,N,,.:i,.'?srF:-,-., fx . 1.1,-15.1 f..-ff A f- 'A-ef . - QP- F.,.,,.- .f-.. -, '-, -4-ff - , ,L , , . 5.55- , ' 4 -.535 .... A-:HFSFIK 755.-1- Lu- - r-LM, - -4, df-'fzriq-. Q..-fn,-,X X 's-, 'Q? v-1?'L a..,i:sQ-f.. -f 4f.m,f-gL.iL:5Ni,, . J w -., .rM.. ,-,: ssqm, if ,am , f L,11iJf?vgr3r-fJff: 2?f-If- -- ft'-J, 152:-'.F7f-RQ,-.i Q' :I.i':- af. a,f'.i:S-14:g-,L,.+2:,a'35J::A:-':j,,Q'f-..5 ir'-if-'.:..'df-5-w,QK.,I:.gg ' 1 . N47 ' -r 5 'vw 4 1 zsus:',,.wu.-'f4-- -f N -.1 -.4-,175-rl.-Q 4 2?-2111 -1 -3. - 1.-412' ,. . . , 2:.y.:. -f,-..,.f13-, ,z -4-H.. 1g,.: -.- L f-+5-Q: ..' 1,1 .. r gr... Q- .QQ-5- at -3.q1,x-:F-,-:',-,1f,,?5-f - ' ---- -ex-4a6 i7':v,,--.'-ef'-fri-2-,E '--, 1:-:-'..1y. l J af- 1: 2-f2a'f-if ' was . fzrig.: xfaf-1-ggfl-:xii i,:'i.?f'-hi?- ti:-'3?f?f.2 '-1351 ,wie fffwpf Y is,,e..,.,k 'ffl' f-1 eu an ' ., Q,--. '-vg.:,m-,g:x::a5EfLf-x1-,f:'fas1-'i1, 'r-Q1'-faa.w:gKahafif 'y45:-lg,'5gz,,+S':'g..-.'g'-L.f11:2:?NE?:? ,-JT:'?s5E ,K 21:53--w2'fiHv:-:,fL gf- -2731. gg:,.1f:-f,f.:- 1:TAr:,,4.,-:,,,.gg , I V' 3-. 3 -:ag . . , s., 'T ' 'jfgv' fr-.:Y'5'-'51 'fi5:q11i'Ii fL'.ff'gggfT'1?'F'f'2E-r3i4?'f?L717'59C:'5'fl:'. 1 -y:5 f.,':.L-P'5g- 1f'i'1f-.'Z':A- JLG .- -' ' E ---f.i:,4g :: 4.41-f Sl 'M i-:1'f .-'SFI '1-'QI -L'7'T:f-': : :L'.,'-:x'f'1:: . f - -'gf-gi' , .fsff f-11:1--ragga :f-txt.-1? 1' 1 5-'iqgqzij-,.'v5:211'1iFE Qf:P ff: Y:,,'f3'-1-?:,f::H':4g:',:,:14i?sff11TZ,s fir- fr-5'-:':f2-1zfiwgl .wizigfz - -gg?-Q 511' T:-5 X gag- 151 'ggL,,.- . 5 Af- .92-'lrilfrg--'.::':2.'-Aisf'1.4, i ?f1?'Kf!'Qf-1 iL 'zQ.4-. ::.f?1-5, M124 -159 if -2:5 -'fi S'T',gf?1F:'5:-'fi :J-33:i',':S7'f H ?:1?'3f'4-S29S-Wf? 1'??-A 1f,177225? .fg ,L-iificfzha :-giifrxgzx A 1- - QE24153225-?Q,,is-iit4:af,' f....':,L-,.g,.!i,1i-vi Eff +?15 2-:4ff'1'fr'-:'gg1-sg-5'.iiE:-145' ri:-5'-55' ':-lf-.1 JP , 17- Sf-'5-:'f,:rj ',--:1 2:'fff:3-11223:-ab,-iig -A:-azfsrwe , rits: Q-. .: :Sf -a. 3 4.-52-'fqfl -' --Lag-:-' . f- -4 -:A3L:f'f f if .w -4 i-y'2'H':l- f.,1-Tfizeznr , .:':'z1.1,g - 1:,'1 ul- .-,ff-.Nghsg .,,-1 1. '. 2' fic .ir-.-':'.L-:A :uv--'f--.-+:,.r Ay .gr 1 f.-UE.-gg. ,, -bf: -v.?f1-.ie-w:i1'::2: 2ia?,if3?figf1Qf3fE+-4-:-:afvff-'ff 1:25-'-fiieffz 2: 'T-'rf' f:.fT.?fi1Ng:fff34:f:- ,v2,:L:q'Ti:,-Fl. -Awggag : . .5-'Qr-Y 5 -h'...f.f,.5:g:..- -A .-15' -ix.-ggff'-,zrqk . 11.rf,4.am- :,,:flg.g.5-,.- hfihssw' -s:. 'fU5, ' -im-11:---ive? ,yr g,1.'.---, A---ffpfzgv-1,,,'g', hi- T' -fN3:.,: Y. 1z141Q-,,:,-L. '- , gg45,.4,. . -gd-ag A-21' qggv- QQ, mf, fl 1+ - i f 1722.-evil' v -T 4:-se:-Q-GSSQQLQQ ,--:.lL'n.4 ,,,f,2g,:1..1g-2-1:,:.f,:q,SQ QF-qfsai-'.gL'11f. 1-2:-gh--,Vex fp- ,gf .mfg-' , '15, 42:7-ifgzflff -.1i,fIg+-fn-iS3:g:,S 522519 . -f: gw.' Ziff-.ig1i3,L-,fares-Q-?V Q'.w?5i21-1lii--fZ'1-?4- 'figgzfirrfqfib iq- -,:g3:1.i. Wifi'--- F Lei l rr - -N f -'...,. ,.-ww :.,,. . ig .-- 'gif k-':.:-.,:' 214 'i?'f:. N . ' 55-Li .I . df, ,, ' 124- -A -K' - '- 'T' -L-si M:-jj --fe, . ---J'-.-4 '2.4'.-.-- 5 , ' -.Y vl J-'T 1-:V .V 1 .,, ' w. -::.f,Lg., .f11?5ffPi-i4f1E?fgg3iis:x-'-5i .a55f'.+52 Q ' Y mf 1-ff 14:-' ,113-'sf-::i::4TSf1g.-,.' f:+- f 57:31,-3759, gg:-,.:5v-V,':,i,g.-1g45'f:g3ee- .giz-:er - 5 , T - ,,5:3.::437 H Avg, ,FN-33's ,lf if : Praxvii-, ,gif '62 j jf: lqfglfgg g4,1:-a.:11A-:gig-31:'::v. J:-i5x,?.: 5 T.: ,gg-i, X f, I :.?fQ. , .-fg3S::':ak ,fr-spa' .3561-gms: 'in ?Q':2.'5-55. ,Y - .. ,. T. 2- gg.:-3-53,1-, U ,1 5. 51- . . W ,gg-,.-Lf.-T 1s55.g:.. 113, q pry, - X, .11-:.,:- A 'gf - Z. 4'-1'1f:PlS12k'5'.S. 1- :wif '-H' 4.522 '-i5 S . at- L, , -- '- -' , -, -xi Y .1 ..- ,-snQ'.-:+5:'l'f: -T-'-1--,fi-452'-, '1' '5 , .:2-15 :3.fz1, 'T-'f'2v'z4.i ' :-5-' -qi-sg.rf-..'222f1?.1Q4ffS'Z'f+,d.iTfgf+ff..--YQ.-li'f,,4vs.q,g,'sfwEf -.... 4 1? ' WWF Q32 - --Q-.-Lf .1.fm'i2ff.'iv::::-1fe::5-1ifsH?7:-fi+?53-s+Lr1f1?S -'Z-1--75'f'I. .-1' .L wg- c.. ww-13252-.:':zQ+x.,,r-Lg..,:,4 :29.:.LFErI,,l,a, - , .f-- 355, ,v ,, -,,2 4,,,::.. fsyA3,.cp:3Lg4.13.:Q..T.1f,,:r:-g,,e-f1,Qg9,-i,ge,,,y,-,i:,5:,l3.4 V--gfyv -, idk, -' - 4' A fl? - ' . -3'1 + 3292- ,.':-'-- I.- 'g:,. -, ' ,-' r ' I V - 1- ?T'rv-i , '. , 1 - -'.'l - .J IE- 1 JA- 'N E,Yx '1 L-Z f:Z51.2Cx, '-7 - . .. A'-' 1 '41-1-' -W-2133 ':'- 'Y - az.- '?4H jg f wwe-2211? : 2sfi3:i.'.'1.?:1La1Q fi-g1.ffL:1.-feafalra -1--'1f2L.i-LES 5ffsP'f' --L+ -1g,'.:af:,3g f'Jw: -N Liiga 1355935355-?ef21w?f1:1'53r3'egf1,51-Q,g3..a.. ,fffrgf 1 G, -' jAqQH,1' 8 , -345-'Nbr 5:-1'-Q .:-w.-- -Y .aa - ., - - T4 av -is-' -fy? .,5i,--1' -- -':..:-1:2 la : --.'f,-,-wg-1--2Q:q,ss+, Q- :f4S:+ff42:.,.'- 1-HS-FTCLIJ' -1-1 .: ' qs- - - -evra -11. - ..r.1g-, 5,, V . - -9.55,-,'.,,,'M ,.- - s . f, -1 . -T ,. 1' -.2 . , -vp-..:.,' 'gal-u . ' '-'-nge:-Q,-I-1: . -.-rf-rf Silva A1 -1.?,q3,.,E-T-v-f 5 1' - -.1- .F V- -L Aff. , '- .. H-, - r- --, J-f.-- 301- ,ry-.-. -. f . :..g,.?,a55,, . - -41. '- . M-fa v-- A .-. .,-- q6qg-5:4-.,:y4-rw? - 4---..3e3.,N,,f. ,.,-94.-.ref-,,,,1-. 5, . - ,.ff,,., ,-.fy-..:,-A - ': 4frv-In-' . 3. :Ni--riff . 'V Vivgfqagf-P ' K, .' W - X-,A -Fw. 'Sk . v f':-jZ '7' .,.5sa 5 av - T41-9 -4-- N---:r,aHcH1-Q'4LA5-5+ -iff Y . - --,- -.,-R-S+ v-1:-, 'av' '. --f :fu 1--K A -sf QIXQ, ',:11xf::.+M:4- 1' 1. f s2fL?5' iff..-.f5s,:fbe33,,-.QL--LE?-f, , 4,-?,. ' fl 'rg , 2., . . A x ' -- ' M'vJ 53.9,-1,119-Sf- --Qi' '- ':.,....,'g.,9afKf:4.f--'53,-H -f4:i:q:f.zi:z.k-. if -. ' T .- N -W'-1N'1' -' f --fA 1-2.15:-,.::s2f'ff3,-ffxi5,m,?'-:tr....:'f-rrfs- , . , f ' .+ 'H 3-1?-'H'-1 --Q -'Q - -. .,.2f-Q32-Q-2 Q 4,242 a-iv, 55335 22 - 'ff- Ezaf, - -:2 5 agii-5 , 'if1-TN, 1- --Q-1-wg-gf, V 4, . . - ' a E21'fhg'iSN.'.5g,---,11Ti?,?3? , L1-+L 1 -1 1 ' T- 11--:PT-F K A-a-1-Iv-5-:fair -571 tw'--5-5 -f51,,, :'-,g-.:1.Q:33- --mari 5-. f -5 -Hg-2-'--1-:,4,w .21 - X- ,. -3 .g-.: --,, ' 'Q ' 1-I , -,-L ., ..-:g- -A up 51:--: .:gf. ,-- .NE,f'- ? ' V s-qs'3i3fg-5' 'gfQ4,51,., 'g.4:L.k':,-,f-2.7.-'-e 35+ -2, Oki fx , b 225, , -,.. fj'irf:.1,,,f, P4 N K, ,,, 5' Y v 3:5g:f5i,g,5-i,,- -.41if25?g::t14 5,54 L 1, -..r:g,5,7E3,, .Q :Q-fl 5' 'SWF-l-,. 'TQ5' - 54l1lil5g332.' ' '?-'-Y-if -KD' ' '-'-14-FV1 1-,.-1' P 'fQx TJv1'1 -Lf? - fr 2--'bei' '- 'Z .L 'E F- 2' -11: 717:--if-fi-:iff- ...-'34--w ...I ' - -fi?-ff , n : ' ' - -QT -. --ff' '?l4f?f4f ' ' -1142 Fx: ivfew s1ff.:f fil-f2::E:4+ :-Fifi? - IQ -:4? BE 1? ' - H -X'-:., .- ,?1.3fEP?'C'::sfif ,1'4 ff:fL65i-'-?fl...'F'iii-gif -'Fl'-12fA:7t'1'- ff? 1:1 'Y-1 '57131' Qi' '11- Tl: 'QP' f1'T E.L1--A i':i f: 4-5 rf- 1 ' ' bi f' -M ' f fRf:s?gD f' '. i1:'5 L':-Sf? iii552258:-:,fffkTf?2Qh'F,-?1f:?m2'aff123 1--R 'lfiill' 'L f'5ESE2f.13EGEi'i71.2 ' 351 ' if-f ,QV - ,q,15 ::,a., JQ4, 'gawifxz-ge-'+,:-511,-.:.:.', .:fQ'f,:,4. --, -1: -,-.1,4ff,.-3,,,:- --'r71:5.Q-A-i-3: 2-ng, 1- qi-Q -rg. .f:1'1L,,+:,..v.:gpg, .:- f ' .lTf1e: s-'. 17:9-4 ',,.w- fe-'f' ,Q-PS --235'- t12.-c,.v:,Qt':T3-.h,..-':f'::L-'r-.Eiga14-531,-.1,z:Agn...-'13fq:,.,gfj,-3:-5,-1-3-.V s 2 A- -,'1--Y-1'-ig g yi. -- -gg, - f-.,g:1ff ,4'-'31 .e .' 1 , 'J far-Lg :sv -.,f-'tm-SVQ,-'Ski - 1:-,GQ-,'Qs5g,:-' 4-:.Xz:--?2'fliiL4s - ' -Q' , ' . H1-:fsgg'1f:kg,g::.:,vg-gsgg. A ., - , :f ' S,T.',!v-veit--1:9531-Mw1,4 ,.f,..,,:f:2-,:r,1:f' 2S'1 1.:.-ff .4'iQ'.g:ea5-',5g.,,.-:-,.- -1f-WHHV1-gif-fgfra 15,6-if' ,f,5.,.L,,p- ,A ,-13:77, ' :aw-A '-5124-:Qqsw-, fir' - X 4 ,-sh- ,. '4:.4,::,f4,s.f ,.-' K ,.:- -,gd-, , .f' aaw 'f 15555:-41i:f:',:e2.3.Cge1j2g,'i-five:-,Ne,-zfgghfif 2.-ffa5w',.'?F:5.gze-.gvzb-g.5.f:Q':.zr-.'g:5-4-y.'+v,5,-,-s:1'.'kvr.?:.751T5fa:g1.- 1- ' .4.5-ps.-sr.TfSfv:-1f.:ss-tgg.'z:f:-Q'-,fig - 1 fl -- ff- -?,g: T'a'f Y 1: :.-Q' if a.-gf. ,-f--: ' Jw' -wi:--'f-X-3-'f..:-' ,5.-U., -.7- Ti'?1,....y ' +4---1'ee5g'f-N -4911 . --'sf' T-an --avi-' -'ni '-'15-:N V -'.'2'v1W-:f,:,1...- gg-..,. Q?:f,,--H 1-La. wg Y ,Bw wi, - 5-'ff 5?-Q ,-:F,'g-':'l5'J? vb. 6 -4.:q'.as:-f7.'Eff?-wEf-':. Ne2as? TQ-ef?-Q' '-Kam-fy 'Y ., -.. ' , .:, -V T 52: - Q- 'f '-ffkad' 'favs---3-1' ff' 1-:VF-211-lf ' -Q-If-is eeeggref-, ' J 1 11 'r w f x -, - . 'Dining ,isaa--'-ffra-is-fp + -a f . V', 4' ,, T- Y - -' .3 'ffl 'fit' 1 -Y -'viii-L, ,Q iii-Z'f li L -f?Q 'i- - - . .78 5321 L--:Q W, . - -A 'd J- 'N 55:1 -. ' -, ,.- Q I-.-fsfb' 23' 1 -,LF-T :JH - - . . Q, ' , fs- .Q -Q---i'C -a2,'T,.-'H -:- ::f,u-as - - .-5 -zu-.1e.P-na., ---.5-.v.,.3f,. -1 --G-4'-v':--?5'i ---qw ,V --P' ,--Y' , -.' 1. 15. . r 1 V ' ... P ' 7xHi7'1 v-I' Xrgabr'-er.-4':-f,.,f'-J v- ff-'J' . f,' 42, - -- '.. - -asf...-5. -ff rp g.V.gv... -Q-.,-,ga-,g.1:'T'xfw zwgshg-'1-f .A wi'-'f Qs E-: -'frga-B-. A ' '-' Q1ac:j-r4:- rig' eg-,F ' I 5 . E ' :ff bfs?gf:qg1:.?Ii::,f?3 ' g 1gf,f5'-:PFS-'iiiigfi f : A --1 ' : 2F1'.LF4S.'l -Ffa...-L'ff ffJ-atf' HL W' 5- - W Hi- X414-'ff-1Tsf:2Tc'i?.2-if-'-2f'1f.':2'i 1 -A12-lffvfhxf-'2,-sq-1f?5-, F ' fini ff r-'e',,-.,pfQ.-- 'n , 65 ..x'S,gfi: ' Bi 55' 1. ' .Q-1 4---. 'ff E5 'k -'M 4: '44 ,..,-.-Lf--L -A 'Q-5' V -Fas -.Sa-r. - -1.-. .:'.s-.-5.-vb'-r-- .Jr--1 '.-Z ... '-,-:fb Je'-Y .afiifii A M, W i l- - .:sg5e,.1.fL- f .i'5s,5+-N fag-'.:.,,fQ-,-ifgi..-1'f5':r:f ,B . ... 4 ,A Aff Lffil. -1vfEQ,. ge. - , qi K- ' ff- 15sf'25:i-JN w a. , .r-'S-ff' X-222-' wv1+72'f' - I -155, srf -X. f 5-1.16 legit fav?-u-Sf'-a-:-:'Qf1-,.. ' -', J.. ' ' , -:S - J- .: '-- ,Q-+3-3-., 51:::g.::-y'f,1g,,-?.,, , pc, .41,g--A--.qgk--rw-,Kg.11-f.....q.if- h:i4,.5,4,v 1, , .. A .. ,pr ,-,.,,-. 5,.,.,x..1.-30. 14.3,-v-w....i,..,,,-., .ag 4' REQ - , .- , , . ,nl 7 1 2.,4..,, ,,. , ,S . , .- yr, f . , - .-fx.,-Y-,A wx'-5 . -- ,. V-.-.,,,.i f...,-1-Ra., - 13241, k .ff f -24'-,...,mf mga, -sI.i:yKr:7'-,f-,,.vv e1 fi ,--'QP-ig. 421- , -: Y-f .g 1-155.1 -iv --fx-A ':'::fT1':' 7 -- . gr -5 - Q s- N A :M-'vs-G'f3r'.f-gg -,In -,:.r-- .3 v-: al , . , Q- -f . Q' -. ... fu,-:fi-rv-- 'I'-. 'P'AT' r ' - --if--W' ' '-'i. ' 1 1 f'T'3'-T .1-': 2 ws, - - W --- K f L- In ,.Q.---T-f-W1--T-if--if -,F-fs: :: frzifiitu , 12-Q--, AK , - .f'f:3LE2.., 1irf Y- , f'ex '31i'-'3l,2 1'f?f ,sa +1 -1- -i -1:1 f: ' 1 f- ' f,-ff r.fQ:.Ff'Lf:f:2T5- 4i'.' X 7 ' -1 32-'1.- 4- .fffiii-'4,-Lf-m5..w-1.4-P5-,-rgfsml-f+sfQ1--sw.-s '- f'ffQ-Eggi-c1w1'g4.4X-1vf-11'ff'r. i-Y L.1'f'1g:'3?lf if M- ,, - - -7' . 1 - T .' .. '- -1 L: as-:ff 'S-2 C? '5fv?'fE :5-'. rg --..- 503 ::'S '-- -f -'f:..1,?.'-'2',.9 1 V -.2 ' ,-5,L,+- ,1 5, af.: L--9' 7 ' .3 ' . ,,,- l Y :W 3' - f. . x -' V ,g, -. -, , 1' , 1' V - -1,-..,,k.-fl. BA: 4. .,- -.,- ,- -,.- .,LgAq52?,,-1 V :-nij-:LS-1.a '- -FQ? -fr '.':1'- - 1-9:',!'ff-:-7-114.4-.,r , :fy -.-.Sf f -J-,..f . ' - .1 ' -- f -.f .f , U, - -,.,.-7---::,,--' '::.j 5 -. -.,g't',,.- ,. -!-- ' f...,v-wha . -vf-.',3f:S'r4! - 'sis' - '-Q' fi fini - f,v,.gw.-gQ1S'!,r 1.+-..-:rr-,: 'ff -- 'f.?tf 'rf -AA . ' W -1- V. -' . I 5 -':- - 3- -- , - - - i. -ff-'V ,- f'- :.:f:-- qv- .r'--.v 1 --:Q-..1 'f' K fi. l , L-'2f5::.i.:. - ' ..-,,,ff:71.,:-5:-- :,w .43 '-e+:+:f'f1-511---.1-' if., 4 . , -414: ,ig - 3, , ' -- - jf.. . . -, . 751:-1 75.3, -.-1,1..,. ,-7v,:.,,,- - 'M -.,:t:g4?ftS ' .g ,wx -:fi . Tl 5: .I .--.:fq:f.:S- W 'ff v- 'ive 1-f ':.x:fFi:-21fe5hx fL?g,a1 - N-'1i:1ffQ-':w:-Q5:':T'f1:egg g'1r:':2f::-: - V- 'ziggy :fr ff +4.::.?Q' ' 1'.a-:'3:--:f-.- X: 1 11 .1'Z.,2-L.Cp'J, !.'5L: ra .1-ff-X3--xii. 1 -Q T 11-zgvf-9:12 ':s1.::r':15-'1' -'L Q3 -7-ssisffflt Q' :asf S-gui.,-:ff 'sg ' H '..- :ff ,I '-'.-v-v' , .-: 1 ?'7+7 f -, 'b'4T ,.gN KN..- - , A--fu..-:-111-Fm' .-iv ' 1 :ff .11-lf ' ': mf- 'qu-' 'ffm-- -. '-,- X-'-.5 NAI? I .' -S1 --il -, SL, -., ,. '.-1' T44 - 1, - 'Q. 4' -.F,.r..- ' 352- . b-Q:1f-.-7- v'.Lw-Q,:15-L'17:t.gf5,g,4 -:r-Y7.-:.,'----4-risfu -.J-ff'-1221-fi -9v 1 p.11f-gy , ',.-.gn-.-E1 :- , I-Ik, -f-F A -rr. :P izx - 'f i-vi, .-TMS ' -T-f 4 'i - .--'T--i1I5: df'1--v--- ..- -E53 .-1 -'T'-'i - wffil-0-'F W'-f - 'I -1,C,S..gf--, - :aff-.':-:--TQLQ' 'G K:-...auf .-1.-1-9 JM'-'hav' i4.'3a-- :-X: -.,- av- 'fl 1'-3c'.',f :' . :.? 5'- -' , , ,L -' gig- .:: 1-rp.,.'-n' 2- ff x- ..g,,'cr- .-L: 'S5:: 'Z- mfg' 'fe-f l--vt '9'Ia.S -3' :+R-T'--535.2- ' ---f' f 'N-, U 5-I Z , - 4-..t'f-'L--:-:'Qa'lf -f-55? '11--.ff-L- ESQ '- -Y 1'L ', ff Qing, Y-'ww :F-J --wwg -:1..,,.-egg, f5.,,,.x,,,, .-.., -,. , . ALQ-...A-1-:..,y,--, L, ,,.v,,-,,, ,,.1e.,, ,,g,,.-A-N, K .,,, 1 ag. y, . ,N ,ag x , ,. ,Y ,.,, , ,V .C,,,.,,, -Q.:+-415135,.,:+42-jji'Z '-,ea-fgirjzvf ,gf f 21-ff, Y ,. . A-L',,1J f:5'3 7,:j':+r:' -rfuf-:.,f'-.1:'i o4. -.zqygb-A:-5 . --WQN - -,ya- ..,--,:'s,w ,--ssrcg, -1'-if:-LC:-' :'--1l',:'.-T.-:LF .-2120:-L .: A- 1 ,1 , ,, - -- - 11:--.2-f,f -:.-.: V-.. - ,JJ-3, ,, YL , ' gA.g::. .: . xi ' K 1'fZ-- iff ba-,,--s . gy 3, .A 3 h ,ij b :'.,u:', ,gi -f - 11- .'-5-L.4 v 1- Q.: JlL ' -' - 2:4 .':' T -1 - - A ' 4 ,,:1-.?7'.gf'T2r4?'1'11zva5eS-:5f.:?1.'g,'15fa5J3r:rg:fFHEP' ,W -f' 'Smeg -- ' f:'gA::5:-f-g 'f-'22Si1l'?.1 r-Iasi- 535-if-E21 - as QZG- '.,.q ,' rep - t' H 'i2+ l'fff'Q-'ff11:-9515: A 2 ., - . ' if- 4Lgfrf-rf -Q-ng -...gh f., ,V 1, A2-3 -,:-tsp, --N y, 0' ,-. ,, ,-Fir.. , avg, Q., qggw vfv- . T-Q-' ,:w L... X- ,.-, . L. -5, Y, V , - , .- if-E 5 Q X .255 ... 2.-.cp- fw ,- 'Q- ' .- - . - V- 5' ',. . sk... -----may L -- r . fri . V- - 1-4-f5,1f-Q:-..f--sv, f,.g, 22':i5a2f+fg- -- iz-.1-IQ. ' V-2-Q. -ff .gn-V ,fig 1:- :xg ye:-:ff- -,ggpw-vsff v ,W S v x.'..--ffggzzfzgb.-:gif5.2-:,52'::f,4.-1:-41,-is-gr V-55.13---,zixg-g31+c,:::'.3:,:r Y' - .. H , . 2ff 'Jv ' -4-.-w'aS5Hef5rfi, w -11.14 ' Q' .xg- :tb -ff?-1-353-r.:.-1:9-1159-sf-,rr-2.1:-F2-S:-wg' ries -5,14 21-lui:.'-42-.+f'5:Z?:2m1 a 5555- :cf-Hi? ' '-3 1 -4? J , 'fi-.zg Q- Q' Eff, ' T R A 'T '-W 2 ' 'fl3iQ93Zt?iE'251.'5f if'-EF 1SL'?fF:5-.ff' 'V Q- .. M ' . ..4-i,-:'iLv.f-i f f' ' A A Mff N:-,w-i.,r-fD19C:,.fff:E'f5-garb 'ra-ilkzf-tv ,g?f:SlZ-3,-1z,: : . .g ff-:5:i':.-5133-3 xw ar-J2TF A 'gj,:-1i3,r5bf: f 'iQfi 42?-2 . - , .ff r-1-fifiyx' 'W' I 052.0 -S-14 ' -1' .6-fa,-f fav-:iv is f-QiAzffla-L2- if-V-?':v1'5f, ai aff- - 1- - 1-a:4ga,4f.'z-a1msiA -- V ' -'Eg----'fa V. 1 Sec: TV!-Jr. ,...1e 5 q - ff -z - 5 - ,- '--W ,VM 'r,-w.-- 'H fax?-y- 'A I ---g?v- ei-XJ , v -w M551--,. - -in -H- - , V if -: -,-- .,, -- V ,.- , -:a1 'v--f -- -'Nvx-:N x f-if-'J r fha 1, ls r'f:..Q-.,,gy, - ifffgv P7---ff !-f:-.- , -f:..,-,,,-:--:'1:,.:p-114.11 r' ,igzriffv ' . - . - 'rig tiff' -? Q., ' .,- - - 1 :ees'i-i--'-1441.1 NJ! ,. 72-4?-I' - --C'j-L.wL-LA - - ' 'h.2..G2 'gary g'.e.q,..,' ' ',.h4-....,t, ' x:. -we:-L--f'-'QQ1-'A fi'4:-T'E r-n-ca' JT 4'3 fgg.-4-- . f:.1ff' -' - :-- f-ai' .7 -r- lf' ,.., ' - -ai-it 'G-f'-ff. 4-Hina.-' I .-'.H1-.- -fp-h ' ' - vw' I-.:,S:,:' ,..' , 1-A Y 1 --f' Qnisvs '.'-4F ?'7..:- . 31- ' f' -1 - '- -V '- -v Q We-' 'f': '-v - - 'x,,':3it5ga-..:'f351,-gh .151-' fQ2'T-'H-'. ' : ff'-1-'fs 'r'-. ,- ' '3 !fW',-,-if --' -x 'Z :'E-:T-ff?-'1?'? '71-f-fi: fgfi-il'fE2L.1L.. , -1 if 1:f '1-4. - -' ' b V3-'? :?-'-5-4 V-Q 112sf-iz,:2.g:-'Q .- 'X' :::-:1 !v.:, ' 6:5-'5?-2iiZQ'Z.'S- 1'f- ' -1 55? X22-21LS:.2q+':rf-Yin' 'vt f'-f',YsLggQ+-F-1: 53'-,sg - -43 - 1. 1fff4f -4t1t'w' . - 'fgfzr-iii 71551 ' A- ' ..Q:'f, '4?mL 1 .4 V.. -,N ,M .. . 3- -f- -3. ..-.qw ,, ,vk,,. , 4:-. - w.-. ..-B,-435. - - --P3-.fr ....,..-w -VX. H k.-,-1 A 'ia' - - '- -. if-m:fa1Zmtf7-fi K'-f gg ze :fi x 9 q w- -nav , zE'4'5F-5-'ff'-gfffi-' N ,, 5 E- 1 -,gizr-f-:,, q2 1r -EQ-2'-1 - .55-s:v' -'-' 'fa - --: -'a-1 -x '- ' .-:G-fwigq:-+1332-s.gf.EQ5':-:'?1--.1 .. .:.:,..:,- , ,,-,S-P1- J , rt ' 1 :I-'S .. ' Hg.. , P '- 'f' ' A - if -g:,-,yr , .A . -gfr:.L.:- , , - 14 . sw, -az-. a,..,g5,.a:11,1f f..:,-1 ,J Q,-.J -,N-3,5-fa-.1 -iif ., -:F -'-gg -1-if-ef -7 N -1 .,.,.ff-f-:'-.- .V ,1-zu. , , , - ' . 'Q TQ ' 15432259-'rir-vga fx iqegipg w L .,.1f:4:4f -:Si :-1- M 3.6, f ,Q Uwdf- V'-f1pr..zJ2','iQi?:i'P',,5g:h- ,1-Q-2,'..,i,, . -15,222- ,211 'fr-ifo-11:1'-4,ffg1fq-.51g5:--H.-3::g:4:i':ifmsk.k3L:.f:i::i:?j3g4Ecgfg1:5-,-is - -6-..-1'f-vJ'f 1.:-lsr H ,N J'-f-,V .Q , - - ,-- .., - -., , . .. ,, M :fa-f-11' , tf:.:'f ':-':.f:-fn-.zz ID, :1-1 .-- Q. 1 .- 1' -1 fr fs L -- .3-av '-'- ,-.U-N um. -5 ' sm : -S . A --- -f- ,.:2 --ff? - --:.'.'u-',s525 f-1?-'f .--A 1'Q':5'1'.--2t'n'5f.L?F-z-:g'?k'Pe'g..- H - ' ia., ie 3' V- - . ':--:.iTQ:a'-Q-:iff f' -.a '.- M rk -3,4-Qc'-4 1'-vu-1,-r l'-ff:-.f.-'?'1,,1'-g.,,:-ff ,--M 'Q ,-:nn .: --:f-.X-.., 41J:-g- fl v:.-,':2.ga?:f- '-- A ' ,,.. ,- 5- ' ' A - 'Er-1:71 .-Q. v'-Ffa'-,.Zf'41-QRS.-?f:.::ESM?-ixifar--f.1.'11 f'x::e:g.:g'f,.-..:.3'- f,,.. , --,Na -,N -5 . - Q. 4-...qv-.. f.. ,-,ff f .f 4 -ip, N .L 4... ,N f.,.:4- I .x -K-,,,,.f,,. -V ,,,,,-Q Tag., ...,,-,-.A..-. .f-.. ...,,-,,..,- J- .,,, V ,.-3' . 4- J ,gg f.. - -1 7 Y G5, -a22f6I?:fc':-f:'if1F L -if-Eli ' 2 H 1 4'f-3iX:-F:s1-.w:-hff.1:ffEl'fi1g1g-fmfii'-f3f:T:f1f1z--:1f.::-fgi ff i-4..ff-fi?any 4 -Jimi.. 111 -214, ' -.fggazbgi-,g '1.N3r.1-- 'J2:,-6,5522 j . K,-1 .5. ' ,-:.x5-:- -3.-.-,-'ff-55231 31,3-ax-L ,i5-:.i33,-g.:--V-3422,fHfg,5g,:'-7. 5,'---5:7 '-jijgxg' gh-34:1-S, ... - 5 -.ff .,-.P'- , 22.1.15-5.81 vi-. 'SPE' --aluiwla-5-3455 35rf,- ,:.uf1'rg.e-etg,::3:25,-fzzflavg,-1 1- 11 g..,4gP' - ' 2 . -5,54-QFC. 3 -mrgzg-h 'Y'35':i-,5':f2 , f '---4: 4 -Q, f ' 'LS'i L4i?Sg 1eiT22iQ?t E5i9s-Qi 1125-AL-1'Y1f1f ' -- 5 .i 4, .-3':v-Q,-.,'4'f-15247 J E25 -Jw--f ii,f?'i- ' cifriliix,g:f--lf'-me:?: 57'-'iv -g ' '1.N Mg:-1-'53, if '5' 14 '-'L,',. .l'!i?a.5'..T.-:gy-. -:,'W t-' ,1 ., .Q Y h' ,. 4:- ff?'?': ' ,1,f5r-1a , 1rfr14f53'2 e':'2lE' P 'Til ' ' '1 a f fir- f ' 'Y 'Z--Ti F ff -'lf -'FPAY' T-7?4':I-:PK -S35 iff-'iff' JT- fx' T 11 1,--E JQ6,-,-xi'-,-f QQ-:pg:,14.,-'gl212fif'f F .:ggf-Tfff,svH3w1sx:f'g 4:' qf-Q1w- ref- .- -13' .--Q 5, fisji--JI 4- 1.1+:z'v':,--'g54'f 'f.t'If?.L:rf:a5--f.'a,?'gf gg,-If - -. --.... ' T.,-14: ' . -fs-.A-f 14-r: . .QA '-- ff.: if -- 'invfi'-:g..'i-.14 zfr- -g, fS5-51,1 -.L T' 2 -A-, x 1 -ff' J. 1-Yr-,-...ze-:'. ., L -,:'-A ff' --- ..'?:f'-J 'f , Lv: TUE 3, --I' gf: ,:'Q,g'-'-I 1-4,3 V 1-1 Tfszwg- ,...f!2g5'-EZ,-I-:35,f: ,. -Y-, 5' , :ggi 55-f..:1--.11fl-Qi:-. 1 2111. 7,-,g5g.fs-:wg-f1-, ,.-5g-,,--f,,,LfE-5:9 -f::, -fx' ,,, L- A-sawn-ffgqgl +,A3:h.w4-5-.,,'. A ef-fel' , '5',,.- -- N-:1.A'- wf .-1- mi, 1- T'-544:44--1'L. ,:-- 7-: -1+-41-1, :' ,- 5 :QV ff -' -.1f.,'1ff 115- 'Lifbf' Y w .:1-2-:I Hx,-9-fu-- 1 '., --if - ,Q .f..'-. f .. - As,-. - -1-f 'b'. ,?I rf' , ',:2.44F'-- Y 4- -Q: '- 11. ,-L: XP... ,' ., -:-- A--.-W - '- - -'Q -,.':--ei'-. -'---:N Ii-I'vv -z. . . ,', , ff, k FFT?- .F 'y -f f- -Ei:'4S.'55 2-K 7 '?,. 5ig'2?,'i - . , . -,n - N,..f-ggi' Q-.G'g.-QL.QT.,--,4T3., ,11 Nl..-1--'-:r:11.f , ' :T fri:-1 X- -:- Atrla'-. 55531--f :f.i,3'g,3'-'gf,.-Liifl is- .5-v J -f . wi- f..:'a4-1 'Q .. '4bLf'A- H+ mf Q ..4. ,b , -,wh-1?':-:LQ-1.L.-f--+-F 51:2 fs. ir.- W-I' W 3.4!-V ,, 517. -,- -,ref-7 1-7 51, f-1,42 1 - -S. k 4fL'?f5 1', . ,,-'QQQIZ' A Q-s f, -.4 M ,,5f5t:g,..,g3ggK -15: wif: -1, q fp-17:53 Q 5.11- - ,4 ,1-, n-.,, fgnym.-yg:f:j,,,2,,q -7, - 1-'55-, Q -N r-in Lrg- . ,J , , H :. J - --r:-,gg-' .QS ,Q -5- v ,hr ' -g f-,fri-.. X NY R , -5, ,:,:- 4 'N A. . -V 1,--LA., J' . -3-W-,Q 1'-2 A-.fs-V.-f Lag-:QA ' -by -Q :.:v..::+,: -fx . ,,-f.f.-f V '- 5-..g 'VA -, .nf 321-Qi-f ir ir ' F g l 33 Q 'X -'fiifj 1 , :cg--'F -f.,f2','1-9,521-,-Tfigff 1 -e4 - -vezvf-::'f? ..,1'::s:-.-: A-gf :Q -1 ,:2:,-4:15 1 3-Sei 323 vt: 1 25.-Q-17, W is rfnif qhig l Qfrifu--'S..1.gf . -5,-,, 1. 2-55233 5 ' ' . 3:Qff'i?52?41:3s iffieif,.2jfri1.g.iz1.-:Fil -51515 ge ---ga'-:avi qi: Qi: T: - wi- '1 14--ez, --g -, f'Y?'. 1:-rw..--if .5-s A--1 - -- .Q ,-.-- - qzipif' ,ir ...sg '1 1, fx.,-'1,:,, gg: If-N. , :A-':,,avs1-fr:-:yeh .N-' ,.f-Q-'razzfr 'U 1 if -.' 1 - :, . 1' Z-.g.,, 'i Qf-gf' 1? QF5f,.4-a1.:'E'-'?g' - 'ef-3 1 faa,g3p,y:'f,f:,Jw-esi5i2g,:'gx.?-v 'wf,:, vm 14-- :f'f:f-5-fE4.'3ff.2-L1' ,QSQFE-:yr -v ff? - ii . ffg g1i, A n.. if-2:-Q .. fsq.+..4Q:F1:? inn-'ga-.: fu - .ei mfg-Y-S.5?:f?q1 - ' .f2ff.4:xf-- -:--:F-iz: 1- .4 f-L-LL-f?u..: ' - n- '-f'PL11'1:.'i :g ' - -J'-'rL ivw:': A ' . '-HP? -'-'2'9f.: Vx - - -' -L-N' . C' 1-' ' - 1 -THX'-' ' - 1.-ff'l f--1'.1:..1f --'-lar: '.-:i Qs- - N Y, Q. - -. V 1 J., - , 'ruff'--wgu.-. --'- - HEQN- 14:-F - , . . , . . f . , f Q, .- -. -- Q. -- -1 Q-. . . 4 , Q -... , iF:'5' iu,L V' ia-5551 --L:515::?T35T'755'1'.. ?!':'513'-1-:k f1ff3,?'5 '5z l - Q V 6 ' , ff ' 2 1 -1-iz:-'15-aa: --HQ S -6 -Q14 A- 4.5:-Fig .1 if-if . ' Q'Cit3:'-:.'i P'm'F 'gQ-:.2'Ef'Ss.'fuf'?'!'?r!'y.13.'i?.-i?.'1- S -13liTQ,f-919'-5 -'- 'f'-1f-'Y:1:1g:'5i-g:-- 5 1, ' ???., fissile-as-1' 1' ?.?i'f':+ff:n:r?' 4 ' '- ,,,EQ'YwIw.,..- - '15'-'ri1Lf1-r:gQ.z-gf,,1f,3,.. f ::-ga,-aff,:':g-,gfgigrj ffjjibgfgxgigfg -4 4 :Q-fl' ,gaievq -f '11'!'-,fps J fx '-.MTF Q-P ' 1- --...Q 5-'Z.,2'v -'f-5?-F-r -E .,,5vv,,: 5 - ,-' ,JS 'A 21- a., L '-.fgfxg-K-. -.zxggm r+1.,-- ' x--:- '.-,'5aY1-7.-,, ,: ,1 - Q . my -Q, .g ,,,.,,Q5.,? J,, - ,- 5 3 ,ff -g, ,3g:34:.. I 1 ' - ' '45, :--.Q-..1z1!,A'-:,-2' -.-. ' 5:-na? 'v'-rw: A-: :- .6-1-f J 1 w P' -2106?-.1-1 ' 1 - -:' .::'-4: ' 1 ' -' .' ' -wif-r Ui:-Q ' :Hgh if -:-'-sw-vfifp-3-+L- 4 - -32' if-Cel 've'-. .sf in - 2--.21 ' : 9'V' -WG-give? '- v-.Fw -+-6 - A - Q, - --k::.:: v-.f W- Q, Mk -Y 1 v. f- -f-wg . xv'-1'-:'. -- . ' ' 15:-,2A f' A-1'- f5','l'!'T'-V-! -N 'S--'-f,v:'- '. -1- 1 lf- 1. -H-5' -wr . 1. - '.1':.'xN.ff.v 'J1..2.-fp ' 'Tis LW'-,-TQ-:'b?Z2YSK-3'a-Twiif-'01---L:-ETQ'- lc .'.'--:Zvi gag..-we-1 .si x -.-:!v ': - '-5,AESS'SE'.w+ '-314' -2-- -T3- f 5:f.f?-fr-0 77i ' 5'Ii'N ?S?Q .'ET..3 .i '--brzqw 5,154 - , , - , ,Tag 1:1-2,-W...-51, ,,,,-g :la ,Q-,,..-g - -4- f:g,,,.,f,jQ1W-,vgtig 13414 +-- P W' x ---.-lg,.,1Y3:V:Vt.g:s, . -y xv .--11.-igg-,:i,:y,:-S.Q-25: f .r-ff-4.- ' ' ,,- - - ' --- 1--,Q-A 'c'E-?asL,..f f'-h'f 5'f:,1'2 -:rs--'L f -3 ,,-.mf fr--A- 1 :J '2sJ'::rf::'-.1 - - ' 5 1' 1-an-Y, If --neg-vs. ' -.,.4an:4 .1. . f '-'ffigizv f f b'-r f ,., ft-Q1 . ...-...ff J... .1- ff-Qek, g?Q2Q'1ivgf 5-f-Finn :-1-,-.:..1..-f-:- 5- Q,-.fy +g'-1:'- -xg.. , XH3, , 55535514- --V E.fg,gpQ,f+.:-.ilrmg-5,6-.4...1E-e:., ,p---Q::z1f.fqg.1,L-.a:',fa:- --. .-e- . . - -. -Q if--v:-A -L'-I--.+iu:'S,m1-sex-N-N: x- - J- - ,. f. A fr -Us-. -- -5- . 1 N- - Wy- ,4-... Q 9-1:--cad --H -'J' .- '-'-.- , --vs-na B.-,.. ,M 4.35. ,.- .--...ra 4'-' ,--m'S2 7'g--f'+-7'--Jfx:,-fs'2Lb1---b f-ef,-g,Q,.41-Q21 -'r -, . -..., --.1-V .vf ' 4.-4: - . -f-:aruf-'-2' 41---.:'f-.-s fw,---.,1f::q4,1:f.L,-A1 .-9-Q. - f ,. - J' f. 5s -Hr'-.YJ'r 'T 1, f ---+4e.:gfas2'+e?4 ' - '- -afa':Qae1::-rf,:.p5fff:.L:3.5 ' -1- 1- -P-..v. 1-?e'i:m.:mr-ffffryh-4irQ,?3c+.Q.-15.4 'ii frvma-4,-:f?' 'gl-IQ-'1 4-2558 f y1f gX,Z.'g-ag-iv - 4 'f.5.ar . ' gc. aw l .', g liifzgrwu-:ar . ', -5g1-555s:.?r'1ff-'-2'-',!- -.'-1-.--3:31- 4-f m ' , ., -- Q- ' fu- - V' ---f ' 11+-1:2 ' s r, -sy -t . - , , 1.-Y-,-V A-' ,-:::f-fr' .. .4-5. '-f -fi 11- -f-'41 '-- - A 'A , J-9, Ov- 1-' --159 2' in -1' -.L . .Q v 1.,,-Hrqjy,-:,-gv,,,,,,,k. , . . -. -.:-b.,i5?-1-.9 E, ,fy --. :M Q,-3,e::H-:iv -e-1.15 .1y:'--- ,.:--'- ,J -,A n-4, ,, -it fvN,--,J V -uv , f wf.'.:,3 1- ,-Avy. 17,7 tk. Y , f? Y- 35- '1 -Q ' 1 ' 2- lv- 11SQ A-Qy : g .,q :,ig. H 4 'nh' ,-Q- -.4 ' ' ---, 'ff' .v ,.. '1-S'Y'!'?a5,45' Jgzg.-'hui 'A -I .15'f?-'A Y--filiif-E '. ' 'E':,-1gi+2- V 2'i?3Ziai:'..,-Q V -' i'4 11Q' 5-fx S 'Q .fJ.-f,:-'i1 '- ' v '1'f-1054 f -ew, f ,, -.- fa,-,U .,,,.,,: -,ig-,,,,.1 L 4,-,..... 3,-Y ff , , ,F .v , .A ,,,f5,,,.+ ,.b- .Qu - -fic.. - xx.-,.K'1 ' 1 , ,,r ' ,,, - . . Y- - -.--1 -ffgaf-'S-, 35, A- , rl ,1- 3-1' 3- gtg:-.'1sf..a:2v 'v4,:v.-155 1 1 'f ,, ,,,-ff '5' '- K H : 14x 15 1- ' V b-9-2'fiS'55 .,5 ' gr 71 ??3,'g' 1 fain? 243.0- .'-.M iv- 112534111 .Q ii :g 711'-f?::. J.. ' :S Am- at, --.1-V x uf - -D-wg-- Ag:-I-?+,-S-Liv: '-'2.1'-1.-'f , . L- wgemzg- 4:31-2, -fs.--Lgg, -- W4 'Sf ,:,s.-eg .-sf'1TLs'P'-.J'f'.J.1 ::s. ew- '1 11521211 ,- - - ,.. - - -- .v1'w . .- ,4 - . 4 , me.-ug-Qrziz, -.Mg -Q5 'beq-a:2,f-w,.c,1-1, - 'frrrz- L , -1 251- '- in-Ar -f i - V. .. ' Wh .433-F'-+i:.--fgaa.. vv: f' --zfzyr :w '.f,f.-, 'S , 54 - .,, -1 -- :gg .E . -'a'.a:j,, ':4-:a1-eF:us-'u,,-di,?'f5-Q-::,:f ' - s3,fi'av.3f-'f:g:.tg9H:eQ-pf-ifr'k-J ,,,-.-7'-f'5.S-,g-5-3'-'5 .- -if-f K .X :Cie-. 1 5,4-ef i ---11-V ': - fl ' QI' ' 1-N 'waz T if-5 -i:2SQSJ'6'fT4A'iJ1-Lwf'31?S? -' 'f2G:g5-fCL .5?f '4Sfiif345L: -b?'- '.Z?:f 1551- Q5 '-nil' -. '3:?F5'-If E'--.F 'iQ'1f t'fr2cri'f5lL1 -5 21:5 W gu n , :- Y:-+b - ' 2 , A x? -- . 'leaf-:::Qf-:giis-L f'LE ' J' . , fgf' -K if-5 ' 91- f-sei +X - - ia-:Q - fii' . 2 3'5 5 V '-'-1fxfif?'6?r pksgFfg-L'T41':.5fl sfKf2:'i-'-i'ffEv?9,fffrfw ' - -.,sS::-..,g-? i-132:35 .Q-21: .s.w1g,,-sa 1-Q 331' .4 1 Q' -2.5 542-,zfe-. f - it-:gn .,.w.'-,H ' --gi, ,pg-Qg,f.-.Q-' -,gf-+:, -4y,'f '- --. . -1 Tis.:--R23---f + Q. -..: zP:f:Si,m?1s.-4 .-.- A19 1 ,, ' V -.f- --P2 .-'r , 'L-'-1 Q19-Y-1' - 1. ,.-F., A :.E5.-1:...LJ .3,,a.- um- g75gs:,,...-. 54 ,..:--i- yn- 4.4-1 -.ag , .haw ,,:.1.v3--srXe4,f.,- , - . , M -.,, f-f .21- , af-. 4 .. -,Q -V :-3, N -rr , ,.--14: - -.411 , ,' --- -N' ,-err: , -V-Sb,-'er'...ffsff--1--e fE!-Y, ,af-'f 1. 3 ., -. xv, 'Y' 'Y ii-, --1 ' X. 'N-Q '-zu: f-1'--,, 4-: ka -,FA '-'Tl-V 4 .,. .. , : firm- ,f .:T.. --- - p- , i- if..Q.12fa fariz,-Yfr-.2f'E?5?,7 V ,Q 'CNJQ 15 .:fi-1:f2f - gg-+2 -f??f1 ?'J5 ' Q - 5-zgf'Fi.!5-2 - A 'z-ii! V ,T -.. , ..-'L nf- -. -,-.:g' 1 gf-'L':f'.2:' 5:7 if -rf:-' '1'- - . ' . 'f-2-ef- -Asp, '- -F Rf, 'L 'S' , . ,ef-i-..-5 If' 4s .r.:- -, -- , ' 4-J-v,g'1f2'-f -- - 'H' . .,, -Ur 1- , , ,. -- ,, .. - Y, . J.. . -.0 ,-,,. .- . - - . - - -Q, . , ,. A- , ,. ., , ,-- .. Y ,, ,f . - .-115 fff +,nQ:,1, ,ff,1,t,-q- -Q -4,4:.,,fhN5'.,'5-3fr.,,-,..A-,:4-,,5,q.+.w-4- ,gi?3,1.1 q , T .- , ,, . v's.g,-Rayne-'gi ., 22:1-,ww-f -. V - Q 55255-3??4?r'5f f3 31,:1-1 ff -44: -1lgfj':145-Lisa1i9ii :Qs'ff 3g.4ifs-f1'3+:gs25 ?fH .Q,,- 1 . 42 2 f5g,- f,. . , ,-.fafj ,-if 1 -gf-, I 'L , 21 -iii ' f ,EEST-I :QQ'Q 11' gf 2:-g5Qs5:5.f,.,,-- -:+ff,f,1:1ff:5g:1 inns ,Q :1ife'f- 'i qi - ' -QEBQ-saqas-'3'5:-'fi' ' -w :Qssa:.'a.? b iff! ' 'f'f-f 4.15 f:11.,: ':-g-- 1151 -f:'f:f'. , -j-faffi,-, - 'Y '55-5 . .jxil ,. q11-ffH1-tf-,-'Y'- iv-,r.vq, - .. Y -f -' Ex f., -' .-e- .,-, .. ' ' ' -.'9::-:Lf fvy - - wg' x 4 '- 'f . 24 'Tl -- 'E ,-'ii'-F...-A --rs-.w 5-xl---' - f-' zz'-Y' 7,41-5:J vt. ,--2 -: . ., f.4- Y -ag.. T. ,. fx-' E . - - Y- ' - . -aQF'q',-g,,.pafS,E-'L ' .5 '--'Q-xb':P'-'z --:,, ,- x ff-'Paar-S -..'. :J- A . QAP5'-fL'g',Eg,1'5k,:iy,'ii-1 'zigifffiggz-a f' 991-15 3 , QQGEQ-. ifv,q:.i ggQ'HQ2,:: 'A 'ir-si K V. f. gggggfwi,-1 ff-. -f- -f3i?,: l . E 3-9-Q V, -' .3 1: - - J: .--, J. .wif ,J ,S -.-5, V- ,A ,lf-.,'. . - X, --: -'-1ggA .4 , f -ir -gn? A .. ...za 'f ,g-ei ,.,.. ,gf . --' - ,-...:.f ,-if-7 --:A i-- ,3:. 41 1: -'-f, '-' -' :1 ' H' - 'iff' 2 its?-fa :ssf42tQ,ff.:- L -.aff 1 TIP ' T212- -f - f -'f L. 'mf T.. , . ..1'.'T-:QL L..-4'+,---1,517-17.-ff. '-fra -fl-gf, W. - -ws. ,f-ima-rg: - A ,- f - ,, -, -' - H- -F 1 - ' Nw ', , 4 -: : '?':f ff'4'f'f - FMYS :V Lf fr. ,- .F1-fkSf54:-a-:ff-25,211-ft4-5-sttrfiv 1' :M L:y?:.:asf2L4f::w: Hy ge-3, i s-...iw--an -W -Kw. ' .-Z if - ,ei 5:1 5 4 f. 1 L f --.4i.'2.. ,.1f?:'N2::E1.f:.--11:1 'sf Q-i :ff-vfsf-'-af via -,2.f.:.'L. 1.fg.4.W-2-:1,12: xzag. 3L'l'?1f '1-:L'z-Q:a:14'15,gfx':QY-:1l.5i:.-if - 1' 'Sn P, 14-1 ', .'.,f:'- -Fw -ef'-f '- -5 fig - .-gf, 1-uagzfrgaf .,-:,.,f'p Ffzf 4 fr: f-51:47-5:33fffl,-Jffiqirii i 2: 2 figcw-:Qf':,.f431-g:1'2Nff--14:1 2-9-Qw1ftg.':-.-412' -'x'- frlsaf. . - -A '-ff,-JP- :s'-ff V- ina ff X - .ii-1?S:a 215L+.g1:i1fiLf3eQ1n,i 112:,Fe.f.z:f1:f.f2?5-,sing-szs4fm,:i.'iIaf?.Qa1:1-fflgM'E3.,, - if'-:'?w f :fa : ,, :gig -Q1 R.:.-.+1.,.fh:f.,':f.-'-wwf.. 1 frm- .- ,g3-:: 1:w--P:gg53N'::.',:, -5f.'2.-,,, ' :2'Q1,e,hm::31 gfffv ..+-ir'-.... -5-L 1 2?f-Ser.,-gg. zzz: -.-Z: ' :-1-V il ff i.G2-f'f:'ffI'1: ff' nf.fx5'fi3T',- HH If 'A 11-I-eil?-ani: FTA -Z:-'f5'fv'x -J-H49'fFG'. 'FQ'-, fy:-..--be af: -f 11:-,. J -:511-N-e,.,m :-,, 1 -- - - - - ' Q-H2 'S-vg,.- V 1- -'. ii- rf. 1 ,c 4.:eg'S' 3 I ,Q-'Q-, J- -,,.,: , -'11 2:-ff.,-.' Lv' ik-:.:f:3f:.---wry, 3311,-f.,g-gg' T -f Nigga sf:-f' ,. I , '-.-e-EASE-:l':,g 5'ffgq f'Qn-2.42 ' ,.' .., ,, f 1 qv , nvni fi.. 1-. :-1, ' L P - :2in1gf:'?.. rg1g'F23TSz1:fg-.:irq,:,rgfSwS-1- '- 15 5 ' filer:-1 Q 12- ':1.,,5-,h-, V ,,,g::f--'vw .g.' :-kl7391iH3T2f1.,4s a:H-fi ,W -. -NM ang! A 'F . -Q-fx-1'F.,a--. 3- tau: ' , .- gqafk. 1 ,--- 2.1 :, ' ,, 13- , ., ., - - H'-'w...,,, ---xr' T .fsrgi-22221- :' -.. If- '1. ,4,4, .nC'.A,-gf, f mf . 1 r- .' -' 2- L 4 31 1,1-H'-' .,.- A' -N:-1. , -- A-.. Q Ariz i'+-'S'?i2B1i,'1--?vcx,-f25?- TQ. T ,- 5' 'gg -- - ,-. -Q-2,15-115215--?:-33-W-wir-:.5':-'AES-1-rQi'T-1:g'?'gQ-T2-2' tm 745- K. -,-:sg-J?2?f'L-1-,IT-115-9:-9: 4145- 5'-4f. .r+Q.4 -X:-F 1- '..4.-?s'lb' -Y ..- . - Y . .e '--ff'-ffm-, -,-sf 15...-ffw-'K-, 4-Qapcffg -6::-- f-:H 3..L-S?--h rw..-.-s., . f hIwwSg:.K , 14-4502-1 1 w5rf,2g,Q:Fffi 1 ,f:egg1 E:E-'g:4' -'gag- .'- 1.,. 1. '51'S:.,'T.fg'.Av-f-Cif1x1'1f'-:O af , ' .- I , 't if ' .:. , W' 'AJS' -xt' -rt-rfli'-'g9 5Qgf',gug':r,. --,f'L a.-9. ' ' ' ' ' 'f ' 'J-s, 1y:0 ff- 1-A , gg-1'-f .fag---'-.-, jwiezif T I-Tl , ,X 'tak-r-, ...- :,-f2..-Q' - ..: . f' - ' . .esz a . ,...,,.-'M-L?E?7:zQ-x Jf' -Q-: -ff'-':-,- 1,-' AJWQSJS ':' --f. -if - --, -,., f .. V- -mf , af 5'-F315 '--1-IP' ,M -1, Lf: -2:-cszfif?-:Q - E, l.,..Lx.' 1 'W' F ' Q. 1 f-.11 QQ-,f.2f1:.z4,::a1'3-'ff' - - -New -Mi'-,',.,,a'Ft-2.-ma-f:'Tv:J,- ff-.ra 3:g::'f5m-12f'L'?1'vf5'1wi-'-T' 1 -' .- f V' Q . .- 49,1--f.:-' M- rf-1. - 12 -,-,,:,,: N- - 1- fai:-g ..:s, -.:..Q:.,.---'F - 'i --Ka,c.' - -5 ., Q.,-'R . q,..1f5::1f. - 4, -, . .r' ., Mfr,--,svg.:.:uv 'f y . ' - '-1,6-H: ',-fins. img., . A-5135 . -. , - '-H2221 D .. - I --12 f- f'X-:.'-S-YF? N' bw- new-'+f:4:-w.'f . ,-v5'f?,:l'e' . -F1-' WV -9 'EAS ilsv'-. 'f 1' - 4 6 16 , ' ' -I' lf -1 1'-.QA L liiq-?g:'. P Z . ' --- -' ' -i f --.-Sr.' A .,- ' ' ' ., '-fri-Q - ' - -W:i'4?? ' '- ffvruf' - Xfire-:,EiLS. gg.'f,. ,gsgiffl ' L L, 1i ,Nr-Qfgqii ,,1Ei', xeq..f., Q 4 ': '- .-N..g-'f7: gi Q. ' ...ir. 1 i:f.g.'xI:11-' 4:-W jg f , V f31,:g.j,7:'4a,rx-4151 ,. 'vi-., ' NZ?-.25-r?4:frswa-Qs-,,gef'.aH1:'x,,gifrirlifrw.V ..4.'i5'f - gf' 'Zvi'--i-V75 51' i ' ' ' gf. 5-inf-fkzs .-r',..f:a-1-rf-hy -Ev -. ff 7- f . 9-L .4 Db- :sf ,. , . . V. ,Y - KN. -1. Y . . .--rzfw ,M , -V A.. Rv -.N - ,.J.- . , A , 331 -.J -J Ss- -, ,, QM. . , .- ., .,.,d..f 5,,-, Q., Y Nev:--.f'P :f.--1 . Q.-Q-ff,.x-,.. x 1 wf',...?S'f's:, g-,1-fgu.g,f'vr6-4 .'.H:4-f- f-,1fiE-'f.,g-..-- 1.41,-w ,.5L,:,-rf , , - - -. ,di ,,5:.,..5.:- , . 4. ,ing 2 ..- .4 ,gtg ,- f 'W 11.,,.N-' ' 1-Y' -Nrfiz. rs-g12?rf'a5-:fb 'Q-1'l+g1:- -3 ?x?:f.TN': sir ig1Z?'?i:1:gwf:d :L-haf-31-ir-1 rf-,,T?i-1155432- ' -TF? -:z,kU'i?3.-,,aS5:f - ,-.. '. ff. ., ' ' A I Q Egfr .i.,q5-if-,Q Q ,Lf nz 'vi'-z-E54-1qs+-f,:Z1-11 , ff, , 1 ,,, Q- 1.-Sl.:-13 f X .L -Nfgrgl-53,1-4,-is--Q f 5,6 . 5 .'T.i'i la --- i f-12 ' -1 u s' 1'- '- .A 191-' 1 1 - :Q of . -., a n .' J ffm-5 -1-r,,, 519- I .ff -' gTc?g'l'E-, ., g':f1,Q.'y-'a'1- -'gf--5, , . -,,:f,.:f 'Fit I f J , ':-1,5 -W L.:Q-.11 LQ:-':-: 1- 'f -' E ., fl 'Y -'Fit-L r,s , . .-if-fy, -.1--J-. 4,-...-. A-, A- -W -A - .- ,. . , . --Q , 435-.3zQ- Q51 -A -Ti5..,, 1:7 ti -, . 5, 33 ,- f w: G-PTE? :f:s..12a1f:+e2L'. f- - 'H ' ' - Y Y- if f ,fu---1-,. . .fff,i,, ,H.:,- - . --.,-f:. C 508 YEARS GF EDUCATIUN in lie -JCAUOQ 7 Qiew Qozi Yyyf H1 11: 4',. ,:,!3f 5k1:1L , X 1 ' A I ,gfwl ' A X 1 1, 1, j X11 f 'X ' 4 f f X 1 ' . 1111- '11' . -4: E ' '1' 11: ' f f ' f . 1' x R X ,f 1 X- 1-1 1 -x , 1 LQQLZP IRT 1 6 Gif. l:.,,i,X!,'-'i,X1X1 W my: I f . fl. , Qxxx ix ,X 111 .1 X X f fQfQX.11fX,,- -- , I Q . U lx D X , '9i 1 ,XXX,1.. , 'Elm -1 -- -X, 411 f4-, .1 K - A 'X , ' 1- , . 1' X' -ms, '!41,, , 27-v ' 1:11 3 ' I A ' J, fx msg.:-:7::,, -A ' 10 X , L- ' , 1 1 Q1 -X - X. 2 N X. ,... . .,., -. f X' X. N 95-HWf? WfW '1H ' ...f-5 A131111 i- 1' 'X ' :Lf 4, 1. 4 1 -,X ,X,Xf 9, 1 , ., f,,W X 11,2 EZ1111 ' X' '771' A ,Ti .W 3 1' 1' f W 12? f- ' 0 1 5 W ,1 - Q '1 .JIW 1 '572Q512' , H111 , - , - ' EY ' 1.1 fff '11-1' ' ' 1 Q X , - 1-sz ,' 5 1 '-' 1 ' M.. M 5.1 .M X f18..,0,,0x1W: -I ,' if , f if A A 1 11' -gig XX 'X 1 N N , 11- X-Eg SX 1 I , T -ww: N .' ff- . . 1 - ' 'ji 5 Ilffitgl 1 , Q - fi , ,- j A-4 YQQEQQQ5 Wa 1151, V , 1 ' ' .f - 75 25111. 1 - , G- .1 5I',?3Ei 5f'5' 'hiiaiiiifxzff -'.-f., - 5 X f i 1, 211917 ,. ,- 13-35 , A 1' W 1 'M wx is U7 K V Z In is: :Li4'i:??! ,' ' X11 1 1 1 I .' .'-f - 1 .,---- f '1 I-' !-P: 5 q i'Q-.rf - -N ' , . ,', ,J 1,'1?f'P17,f1S2 .,., ,., , 'i'X X 'S1'E?Qif-.f': 2 - 1 ,Will ' M '.1. .. A xI1ilfX:1if15 'k 6 Af'N' 11.1 Cf, fiaiigggl 1 ' 'QQQQQ11 yg-Pgjiifsn-,E ' ' ru ,gli -1 'V 1 . R '! 1 ., ., 12 X 1 X1 1129 9 1 'WE '+f,1 yu X fX3,',g::::1yL1:f1 -M X 3,41-1:35 X4'qf,g5A'-.Xf.-1-,., 1 Qzyy- , ,gg-11 J ,,.,4'61a 5 ' 5 X 1 :r x 111- Qsaa1 iv??.:7'5Qg'1g+T1x-1.1 E , 'Y 1 -is Lfxag 'f , X-1 ' .'1-151 'I' X Xi X :'4 'v11:,1:11.-1-Q-1 1:1 ' 3 1 'G 111 1' ,Miifzfa 'F TI: 5 1 ' 'Li' M, ' Ms' 5 5 11 1,161.1 -' '1'- .Xfrihw X1'1y,s:,1f. '-Xu, .-,f' 11 5 EQ fa-0.'.!w'v.-,Nic-. 1.1 1 .11 , ,, , 1 1'f'1a:1111111i'f' ' PQEW 1 15 11. 1 111111 5:11 41 1 ' fA 11 1 1. VI 1 1 11 121 1 f1 1Q Z1-Xf1f' Q 1 1' 1 11 1 11 1 111 1 x 1 -'EQ ' S-X 'E'-1 A ..-' f ' - ' E 1 11 '1 '7. 1:1 ,, 'QU' X 11 :..w y1'--.-X:'-.- 1 1X1II'1 I1 .1 ,-- ,' ,L .194 X, gy, K 5. 111, 1 :,g1c,XX'-N1f1'.:11a.1111 1. .,...,,.,..,.,,,,v.,, H 1 1,1111111,111 1-+1-1 35:11.35 5 ' Q11 .Lg-,-is K ' . V-, '1XX -5:-'-'1 '-W-'1 1 - 11:-'t2 ' 11-':'1:11.X?Q-:.,,.1,. wi ' 'SN--111 fl A X' f 1 'X 11 1. 4 X-,1 1 11 11111151 f1S1.i'i2::11,1?1111fQ1.1111111111,, 1 ,1.,' 1- if ' 1 1 1:1 111 ' 124121214 -11111 XM11'-12511f1111X 111.1i1' 11 1 11251521 111 , . 113' S Q 11 f- --w.'a ' .1112-'1 Nerf-'Y:-11:1'.s'1M.'1'11M'!1X1l 1 .3w.1x1:v 11 I1 ful 1 1 212: E' f-' vf' N' N , 1 1-2 -'QNX mhz' 1-11X-5'1.'Mt4 ff-.1-' !'1l1X 1 sf' 'ihfs-E11 11 'X H 1 .1-1' f - W Q1 Fi - '-1 111 .-:8fi'S- 111.11 - wr1f1wL P' 'WIN X1 42: Awliwl-1 'ali -:E 111 '. X- 2 121 I ,:'.'f'w' Ni' RI51'-21 'fwfr' C' .1ri' 1, 415 ifEN1nl1 A 1 .fn '1 . I X f Sf - C. - 'nd -..1 Xho.nX1.1X .im 11.11 ,. 4 XXw'111111 n- ,bl AX 1 J 5' :Ir E 1 1 1 J-Q' P 'N' J' 'Htl 11 i J SFHQSQ ':'l5'N!'1v :H ' In ' ' f. - 11 sm-4 ' -111' 111--1 X-111' aff' '?x.5N11'??sN1' J: 11 1 J If 1 , ' X - ' ' i ' 'Z -'U' 11:1 l 'f '.' : .1 -'1f '?','b'l ..' -- X- N' 1 I -' f A 'IJ 1: ISSN.-.We 22+ 51 1 A : R I X 'SWA 'f'1 P3i X' N RE F' 51' ! 7Ul11' I 1,3 , 'Piaifff '- -- 1. ' 111-1 fg.'1 i:'-:.E'1- 'X' '11'ln1:1 3 rx -'1 ,V I .. , QV 3:1 A .,., :JXAM 1,11 I1 25.1,-, 1- 1,1 I II., ,,..1 NNXSSNA1 5, S., 5 ,,,, ,q .117 11 digg W1 - - 151211115-1' mf' H 1 'X 11 1-X . 1' 1' VL' L3 1 Hiya?-'1 'ii' l1i1fAI1'1 V :11-t: '.':e. 111 -1 v 4 3512 1. - X1f. v 5 ' 2. ' 1 E 1 X P EVP' L 'fin ,.,, u ,-: . ' '1 '... - -- I 1 . ' '5 1751! .-,W V? Q fill 11 11, 1 0 ' I 'V flfgyf, 1, aux LP X' 1 1 A f 1 Xf 11, 1 549' 1- - rw f. E211 . 1 ' ' W ,. 'X 11 X if',jEs'5 ' 1 WEE, 2171 fi 'E7f1v?? X ' 1 'X ' L. 1113- 1. 1 1, 1.11 1111 - mln 1 111 mesa ' ,1' 11 ., 1+ x ,- 5- 54' ' Tw I, XX- 16 1 1 11' 1122 il .1 'far .. i X Af if-'. ' X x c f '. -' lf -- fi -- ' 'A -- 1' IIIIISIIIII NIUHIII' PIIIUHWX IIIIIIIIHI li 4 'X 'gzagvvwp f-:'--- -- In ,,..,. . --H-f X-.X--2-,1.,,,3:-1, 'Z 4 1 1 I mul. ,, ..,., .... ,,.,uH,:.11 .. Y, .Mui ..-..,.,.- li. JL, 1111111111 1.. 11111111 1111111111 11 , P11111 1111-111-111111111111 1111 1.11 '1fi11if'..1,f M49 ww 'I 5 51' EL 215 ' 2,1 1 ' X 1 dl' ,Emi ' 51' '14 ' X. 1 1114 :Huw ,1 1,5 ,': u 1,1 FIIUN ,mi 1 1 1 11.1, 1 11. 1 ' Ls.-1 1 IC .. X 1: IMI ff J .1 J M lm I-, , 1 1 1 X, 'X' 1'-11211: U13 I 1 IRT-I 1111 n X 11 , X 1 1 ' 11 1 1 H1 11- W1 1' E 11 ' 1-1 'f X ...,' 1 , . .. 1 1 .Q ' ' ' QQ 1' 111111-I 1 HHN 111.1-X lL'i!L' 1' 121131-ilalal ,1 1111111111 111111115 ' 1 ,nf 'il' 3, 1X fX 1f'?Q1-'W 'Q 1 A i NH' ? Qi' , 'HI' I I 3 -fy' 111 4521 1 -1515 1 1124.1 f X- Aff! PM 1 1 .1,, -.,1, g 1111 M11 ,1 , - ' 51:51 5111 1511 'W Y' 11' EI N1 :FY '1 111.1 Hui- 416111.11114-X -1 1111 1 X1 III' 11:32 ' 'H' .X .11 WI 1 ETX-11 11111151 1 11.111k1I X 1se11g11'g1f,1-11 1111 1181.1 1 gl: lk I-1' 1 -A ,f M ',?2,.,IEU,UM X yr!! ' 11 H:::1',1217f11ff4 f.N1Qw,i51f.i'f, .11 , I .f N 32 Il ninmh hill mil 11115121 ' Q 1511.11 .511 ' W X 1 ?iE1l1MH: 1fN.'1L-, 'R5Eg?JQ f'H 11I11HiIIlI1m1if1h 1, -TX 1 1 5' '1'1'1 ': 'P u U '1'1 X .1'111,1111'1'1'111:1111111111111111111i11.1H1l1'111m1s11111n111'H'11, - N' 0411.1 142 11 , 1 f' X Mx .1 ,1,. W, '14 ---. ,,1 11,1 ,zvl ,,, 3, , Az , 1, ,...:,i.,,4,.,.,. ..... .J 1 I I , MI, .,11111g1111g1l1111111l.1n1um1l11uullllllulmulm111111 ,, . 1 W 1 ,,. .,,, ,1,.,.,,-., 11 - Q.. .. 1 1-1, 1, .... ,, . , , , 1 ,,,. L .., V. ., .,.., .X .l11f11Q'1g1.1'1w1ig1:11:-12-1-1... 35,11 , Z Q- U 3111 .1151,121-''.1111'.11,121g11t1:.1p151111::11:-5141.-3g1-,111,1:--1-5' Q 5,g5,54-A1-i1.- ,.1,111,.1,11g1:1l,s,,1.,e111,1.1,111Mg.111,11,1,, ,.1,'1, 4.5, una .!2E1'.v.wXX:vdGi1. H .-. ' 1.-1 - ' , ' ' ' 1 lf: L W M A q Mil ' U 1 I VI , - -ali 1 MQQQI' .,... W.-N.,-.',,..n-1-J ... .tn - r U N :mv n-1-. I ' l'TT,..Qg-rim-'ll'.L-A A 1 ,. ., , .,.... I 1'1. ,L ,.,,,,. f H-Lliiirva. ' ff -qa,,wT '1...1r v:w 51:31 X QQ DU QRTQQN O EDUC4 Q 4 O 51' 1, X. K O I Q 'D Oc Q '9 O 5 17-y O Fiji? F , WHEN!-:,i-39 .AG ,cw iff T 'i ,xi S E AL BOARD OF EDUCATION LOCKPORT NEW YORK W5- Oi y EDUCATION A NATIONAL ASSET i CCORDING to Webster's Dic- tionary Keducatei' means literally to lead outv or to lead forth. Hence by proper instruction to lead a child out of ignorance is obviously necessary and worth-while. Next, to lead an adult out of his shell-that is, out of a too narrow or local field of interest to an understand- ing of the problems of the nation or of humanity in general-is obviously helpful and good. Webster includes in his definition of education the Words: CID to develop physically, mentally, or morally, C25 to expand, strengthen, and discipline the mind, Q35 to cultivate. With regard to the first of these three aims, it can be said that schools have always emphasized mental training. Phys- ical development, long' neglected, has come with a rush in the last few years, as this Year Book will testify about local schools. In the future the moral side should be stressed more all along the line, particularly the value and habit of cour- tesy, honesty, and co-operation. The second of these three aims is cov- ered by the first: The third, to cultivate, is a general term that well sums up the whole idea. To cultivate the soil in order to raise a good crop is necessary and de- sirable. Therefore to cultivate the youth of America in order to obtain a good crop of future voters and citizens is likewise of supreme importance. It has been said that an educated man is one who pays honor where honor is due. This statement means, of course, that such a man or woman has learned to dis- criminate between good and evil, between the practical and the impractical, be- tween constructive leaders and dangerous radicals. Having learned to discriminate between them, the educated man will support the right type of leader or meas- ure and will vote against the dangerous or misguided spellbinder. It is axiomatic that a democracy must have education as a foundation if it is to succeed and survive. The education must be sufficient in both quality and quantity. In quantity, education must be universal, and through high school at least it must be free. What a splendid achievement it would be if every future voter were at least a high school graduate! ' America's greatest men believed in the indispensable nature of education and practiced what they preached. Benjamin Franklin was one of the most versatile and successful men that ever lived. To help educate his fellow men he was largely responsible for the founding of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, for the establish- ment of a great rnagazineg above all, his Poor Richard's Almanac was full of practical wisdom and Witty sayings that became household words in England, France, and America-a textbook, as it Were. George VVashington was America's first scientific farmer, and as such he had a great influence on the establishment and growth of agricultural schools and col- leges. After his retirement from his presi- dential labors he kept in touch with new developments in farming in England and imported stock and farm machinery, al- ways being ready to experiment and im- prove methods of cultivation. Thomas Jefferson, perhaps the foremost advocate of government of the people, by the people, and for the people, although Lincoln made these words immortal in his Gettysburg address, was a firm believer in the good sense and trustworthiness of the masses. The common people, 'he argued, must be educated however, and there must be a free press and free schools to aid in the dissemination of news' and knowledge. His tomb at Monticello has this epitaph, which he himself Wrote: Here lies Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and founder of the University of Vir- ginia. It is noticeable that he did not mention his two terms as president of the United States. He seemed prouder to be the rector or first president of the great University of Virginia, whose very build- ings he had so carefully and lovingly designed. As for Lincoln, the stories of his tre- mendous exertions to obtain an education and of his walking many miles in every direction to borrow good books are well known. Incidentally, he was a great stu- dent ofthe Bible and of Shakespeare. The high school boys who are afraid of losing castev with their chums if they are seen carrying textbooks home to study may very well try to derive inspiration from Lincoln,s heroic struggles for an educa- tion. Macbeth may put some unap- preciative students to sleep, but after his hard days of labor, Lincoln often sat up late to read it and other great plays by the light ofa Hickering fire. Shakespeare kept him awake! It is no mere coincidence that these and other great men, honored by all Ameri- cans, believed in the importance of edu- cation. The very word has an American ring or connotation, and to obtain a free education along with greater economic opportunities and freedom from religious or political persecution has always been one of the chief reasons why millions of immigrants Hocked to these shores. They evidently realized that education', is a synonym for opportunity And Hnally to give supreme indorse- ment of the need for education, there is the famous testimony of Christ Himself: Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. Nobody has ever stated the objectives of schools better or more concisely. Education deals with the past, the present, and the future. The discoveries of the past, its fruits and achievements are offered to students after a Wise selec- tion or summarizing has been made. Present needs of students are considered, and present needs of the community in which they live. Guidance helps pupils select appropriate careers. Studies them- selves are aids to future citizenship, es- pecially history, which, as is well known, often repeats itself, and a study of the mistakes of which in the past will prevent similar governmental mistakes in the future. Truly education, like Shakespeare, is not of an age but for all timef' Some of the greatest victories in the history of the United States have been the results of campaigns of education. Thus the great American Constitution would not have been ratified had not Hamilton, Madison, and others by their spoken and written words turned the tide in the doubtful states. Similarly, a many- sided campaign of education aroused enough Americans against slavery to cause its abolition Without breaking up the Union. Although iVoodrow Wilson,s League of Nations failed because of America, the idea behind it has gradually been sold to the United States, which after a quarter of a century became educated to its needs and is now the chief supporter of the United Nations. just as Franklin D. Roosevelt gradually educated his country- men to the menace of Hitler and by an early conscription act, lend-lease, and other measures secured a substantial pre- paration for war before it was too late, so present-day leaders are trying hard to convince Americans of the necessity of the Marshall Plan before it is too late. On the other hand, lack of education has until recent years been an insuperable barrier to Chinese progress, and India must secure greater education of its masses before it can conquer superstition and end devastating religious strife. When the leaders of Russia can be con- vinced of America's peaceful intentions and of its attempts to help the needy in Europe and elsewhere without any thought of national aggrandizement, and when those same hostile leaders can be convinced of the .folly of their present lack of co-operation with the western World, then the happiness and prosperity of the world will be immeasurably in- creased. i just as enlightened public opinion end- ed dueling between individuals, so educa- tion of whole nations must and will abol- ish war. Olympic games and other friendly competitions are much nicer and cheaper. Truly the cost of the last war would have put whole populations through college. R. DONALD MooRE D1 T10 EW OCCASIONS TEACH NEW DUTIES, TIME MAKES ANCIENT GOOD UNCOUTH, HEY MUST UPWARD STILL AND ONWARD WHO WOULD KEEP ABREAST OF TRUTH. O, BEFORE US GLEAM THE CAMPFIRES, WE OURSELVES MUST PILGRIMS BE, AUNCH OUR MAYFLOWER AND STEER BOLDLY THROUGH THE DESPERATE WINTER SEA. OR ATTEMPT THE FUTURE'S PORTALS WITH THE PAST'S BLOOD RUSTED KEY. 'QTY' .2 .. - Q -E 53,5 55 1? H ff 3 ,,...f ' I 'T :- Li digg- fx ,,,.-fi 1-.. X Ll? 'Z'-2' I 'illi- ..-..-f- ,-.2 ' - 1, xi JL'- -0 .f-'l 1 l 2 I-vm-'6' -J- -il -,,.-,- ,,- 1 ...-- 55' -f- ' ,-,. S ,-if HISTORY OF LOCKPORT PUBLIC SCHOOLS LOCKPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY . . . LETTERS FROM GOV. DEWEY, SPAULDING, SCHOOL OF TODAY ..... STUDENTS YESTERDAY AND TODAY . LOCKPORT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL . NORTH PARK JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL . EMMET BELKNAP JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL ADULT EDUCATION ..... PARENT-TEACHERS . . . CITY TEACHERS, ASSOCIATION . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . CENTENNIAL STAFF . . NON-PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES . PATRONS ..... ADVERTISERS . :T Page . . 9-61 . . . . . 62-67 SNOW AND ELDRED 68-69 70-119 120-121 122-132 . 135-138 . . 139-142 . 143 144-145 . 146 . 147 148-149 . 150 . 152 153-184 ul f.:' I-1: H:-.Q ' A ., ',LXv lg1v: .11,.',.a:f' A ., m. 4 'QE' A 9.-V! . .Ll . -'ff - l'.',' At- ,J 13,5-.1-nl '.g ff:- .!,.,....,?1.-TJ' -f '--1-f'l.' 5,--f..'2,, ffl iaxgnln-.w.i f,',P4:eYg44: ,51g::4. l..l5 -1i ,:Qgi.'qgj5:L3f, y ggL:5,:1':i1 wiflimin zriiiiii -1-x11.rw':':1:Q44-at H--rasuzrzzv.-.A1r::::121?2f:I:f . gl-, Ulf -N ,. 1 A-v :..:..i 1.-E.-J.-g.l ' ' - ' ' ' '- - 'HH' '- ' 3' ,fa ,.-a G'Efh .-'Q-. --All-.-' -fl i5:::-EE VQ RYQ -F-1 :Fri :f5j -f --- I ,.,y-em inf--- -I xii , ' Wt-Y' THE PU BMC SCHEDULES f OPENING OF ERIE CANAL, OCTOBER 26, 1825 10 u . s PRQLCGUE 1821 RAW wind blew up through the village, and the fine, sugary snow tinkled faintly against the window panes of the little log Meeting House of the Quakers. Inside the youngsters sat huddled in their coats, and Pamelia Aldrich, their teacher, stirred the fire on the hearth with a long iron poker. The room was cold and cheer- less, and each blast of wind pushed snow in beneath the door and whirled it across the great oak planks of the Hoor. A little girl whimpered and drew her feet up to sit on them. A boy in one of the front seats wiped the smoke tears from his irritated eyes and then stuffed his reddened hands deep into the pockets of his heavy jacket. Peter Shaw, Pamelia asked, turning from the lire, dost thou know thy tables this morning ? ' Peter stood and bowed his head without answering. My, what a shame, said Pamelia, and thee in thy twelfth year I A Father logged the hearth too early last night for study, Peter pleaded. We were abed after supper. It was too cold and mother has the ague. Pamelia Aldrich walked to a seat occupied by a little girl. She pulled the woolen scarf more tightly about the child's neck and tucked the ends of the scarf into the collar of the red coat. Stephen Wakeman, Pamelia addressed a young man in his teens, hast thou thy tables ? A big, awkward boy rose and recited the table of nines, his teeth chattering the while. The teacher looked on and nodded approvingly. After Stephen had seated him- self, she said, Thou art a good scholar this cold day. The Lord is kind to thee. With the coming of the noon hour, the children took their little lunch baskets from the mantle and sat on the Hoorbefore the fireplace where they ate cold pork, brown bread smeared with jam, and apples, Washing it all down with water from an oaken bucket which was passed along from one to another in a tin cup. Miss Pamelia had to remove Jasper Comstock's boots and rub his little feet with snow to take the frostbite from them. Then she read a verse from the Bible. Miss Pamelia Aldrich was the teacher in Lockport's first school house. It stood in the triangle bordered by Main, Elm and Chestnut Streets. Miss Pamelia was a heroine of early education. 11 F O REWO RD HEN Pamelia Aldrich looked about Lockportis Hrst school, opened in a log meeting house in 1821, she could not possibly have imagined the beautiful modern buildings of today. When the first district school in the village was built in 1822, its founders could have had no idea that they were building the first unit of one of the state's first Union School Systems, nor that one hundred and twenty-five years later we in Lockport would be celebrating the cen- tennial of the founding of that system. The pages which follow trace the story of education in Lockport through that century and a quarter. In them is recorded the development of a public school system which for a time was unique and later was paralleled by other cities throughout the country. It is not vain boasting to say that the people of Lockport should be proud of their public schools. During their early history, the pioneer work which they ac- complished frequently Was commended by well-known leaders in education, it was paid the ultimate compliment of being widely copied. Later there occurred a period when Lockport lagged behind other communities. Physical education and health, manual arts, kindergartens and guidance, all were widely recognized before they were instituted in Lockport. But as we pass our hundredth birthday, the Public School System is again one of the best. Following a middle of the road policy it leaves to others the wild experi- mentation of the so-called progressive schoolsv and the narrow uninteresting curriculum of the more parsimonious communities. We have not attempted to produce a critical study of the social significance of our schools nor to measure their effect on the community. Rather we intend to give a chronological and occasionally descrip- tive story of the schools of Lockport. Every effort has been made to maintain historical accuracy. To that end we have included little that could not be checked from original sources. There is a wealth of pertinent material very little of which is presently available to the public. A great deal of the story would now be lost were it not for the prodigious work done some years ago by Joshua Wilbur, Lock- port historian, whose files of newspaper clippings and excerpts from early diaries are owned by the Niagara County His- torical Society. Nor could these pages have been written without the assistance of Mr. Clarence Lewis who has classified and assembled Mr. Wilbur's notes into usable form. We are indebted also to Mr. Arthur Gleason and Mr. Richard McCarthy of the Board of Education Business Oihce for assistance in the use of early records, to Mrs. Raphael Beck for an opportunity to read the original rate book of District School No. 2 of which her grandfather, William G. MacMaster, was trustee for almost 40 years, to Mr. Alexis V. Muller, a teacher in the High School and member of the Board of Education through fifty- five years, for unrecorded details of those years and to Mr. Charles Upson, Presi- dent of the Board, for the story of the revival of interest in the schools which occurred some thirty years ago. Our thanks go also to the many mem- bers of the Niagara County Historical Society who have heard parts of this story and offered many suggestions, to Eleanor Muller who typed the manuscript and to Mr. Raymond F. Yates who has kindly read it and offered helpful criticism. Alexis Muller, Jr. Lockport, New York September, 1947 AS another was America from CHOOLING CHAPTER I IT WAS IN THE BEGINNING of one sort or established in almost the earli- System. the inauguration of the Union School During this time emphasis was placed est times, but it was not avail- able to all. Schools were established in most of the larger settlements as soon as conditions permitted but, since the vari- ous colonies each had a distinctive re- ligious belief and were intolerant of any who differed, it is not surprising that many schools were similar to today's parochial schools. Here in America, it seems strange that for the greater part of our history the schools were dominated by the various religious sects. It is only fair to point out that, were it not for this sponsorship, there would have been little education until well into the nineteenth century. Prior to the American Revolution, the English governors discouraged education for the ordinary people. They held that the rulers should be well taught, but that the lower classes could be more easily controlled if they were kept ignorant. One of the, immediate results of the War for Independence was an increase in oppor- tunity for the common people. Spreading slowly at first, the momentum of the educational movement increased until, fifty years later, it could be said that anyone who wished might attend school. When the first schools were opened in this area, education was in the middle of a trend known as the Moralistic or Nation- alistic Period. This era opened after the Revolution and lasted through 1840. It was characterized by the beginnings of training for citizenship. The end of the period was marked here in Lockport by on reading of high-minded textual ma terial. Sermons on the evils of gambling, alcohol and laziness and various semi- religious essays comprised the literature of the school room. Such a choice of read- ing material was to be expected for the teacher was often also a minister or one in training for the ministry. Writing included the making of quill pens and demonstration of the writing styles in vogue. Making the quill pen The last of the Three R's, arithme- tic, covered many problems vital to the apprentice and the journeyman. Higher or classical education was con- fined to the private school or to the academy. There, even the low fees of four or five dollars each quarter put such edu- cation out of common reach. The elementary or lower schools were of two types. More commonly seen were the private schools conducted by those who felt an aptitude for teaching. The second type was the district school super- vised by three district trustees. These two One Hundred Years of Education systems existed side by side in Lockport for more than fifty years, with the private schools more numerous. The district schools received support from state funds, some of which are still being distributed. At least one of these appropriations was the profit from a state- conducted lottery. Such state aid was seldom sufficient to pay any sizeable part of the cost of operation and, in 1805, a law was passed in the State Legislature setting up the rate-bill. This act stated that whenever state funds were insuf- ficient to pay the teacher's salary, the parents of the district would be taxed in proportion to the number of days on which their children attended school. FIRST SCHOOLS IN LOCKPORT The first schools in Lockport were housed in one room log cabins. We can imagine such a room as having a slab floor and very few windows. A stove in One of our first school: one corner, the master's desk in the center, rough benches and desks around three sides of the room, a water bucket and the inevitable birch rod comprised the fur- nishings. Later there were stone buildings and, in the period after 1830, we find the private schools occupying rooms in the business buildings on Main and lower Market Streets. The curricula of most of the schools were plainly stated in newspaper adver- tisements. The common branches, besides reading, writing and arithmetic, included grammar, geography, spelling and oc- casionally history. Very young pupils learned to read by repeating two letter sounds. Thus, they would recite, A-B- Ab, E-B-Eb, I-B-Ibf' through all the vowel and consonant combinations and then in reverse, B-A-Ba, B-E-Be, B-I-Bi, etc. This was followed by Webster's Speller and -books of short stories and poems. Arithmetic was very difficult for the children. They were re- quired to work mentally problems which would now be done with pencil and paper. Girls were not generally expected to go far in this subject. In the Academies and Select Schools Cone was called Lockport High Schoolvj the subjects taught were most diverse. Older pupils studied astronomy, natural and moral philosophy, chemistry, logic, rhetoric, higher mathematics, Latin, Greek, drawing and music. Indeed, one genius of the time offered to teach all of these subjects to his charges. The fees, however, mounted rapidly if one elected to study beyond the essentials. School was in session throughout the year, being divided into 'summer and winter terms and again into quarters. Fre- quently the winter term was taught by a man and the summer term by a woman. During the summer term, the men usually worked at farming. Children, when very young, attended both terms. As they grew older and be- came more useful on the farm or in father's business, many of the boys came only in the winter and then sometimes for only three months. HBOARDING AROUNDH The teachers of a hundred years ago were forced to follow a practice known as in Lockport Public Schools boarding ,round. They received a large part of their compensation directly from the parents in the form of board and room. Depending on the number enrolled in the school, the teacher spent a week or two in the home of each scholar. Thus, large families entertained the teacher for the longest time. Boarding around In those days pork was not so plentiful as it is now. To many families it was a delicacy, and they felt bound in honor to butcher the pig when it came their turn for boarding the teacher. Need we dwell on the plight of the poor teacher who enjoyed this honor Week after week as she moved from home to home? Truly she enjoyed the fat of the land! BUBBLE GUM IN THE 1830's Rubber was not unknown in the early 19th century although the vulcanizing process was not discovered until 1844. Before that year overshoes were molded of natural latex. When these were worn out, pieces were cut from them for use as erasers. It is obvious that children should discover that chewing these pieces brought back the natural white color. Bigger boys made the little fellows chew their erasers until they were bleached out. 1 Prolonged chewing made the rubber soft so that it could be blown up like a balloon until it popped. In a later day the same mixture is called bubble gum. Corporal punishment was common. Quite frequently it was sadistic. In its milder form, it involved a stool in the corner and the dunce cap. Occasionally the cap was elaborately made with tassels or other decoration. A request to a girl to sit with the boys or a boy with the girls was an effective cure for certain offenses. More drastic measures included the birch rod and the split Willow stick slipped over the tongue. A boy who was too active might be made to hold a book at arm's length on the open palm for an extended period. . f if 5- 7 1 KI l ,NNI . -I I : - s X E ' f psf ' -- . -I--fl.Wsis 'I5523-iWf 1 32. . 1 Yefwmf K . if Sr ' cf 2 . - ,. .oi . A. v . 1-Q. ' sr' ff - . - E ' P- it Q , . , ' ' isis, ,F 5 , Qgm5s.y3,SM ga . . . . K W I , -Q .-,... , . M ...,,.., A Rss 1. , f sf acids. . K A af 'T X A r s. t Xs 4-ffl . H -Q X -- Morning racer: We must not think that there were no lighter moments ' in the early schools. True, the students could not have the comforts or pleasures we enjoy today. Their recreations and rewards were of a simpler nature. A fifteen minute recess period was spent outdoors when weather permitted. The games played then are still common. They included hop-scotch, duck-on-a-rock and the like. Friday afternoon was the story telling period. Classes were suspended while the master gathered the entire group for an hour of adventure tales and a Bible pas- sage. That day, too, brought early dis- missal, for it was moving day for the teacher. Une Hundred Years of Education CHAPTER II THE GROUND IS BROKEN HE first school in Lockport was opened in 1821 in the Friends' Meeting House a one room log 7 structure in the trian le be- g tween Market, Elm and Main Streets. The first teacher was Miss Pamelia Aldrich. In the fall of 1822, the Hrst district school in the Town of Lockport was or- ganized. The trustees approached a Mr. R. L. Wilson and offered him a proposi- tion to open a school onusubscription. He accepted and built a log school house on what is now Park Avenue, east of Hawley Street. In return he was given board and fuel and a stipulated sum for each pupil enrolled. Mr. Wilson later moved to Somerset, where he was pastor of the Baptist Church for many years. The third school was erected and taught for a short time by David Nye, who later- sold it to one Charles Hammond. On April 17th, 1824, the school com- missioners for the Town of Lockport met and set up two school districts, District No. 1 on the west side and District No. 2 on the east side of the canal. The increase in population made it nec- essary further to divide these districts until' there were seven of them within the village in 1847, each with its own school house. Public money for education was first received in the town in 1825 and there- after helped to pay the costs of these schools. Although the district schools increased fairly rapidly in number and size, we find private schools more numerous despite their tuition charges. PRIVATE SCHOOLS WERE NUM EROUS Following Miss Aldrich and Mr. Nye we have a definite record of the following private schools being opened: B From 1823 to 1829- 7 1830 to 1834-17 1835 to 1839-18 1840 to 1844-10 1845 to 1849-11 During the next 25 years at least another 20 private schools were conducted in Lockport. We find a total of eighty private schools operating in the village of Lockport, more than thirty of them open- ing after there were seven public schools in the village. Nor is this definitely a final total. It is quite possible that there were others of which we have so far found no record. By 1846, with a population just under 6000 in the village, there were 1540 pupils in the seven district schools and 310 enrolled in the private schools. It is inter- esting to note that twenty-two schools are known to have been conducted in seven Lockport churches. Grace Church and the Friends' Meeting House lead the list with seven although most of them were short lived. The Baptist Church housed three, the Lutheran Church two and there was one each in the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches. The pa- rochial schools are not included in this list. It would be tiresome to review the teachers, places and dates for all eighty of these schools, most of which followed the common pattern. Instead we shall pick out a few which were outstanding. The one school which, because of its in Lockport Public Schools popularity, lasted for a long period was the Lockport Classical Schoolnconducted by James B. Chase, A.B. First opened in 1831 on Main Street, it expanded with- in a year to the point where Mr. Chase found it possible to purchase the Ex- change Coffee House at Hawley and New Main Streets. With the exception of a year or two when he was a member of the first faculty of the Union School and another short period at Perry, N. Y., he conducted his school through 1853. This was strictly a classical school, specializing in what would now be high school sub- jects. In 1854 Mr. Chase was succeeded by Moses H. Fitts, A.M., who had been principal of the Union School during the preceding year. Mr. Fitts was character- ized as a severe disciplinarianf' For at least twelve years from 1845 to 1857, James Ferguson, A.M., conducted a Boys' Boarding School south of the village. His offering included the English branches, French, Latin and Greek. Like most other contemporary schools, it was conducted on a full year basis with short vacations between sessions. Another popular school was the Lock- port Female Seminary. Mrs. Crowley, in her book Echoes of Niagara, says of it, Not far off Qfrom the Exchange Coffee Housej stood the Old Seminary, originally a Presbyterian Meeting House, where so many matrons will remember having spent some girlish years. When I went there, we had for our teacher, Miss Hemiup, a lovely woman . . . Various newspaper announcements indicate that several different teachers conducted this school between 1836 and 1853. It is pos- sible that another school using the same title was carried on for the first two years of this time. ' There is a difference in location and in teachers' names during these years. How- ever, Mr. Wilbur, the Lockport histor- ian, includes the entire seventeen years under one heading in his notes. A .NURSERY .SCHOOL IN 1831! An interesting point may be raised in connection with a school advertised by a Miss Bloss in the Niagara Courier of August 30, 1831. We learn that Friedrich Froebel, a German, originated the idea of the kindergarten for very young children about the year 1840, and that the first kindergarten in America was opened in 1855. Yet, in 1831, the following an- nouncement was printed in a Lockport paper: Infant School, under the charge of Miss Bloss, was commenced on Monday, the 29th inst. Chil- dren between the ages of 18 months and 6 years will be admitted. The attention of parents and others is called to this interesting establishment. The first nursery rchool ? That is all that is known about this school. Did Miss Bloss antedate Froebel? Was Lockport really the birthplace of the kindergarten ? Another announcement which arouses curiosity was printed on Jan. 2, 1836, in the Niagara Democrat. It follows: Chirography-Anti-Steam System. Forty les- sons, 2 hours each. Academy over S. VV. Woolcott's store, cor. Main and Pine. Cpening Monday, 4th instant. N. C. Reid, Prof. of Penmanshipf' As a suggestion of the individuality of some teachers, we shall quote one more private school advertisement. It appeared in the Niagara Courier for September 16, 1830: ' One Hundred Years of Education A new road to an old world! School-On a New Plan The undersigned proposes, should suitable en- couragement be offered, to open a School in this village in which he will teach one branch of educa- tion cxclurively, till it be well learned-or suflic- iently well learned for the common purposes oflife. It may be recollected perhaps, that some argu- ments in favor of this mode of instruction were presented to this community some two or three years since. Circumstances will not permit me at present to adduce all the arguments in favour of this plan, but it is presumable that they will readily suggest themselves to every thinking mind. The rays of the sun, when diH used over this great world, are little more than sufficient to warm its surface, but the half of them concentrated would melt the whole mass. Is it not so with the faculties of the mind? And is it not ridiculous to expect great improvement in one whose powers of mind are dissipated over the whole world of science? Notice the qualifications of a great majority of those who have spent from ten to fifteen winters or perhaps years, in attempting to acquire a knowledge of the most common branches and what are they ?--and Echo answers 'What are they ?' lt is strongly impressed upon my mind, that scholars who have attained a sufficient age to be capable of pursuing the studies of Geography or Grammar to advantage may learn all the common branches in one year-by mastering one at a time. In order to test this plan, I propose to commence with a class in Geography. Tuition-S3 per scholar for a term of six weeks. The scholars will be re- quired to have books alike and to write a com- position fon the situation, topography, or history of some countryl once a week. The school-room will be furnished with Maps, Globes, etc. When the minds of the scholars need relaxation, a por- tion of some interesting book, such as The Library of Entertaining Knowledge, will be read to them. It is my purpose, if practical, to connect with the school a Chemical Apparatus. All who would patronize such a school are requested to let me know soon, by calling at the store of S. Parsons Sz Co. and putting their names to a sub- scription. Heman Ferriss. Sept. 7, 1830. School to commence in November. It remains to give well-deserved credit to three men whose names are most prominent in the history of these early schools. Lyman A. Spalding, William McMaster and Sullivan Caverno were trustees of the best known private schools and continued to give generously of their time and money to nurture the infant Union School System. One of the first settlers, Mr. Spalding, was'continuously a trustee of several private schools from the early thirties until 1847. Through his efforts many of the best teachers were brought to Lock- port. Mr. McMaster, who had been a dis- trict trustee at South Argyle for ten years, came to Lockport in 1836 and immediate- ly hired a teacher for his own children. He invited neighboring children into his home and for a time supported a small private school entirely from his own funds. In 1838 he was elected a trustee of District No. 2 in the village and served continuously until 1877. Although well able to send his children to a private school, he enrolled them instead in the district school and supported free educa- tion throughout his life. Sullivan Caverno, a native of New Hampshire, came to this area as Principal of the old Lewiston Academy at Lewiston, N. Y. After two years he moved to Lock- port and studied law inthe ofhcefof Judge Gardner. He was admitted to the Bar in 1835 but retained his interest in education and, about 1845, evolved the idea of the Union School. After correspondence with the foremost educators, he wrote the Act which passed in the Legislature in 1847 and which made possible the public school system as we know it today. i HoN. SULLIVAN CAVERNO in Lockport Public Schools CHAPTER 111 THE SEED IS soWN-1835-1846 1815 had been transformed into a brawlmg vsork camp on the Erie Canal during the early twenties. The Town of Lockport,including the village, could boast in 1835 of a pop- ulation of 6,000. And this was doubled again before 1850. Land changed hands rapidly, divided and subdivided to make room for the newcomers. Canal laborers remained to become solid citizens. Mer- chants advertised the arrival of new ship- ments of goods and Lockport became known as the Toughest town between Albany and Buffalo. Yet for all of its rowdyism Lockport, in 1835, had its share of thoughtful, for- ward-looking men who foresaw the end of its adolescence and the transformation that would accompany adulthood. The village was not lacking in educational opportunity. This we have seen from the account of its early schools. There were the several district schools and a varying number of private schools where any- thing might be learned from the A-B's to the Classics. Still, Lewiston had its Academy and there was talk of a similar institution to be built at Wilson. Civic pride demanded that the County seat should have a public school beyond the lower grades. The Hrst faltering step toward this goal was taken in 1835. A town meeting was called and the project was put before the citizens. Led by Thomas Smith, R. H. Stevens, Asa Douglas, T. Bellah and Alfred Holmes, the group voted to pro- mote the building of an academy. A sub- scription was begun. A committee, direct- HE dense frontier woodland of ed to secure a site to good advantgae, selected lots 6, 8, 10 and 12 on the west side of Pine Street south of LaGrange. The contract price was 8900. Of this amount 53300 was paid down, the balance with interest to be paid in three annual installments. . A second committee made up of Benja- min Carpenter Clater Lockport's first mayorj, Samuel Hamilton and Daniel Price was appointed to consider plans for a building of brick or stone to cost between 33,000 and 255,000 CNiagam Democrat, Dec. 12, 1835j. Months later The Education Society of the Town of Lockportn was organized. Its first meeting on August 8, 1836, was under the chairmanship of Elias Ransom, Jr. Committees were chosen to draw up a constitution and to nominate permanent officers. An invitation was extended to Sullivan Caverno, Esq., to address the next meeting scheduled for September 6th in the Methodist Chapel. The object of this Education Society was the improvement of the condition of the Common Schools and elevation of the standards of education. A resolution was passed inviting school inspectors and in- structors to meet with the Society in December. CNiogam Democrat-Sept. 16, 18363. CITIZENS WERE INDIFEERENT These efforts bore little fruit. An edi- torial in the Niagara Democrat of March 17, 1837, deplores the loss of interest in the movement. Almost seven years passed with little progress. The Lockport Acade- my was incorporated by the legislature One Hundred Years of Education May 26, 1841 fChapter 263, Laws of New York, 18415 but was never organized. fAuthority-Franklin B. Hough.j Finally, on September 26, 1843, a meet- ing was called at the Congregational Church to consider the unpaid balance on the academy lots. ' This balance, because of interest, had increased to 8684. An entry in T. Bellah's diary for April 16, 1842, recorded a payment of S6 to the subscription. At this September meeting it was Resolved, that a committee of five be appointed by the chairman to circulate a subscription for the purpose of raising S684 to pay the balance on the Academy lot and that such subscription be payable one fourth at the time of subscribing and the'balance by the first day of December next. The chairman, George W. Rogers, appointed to this committee Solomon Parmele, Asa W. Douglas, Orvin North, Alfred Holmes and Joseph T. Bellah. fNiagara Courier- Sept. 27, 1843.5 On August 31, 1846, a meeting of the citizens of the Village of Lockport was held at the American Hotel to adopt measures to form in said village a Literary Institute of high orderf' There had been a preliminary meeting a few days earlier at which Lot Clark, Lockport attorney, was appointed chairman and Isaac Colton was chosen as secretary. Neither of these gentlemen was present on the thirty-first, and in their places, Samuel Works and Alfred Holmes were elected. The first report given at this meeting was read by L. Woods, chairman of a committee to investigate sites and prices. Principal interest was centered in the purchase of the American House and the adjoining lots. This property comprised the western half of the block bounded by Main, Locust, Pearl and Elm Streets and was then owned by General Williams of Norwich, Conn. The General offered to sell at 310,000 and he later included the land lying south of Pearl Street. He was willing to accept 81000 down with the balance in nine annual installments with five per cent interest. - Sullivan Caverno, who with f. L. Woods and D. Shuler had been ap- pointed to consider plans and financing, made a report on school population and teachers' salaries. The Reverend William C. Wisner told of the necessity of the proposed institution. The committee for which Mr. Caverno had reported was then augmented by the appointment of eight other members, Alfred Holmes, George D. LaMont, Washington Hunt, Lot Clark, Isaac Col- ton, William G. MclVIaster, Joseph T. Bellah and William C. Wisner. The com- mittee was directed to report on Septem- ber 17th at a meeting at Saiford's Hall. fNiagara Democrat-Sept. 9, 1846.j This meeting of September 17th was important. The sporadic attempts at action during the previous ten years cul- minated in disagreement among the mem- bers of Mr. Caverno's committee. Three meetings had been held, but the group had to report that there had been no agree- ment as to the plan to be followed nor had there been any estimate of costs on which reliance could be placedf, Discussion followed after which Mr. McMaster offered a resolution, that a committee of 13 be appointed to mature a System of Education for this village and to take the necessary measures to estab- lish and carry said system into effective operation. The resolution was carried and ap- pointments to the committee were made by the chairman, Samuel Works. The members chosen were Sullivan Caverno, William G. McMaster, Levi F. Bowen, Isaac C. Colton, Washington Hunt, Al- fred Holmes, Joseph T. Bellah, Stoughten in Lockport Public Schools Pettebone, Samuel Works, Thomas T. Flagler, Silas H. Marks, Jonathan In- galls and Dr. B. L. Delano. These men were requested to meet in the ofiice of Mr. Caverno on the following Thursday and therewith the Meeting of Citizens ad- journed sine die. CNiagam Democrat- Sept. 25, 1846.D ' THE PLANS MOVE FORWARD The resolution directing the establish- ment of this committee was a turning point. Mr. McMaster saw a certain agree- ment among some members of the earlier group. We Hnd several of them being re- appointed, together with other well- known citizens. Whatever the reason, the tempo was speeded up. Within six weeks there had been drawn up a comprehensive plan for the establishment of a school system combining the district schools under a single governing body, and pro- viding for secondary education. Although the previous lethargy makes this action of a few weeks seem almost precipitous, the plan was no hasty formu- la. Its sponsors, particularly Mr. Caverno, Mr. McMaster, Mr. Holmes and Mr. Bellah, had used their experience and knowledge of the schools to evolve their ideas over a long period. When occasion demanded they consulted the famous Horace Mann and Professor Sandborne. At a public meeting in Franklin Hall on October 30, 1846, the report was pre- sented to the citizens of Lockport. The committee was authorized to put it into effect. Mr. Caverno drew up a bill em- bodying the proposals which was then presented to the State Legislature by Benjamin Carpenter, a member of the Assembly. It pasesd on March 31, 1847, under the title, An Act in Relation to the Common Schools of the Village of Lockport. It has since become better known as the Union School Act. At the same time application was made to the Legislature for permission to dispose of the old Academy lot on Pine St. QNiagara Democrat-Nov. 25, 1946.3 By these two steps the groping and fumbling of the past twelve years were ended and a new era in public education was begun. The Union School Act of 1847 became a pattern to be followed by other communities and eventually was imitated by cities throughout the country. One HaadredtYeaf5 of Education CHAPTER IV A YEAR OF DECISION-1847 telegraph line had been strung between Lockport and Buffalo and was operating on Novem- , . ber 7th 1845 It brought the news of the passage of the Union School Act of March 31st, 1847, for only five days later, on April Sth, the call had gone forth and the iirst meeting of the Board of Education of the Village of Lockport was held in the oiiice of Sullivan Caverno. fNiagara Courier-Apr. 7, 1847.j The Act was published in the Niagara Courier of April 21, 1847. Summarized briefly it provided for: 1. Consolidation of the separate dis- tricts lying within the village to form a Union School District. 2. The separate districts would there- after be called Primary School Dis- trictsf' 3. Trustees of the districts together with five trustees-at-large were con- stituted a corporation to be named the Board of Education for the Village of Lockport. 4. The Board was empowered to pro- cure a lot, centrally located, at a cost limited to 32500, to improve said lot, to erect suitable buildings at a cost between S5000 and 88000, to purchase furniture and supplies, to employ teachers, male and female, and to cause a school to be com- menced therein to be called the Lockport Union School. This was limited to the higher branches of learning. 5. No fee could thereafter be charged in the primary schools and they were to be known as free schools. Certain stipulated fees might be charged for tuition in the Union School. 6. There was to be no compensation for members of the Board of Educa- tion nor would it be lawful for board members to become contrac- tors for building, improvement or repair. Other provisions regulated the duties of the Board and the trustees and set up a central library which continues today as the Lockport Public Library. In accordance with Section 3 of the Act, which named them specifically to the original Board, we find these men assembled on Monday evening, April Sth: William G. McMaster - Joseph T. Bellah - 754 Silas H. Marks - 544 Isaac C. Colton - 7545 John S. Wolcott - 546 Nathan Dayton, Samuel Works, Lyman A. Spiallding and Hiram Gardner for the district as a W 0 e. Sullivan Caverno -primary district 741 7942 3 Edwin L. Boardman of District No. 7 and Jonathan Wood, member-at-large, were not present at this Hrst meeting, but the oath-of-oHice was administered to each member present by John Van Horn, county clerk. The Board was called to order by Nathan Dayton and proceeded to ,elect ofiicers. Sullivan Caverno was chosen as president and Joseph T. Bellah as secre- tary. The secretary was directed to pro- cure suitable books of record. Six stand- ing committees were decided upon and appointments made by the president. Two other resolutions were passed. One was to in Lockport Public Schools notify the Town Superintendent of Schools that the Board had organized and directed him to hold all library moneys belonging to Lockport Schools pending the election of a Treasurer. The other ordered the librarians of the districts to report within two weeks the titles of all books in the schools. The Board then adjourned. Thus, was organized the First Board of Education. Already there were reports that Geneva and Palmyra QMar. 19, 18475 were following a similar plan. Indeed, both succeeded in opening their Union Schools on dates earlier than did Lockport. THE UNION SCHOOL IS BORN The second meeting of the Board was held on April 7th. A committee was ap- pointed to select a site for the new build- ing. This committee reported on April 17th and offered two available properties, one belonging to Mr. Ransom, the other to Mr. Works. The decision was deferred for three days, and on the 20th there was the first serious disagreement. A bare ma- jority of the Board favored the purchase of the Works property. The other mem- bers held that it was improper to purchase from one of their own group. Mr. Works was excused from voting and, by a six to five decision, it was decided to buy his lots. These constituted the larger part of the site on Chestnut Street between Washburn and Charles Streets still occu- pied by the Union School Building. Plans for a building were drawn up and received approval on May 12th. On that date the following advertisement ap- peared in the Niagara Courier: TO MECHANICS-Notice is hereby given, that sealed proposals will be received until 5th day of June next, at the of'Hce of S. Caverno, in Lockport, for furnishing the materials and building a Union School house in the village of Lockport. The plans and specifications may be seen at the oHice of S. Caverno. By order of the Board of Education for the village of Lockport. May 12, 1847 S. Caverno, Pres. J. T. Bellah, Sec. At this meeting Hiram Gardner re- signed as a member of the Board. He was a candidate for the County judgeship and was elected to that office in June. Doctor E. D. Worcester was appointed in his place and assigned to membership on various committees. The several bids received by the Board were opened on June 8th, and on June 12th the contract for constructing the Union School was awarded to George and Walter Williams. There is no record of the amount of their bid. However, by a care- ful check of the expense accounts of the Board we hnd a total of 88,314.00 paid to them on the contract. This exceeded slightly the amount authorized by the Union School Act. In addition, various changes in the plans account for 8364.68 in extras Thus the total cost of the Old Union building was 88,678.68. On June 12th also, the design for a seal was adopted. It would soon be needed when contracts and other papers were to be signed. Two appointments were made at the meeting of June 18th. Joseph Hamilton was elected collector and George Germain, treasurer. Mr. Hamilton's bond was set at 812,000 and was accepted on July 25th. Mr. Germain's appointment had been confirmed on July 19th when his bond of 815,000 was furnished by Pettibone and Alex Eastman. THE FIRST SCHOOL TAX Trustee Lyman A. Spalding introduced the resolution by which the first school tax was levied in Lockport. At the meet- ing of July 12th it was determined that 813,300 would be required in addition to One Hnndrcd Years of Education public funds. The tax roll was completed and opened to the public. Collection was authorized on August 3rd. Payment might be made within ten days without addi- tional fees. The long list of properties ad- vertised at a subsequent tax sale is a measure of the feeling of many citizens regarding this new tax. A more definite reaction is found in the columns of the Niagara Democrat on Au- gust 12th. In the form of a public notice we read: The tax-paying inhabitants of the village of Lockport are requested to meet at the American on Friday evening next at 7X4 o'clock, to take into consideration the late School Law forming the Lockport Union School. Aug. 11, 1847. That this was a serious protest is evi- denced by the names signed to the invi- tation. Here we find many of the most prominent men in the village. They were Chauncey Leonard, -I. G. Easton, James Rogers, S. B. Ballou, R. S. Wilkinson, G. Reynale, E. P. Wentworth, W. E. Trow- bridge, W. Glassow, Henry Schuyler, E. B. Harwood, G. W. Merchant, N. S. Ringueburgh, J. G. Lewis, Henry Flagler, Samuel Buell, E. W. Williams, S. Nicho- las, Ozias Judd, Thayer, Daniel Morse, Henry Paige, E. M. Nichols, N. B. Rogers, S. Ballou, H. S. Harvey, C. Keep Jr., J. Jackson, M. McGrath, john P. Smith, D. A. Van Valkenburgh, Joel McCollum, W. T. Rogers, R. H. Stevens, J. Center, C. R. Parker, Robert White, Solomon Parmele, D. E. Dole, E. Ran- som, G. H. Boughton, C. D. Woodward, M. Borst, Sylvester Gardner. Let no one draw erroneous conclusions about the honest convictions of these men. There were two conflicting opinions con- cerning the future cost of the Union School System. The imposition of a 513,000 tax for school support was some- thing entirely new in Lockport and hit hardest those people who owned extensive property. 3 The protests voiced at this meeting were answered in the next issue of the Democrat in a very long letter signed A Taxpayer. His familiarity with school population, costs under the old system and estimates of expenses under the new would indicate that he was a member of the Board, possibly Mr. Caverno himself. His logic was faultless but it had little effect on the opponents of the new system. ANGRY CITIZENS PROTEST A very large group met in response to the published request and asked for a hearing by the Board of Education. When this was refused, the crowd became un- ruly. Speakers denounced the Union School Act and demanded that the Board be disbanded and the rising walls of the new building be demolished. This gathering was the crest of a wave. The meeting broke up after a while and there- after feelings were calmer. In time many of the group who had led the protest be- came warm supporters of the Union School System and active members of the Board. Angry parent: denounce U nion School Act Throughout this period the trustees continued with routine business. On Aug- ust 3rd notice was given of the coming in Lockport Public Schools election of trustees in each of the seven primary districts. During September, a similar notice announced the election of the five trustees for the Union District to be held at the American Hotel on the first Monday of October, 1847. In September also, the Rules, Regula- tions and By laws, for the Superintend- ance, Government and Tuition of the Public Schools, were adopted. No copy of these rules is known to exist. On October 8th the Board met and re- ceived the report of the elections. Al- though the newly chosen members would not assume their duties until the first day of January, 1848, they were present at this meeting and took the oath of office. A section of the Union School Act directed that the first elected Board would draw lots to determine the expiration of their terms in order to provide for the election of four members each year thereafter. The drawing was held and three groups were made up, the first holding office for one year, the second for two years and the third for three. During the remainder of the year, the selection of a teaching staff was a matter of first importance. The appointment of a principal was made on October lst. Frederick Lord, A.M., was unanimously chosen and his salary fixed at 551,000 for the full year of twelve months. Mr. Lord was a graduate of Dartmouth College and the son of President Lord of that in- stitution. Other appointments, made at various succeeding sessions, included the follow- ing members of the first faculty. In the Senior Department were: James B. Chase, A.M. lst Assistant Daniel Hall, A.B., 2nd Assistant Mary E. Rodgers, Preceptress Female Department Abby Whiting, lst Assistant Frances E. Bennett, 2nd Assistant The Junior Department was headed by James Atwater as principal. To assist him, the Board chose Miss Elizabeth Thompson and Miss Clarissa Clark. The three secondary schools were to be in charge of Miss Caroline E. Spalding, Miss Jane L. Taft and Miss Mary Jane Day. One of the final acts of this first Board of Education was the granting of a salary increase, even before the opening of the Union School. On December 19th the salary previously fixed for the second assistant in the Senior Department was raised 350. At the close of the year 1847 the Board had weathered its first serious storm. Taxes had been collected for the first time to support Village schools. The Union School House was enclosed and work went forward on the interior. Equipment and apparatus was chosen and an exceptional faculty engaged. Eighteen-forty-eight would witness the culmination of this preparation. One Hundred Years of Edncntion CHAPTER V I OLD UNION 1848 with Mexico was signed in the year 1848. That year, too, was marked by the discovery of gold in California, the admission of Wisconsin as a state and the laying of the corner- stone of the Washington Monument. In Lockport, 1848 witnessed the opening of the Union School. On January 2, 1848, was held the first meeting of a Board of Education elected by the people of Lockport. Throughout 1847, the Board had been made up of men who were named in the Legislative Act. There were five new members follow- ing the first election. Charles H. Williams succeeded Edwin Boardman of Primary District No. 7. Of the Trustees of the district at large, only Nathan Dayton was returned to ofiice. The four new repre- sentatives of the Union District were J. L. Curtinius, Levi F. Bowen, Jonathan Ingalls and Abijah H. Moss. Sullivan Caverno was unanimously re- named to the presidency. Although re- nominated as secretary, Joseph T. Bellah declined and Jonathan Ingalls took office. The report of this meeting on January 2nd is the only entry for the entire year in the minutes of the Board. Writing many years later, Mr. Wilburiexplains this hiatus by stating his belief that the minutes were lost in a fire in a private dwelling where they had been taken to be copied. Board minutes of December 5, 1851, record the loss by fire of all books in November, 1850, and authorization for the secretary to make up a copy. The lack of a detailed record for the year may hide some interesting and im- HE treaty which ended the war portant information. Yet, it leaves us free to consider more fully the Union School itself and its opening. . Physically, the outside of the building has changed but very little in its hundred years of history. Only the stone mon- strosities hiding the two entrances have been added to mar the simple beauty of its Grecian lines. The careful observer, by looking closely at the corners of the build- ing, will find that one of the major points of classic Greek Architecture has been faithfully carried out by the builders. The vertical lines are curved slightly inward toward the roof yet so cleverly is this done that the appearance of perfectly straight sides is enhanced. Old Union The interior has been twice remodeled and none but the oldest of its former stu- dents can have any memory of the class- rooms in their original form. Only in the partially finished top floor can the massive beams which support the roof still be seen. A description of the school, written while it was still being built, is to be in Lockport Public Schools found in the Niagara Democrat of No- vember 11, 1847: Prominent among the improvements of the season is the Union School Building, now far ad- vanced toward completion. The center of main building is 44 feet by 64 feet outside of walls- 3 stories high above the basement-basement 12 feet, Ist and 2nd stories, 14 feet each, 3rd story 10 feet, all in the clear. It has a wing on each side, 40 by 42 feet each, outside, 2 stories high above the basement, each 14 feet in the clear. In the lirst and second stories there are 13 rooms for school, library, cabinet, lecture and recitation rooms and six rooms for studies, etc. in the third floor. It has a tower or belfry for which a fine toned bell, weighing over 1600 pounds-the largest in town -has been procured from the foundry of A. Meneely of Troy. The site is central and com- manding indeed. Now the building is up, its selec- tion is generally approved. It makes a line addition to the appearance of the town and we arefully confident will be a far more valuable addition to its means of education. r That the furnishings and equipment were of the best was proudly attested by the Board members in their official an- nouncement of the opening date. The following is a part of that announcement as it appeared in the Niagara Democrat of June 29, 1848: For the use of students and to aid them in the pursuit of scientific knowledge, the Board has procured very extensive and valuable apparatus, Pneumatic, Mechanical, Electrical, Hydrostatic, Acoustic, Optical, Magnetic, Electro-magnetic and Chemical. They have procured a Transit Instru- ment for the purpose of Surveying, Leveling, Calculating heights and distances, which is one of the best pieces of Mathematical apparatus ever manufactured in this country. The apparatus has been selected from the best shops in New York, Boston, Albany and Troy. The library attached to the Institution is large and will be increased yearly, it already numbers over 2000 volumes. 'Ighey have also a Cabinet of Minerals for the use o students. Elsewhere, in the same announcement, we find reference to twelve Recitation Rooms and a Hall provided with comfort- able seats which will contain 500 students. The rooms are all well ventilated. In this centennial year, 1948, when establishment of junior Colleges is re- ceiving much consideration, it is interest- ing to note this description of the curricu- lum of a hundred years ago: The Union School is divided into two Depart- ments, -lunior and Senior, and connected with the Union School are two other Departments, Pri- mary and Secondary. Suitable buildings for the latter are erected in the several districts. A regular course of study is prescribed for each Department, commencing with the simple elementary branches in the Primary and advancing higher in other Departments. In the Senior Department not only is the most thorough instruction given in all the branches for the first and second years in College but particular attention is paid to those branches of natural science, commerce and Agriculture, Chemistry, Natural, Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, Surveying, Trigonometry, and all the Mathematics and higher English branches, so useful and necessary to every citizen, whatever be his occupation. OLD UNION IS OPENED On the occasion of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Union School, the principal address was de- livered by the Honorable John E. Pound, then president of the Board of Education. Mr. Pound mentioned the uncertainty of the exact date of the opening of the Union School. Mr. Wilbur had stated that he was present on the day of opening, July 5, 1848. In the journal kept by William McMaster, a Board member, it was recorded that Mr. McMaster was at johnson's Creek on July 3rd and that on July 4th, with his wife and eight children he came to Lockport and attended the opening exercises of the Union School. Mr. Pound regretted that no one could resolve this difficulty nor had he been able to find anyone who could recall the program of the day. Indeed, some of the first students had declared Hatly that there were no exercises whatever to mark the opening day. Had Mr. Pound consulted the Niagara Democrat of -lune 29th and of July 6th or the Niagara Courier of July 12, 1848, his question would have been answered. The school commenced on July Sth and without exercises. But on the previous day Lockport had marked the seventy- One Hundred Years of Education HoN. Joi-IN E. POUND second year of Independence and the birthday of the new school at one cere- mony. As it was reported at that time, the exercises began a few minutes before 11 o'clock with a prayer by the Reverend Thomas Carlton, after which the Declara- tion of Independence was read by Mr. Hall Cpresumably Daniel Hall of the facultyj. The address was delivered by Principal Frederick Lord whose topic, The Elements of True Education and Its Value to the State, was well suited to the double observance. The reaction of the editor of the Niagara Democrat to Mr. Lordis address gives some insight into the new principal's character. We read, If the views ad- vanced were not novel or original they were practical and useful. It was evident that the speaker preferred being right in sentiment rather than brilliant in lan- guage. The impression which the address made was every way favorable and those who heard it regard the selection of its author as principal of the institution a favorable one. QNiagara Democrat-July 6, 1848.J The faculty which had been chosen during preceding months and announced publicly only six days before the opening, was changed somewhat when sessions be- gan. Writing lifty years later, James- At- water, first principal teacher of the Junior Department, recalled that Miss Harriet N. Hazeltine and Miss .lane L. Taft had been his first and second assistants in that department. A short time later Miss Taft became Mrs. James Atwater. VVithin the first week there were four hundred students enrolled in the two de- partments. Editorial comment and pub- lished letters poured congratulations on those responsible for the plan and its operation. The enrollment increased and the close of the fall term found hundreds of interested citizens unable to get into the hall to witness the exercises. General William Williams of Norwich, Connecticut, whose offer to sell the American Hotel property for school use was refused earlier, expressed his interest and satisfaction with the Union School in a letter to Mr. Caverno, dated August 18, 1848, in which he enclosed S100 for the purchase of books for the school. The first Professor of Music, Charles F. Adams, was engaged and began instruc- tion of a singing class on October 27th. There was a tuition charge of 231.00 per quarter for Union School students who elected this course. By the end of the year there were four hundred thirty students enrolled and con- tinued prosperity seemed assured. Per- haps we can best close this chapter with a quotation from the New Years Greeting of the Niagara Democrat for January, 1849: GC We turn and find the Union School A worthy theme of song. Oh, happy are the youthful hearts, A bright and beauteous throng, Who. in the fear and love of LORD, Knowledge and Science gain That they, like Carriers, may spread Bright VVisdom's fair domain. But in our sight its dome doth rise And here we know and feel The benefits it doth confer Upon our common wealf' in Lackport Public Schools CHAPTER V1 GROWING PA1Ns -1849-1867 been busy years Except for the addition of the higher grades ln the Union School, there had been little change in actual operation. The primary districts were continued in place of the former town districts and the same buildings were used. Expenses of each district were charged directly to the taxpayers of that area. Three new second- ary schools represented combinations of two or more primary districts. Together the primary and secondary schools cov- ered the work of the first four grades. The Junior Department in the Union School carried on through the eighth grade While the Senior Department cor- responded to the present ninth through twelfth grades. A separate school was maintained for Negro children and was known for many years as the Colored School. Sad to say, segregation of these children was de- manded by many citizens of Lockport and was permitted by the State Super- intendent. The exact location of all of these early schools cannot be determined. The Union School, of course, is still standing on Chestnut Street. Primary School Number 1 remained on New Main Street Qnow Park Avenuej Where it was established in 1822. Primary Number 2 was built on lot 22 on the south side of Walnut Street a short distance east of Pine. Primary Number 3 was on Washburn Street at South on property now owned by the General Motors Corporation. The building for Primary District 4 was HE years 1847 and 1848 had somehwere on Clinton Street, but not at the present school site. The pupils of District 5 attended on Garden Street a little west of Adam Street. The only original District School now standing in the city was used for Primary District 6. It is on the northeast corner of Dayton and North Adam Streets and was built in the late 183O's. Primary School 7 was probably on the south side of William Street between Gooding and Jackson. This property is labeled School on the Callan map of 1851, and a small lot at this location was later sold by the Board of Education. The Colored School was at various times located in rented rooms and finally in a stone building on lots 61 and 63 on the north side of South Street. A Secondary School Number 1 faced the New York Central tracks on what was then Green Street between Church and Lock. Secondary Number 2 shared a site with Primary 3 on Washburn Street, while Secondary Number 3 and Primary 5 were together. MORE TROUBLE WITH TAXES The continued use of these small build- ings for several years after 1847 was a matter of necessity. The greatest' prob- lem of the Union School System and the constant worry of the Board of Education through the next ten years was the ques- tion of finance. The reaction to the first general school tax which we described earlier Hared up again in 1854. Although the Law provided that the One Hundred Years of Ea'z1ea!z'0n Primary Schools were to be free, tuition was charged in the other schools. By 1850 it became necessary-to raise the tuition rate. As tuition rates were raised, en- rollment dropped. The resulting loss of income had to be made up by increased taxation. The people did not yet realize the benefits of education for everyone, and the reaction here and throughout the State resulted in amendments to the School Law which prohibited payment of salaries in the Union School from any local taxation. 1 On April 15,-1850, it was necessary for the Board to adopt a resolution which reduced the teachers' salaries pro-rata whenever the Teachers' Fund was in- sufhcient to make full payment. For more than ten years this resulted in payments being made from three to six months late and occasional complete loss of a sub- stantial part of a teacher's income. Mr. Lord and his successors, Nathan Brittan and Moses Fitts, were unable to attract scholars in sufiicient numbers to remove this difficulty. Another threat to the financial stand- ing of the District occurred early in 1849 when the Board learned that Joseph Hamilton, the first collector, was leaving for California. He had in his possession 5794.24 belonging to the district and representing a quarter of the year's tax receipts. Prosecution was ordered on February 2nd, but apparently nothing was collected because a few days later notes were accepted from Mr. Hamilton's bail in payment of the debt. During 1849 and at various times in succeeding years there was a rapid turn- over in the teaching staff. Low salaries, uncertainty even of receiving anything and internal friction were the principal causes. There was no tenure of position at the time and records ,show that oc- casionally teachers were dismissed only to be rehired at lower salaries. One or two rare instances are reported where a teach- er resigned and was granted an increase when the resignation was withdrawn. One method of circumventing the short- age of money for teachers' pay is evident in the minutes of the following meeting. The tuition and board of T. D. Rose, a Senior Department pupil, was remitted in return for his services as music teacher in the Junior Department. The board,' mentioned in that reso- lution recalls the fact that for a short period the third floor of the Union School was used as a residence for pupils who lived away from Lockport. There were many of these non-resident students in the early years. The majority came from neighboring communities, but there were several from other states and from Cana- da, and one student whose home was in Japan. In April the Board decided to celebrate the close of the first year in the Union School. A festival was planned in which all the students of the village would take part. We cannot do better than to let the editor of the Niagara Courier describe the day as he did in his edition of June 20, 1849: THE SCHOOL FESTIVAL-This occurred Thursday according to previous arrangement. The day was pleasant though very warm. The schools met at their respective houses at an early hour. At half past nine they proceeded to the Union School House. The yard and building were occu- pied by scholars and their friends. The roads about the building were lined with carriages, filled with interested spectators of this joyous gather- ing. At ten o'clock the procession was formed under the direction of O. C. Wright Esq. as chief marshall, assisted by Messrs. S. N. Woods, T. D. Rose, C. G. Williams and others. Much credit is due the chief marshal for the excellent order which prevailed during the march of the proces- sion. The colored school preceded the procession. Their beautiful banners and neat and orderly appearance formed not the least attractive part of the procession. After this came the primary and secondary schools in order, supplied with banners, floral ornaments, etc. Much credit is due the in Lockport Public Schools teachers of these schools for the excellent appear- ance of their scholars. Though the day was warm and the march a tiresome one for the younger children, yet they were perfectly controlled by their teachers' Behind the primary and secondary schools came the junior and senior departments of the Union School. They appeared admirably. The young ladies were all dressed in white, and wore simple but beautiful wreaths of flowers. But it would be invidious of us to particularize every school when all appeared so well. The banners were rich and tasteful. The mottoes upon them, though various, were appropriate. The floral ornaments added much to the beauty of the scene. Behind the several schools was the Orator, the Rev. Mr. McHarg, of Albion, the Principal of the Union School, the members and past members of the Board of Education, the village officers, etc., etc. The procession presented a highly imposing ap- pearance as it moved through the several streets.. lt was nearly half a mile in length and it is esti- mated that it numbered from twelve to fifteen hundred. After the return of the procession to the yard of the Union School House, an address was de- livered by the Rev. McHarg. We are unable from want of room to say anything today in commenda- tion of his excellent remarks. We learn that the Board of Education will solicit a copy for pub- lication. After the address, which occupied about an hour in its delivery, the schools separated having had a delightful Festival .... The first Superintendent, the ofiice per- mitted by an amendment of 1850, was appointed in March of that year. The work of supervising the schools had been done up to that time by Mr. Caverno. The new post went to Myron L. Burrell, a member of the Board, who continued to hold both offices. His salary was set at Q52 per day,.not to exceed S50 in any one month. When his first month was over, Mr. Burrell resigned and was succeeded by George W. Germain, another Board mem- ber, at S400 per year. At this time Mr. Caverno submitted his resignation as President of the Board because of the press of private business. A peculiar and wholly unexplained cir- cumstance in the spring of 1851 is evi- denced by a payment on June 17th of 812.50 to John Anderson for himself and assistants in guarding the school house in District Number 2 against incendiaries. Falling attendance, higher tuition rates and questions regarding Principal Lord's accounts were all discussed in September, 1851. Nathan Brittan had applied for 'Mr. Lord's position and a formal ballot was taken on September 8th, Only two votes were cast for the incumbent and Mr. Brittan was appointed to succeed him. The first commercial department was established at the close of 1851. Professor S. S. Packard was engaged to teach book- keeping and writing, his salary to be equal to the extra tuition collected for these subjects. A NORMAL CLASS IN LOCKPORT An almost forgotten phase of the public school system in Lockport began in Janu- ary, 1852, when the first Normal Class was organized. The Regents had desig- nated Lockport Union School as one of several academies in the state qualified for the instruction of common-school teachers. Thereafter fifteen to twenty young men and women were taught free of tuition for four months of each year while they studied the science of teach- ing and similar subjects. The State con- tributed ten dollars for each pupil toward the cost of the class. This brief course in addition to the completion of the twelfth grade was all that was required for teach- ing in the lower schools. It should be noted that many of Lockport's best- known and most successful teachers were graduates of these classes. The Normal Class was abandoned in the '80,s but was resumed a few years later and continued into the present century. Several attempts to organize a perma- nent Teachers' Association in the village and the county had met with little suc- Une Hundred Years of Edzrcation cess. In 1852 the Board recognized the need of such an organization and en- couraged it by granting permission to close the schools on one Saturday each month for the purpose of attending meet- ings. Teachers who missed meetings were required to explain their absence. The local group was in touch with the State Teachers' Association through Mr. James Atwater of the faculty, and in 1858, the State Convention was held in Lockport. Evidence of the continued difficulty of finding money to pay teachers is found in the following resolution of March 17, 1852: Resolved that Miss Robins be employed as teacher of vocal music in the Union School and that she be permitted to give a concert during each quarter and receive the avails for her com- pensationf' The editor of the Lockport Daily Courier must have been a man of changeable opinions. On April 4, 1853, he concludes a school announcement with the com- ment, The School has been unusually prosperous the past season under Prof. Brittanf' But, when Mr. Brittan re- signed in September, the editor hopes that better days will dawn with the com- ing of his successor and points out that neither Mr. Lord nor Mr. Brittan were equal to the task of directing the Union School. The third principal was Moses Fitts, former head of the old Lewiston Academy and later County School Superintendent. Mr. Fitts remained for only one year, but it was probably' the most turbulent in the School's history. The minutes of the Board give no hint of stormy times. The first suggestion of aroused public opinion appears in the Daily Courier of February 10, 1854. There we find a public notice from which the following lines are taken: There is considerable feeling existing in this community in opposition to the Union School System as at present conducted, which results in embarrassing the teachers and in destroying in a great measure the usefulness of the schools under their charge .... H lt Went on to invite the public to a discussion of the merits and demerits of the system, at a meeting to be sponsored by the Teachers' Association. Those peo- ple who opposed the schools without knowing them and their operation were advised to attend the meeting and obtain authentic information. If there was then found to be basis for changing the system, such changes should be made immediately rather than let the schools languish and become ineffective. The meeting was held on February 20th and apparently was well attended. The editor of the Courier, in his report, said that many prominent citizens took part in the discussion. He added that: There can be but little doubt, so far as we could judge, that the deplorable condition of the Public Schools at present is chargeable to a total and wanton abandonment of the rules, regulations and system originally adopted for their govern- ment. This result is not chargeable to any one influence but it is the effect of the indifference of the public, the inefficiency of the Board of Edu- cation and the lack of firmness and industry on the part of the teachers. To cure these troubles it was proposed to return to the original system and to infuse new life into the management of the schools by appointing a competent superintendent. This matter of selecting a full-time superintendent was the thing which con- tributed most to saving the Union School System. Myron Burrell had been appoint- ed in April of 1850 and he was followed by George Germain a month later. Mr. Burrell was reappointed in January, 1851. Samson Robins served from April, 1852, through October of the following year, when Hezekiah Scovell took over the Work and continued until March 10, 1854. All of these gentlemen were members of the Board and business men of the village. in Lockport Public Schools It was not until the appointment of James Atwater as Superintendent in 1854 that any real improvement was felt in the fortunes of the Union School District. Although Mr. Atwater continued to teach a few classes in the Senior Department, he was in close touch with the school problems. JAMES ATWATER Two other events of importance hap- pened in March. The Board instituted a system of grades based on actual attain- ments of pupils. Such a move was needed to unify the system. The second occurence was a petition to the legislature to allow a slight temporary increase in taxes to pay the salaries owed to teachers. This petition was the excuse for another meet- ing of taxpayers who denounced the sys- tem and all its works. Called by several prominent men, many of whom were re- sponsible for the similar protest in 1847, the meeting developed into a destructive tirade against the entire Union District plan. The Legislature refused to grant in- creased taxes. An instance of the anti-negro feeling prevalent at the time is recorded in the minutes of 1854. The vestry of Christ Church was granted the use of the Union School lecture hall for Sunday Services during the rebuilding of the church. A few weeks later the Negro congregation in the village made a similar request for a smaller room. No action on the second request was reported. William P. Eaton became principal of the Union School in October, 1854. Mrs. Sarah Eaton was appointed preceptress. That the Eatons overlooked no oppor- tunity to avoid the genteel poverty of the teaching profession is evident from their published offer to accommodate several non-resident pupils as boarders in their home. Under Superintendent Atwater and Principal Eaton the Union School began to regain lost ground. The years 1855 and 1856 were uneventful and may be passed over with no further comment than that conditions continued to improve. Mr. Eaton did not long enjoy his suc- cess in Lockport. He passed away in March, 1857, and it was reported that more than five hundred pupils accom- panied the funeral procession to the train. A LADY PROPOSES HERSELF FOR U. S. PRESIDENT Mrs. Eaton resigned and was succeeded as preceptress by Mrs. Belva McNall. Born in Royalton in 1830, Mrs. McNall was a widow at 23. She attended Genesee College and after graduation in 1857 she came to Lockport. Mrs. McNall taught for eleven years, three of them in the Union School. She then married Dr. Lock- wood of Washington and began the study of law. After working actively for a law permitting women to practice before the Supreme Court, she was herself admitted to such practice. In 1884 and 18,88 Mrs. Lockwood attained the distinction of being the only woman in history to run for the U. S. Presidency. She was the nominee of the Equal Rights Party. The new principal of the Union School One Hundred Years of Edncdtion was Edwin A. Charlton. Under his charge the prosperity of the school continued to improve. 1858 is notable as the year of the first formal graduation in Lockport. The prac- tice of holding annual graduation exercises was a new one which was spreading throughout the East. When it reached Lockport, it took the place of the annual school festival which, for nine years, had marked the birthday of the Union School. Several pupils of earlier years must have completed the work of the Senior Depart- ment, but there is no record of any recog- nition given them. The first graduates were George P. Hart, Helen E. Holmes Cwho later became Mrs. Charltonj, Phila A. Knight and Sarah E. Ransom. ' The Board members recognized the event to the extent that they resolved, to meet and attend the exercises. The min- utes report only that there was not a quorum present. The thirteenth annual meeting of the State Teachers' Association was held in Lockport on August 3rd, 4th and 5th of 1858. The Board offered encouragement to the Lockport Association in its role as host. A practice of this period relating to sanitation, which undoubtedly will mysti- fy the younger generation, is described in a resolution of the Board that, hence- forth there shall be delivered to the several schools, primary and secondary, two bushels of lime every two weeks, and to the Union School, three bushels every two weeksf' An amusing note is found in the report that Miss Annie Laurie applied for a position as music teacher in 1860. Perhaps the Trustees were skeptical of her name. There is no record that any reply was sent her. ' Mr. Charlton was succeeded in 1861 by a new principal, Benjamin' M. Reynolds. OLD UNION AND THE CIVIL WAR The War between the States had only a slight effect on the schools themselves. In 1862 it was decided to employ a teacher for four weeks to give instruction in Military Tactics and Manual Exercises of the Musketf' Wooden guns and swords were procured and Mr. Jenney was ap- pointed as teacher. In December, 1862, a petition was re- ceived relating to the admission of Ne- groes to the Union School. The opinion of the State Superintendent was asked but, without awaiting his reply, the Board de- termined that the colored children were to be excluded from all schools except the one set aside for them. Five months later a fire destroyed the building in which the Colored School was held and, with no other place available, it became necessary to erect a new build- ing. Lots 61 and 63 at the bend in South Street were purchased and a stone school house was built. The Board continued to segregate the Negro children and the South Street School continued in use for them until it was sold in 1876 to the Calvary Religious Society. Since early 1861 it had been apparent that new buildings were necessary. Dis- tricts 2 and 5 were seriously overcrowded. A lot was purchased from Governor Hunt at the corner of Garden and Vine Streets and a new brick school erected there. It was completed and put to use in March, 1864, as Primary School Number 5. Known then as the Garden Street School, it was later oihcially named the Vine Street School and still stands as the first of the Ward Schools. A month later another new school was furnished and opened to scholars. On the original site of the Primary Number 3, a new brick building known as the Wash- lo Lockport Public Schools burn Street School had been designed to include both the Primary and Secondary divisions. Although it was only partially I ' ' ' Vine Street School occupied at first, it had to be enlarged within a few years and was continuously too small for the expanding area which it served. The small-pox epidemic which followed the return of Civil War soldiers to their homes was the direct cause of the first employment of a physician by the Schools. The Board ordered the exclusion of any child who had not been vaccinated. So that no hardship would result, Dr. D. F. Bishop was to be paid by the Board for vaccinating children whose parents could not afford the cost. Q MR. ATWATER RESIGNS A long and distinctly successful career in education was halted temporarily in September of 1865 when James Atwater resigned the superintendency. Although he returned later as a Board member, Mr. Atwater's decision was accepted with ex- pressions of regret that he would be lost to the schools. Writing his recollections of the early schools in 1896, Mr. Atwater generously gave credit for the returning prosperity of the late 1850's tothe principals, W. P. Eaton, E. A. Charlton and B. M. Rey- nolds. It is signihcant, however, that James Atwater himself, a member of the original faculty, a charter director of the New York State Teachers' Association and subsequently its present, a member and officer of the Board of Education and Mayor of Lockport, was also Superin- tendent of Schools from 1854 through 1865. It is no exaggeration to say that he saved the Union School System when it was at its lowest ebb. As successor to Mr. Atwater, the Board chose James Ferguson, a former teacher in the Union School and successful di- rector of his own private school. Lockport became an incorporated city in 1865. Co-incidental with this change in government, a petition to the Legislature requested an amendment to the Lockport School Law. Provisions which were en- acted included a change in boundaries of the Union School District to make them coterminous with the city line, establish- ment of responsibility in the Common Council for collection of school taxes and equalization of- district taxes by placing all of them except for buildings and main- tenance, in one general tax. These provisions were made effective in 1866 and the new school budget was sub- mitted to the Common Council for col- lection. PROFESSOR ASHER B. EVANS Principal Reynolds handed the Board his resignation in August, 1866. To re- place him the Trustees chose Professor Asher B. Evans whose successful service continued for twenty-five years until his untimely death just after the opening of the new Union School. One Hundred Years of Education Asmsn B. EVANS More ellicient management of the schools became evident in 1867. Both pupils and teachers were dismissed for laxity' in observance of Board rules. Teachers who were absent from their schools were required toepay those who substituted for them. .A salary schedule of sorts was set up. Teachers received from S275 in the primary grades to S400 in the Senior Department. A few special instructors were paid up to S800 and the principal's salary was set at 81250. ' The Union School System was ap- proaching its twenty-first birthday. Ob- stacles had been overcome and the future was bright. As if to insure that there should be no repetition of its troubled youth the Board was notified in Septemb- ber, 1867 of a new State law. The rate bill and resident tuition was abolished. The schools henceforth would be free, and all local operating costs would be raised by a general school tax plus state aid. On this happy note let us close this chapter of our history. in Lockport Public Schools CHAPTER VII THE WARD SCHOOLS--1868-1898 - been built for Districts 3 and 5 in 1864 the era of the Ward Schools really began in 1868. It was plainly evident by that time that all of the old District Schools were badly overcrowded and a complete building program was necessary. In order to reduce operating costs as much as possible and to provide better buildings than any single district could afford, it was decided to consolidate cer- tain districts. Up to this time the Union District had comprised twelve separate schools, seven primaries, three second- aries, the colored school and the Union School. Combining certain primary and secondary districts reduced the number of buildings to six by 1872. The first step in consolidation was taken in the summer of 1868. Primary Districts 6 and 7 and Secondary District 3 were chosen as the first combination and a site was purchased on the northwest corner of Clinton and Adam Streets. The specifications set up by the Board called for a stone building to accommodate 400 pupils. Completed, the structure was of stone and brick, square in shape and two stories high. It faced Clinton Street with a center corridor running back from the front entrance. There were six classrooms and an assembly room originally, but various changes were made through the years. This was the first school in the city to have an official name. It was designated the Clinton Street School and was called thus for such a long time that the modern DeWitt Clinton School facing LTHOUGH new schools had Adam Street is known to 1T1OSt of the neighbors as the Clinton Street School. The first incident of 1869 to be noted in the secretary's minutes did not occur until the meeting of April 30th. Anyone who has read much of Lockport's history is aware that the members of the various Boards of Education were chosen from our most prominent citizens. They were doctors, lawyers, land owners and mer- chants, in short, the well-to-do and re- spected citizens, the best people. These were the men who showed their native good taste-one might say their ele- gance -on April 30th, when they ordered that there be purchased for the office of the Board a sufficient number of spit- toons. There was much debate in the summer of 1869 over the location of the second new building in which Primary District 2 and Secondary District 2 were to be com- bined. Several sites were offered and vari- ous members favored each of them. It was finally votedito purchase 'several parcels known collectively as the Stone Blockf' This property faced High Street and was bounded east and west by Bow- ery and Saxton Streets. The school was to be known as High Street School. This was a brick building of two stories and an attic and was comparatively ornate in design. It opened on VVednesday, January 4th, 1871. In October, the third centralization was begun by combining Primary Districts 1 and 4 and purchasing a site at the north- west corner of Hawley and Caledonia Streets. Proximity to the railroad was ia point of issue but it was felt that no better One Hundred Years of Edncniion location could be had. The resolution to begin building did not come up until the following June at which time Secondary Number 1 was added to the other two districts. ln line with the practice begun earlier, this school was named the Haw- ley Street School. The Hrst classes there were held in 1871. Early in 1871 a communication was received from C. W. Mossell asking that his children be transferred from the Col- ored School to the new High Street School. In response to a request for a ruling on this question, the State Super- intendent advised that the Board had the legal right to require that colored children attend the school set aside for them until they passed a suitable examination for ad- mission to the Union School. They might continue to be segregated if separate classes were provided also at this level. The Board accepted this decision as their future policy. Mr. Mossell appeared per- sonally at the meeting of October 6th and repeated his request. A motion was then made that the Colored School should be discontinued but it was defeated. A formal appeal for an increase in salary was forwarded from the teachers in 1871. It was pointed out that 602, of them were receiving only S300 per year and the majority of the others 8400. At this time the janitor of the Union School was paid S480 and was also furnished with living quarters for his family. The Board acceded to the teachers, request by granting a ,850 a year increase to those whose salaries were below 8400. The earliest recorded observance of Memorial Day occurred in 1871 in re- sponse to a request by Donnelly Post of the G. A. R. A holiday was declared and the children took part in ceremonies at the cemetery. The first use of central heating in the schools was attempted when furnaces with warm air heating ducts were placed in the new buildings. Specifications re- quired that a temperature of 70 degrees One of tlzofe windward roomr be maintained at the center of the rooms and six feet above the floor when the out- door temperature was S degrees above zero. The furnaces failed in this test and were ordered removed. Thereafter and for several years each room had its indi- vidual stove. Occasionally two stoves were required in the windward rooms. THE BOARD DISAGREES The relations between members within the Board have not always been entirely harmonious. Indeed, there have been oc- casional bitter disputes and- sometimes hard feelings have been engendered. It is unlikely, however, that any controversy before or since equalled the situation which developed in the summer of 1872. It had been building up almost from the beginning of the Union School System and the Trustees throughout that time were directly at fault. VVith the building ofthe new schools we find record of several purchases of a patented folding seat and desk from George Hildreth, the manufacturer and a in Lockpprz' Public Schools Board member. A contract had recently been fulfilled between the Board and Chase 8: Co. of Buffalo for similar desks which were installed in the Hawley Street School. Mr. Hildreth then brought suit against the Board of Education for using these desks, claiming a violation of his patent. This suit touched off a bitter and acrimonious discussion which was finally settled to the satisfaction of all concerned. The year 1874 was marked by the adoption of the first definite salary sched- ule for teachers. Applying only to the teachers in the district schools, it set up three classes. The highest, or Class 1, in- cluded those of high literary attainment, marked executive ability and two years, previous experience. The salary was 8400 per year. The other classes required the same qualifications with the exception of ex- perience. Class II, or those who had taught one year received .8350 and Class III, having no experience, would start at S300 a year. Principal teachers in the combined schools were to be paid not less than 8500. COMMENCEMENT AT THE HODGE OPERA HOUSE The selection of the Hodge Opera House as the scene of the graduation exercises that June was the beginning of a practice which continued for more than thirty years. This action followed the announce- ment by Mr. Hodge of his offer of a medal to the graduate showing proficiency in English and the Classics, good conduct and outstanding oratorical ability. Mr. Hodge himself described the medal in his autobiography as containing over ,890 worth of gold. The Trustees were notified late in the year of the passage of a Compulsory School Attendance Law. The local Board decided it was impossible to fulfill com- pletely the provisions of that statute. They did, however, adopt two new by- laws. One of them directed the Super- intendent to report violations to the Board. The other empowered him to make complaint in court of cases certihed by the Board as truants. During this year, the Board reduced the salaries of experienced teachers in the Ward Schools. They had been paid S420 and this amount was reduced to the sched- uled minimum of 8400. Superintendent Ferguson, completing ten years in office, resigned on September 1, 1875. He was followed by M. J. Keeler who remained only one year. Those teachers of the present day, who condemn a boy for some flagrant breech of discipline and are thereafter sure that he can come to no good end, would do well to ponder an entry in the Board minutes of 1876. Three boys were sus- pended for one week at the Washburn Street School. They were charged with bringing pistols to school. The suspension was upheld and the boys readmitted on condition of good behavior. There can be little question as to whether one of these boys came to a good or a bad end. His name was Cuthbert VV. Pound. DISTRICT HEATING FOR SCHOOLS Additional classrooms were opened in the Washburn Street School at this time. Although there is no reference to special provision for negro children, it is pre- sumed that they were then to be admitted to the pubic schools since the South Street School was abandoned during the sum- mer. The stone building was sold in 1877 to the Calvary Religious Society and be- came part of Calvary Church. Lockport is widely known as the birth- place of the Holly method of centralized One Hundred Years of Eduvation steam heating. The first attempt to use this system in the schools was made in 1877 when a contract was signed with the Holly Steam Combination Company, Ltd. to equip the Washburn Street School and supply steam heat through the following winter. The Trustees were given a choice of paying the meter charges or an amount equal to the previous cost of coal for the building. They chose the latter. Because the winter of '77 and '78 was unusually mild some members felt that the contract had resulted in a loss of money by the school. A resolution was passed ordering removal of the equipment. The resolution was rescinded at the next meeting and the service continued. This school, there- fore, became one of the buildings in Lock- port in which the Holly system was first tried and proved practical. A comprehensive History of Niagara County was brought out in 1878. The first recorded statement claiming that the Union School System originated in Lock- port is found in the remarks of Judge Bowen when he urged the Board to co- operate in publishing this 1878 I-Iistoryf' Such claim may be disputed on available evidence which indicates that Lodi, Pal- myra and Bataviaiwere unified earlier. TEACHERS, SALARIES AGAIN In February, 1879, a petition was re- ceived by the Board bearing 403 signa- tures and asking for a reduction of teach- ers' salaries along with any other possible economies. To the credit of the members it is recorded that they refused to lower the established salary schedule. The Superintendent was employed on a yearly basis as were all teachers in those days. Apparently Mr. Keeler had not given satisfaction and election of another person in his place became necessary. There were several applicants, none of whom had the support of a majority of the Board members. Forty separate bal- lots were taken over a period of several meetings. In every case Arthur A. Skinner received six votes until the final ballot when a seventh vote was cast for him. At the same time salary of the Superintend- ent was reduced to 551,000 a year. We have noticed several instances of discrimination against Negroes as evi- dencedlby the minutes of Board meetings. In February, 1880, there was the first hint of another charge of discrimination which was to be repeated several years later. At that meeting Lawrence Mc- Parlin, Jr., came before the Board and urged the rightful claim of the Catholic population of the city to representation in the corps of teachers employed by the Board in the public schools. Mr. lVlcParlin was given assurance that no discrimination had been intended but that, other things being equal, preference would be given to Union School graduates since the Board felt that such applicants would be more familiar with the school system. AN EXPERIMENT IN READING A situation existed in 1880 which is very hard to imagine today. A single text was provided for reading classes and no other material was used. A suggestion was made that supplementary reading books might increase the children,s reading ability. A committee was appointed to investigate the matter and report back at the next meeting. The committee found that pupils could read fluently from their own texts but were lost with any other book of equal difflculty. It was recom- mended that a trial be made in one grade of the use of other texts and that four sets of books be purchased for circulation among the schools. The committee's re- in Lockport Public Schools port and recommendation were accepted and twenty-five copies each of Appleton's, McGufi'ey's, Sheldon's and lVIonroe's Sec- ond Reader: were ordered. The results were so good that the use of supple- mentary readers was soon extended to all levels. Superintendent Skinner had made a study of the confused classification of grades and now proposed several changes which were incorporated in the by-laws. He suggested and the Board adopted the following plan: Primary Department-Grades 1, 2 and 3 Intermediate Department-Grades 4, 5 and 6 Grammar Uuniorj Department-Grades 7, 8 and 9 Senior Department-Grades 10, 11 and 12 Grades 1 through 7 to be in the Ward Schools Grades 8 through 12 to be in the Union School The study of local geography was to be abandoned and Civil Government sub- stituted. Supplementary reading was to be emphasized. Terms would be on a half-year basis with promotion at the end of each term. This eliminated the old three term system and allowed a child to advance to the next grade at midyear if he was ready. LADIES ON THE BOARD In August of 1880 a new law allowed women to hold office and to vote in school elections. It was to be many years until a woman became a Board member, but reference was made within a short time to the fact that separate polling places were provided for men and women at school elections. Apparently 1881 was to mark the end of the Normal Class for prospective Common-School teachers. The State Su- perintendent reported that no state aid would be available for the following year. A purely local Teacher Training Class was conducted occasionally in later years under direction of the Superintendent but this was open to employed teachers as well as recent graduates. The first use of running water in any school in Lockport is recorded in 1883 when city water was piped into the Union School. The other schools still used wells or cisterns equipped with filter apparatus. Installation of plumbing was followed within a few months by the introduction of gas. A petition from Miss Cross for electric call bells between her office and the class rooms would have completed the three utilities had it been allowed. The Board felt that the cost of the electric system would have been too high and suggested a mechanical annunciator in- stead. A THE HEALTH OF THE STUDENTS In 1884 the problem of children's health was of major concern. State law required the study of Physiology and Hygiene for the first time. The Board of Health examined the buildings of the Lockport School System and demanded various changes in lighting, ventilating and seating which were all carried out. And finally a petition was presented to the Trustees signed by several hundred parents and sixteen physicians in oppo- sition to. examinations and marking. Claims were made that many children were in broken health and even that deaths had occurred because of worry over school promotion. This petition touched off a lengthy dis- cussion among citizens, Board members and the Superintendent. The latter read reports from all the schools showing the use made of marks in the different grades. These reports would seem to indicate little foundation for the protest. There ap- One Hundred Years of Education peared to be much less dependence on testing then than there is now. A study of the conditions was contin- ued and, a few months later, regulations were set up and adopted, including the first use of automatic promotion. Any pupil who spent two semesters in one half-year grade would be advanced, pro- vided he had shown sufiicient effort. A similar provision is in force today based on two years spent in one full grade. THE BEGINNING OF EVENING ' SCHOOLS The first formal evening school was be- gun in the fall of 1885. A large number of young men and women who had little or no education asked for classes in ele- mentary work. The school was opened with an enrollment of two hundred, more than half of whom continued to attend two or three evenings a week throughout the winter. The teachers were Mrs. Kate Ringueberg Know Mrs. Seymourj, Mrs. Adda McCleave, Miss Ida May Barnes and Mr. Walter Kent. William Clark was added as instructor in mechanical draw- ing. The others were all regular teachers in the public schools. Superintendent Griffith, who had suc- ceeded Mr. Skinner in 1883, received an increase in salary to 81400 for 1885-'86 but was offered more elsewhere and hand- ed in his resignation to take effect on August 31, 1886. There were-53 appli- cants for his position but the race nar- rowed down to two, Charles Wasson and Emmet Belknap. Mr. Wasson was chosen by a vote of eight to three and thus de- layed Mr. Belknap's arrival in Lockport for three years. The registration report for 1887 showed a total of 2188 pupils, over 500 of them in the Union School. Conditions there had become acute, and the building of a new high school could no longer be postponed. Many things contributed to this increase of school population. Growth of the city, changing social conditions and compul- sory education laws all tended to bring more children into the upper grades. The greatly increased cost of construc- tion and various new laws led the Board to finance the new Union School by means of a bond issue. They secured legislation permitting the Common Council to raise 835,000 by this means. The determination of a site occupied several weeks and twenty-five ballots were taken at various meetings before the location on East Avenue was chosen. The cost of the vari- ous properties added up to 830,000 and most of the proceeds of the bond issue were used up before any plans were drawn. While the new building project was of paramount importance, there was the usual routine to carry on. The annual election of teachers and other employees in 1889 was marked by another change in Superintendents. Although he was not a candidate, Emmet Belknap was the choice of the Board members to succeed Mr. Wasson. EMMET BELKNAP Various plans for the new building were submitted and one drawn by R. A. and L. Bethune of Buffalo was chosen. Estimates of the cost were secured and supplemen- tary legislation for a second bond issue be- in Lockport Public Schools came necessary. On March 24, 1890, the contract was directed to be let to W. J. Blackley on his bid of 890,500 N Construction had hardly begun when it was found necessary to consider another building. The Vine Street School and the Washburn Street School could no longer house the population resulting from the city's eastward growth. The building com- mittee recommended erection of a new four room school east of Erie Street and south of East Avenue. The site of the present Walnut Street School was pur- chased and a building was begun. The school was to be known as an annex to the Washburn Street School. Pending its completion the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade pupils of the eastern part of the district were housed in the lecture rooms of Calvary Church, the old stone school building on South Street. The cornerstone of the High School was laid on July 10, 1890, the ceremony being conducted under Masonic auspices. Thir- teen months later the work was virtually completed and the dedication took place on August 27, 1891. Classes began the following Monday. Grades 8 through 12 were transferred from the Union School and the old building was closed. The first month in the High School was marred by the death of Asher B. Evans. He had been principal for twenty-five years and was known to and loved by many thousands of former pupils. This was attested in a permanent way by the establishment of the Asher B. Evans Memorial Library and theiEvans Me- morial Prize for high school graduates. Pending appointment of a successor to Mr. Evans, Mrs. Sarah Fowler was made acting principal. VVhen Edward Hayward came as principal in January, 1892, the Board re-established the old ofiice of pre- ceptress and appointed Mrs. Fowler to that position. The first telephone in the schools was installed in the Superintendent's office in 1892. At the same time the first type- writers for use in the Commercial Depart- ment were ordered. Consideration was given to the institution of a manual train- ing class but no action was taken. Overcrowding continued to be felt throughout the city even though the Walnut Street School had been opened in December, 1891. Pressure was brought by citizens who demanded the closing of the attic classrooms in the Washburn Street School. The Board members felt that the cost of repairing the old Union School building would be too great to justify such action but with an enrollment increased to 2,648 they had no alternative. In June the decision was made to transfer all seventh grade classes in the city and the Washburn Street sixth grade to the old building. Repairs were begun and, in Jan- uary, 1893, the Intermediate School was opened under the direction of Mary Jane Squires, principal teacher. FIFTY-FIVE YEARS OF SERVICE TO OUR SCHOOLS The death of Professor Jules Dandler in 1892 was marked by the Board. Mr. Dandler's position was filled on August 26, 1892, by the appointment of Professor Alexis V. Muller as teacher of French and German. As this is written Mr. Muller is completing his fifty-fifth year of active participation in school affairs, the longest service of anyone in the hundred years of public schools in Lockport. Retiring as a teacher in June, 1933, Mr. Muller was appointed to the Board of Education a few months later and subsequently has been re-elected three times. The first effect of Professor Muller's appointment occurred in 1893. Prior to that time there had been little or nothing One Hundred Years of Education done in the way of physical education. Classroom calisthenics and a basement gymnasium in the Old Union School, fitted up but never formally used for in- struction, made up the whole story. To fill this gap in the curriculum, Mr. Muller organized a Cadet Corps for boys and a class in calisthenics for girls. The Cadet Corps was a uniformed military training group. Permission to carry and practice the use of arms was secured from the State Adjutant General and thereafter, for several years, the Cadets were a not- able addition to parades and celebrations in the city. The girls' calisthenics class was not so generously treated. Although the Board purchased a chestweight, dumbells, indian clubs, etc., for their physical and men- tal value, the class was forced to use the High School attic for its meetings. Perhaps some of our matrons today will recall climbing over beams to reach their practice space. In March, 1893, a resolution offered by Peter McParlin directed the Superin- tendent to investigate and report on the use of free textbooks in other communi- ties. Three years were to pass before any action was taken. Finally in 1896, books were procured by the Board and loaned to students in all grades below the Senior Department. On behalf of the Field Force Pump Co., Mr. Harrison Chapman, its president and a Board member, offered to pay the schools' share toward purchase of a na- tural history collection of marine shells, corals and sponges. The various speci- mens already owned by the schools were in poor condition and were sent to Wardis Natural History Establishment in Roch- ester for cleaning and reclassification. To- gether with subsequent gifts, these- col- lections are today a group of exhibits of which a museum might well be proud. Many specimens are rare and unique. Adequate space for exhibition is being planned in the new High School Building. The increased enrollment of September, 1893, brought a return of serious over- crowding and the Superintendent was forced to recommend the building of another primary school on the West side. Lots on West Avenue were purchased in June, 1894. The old West Avenue School was built during the following year and opened on November 3, 1895. In September, 1894, the Board gave permission to Lewis Tucker and DeForest Porter to publish the Union School Bulle- tin, the first publication to represent the students and their affairs. January 1, 1895, was the date on which the new State Compulsory Education Law became effective. One provision of the law required the appointment of an attendance officer to enforce the various rules regarding school age, employment and similar matters. Several applicants were given an examination and John Slo- combe was appointed to the new post. He will be remembered by many who ir- reverently knew him by the terrifying name, Baldy.', Mr. Slocombe gave ex- cellent service to the schools and the chil- dren until his death twenty-five years later. Additional gifts to the Natural History Collection made in 1895 included Dr. Simeon T. Clark's case of marine shells and Professor E. C. Townsend's herbari- um of mounted specimens of the fiora of Niagara County and New York State. The Teacher Training Class, aban- doned in 1881, was re-established in Sep- tember of 1895. It was held regularly thereafter until 1906 when enrollment dropped to eight and State Normal Schools proved more attractive and more efficient. The old Union School Building was in Lockport Public Schools Fifty years old in 1898 and badly in need of repair. After three years of postponing such action the continued use of the school made further delay impossible and more than 510,000 was required to put it in proper condition. A letter to the Board from Joshua Wilbur called attention to the approach- ing anniversary of the Union School. A decision was reached to hold open air exercises on July 4th and it was directed that the School Bell which had been re- moved to the new Union School be re- turned and rehung in the tower. The bell was used to signal the opening of the exercises and recalled their younger days to many Old Grads who were present. The principal addresses were given by John E. Pound, a graduate of the school and president of the Board of Education, and by James- Atwater, first principal of the Junior Department and first full time superintendent. Fifty years had come and gone and the Union School System had been copied all over the United States. Opposition had given 'way to friendship. He must be a hardy individualist. who would speak against the schools on that Golden Anni- versary. One Hundred Years of Education CHAPTER VIII I THE DOLDRUMS-1899-1918 HE first fifty years of the Lock- port Public Schools had been strenuous years. During the next twenty years there was httle of outstanding importance to be recorded. Among the few points of interest was the establishment in September, 1900, of the first kindergarten class. Although pupils had been accepted at five years of age in previous years, they had often spent two years in first grade contribut- ing to the already crowded classes. Be- cause ofthe repeated suggestions of Mr. Belknap and the active interest of the Mothers' Club, the Board decided to try a kindergarten class at the Hawley Street School. It was successful and the kinder- garten was introduced into the Washburn Street School the following year and sub- sequently to other schools. During the same year, 1900, the first monthly report cards were issued in the schools. Another item, which was deadly serious but in a sense humorous, is to be found in Superintendent Belknap's report to the Board on the use of a new dust- less floor oil. Mr. Belknap stated that the lady teachers protested when it was freshly applied. It soiled the hems of their skirts! Principal Edward Hayward resigned his position in June, 1901, to accept the Superintendency at his home town, Co- hoes. The Board chose Oliver Morelock in hisplace. The old Ward School on William Street was begun in 1901. Delays for one reason or another postponed construction until 1903. Meanwhile a frame house near the site was rented from Mrs. Gaskill. First one and later two classes were held there until the new school was opened in 1904. The graduation classes of the Union School increased until there were more than 50 members in 1902. The custom, begun in 1858, ofindividual essays, poems or declamations made dual exercises ne- cessary. The drowning of two classmen in 1903 was the reason given for abandoning the long program. Thereafter the class day exercises and graduation program continued. Addition to the natural history collec- tion was made by Mrs. Hall, who gave to the Union School the geological and archeological specimens collected by Dr. Hall and by Professor Othniel Marsh of Yale University, both former students in the Union School. The last Teacher Training Class was held in 1905 and the Evening School was begun again. State Normal Schools had made the Training Class unnecessary. Registration had dropped to eight for the final year. There were more than forty adults who wanted primary school train- ing and the Evening Classes were well attended throughout that winter. The year 1907 was marked by a fire which partially destroyed the High Street School. Sufficient damage was done to leave the building unusable. The pupils of the school attended at the Washburn School. Groups met for half-day sessions. One grade was housed in the Sunday School of St. Peter's Church. Accusations of religious discrimination came following the election of a principal 4 in Lockport Public Schools for the Union School in 1908. Two candi- dates were favored by the Board members to succeed Mr. Morelock. They were Robert T. Bapst, a teacher at Canisius High School in Buffalo, and Walter E. Severance, of Egbert High School, Co- hoes. The first ballot showed 5 votes for Mr. Bapst and 4 for Mr. Severance al- though the latter had received endorse- ment of the Committee on Teachers. Principal Morelock received 2 votes and one was blank. On subsequent ballots, Mr. Bapst was given 5 and 6 votes While seven were necessary for election. Finally a break occurred on the seventh ballot when one votelswitched to Mr. Severance and he received the appointment. WALTER E. SEVERANCE Mr. Belknap for several years had con- sidered various measures for aiding those children who found difficulty in grade work. He had long advocated more indi- vidualized teaching but realized that this was difficult with classes of -forty to fifty pupils. In 1908, he began a summer class to help the slower children. This first sum- mer school was taught by Miss Squires and enrolled forty pupils. It was repeated during the next few years. An Athletic Association was formed in the Union School to handle the various sports events. A report made to the Board in 1909 showed that these activities had incurred a loss and permission was re- quested to hold an entertainment to make up the deficit. This plan was followed and it was several years before the Board gave encouragement to athletics in the schools. September, 1909, brought a dispute be- tween Superintendent Belknap and the Board. His recommendation concerning the qualifications of applicants for posi- tions was ignored and the Board pro- ceeded to choose a teacher who was not endorsed by Mr. Belknap. He protested that this usurped his authority and threatened retirement. The members re- scinded their action. There had been much moving of classes in past years and, in 1910, grades 5, 6 and 7 were housed in the Intermediate School. Grades 8 and 9 were considered to be the Junior Department of the Union School, while the four upper classes made up the Senior Department. Thus there were thirteen grades in addition to the kinder- garten. A movement was begun at this time to abandon the extra 9th year re- quired before admission to High School. This was successful in 1912 and thereafter the Sth through 12th grades occupied the High School building. Continued increase in school population in 1912 led to the enlargement of the High School and Walnut Street School. The latter was soon completed. The High School improvement was held up for several years. A frequent occurrence was the practice of granting leaves of absence to women teachers for protection of their health. On many occasions teachers and princi- pals were reported ill and substitutes were employed. However, there would seem to be anialmost equal number of times when the leave of absence was granted in ad- vance for a period of one to four weeks or One Hundred Years of Education more. The frequency of these requests led one to wonder whether or not all of them were necessary. Mr. Belknap oftentimes stated that a teacher was overworked and needed a rest. There is nothing to indi- cate just why these teachers were more overworked than their predecessors. A small increase of 525 a year was al- lowed grade teachers in 1913 when it was learned that salaries in Lockport were lower than in all but two cities of com- parable size. Early in 1913 a legal action was begun to set aside the election of Board mem- bers held during the previous year. The results were challenged on the basis that 500 people had voted illegally and that crowds of illegal voters had prevented others from casting their vote. The ques- tion was submitted to the State Commis- sioner of Education who dismissed the appeal as unsupported by evidence. An additional objection that oH5cers of the election were not qualified to act was set aside. The annual election of teachers for the year 1913-1914 included the name of LeRoy Quick. He was chosen as teacher of biology and athletics, the first teacher assigned to the latter field. His brief stay in Lockport was a prelude to full recog- nition of physical education two years later. At the same time teachers were chosen to begin classes in manual training and domestic science. Rooms on the third Hoor of the old Union School were re- modeled and fitted up for these subjects. This move had been advocated by Mr. Belknap for almost twenty years but only incidental sewing classes were previously taught in connection with the work in drawing. The longest teaching career here ended in June, 1913, when Charlotte Cross re- tired. She had been hired in September, 1859. Her -teaching life had been spent entirely in the city school system and covered 54 years. Most of this time Miss Cross was principal of the Junior Depart- ment. VVhen she left, the two depart- ments, Junior and Senior, were combined under one principal. Although a State law of 1880 made it possible for a woman to be elected to the Board of Education, it was not until the Fall of 1913 that a woman aspired to that office. It became a certainty at that time when the only candidates were Mrs. Anna H. Merritt and Mrs. Clara A. Sharp. Mrs. Merritt was successful and continued for nine years. There have been a few occasions in recent years when public school pupils have gone on strike against school authori- ties. These escapades have received wide notoriety in the newspapers. Such a strike occurred in Lockport High School in October of 1913. Although short lived, it was investigated thoroughly by the Board. The teachers upheld Principal Severance and blamed the difficulties en- tirely on the students. The Trustees agreed with this View and issued a warn- ing to students that repetitions would re- sult in suspension. A short time later the Board ordered that all fraternities and sororities of high school students were to be abolished as inimical to the Welfare of the school. For many years thereafter, graduation was dependent upon certification that the pupil was not a member of such an organization. The final significant action of 1913 was the appointment of the Hrst regularly salaried school medical inspector. Dr. Carl A. Blackley was chosen and served for several years. The present Business Oflice of the Lockport Public Schools which handles nearly a million dollars worth of material in Lockport Public Schools and services annually is an outgrowth of action taken early in 1914. At that time Mr. Belknap demonstrated the ineflic- iency ofthe business methods being used. Thenceforth supplies were to be pur- chased in bulk lots on the basis of com- petitive bids. Each school was then re- quired to requisition its supplies for the year in advance. Another question of finance was brought up late in the same year. Trustee J. Frank Smith made a long report in which he pointed out the inequality of the system of districts still in use after almost seventy years. Each of the sepa- rate primary districts was taxed for build- ing and maintenance. Mr. Smith showed that the largest population was frequently in the poorest districts. The area needing the largest buildings was usually the area least able to pay. Specifically, Mr. Smith said that the north side of the city with 6042, of the school population had only 3592, of the taxable property. He added that the system of naming Trustees-at- large sometimes gave this entire area only four of the twelve members of the Board. Although no one attempted to contro- vert Mr. Smith's facts, no action was taken to change the rules and it remained for a new state-wide law passed four years later, to provide relief to people of the North Side. Principal Sevarance left Lockport at the close of the school year in 1914 and was succeeded in September by Edmund M. Evans who came to Lockport from Geneva. During this administration the enrollment in the high school increased enormously. Athletics and music became important activities and the curriculum was expanded almost to its present variety of subjects. During the war years principal Edmund Evans resigned because of poor health. He had served for almost 29 years, the longest tenure of any principal of the high school. l EDMUND M. EVANS The years 1915 through 1917 brought the enlargement of the High School. The present building is the result. Originally confined to provision for more classrooms, the plan was expanded to include the gymnasium and auditorium. The work was done slowly and diliiculties with the contractor resulted in prolonging con- fusion over two years. Final litigation resulting from the disputes was not cleared up for several years. The construction of the gymnasium was due to the recognition of the place of health and physical education in the curriculum. This, together with provision for industrial shop work, took up most of the basement space in the building. To carry on these new branches, the Board chose Albert E. Gay and Edwin A. john- son. A new state law required physical education for all the children and provid- ed financial aid for the industrial work. The old story of congested school con- ditions continued and in 1917 it became necessary to provide additional space to relieve the overcrowding in the Vine Street School. The Enright property on Market Street was rented and a portion ofthe building remodeled for classrooms. One Hundred Years of Education This was known officially as the Edward T. Arnold School, the first school in Lockport to be named for a prominent person in the city and the' only 'school ever to be named for a living person. Mr. Arnold, at the time, was a member of the Board. Two years later the entire build- ing was purchased and used for a school. During World War I pupils were re- leased for farm work, gardens were or- ganized, Liberty Bonds were purchased, children were active in Junior Red Cross work and older boys had military train- ing. Also the greatly increased cost of living brought up the salary question. The Teachers' Association presented a request for adjustment of salaries and the Board investigated the granting of a bonus. No action was taken immediately but later a State Minimum Salary Law was passed. i Another law, called the Finnegan Bill after its author, Education Commissioner Thomas E. Finnegan, was passed by the Legislature late in 1917. Relating to city schools, it had two major provisions. One established Boards of Education of nine members, elected at large, for terms of live years. The other granted tenure to teachers following a probationary period of three years. This act changed the set-up of the Lockport Board of Education for the first time in seventy years. in Lockport Public Schools CHAPTER IX UP TO Now-1918-1947 the Board of Education which resulted from passage of the Finnegan Bill marked the be- ginning of the Modern Period in the Lockport Public Schools. At the same time there appeared an awakened interest in the schools on the part of the people of the city. Realizing that they faced the necessity of replacing almost the entire school plant within the next few years, several of the more active members of the Board endeavored to enlist the aid of ex- perienced business men. The approaching election under the new law became an important topic at the luncheon clubs that year. ln May, 1918, three members of the Board retired in order to reduce the membership to the mandated nine Trustees. In May, 1919, the first election under the new regulations was to take place. The three successful candidates were Charles A. Upson, now the Board Presi- dent and Senior member, Cleland A. Ward and Harry W. Lowell. The election of Mr. Upson was most fortunate for the schools. More than any other person he has taken a continuous interest in the building program and has literally super- intended the planning and construction of every one of our modern school build- ings and Public Library. One would look far to find another city whose schools sur- pass those of Lockport. Working closely with Mr. Upson throughout the period of reconstruction was Superintendent Roy B. Kelley whose direct responsibility for the details of planning, financing and equipping the 'i 'l-IE change in organization of new buildings cannot be exaggerated. To- gether, these two men deserve the thanks and appreciation of every child and parent in the city. lt was in 1918 that the first summer playgrounds were instituted by Physical Director Albert E. Gay. To finance this plan, Mr. Gay organized a public demon- stration of physical education work. This program was repeated and expanded to a yearly recreation project. The work has recently been taken over by the city, but with no visible improvement in results achieved. October, 1918, brought the Hrst in- fluenza epidemic in the city, and schools were closed, along with other public places. Children of that day will recall wearing camphor and asafoetida bags around their necks to ward off contagion. In a warm school room the cure was worse than the disease. In February, 1919, the Board recog- nized the pressing need of new buildings but doubted the willingness of the people to face the cost of the program. To estab- lish interest they asked Superintendent Hartwell of Buffalo to address a meeting of Lockport citizens. To help alleviate the shortage, a request was addressed to the Common Council asking for use of the old Active Hose Company Building on Walnut Street. The Moss property at Walnut and Cottage Streets was rented as an annex to the High Street School, and the entire En- right property on Market Street was pur- chased for the Arnold School. Plans were ordered for enlargement of the High Street School and additional lots One Hundred Yearr of Education were purchased adjoining the Walnut Street School. - Trustee Upson introduced a resolution to forward to the Legislature approval of the pending State Minimum Wage Law increasing teachers salaries and, early in 1920, the Board set up a new salary sched- ule ranging from a minimum of S1070 to a maximum for the High School principal of 553500. r Portable buildings were purchased in 1920 and erected in the more crowded areas. They were in use for many years until the new building program was well under way. The Heacock Building on Chestnut Street was also purchased. A part-time school was instituted in 1920 for pupils who had gone to work before completing their education. This department, as well as the evening school classes, were placed under the direction of Mr. Edward Johnson. A The last of the large gifts to the Natural History Collection was made in 1921 when L. Davison, an internationally known ornithologist, gave his complete collection of mounted birds to the Lock- port Public Schools. Included in this col- lection are two extinct and now very rare specimens, the Passenger Pigeon and the Eskimo Curlew. Superintendent Emmet Belknap began to feel the weight of his years in the early twenties. Thirty-two years of his life had been spent in the Lockport Schools. On August 3, 1921, he submitted his resigna- tion to the Board. In recognition of his able service, the Trustees accepted his resignation but retained him as Super- intendent Emeritus and Superintendent of the Public Library. His regular salary was to be continued. Mr. Belknap died a few months later in early March of 1923. Roy B. Kelley was elected to succeed him and assumed his duties in September, 1921. Almost immediately the building program was begun. Additional land was purchased adjacent to the Clinton and High Street Schools and a few months later lots on West Ave. and East High Street were secured. Rov B. KELLEY 1923 also saw the introduction of a period when pupils were released to attend their respective churches for religious in- struction. At first this arrangement was confined to the children in grades 4 to 7. Today it is general. The courses of study of the various churches have been ap- proved by the State Education Depart- ment and ordinary High School credit is granted. In the spring of 1924, the contracts were let for the reconstruction of the Clinton Street building as the DeWitt Clinton School and for a new elementary division on East High Street to be known as the Emmet Belknap School. The prop- erty on Rogers Avenue was bought in 1925 and, in 1926, the Walnut Street School was enlarged by the addition of four rooms. Nothing further was then done, but in 1929, three more units were undertaken. New buildings were begun to replace the High Street and West Avenue Schools and to be known thereafter as the John Pound and Charlotte Cross Schools. A new elementary building on Rogers Avenue was named the Washington Hunt School. in Lockport Public Schools Although the High School was still badly overcrowded, the extensive building of preceding years and the business de- pression which had begun in 1929 forced a halt in the expansion program. ln 1930 the seventh grade classes were transferred to the new elementary schools. The ninth grade was moved to the Intermediate School buildings. The situation was fur- ther complicated by condemnation of the Old Union. Few incidents of these hectic years'are remembered today. School banks had been authorized in 1925, and elementary teachers of that time will recall acting as tellers, cashiers and bank messengers as they combined the teaching of thrift and arithmetic. One of the remaining links with the early school days was broken in 1927 when the well behind the Old Union School was ordered closed as a health measure. ' Wages and the cost of living had risen considerably by early 1929. The chicken in every pot came just a little nearer for the teachers when a revised salary sched- ule was adopted. It was the first adjust- ment granted during the prosperous twen- ties and the last which they would receive until the recent war boom made another adjustment mandatory. It would be un- fair to the employees of the Lockport Schools not to point out that, during the depression years, they voluntarily re- turned to the City Treasury each year from Sq, to 13.2923 of their annual salaries. Throughout the depression, the Board of Education co-operated with State and Federal Agencies to provide education and work for unemployed persons. ln- dustrial shopwork was taught in evening school under the direction of VVendell T. Applebee, and the playgrounds carried on by Mr. Gay furnished employment for many young people. Further co-operation resulted in direct benefit to the entire city when decision was reached to build the Public Library and later the Junior High Schools with assistance from Federal Funds. The Li- brary and a new High School project were instituted in 1935. This school project was later altered, and enlargement of the Emmet Belknap School and construction of anlelementary and Junior high school in the Hawley Street area was the final program. Federal Aid ,was finally ap- proved, and construction began late in 1938. The two buildings known as Emmet Belknap School and Norh Park School were completed in the early spring of 1940 and were immediately occupied. Both housed the elementary schools through sixth grade and both divided almost equally the pupils of the entire city in grades seven through ten. A declining school population made it possible two years later to return the tenth grade to the High School Building and to secure state approval of the remaining grades as Junior High Schools. Once again the building program was halted. The school plant had been almost completely modernized within the past fifteen years when World War 11 ruled out any immediate prospect of a new high school. Mr. Roy Kelley submitted his resigna- tion in 1940. It was characteristic of Mr. Kelley that he shared the honors at his farewell dinner with the teachers when he presented to each of them a volume of poems written by Agnes Lardner Mack, his most efficient and hard-working secre- tary who retired at the same time. The Board was very careful in selecting a successor to Mr. Kelley. Several candi- dates were investigated and Clare N. Pettit was finally chosen. He came to Lockport in August, 1940. Almost im- mediately there began among the teachers One Hnmired Yeary of Education a feeling of uneasiness which gradually increased until, in 1943, the Board mem- bers felt called on to ask for Mr. Pettit's resignation. There was some dissension within the Board over this move but, fol- lowing a meeting at which various com- plaints were heard and discussed, the ma- jority voted to terminate Mr. Pettit's employment. CLARE N. PETTIT Three of the old Ward Schools were closed with the inauguration of the Junior High School system. The pupils of Haw- ley Street School and the Arnold School on William Street were transferred to the new North Park School. Enlargement of the Elementary Department at Belknap School made it possible to close the Wal- nut Street School in 1943. The Board of Education was responsi- ble for two major activities. A war pro- gram of training unskilled labor for work in factories was instituted in 1942. This was later known as the Defense Training Program. Child Care Centers were also started under the direction of Mrs. Doro- thy Cochran. Young children were cared for while their parents were at work in war production. ' The teachers themselves assisted in the various rationing programs and cheerfully gave many evenings to training and assist- ing in the various branches of the Lock- port War Council. Several were members of the Armed Forces. The enthusiasm of the children was boundless. In sale of War Bonds, collec- tion of books for training camp libraries and in scrap drives they invariably ex- ceeded their quotas. During one War Bond drive the schools were allotted a goal of 350,000 Within a week, sales by pupils and teachers were nearly four times this amount with a total subscription of ,5S194,000. As in the previous war, older boys and girls were released from school during the planting and harvesting sea- sons to assist neighboring farmers. When Superintendent Pettit left in 1943, the Board selected Mr. George E. Jammer of Wellsville, N. Y. Mr. Jammer had not expected the call and could not immediately leave the Wellsville system. However, an arrangement was worked out whereby he could divide his time be- tween the two cities for a few weeks, and he accepted the post in Lockport. The Lockport Schools were most fortunate in securing his services. It would be difficult, indeed, to find anyone more elhcient, more familiar with school problems or more conscientious in his work than the present Superintendent. The planning for a new high school building has not been dropped even though construction is indefinitely post- poned. Preliminary work has been done throughout the war years and, in 1946, land was purchased on the south side of the city. Architects have been chosen and three additional projects have been drawn up. At the present time the Board is prepared to build and equip cafeterias at the Em- met Belknap and North Park Schools and to construct an addition to the Washing- ton Hunt School. Within a few months of its hundredth anniversary, the Old Union School build- in Lockport Public Schools ing was sold by the Board of Education at a public auction. The sale was con- ducted by Board President Charles A. Upon, and the successful bidder was Mayor Fred Ringueberg who purchased the building for the City of Lockport. The sale price was 213,500 which roughly equalled the original cost. The fate of the Old Union is still un- decided. Many suggestions have been made from time to time but none which received general approbation. Most of them have shown little appreciation of the historical worth and unique architec- ture of the old building. Substantial enough to stand the abuse of almost twenty years of idleness and neglect the old walls might well remain another hun- dred years. When one considers that the State maintains a plain wooden cottage in which President Grant spent a few months, it would seem shameful to so neglect a landmark in education, the scene of a successful experiment in de- mocracy and the Alma Mater of thousands of our young children. March 31, 1947, marked the Centennial Anniversary of the establishment of the Lockport Board of Education and the Union School System. As had been done fifty years earlier, the Board passed over its own anniversary in favor of a later commemoration of the hundredth anni- versary of the opening of the Union School. Approval was given to plans which were to be developed in the schools for an Historical Pageant and for exhibits of historical material. The Niagara County Historical Society suggested publication of a centennial history of the Lockport School System and offered to co-operate in its production. This work is the out- growth of that suggestion. One Hnndred Years of Education CHAPTER X MISCELLANY clubs, the literary and dramatic organizations, what of them? Throughout most of our hun- dred years these activities have been en- tirely extra-curricular. Yet this cannot change their close relationship to the schools and the scholars. Since most of the information which makes up this chapter was secured from the various school publications we may well consider these publications first. The Minutes of the Board of Education for September 18, 1894, gave permission to Lewis Tucker and DeForest Porter to publish the Union School Bulletin. The proceeds of the advertising were to go to the printer. The proceeds of sales at five cents per copy would be divided by the two sponsors. The first issue was dated December, 1894. The fifth and last issue was distributed in May. There were eight pages in what is now called Tabloid style. This venture was followed in 1897 by the jnnonalis, a paper-covered book of 120 pages, dedicated to the class of 1897 and reviewing the graduation of the class of 1896. Its publication was directed by Francis X. McCollum and Nicholas W. Muller. The leading article was a history of the Lockport Schools written by James Atwater. Another newspaper which ran through four issues and then assumed pamphlet form was the Union School Courier. Be- gun in March, 1897, its fourth issue is erroneously dated june, 1879, Volume V, No. 2, the last, appeared in December, 1898. athletic teams, the musical Five months later the L.H.S. Crescent made its appearance. Continuing for sev- eral years, it finally gave way in 1908 to the Forum as an annual. This continues today. The new junior High Schools have their own papers. At Emmet Belknap School, the Beacon appears regularly with an en- larged edition in June while North Park students print the monthly Pioneer and the annual Cresset. These smaller and more frequently issued papers have led the High School students to abandon quarterly issues of the Forum in favor of the newsy and more timely Towpath. The first issue of the first Bulletin re- calls that General Winfield Scott visited the Union School in 1852 and that later President Andrew Johnson and Generals Grant, Sherman and Sheridan and Ad- miral Earragutstopped there on a political tour. Here, too, we learn that the student who fell to his death from the Union School window in 1849 was Torrett Rose of Cambria. In another article credit is given Cuth- bert W. Pound for writing and pushing through the Legislature the Compulsory Education Law of 1894 which is the basis of our present State Law. More interesting perhaps is the vague account of the first High School football team. Names are not mentioned nor is the final score, but it would appear that a group of students organized a team and played at DeVeauX College where they lost. Two years later there was a regularly organized squad which played ten games, in Lockport Public Schools winning nine of them and realized gate receipts of 3150. In 1900 Lockport High School defeated schools from Rochester, Albion, Batavia, Tonawanda and Lancaster but lost to North Tonawanda and Central High of Buffalo. Succeeding years follow a similar pat- tern. Games were played regularly with the larger schools of Buffalo, as well as those of smaller towns, and Lockport held her own with them all. More recently, the cities outside Buffalo have formed or- ganized leagues. Baseball followed football by three years. The earliest recorded game in this sport was played in the spring of 1897. A team of students invaded Gasport and won by a score of 11 to 2. Succeeding years show victories over all the familiar neighboring opponents as well as Central and Masten High of Buffalo, Niagara University Reserves, Central High of Detroit and Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. Track and basketball were later organ- ized, and the teams of the early twenties under coaches Gay and lVlclVlann were particularly successful. Those critics who feel that a winning team is of utmost importance would do well to look about the modern schools and consider the enormous benefit to all the pupils of the present gym and athletic program. Intramural sports have assumed an im- portant place. Music has been a part of Lockport's school life from the very beginning. Choral groups, mandolin clubs, orchestras and soloists were organized. Faculty- directed groups have been recognized for about thirty years. These musical clubs have received school credit for attendance at rehearsals. Perhaps their outstanding period came in the late twenties. At that time, the Lockport High School Band, assisted by public-spirited citizens, took part in national competitions at Joliet, Illinois, and Council Bluffs, Iowa. Di- rected by Charles R. Barone, they were awarded prizes in both events and were acknowledged leaders of the entire coun- try. For several years Lockport Orchestra members made up more than half of the entire state's quota in the National School Orchestra conducted by Doctor Joseph Maddy. Since that time there has been less emphasis on competition here in New York State, but Mr. Barone's bands and Mr. Doubleday's orchestras seldom fail to win the applause of the judges in annual exhibitions. The teaching of in- strumentalists in the elementary schools has recently resulted in creditable bands and orchestras. For several years the musical clubs of the High School combined their efforts to produce an annual operetta. Regrettably, this effort has been dropped. At least one participant Went on from these produc- tions to international fame on the screen and in radio. We refer to Warren Hull, heard weekly in the Vox Pop broad- cast. Other activities include the debating teams, whose trophies make up a large part of the display in the High School, the Science Clubs whose members have given demonstrations in other cities and smaller local groups in various extra- curricular fields. We may well close this history of a hundred years with a list of those people whose efforts through those years have made the Lockport Public Schools. One Hundred Years of Education MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION Dayton, Nathan ...... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1848 Kilborne, Horatio. . . Jan. 1868-Dec. 1870 Woods, Jonathan L .... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1847 Jan. 1872-Dec. 1875 Caverno, Sullivan ..... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1851 Hart, William ...... Jan. 1869-Dec. 1870 Spalding, Lyman A .... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1847 McCue, John ......... .... J an. 1870-Dec. 1881 Jan. 1859-Dec. 1861 Jackson, James, Jr. . . july 1870-Dec. 1871 Marks, Silas N .......... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1848 Jan. 1873-Dec. 1881 McMaster, William G Apr. 1847-Dec. 1877 Peterson, Gilbert .... Dec. 1870-Dec. 1871 Works, Samuel ........ ' .... Apr. 1847-Dec. 1847 Benedict, Hiram .... Ian. 1871-Dec. 1873 Colton, Isaac C ...... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1848 Jan. 1880-June 1880 Gardner, Hiram ..... Apr. 1847-May 1847 Hill, Lewis H ..... Jan. 1872-Dec. 1883 Woolcott, John S .... Apr. 1847-Dec. 1849 Clilfordhlohn ..... Ian. 1873-jan. 1873 Jan. 1856-Aug. 1856 King, JamesO .... Jan. 1873-Dec. 1881 Bellah, Joseph T ........ .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1848 Clement, Thomas. . . Jan. 187-1-Dec. 1876 Boardman, Edwin L ..... .... A pr. 1847-Dec. 1847 Woods, David ........ .... J an. 1874-Dec. 1879 Worcester, Dr. Ezra. . . .... May 1847-Dec. 1847 Wright, William S ..... .... J an. 187-l-Dec. 1879 Oct. 1853-Feb. 1855 Harmond, Lewis .... jan. 1875-May 1879 Williams, Charles H. . . .... Jan. 1848-Dec. 1849 Parmelee, Hezekiah. . Jan. 1875-Dec. 1877 Curtinias, L ...... Jan. 1848-Dec. 1849 May 1881-Dec. 1883 Bowen, Levi F .... Jan. 1848-Dec. 1851 Boyce, J. B ,........ Jan. 1877-Dec. 1879 Ingalls, Jonathan .... Jan. 1848-Dec. 1849 Mott, Freeman, H. . . jan. 1877-Dec. 1879 Moss, Abijah ....... Jan. 1848-Dec. 1848 Stahl, ? ........ Jan. 1878-Dec. 1880 Van Sickler, Thomas. . . .... Jan. 1849-Dec. 1849 Buck, John H ..... Jan. 1878-Dec. 1883 Delano, Barney L. . . Jan. 1849-Dec. 1851 Shaw, Coomer B .... june 1879-May 1881 Jan. 1859-Dec. 1861 Compton, James R .... .... J an. 1880-Dec. 1882 Murra , J. T .... jan. 1849-Oct. 1849 Guild, C. S ........... .... J an. 1880-May 1882 May, W ......... Jan. 1849-Nov. 1849 McRae, William ........ .... J an. 1880-Dec. 1882 Wolcott, Anson ....... .... J an. 1849-Feb. 1849 McCollum, S. Wright .... .... J une 1880-Dec. 1885 Germain, GeorgeW .... .... F eb. 1849-Dec. 1851 Jan. 1892-Dec. 1900 Burrell, Myron L ...... .... O ct. 1849-Dec. 1863 Eighme, Frankj .... jan. 1881-Dec. 1883 Gooding, Stephen F .... .... N ov. 1849-june 1853 Hodge, john ...... Jan. 1882-Dec. 1890 Stahl, john, jr ...... Dec. 1849-May 1853 Lewis, Elias G ...... Jan. 1882-Dec. 1887 Van Horn, John. .. Jan. 1850-Dec. 1858 june 1888-Dec. 1890 Mead, Hiram ....... jan. 1850-Dec. 1852 Steel, John W .......... .... J an. 1882-June 1882 Baldwin, Augustus. . . Jan. 1850-Mar. 1850 Whitemore, Charles. . Jan. 1882-Dec. 1890 Morse, Charles A .... jan. 1850-May 1850 Hartwell, John ...... May 1882-Dec. 1882 Jan. 1852-Dec. 1853 Willey, John H. . .i .... .... J une 1882-Dec. 1884 jan. 1860-Nov. 1861 Arnold, John B ......... .... J an. 1883-De-c. 1888 Ballou, Daniel W .... Mar. 1850-Dec. 1852 Gardiner, Cassius M ..... .... J an. 1883-Oct. 1887 Aikin, Peter B .... June 1850-Dec. 1850 Rogers, Edward W .... .... J an. 1883-Dec. 1888 jan. 1852-Dec. 1852 Hawkes, John ........ .... J an. 1884-June 1891 Jan. 1857-Dec. 1859 Trevor, William W .... .... J an. 1884-Dec. 1889 Lewis, Elnathan W ...... .... J an. 1851-Nov. 1851 Walter, Peter D ..... Jan. 1884-Dec. 1886 Webster, Thomas M ..... .... N ov. 1851-Dec. 1853 Cothran, John .... jan. 1884-Apr. 1884 Robbins, Samson ...... .... J an. 1852-Oct. 1853 Gantt, E. W ........ Apr. 1884-Dec. 1889 Pettibone, Stoughton ,... .... J an. 1852-Apr. 1853 McKim, Daniel ..... Jan. 1885-Mar. 1895 Gaskill, H. A ......... .... J an. 1853-July 1855 Graham, C. H .... Jan. 1886-Dec. 1891 Craine, John ....,... Jan. 1853-Dec. 1858 Merritt, John A ..... Jan. 1887-June 1897 jan. 1860-Dec. 1865 Richmond, YVilliam.. Nov. 1887-Dec. 1888 March, Isaac, jr .... Jan. 1853-Dec. 1864 Jan. 1890-Feb. 1895 Daniels, VVilliam P .... .... M ay 1853-Dec. 1859 Tothill, Robert ..... jan. 1888-June 1888 Edwards, John R .... May 1853-Dec. 1861 Gritman, William ..... .... -I an. 1889-Dec. 1891 Atwood, Israelj .... june 1853-Dec. 1854 Williams, William A ..... .... -I an. 1889-Dec. 1891 Scovell, Hezekiah .... Jan, 1854-July 1855 Chapman, Harrison S jan. 1889-Dec. 1902 Bowen, George W ..... ..., I an. 1854-Nov. 1854 Kittenger, Martin S ..... .,.. .I an. 1890-Dec. 1898 Jan. 1874-Dec. 1876 Ransom, Willard .... jan. 1891-Dec. 1896 Wright, Samuel ....... .... N ov. 1854-July 1870 Turner, Joseph W., Jr. . . .... Jan. 1891-Apr. 1893 Hildreth, George W .... .... D ec. 1854-Dec. 1866 jan. 1900-Nov. 1903 jan. 1870-Dec. 1872 Jan. 1908-Nov. 1911 Holt, E. A ........... .... F eb. 1855-Dec. 1860 Weaver, Frank P .... Jan. 1891-Dec. 1899 Ford, William R ........ .... J uly 1855-Dec. 1855 Morgan, Alfred ..... june 1891-Dec. 1893 Aug. 1856-Dec. 1873 Beck, Edward ...... Jan. 1892-Dec. 1897 Van Valkenburgh, Dan .... .... J uly 1855fDec. 1856 Pound, John E ........ .... J an. 1892-Apr. 1904 Penlield, H. S ........... .... J an. 1861-Dec. 1863 McParlin, Peter H. . . vlan. 1893-Mar. 1899 Walter, P. D ......... .... N ov. 1861-Dec. 1862 Furse, John M ...... May 1893-Oct. 1893 Edwards, S. N .... Dec. 1861-Dec. 1866 Henderson, William. . Oct. 1893-Dec. 1896 Buck, John L ....... jan. 1862-Dec. 1873 Darrison, John T .... Feb. 1895-Dec. 1898 Rogers, N. B ......... .... J an. 1862-Dec. 1864 Apr. 1904-Dec. 1909 Moody, Elisha .......... .... I an. 1863-Dec. 1865 Cosford, T. B ..... Apr. 1895-Dec. 1896 Palmer, Cornelius G ..... .... J an. 1864-Dec. 1866 Gath, George. 1 . Jan. 1897-Dec. 1899 Thompson, Alexander.. .... Jan. 1864-Dec. 1869 Jan. 1903-Dec. 1905 Jan. 1873-Dec. 1875 Connelly, James .... Jan. 1897-Dec. 1899 Ferguson, A. R ....... .... J an. 1865-Dec. 1867 Peterson, Jesse .... Jan. 1897-Dec. 1899 Moore, Nathaniel E. . Jan. 1865-Jan. 1874 Bradley, Artemas. . . June 1897-Dec. 1907 Richardson, Mortimer .... .... J an. 1866-Dec. 1875 Earl, John R ....... jan. 1898-Dec. 1912 Sult, Stephens ..... .... .... I a n. 1866-Dec. 1868 Dempsey, S. Wallace. Jan. 1899-Dec. 1901 Atwater, james ..... gan. 1867-Dec. 1872 Millar, David ....... Jan. 1899-Dec. 1901 an. 1877-Dec. 1879 Decrow, David A .... Apr. 1899-May 1904 Avery, Edgar ....... Jan. 1867-Dec. 1869 Liddle, James S ..... Jan. 1900-Dec. 1909 Mansfield, Alonzoj. . Jan. 1867-Dec. 1872 Witbeck, Howard ..... -Ian. 1900-Jan. 1905 in L0 Harwood, Lyman .... Feeley, Thomas T. . . Oliver, Fred R ....,. Hulsholli,-Henry C. . . Gardner, Amos ........ .... Stockwell, Homer S. . Silleslcy, Daniel R. . . Smith, Fred J ....... Caton, William S .... Arnold, Edward ..... Federspiel, Mortimer. Clark, Alexander .... Moody, Edward .... Finn, John ......... Feree, Eugene ......... .... Whitmore. Hulbert C ..... .... Noonan, Martin ....... . . . . Rignel, James O ..... Moran, William J ...... ..... Grigg, Burt H ...... Shearston, William R ..... .... Heacock, William A .... .... Smith, J. Frank ..... Peterson, Dudley. . Gaul, Melcher ...... Merritt, Mrs. Anna H .... .... Leake, Walter J ..... Few, Harry S ....... Moore, Donald S .... Lewis, George C ....... .... Zimmer, Charles N. . Southard, George M. ckporz' Public Schools Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. May Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. Oct. Nov. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Oct. Jan. Jan. Jan. June Jan. Oct. Feb. Jan. Jan. OFFI PRESIDENTS Sullivan Caverno ................... William McMaster ................. Stoughton Pettibone. . . . . . John Van Horn .... Barney L. Delano. . Myron L. Burrell ..... .... John L. Buck ...... Cornelius Palmer. . . John L. Buck ...... Samuel Wright ...,. James Atwater ....... .... James Jackson, Jr .... .... John Hodge ......... .... John A. Merritt ........ .... Harrison S. Chapman... .... John E. Pound ....... .... Artemas Bradley ..... .... John T. Darnson ..... ..... John R. Earl ....... Fred R. Oliver .... Eugene Ferree ..... Hulbert Whitmore. . George C. Lewis ..... Harry VV. Lowell ....... .... George M. Southard ................ Charles A. Upson .................. SECRETARIES Jos-eph T. Bellah .................... Abijah Moss .....................,. J. T. Murray ...... Myron L. Burrell ..... ..... George Germain ..... .... Myron L. Burrell ..... .... Samson Robbins ..... ..... Hezekiah Scovell ..... .... E.A.1-lolt........ Samuel Wright ..... J-ixmes Atwater ..... oratio Kilborne. . . Nathaniel Moore. John McCue. . .. . Lewis H. Hill. . . . Apr. Apr. Jan. Apr. Jan. Jan. Jan. Aug. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Apr. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. May May May May Apr. Jan. oilif June Jan. Sept. Jan. ... . .July Jan Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1900-Dec. 1902 1901-Sept. 1911 1902-Dec. 1913 1902-Dec. 1907 1903-Dec. 1908 1904-Dec. 1905 1904-Dec. 1907 1905-Dec. 1905 1906-Sept. 1908 1906-June 1934 1906-Ilec. 1914 1908-Oct. 1913 1908-Dec. 1913 1908-Dec. 1911 1904-Jan. 1917 1910-May 1919 1911 May 1923 1911-Dec. 1913 1912-bday 1918 1912-Dec. 1912 1913-June 1914 1913-IJct. 1915 1913-Dec. 1916 1914-Feb. 1916 1914-Dec. 1916 1914-Apr. 1923 1914-May 1919 1915-May 1918 1915-bday 1919 1916-May 1920 1917-May 1920 1917-Dec. 19-16 1847-Apr.1850 1850-Dee. 1852 1853-Apr. 1853 1853-Dec. 1858 1859-Dec. 1861 1862-Dec. 1863 1864-Aug. 1866 1866-Dec. 1866 1867-Dec. 1867 1868-Dec. 1869 1870-Dec. 1872 1873-Dec. 1881 1882-Ilec. 1890 1891-Dec. 1895 1896-Dec. 1897 1898-Apr. 1904 1904-Dee. 1906 1907-Dec. 1909 1910-Dec. 1912 1913-Dec. 1913 1914-Dec. 1916 1917-May 1919 1919-bday 1920 1920-bday 1923 1923-May 1946 1946- 1847-Dec. 1847 1848-I3ec. 1848 1849-fJct. 1849 1849-June 1850 1850-Jan. 1851 1851-Sept. 1852 1852-Oct. 1853 1854-July 1855 1855-Dec. 1860 1861-Dec. 1866 1867-Dec. 1868 1869-Dec. 1870 1871-Dec. 1872 1873-Dec. 1873 1874-July 1876 Farley, Roy ......... Jan. 1917-May Ward, Cleland A ..... May 1919-Jan. Upson, Charles A ...... ..... M ay 1919- Lowell, Harry W ......... ..... M ay 1919-May Morrill, Howard ........... ..... M ay 1920-Dec. Carson, Mrs. Elizabeth ..... ..... M ay 1920-May Oliver, Mrs. Irene L ...... ..... J an. 1923-June Collins, Mathew L ..... ..... M ay 1923-May Bewley, George ...... May 1924-May Crosby, Frank A ..... May 1925-May Roberts, Irving T .... May 1925-Feb. Rignel, Roy ......... June 1928-Oct. Volschow, Joseph H .... ..... J an. 1929-Feb. Patterson, Douglas R ..... ..... F eb. 1929-Dec. Baysor, Chester .... . . . . ..... Jan. 1930-May McCarthy, Thomas. . . May 1931-Mar. Muller, Alexis V ....... ..... J une 1934- Fallon, John F ........... ..... A pr. 1935-May Merriman, William G ..... ...... M ay 1935-May Seekins, Milton L ...... ..... M ay 1935- Cramer, Harley U .... May 1935-Oct. Betsch, Joseph C ....... ...... M ay 1936-Jan. Whitney, Douglas B .... ..... M ay 1937-May Harris, Grace P ...... Mar. 1939-Oct. Andrews, J. Wesley ..... ...... J an. 19-1-0- Stephanski, Robert ..... ..... M ay 1942-May Archibald, Richard. .... ..... O ct. 1943- Kaiser, Charles A .... Oct. 1943- Shaelfer, Frank .... Oct. 1943- Harrer, George ..... Jan. 1947- Klock, Mrs. James ....... ...... M ay 1947- F THE BOARD William S. Wright ........ ...... J uly 1876-Dec. Lewis Harmond ...... Jan. 1877-Dee. Freeman H. Mott .... Jan. 1879-Dec. James R. Compton. . . Jan. 1880-Dec. Charles Whitmore .... Jan. 1883-Dec. William A. Williams .... ...... J an. 1891-Dec. Frank P. Weaver ..... Jan. 1892-Dec. Martin S. Kittenger .... ..... J an. 1898-Dec. S. Wright McCollum. . Jan. 1899-Dec. John R. Earl .......... ...... J an. 1900-Dec. Fred R. Oliver ....... Jan. 1910-Dec. William Moran. . Jan. 1913-Dec. Hulbert C. Whitmore. Jan. 1916-Dec. George M. Southard .... ..... J an. 1917-May Howard Morrill ...... May 1922-Dec. Mrs. Elizabeth Carson Jan. 1923-May Mathew L. Collins. . . May 1931-May Milton L. Seekins ................... May 1937- SUPERINTENDENTS Myron L. Burrell ................... Mar. 1850-Apr. George W. Germain ................. Apr. 1850-Jan. Myron L. Burrell .... Jan. 1851-Apr. Samson Robbins ..... Apr. 1852-Oct. Hezekiah Scovell ..... Oct. 1853-Mar. James Atwater ..... Mar. 1854-Sept. James Ferguson .... Sept. 1865-Sept. M. J. Keeler ....... Sept. 1875-Sept. Arthur A. Skinner .... Sept. 1876-Sept. George Giiflith ..... Sept. 1883-Sept. Charles Wasson .... Sept. 1886-Sept. Emmet Belknap ..... Sept. 1889-Aug. Roy B. Kelley ......, Sept. 1921-Aug. Clare N. Pettit .... Aug. 1940-Aug. George F. Jammer .................. Sept. 19-1-3- PRINCIPALS-LCOKPORT UNION SCHOOL Frederick L. Lord .................., July 18-1-8-Nov. Nathan Brittan .... Dec. 1851-Sept. Moses Fitts ......... Sept. 1853-Oct. William P. Eaton ...... ...... O ct. 185-1-Mar. Edwin A. Charlton ....... ...... A pr. 1857-Feb. Benjamin M. Reynolds. . . .... Mar. 1861-Aug. Asher B. Evans ...... Sept. 1866-Aug. 1918 1929 1925 1922 1931 1928 1937 1925 1935 1929 1943 1939 1929 1935 1935 1935 1936 1943 1940 1942 1943 1947 1876 1878 1879 1882 1890 1891 1897 1898 1899 1909 1912 1915 1916 1922 1922 1931 1937 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1865 1875 1875 1883 1886 1889 1921 1940 1943 1851 1853 1854 1857 1861 1866 1891 I I I V 3 i a 60 X .gllfflff ' 1 'os,15aw3.v. - . 351912 we as His bi uw fi W M 155551 - ,Q ,,lfM,w?m WW if 61 One Hundred Years of Education THE STORY OF THE LOCKPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY ELIZABETH HESSER, Librarian Charles Dickens came through Lockport on the packet boat, Mayfly, Niagara bound. Tyrone Power, the Irish actor 'and great-grand- father of the present movie star, had just finished a Shakespearian season in Buf- falo, and he, too, only a short time before, had dropped the cascade of the locks, New York bound via packet. Harriet Beecher Stowe came along in 1841, as she later reported in Godeyfv Ladylv Book. Up to that time, there was not a single library on the Niagara Frontier save at Niagara- on-the-Lake, Ontario, where a public movement brought a small collection of books together in 1808. While we customarily look to the year 1893, when the Lockport Public Library received its charter from the Board of Regents, as the creation of a true pub- lic library in Lockport, this step only marked a new period in the Library's history. In fact, the school districts of Lockport took advantage of the first legislation, passed in 1835, to establish public circulating libraries as a function of the public schools. Although the law restricted the tax levy to twenty dollars the first year and ten dollars each suc- ceeding year, nevertheless the movement gave recognition to the desirability of making books available to all the people and acknowledged public libraries as educational institutions. A few years later, the special legislative act of 1847, which established the Union T all happened about the time School District of Lockport, provided for the consolidation of the seven district libraries, and called for a suitable room in the Union School building under the charge of a librarian. One of the first acts of the newly or- ganized Board of Education was to ap- point Committee No. 2, on Library and Apparatus, with Isaac C. Coulton, Wil- liam G. McMaster, and John S. Woolcott as the Hrst members. To them fell the responsibility for collecting the books from the district libraries, selecting such and so many as they may deem advisable to retain in the Consolidated Library, and to recommend to this Board such measures as they may deem advisable for the regulation of said library. By July of the same year, Henry Shaft had been appointed Librarian, and rules reflecting the strictness characteristic of the day had been adopted. Only responsible inhabitants of the District, for example, were allowed to borrow books. Penalties for damage to books were stern, and delinquency was penalized at the rate of six cents a day. Copies of these rules are still to be found in a few of the old volumes which were later transferred to the Lockport Public Library. The Board resolved to publish in the village papers a call for the return of overdue books borrowed from the school libraries and to commence prosecution within one month thereafter. Another task of the Committee on Library was the printing of a catalogue in Lockport Public Schools of the books in the Library with the in- struction that H400 copies thereof be dis- tributed by said committee in such mode and manner as they may deem best calcu- lated to give general information of the contents- and character of the library. The Committee was also authorized in September to give proper notice and let out the books. Open on Saturdays only, the Library began to operate with 2500 volumes on its shelves, and, until the completion of the Union School building, appears to have occupied a room rented from Chauncey Leonard. Once the organization of the new Library was completed, it is mentioned only occasionally in the records of the Board of Education. Quotations from the annual report to the State Board of Regents reveal little of the interest of the people in borrowing books. The reports show rather a conscientious concern for giving an accurate appraisal of the num- ber and condition of the volumes on the shelves. The responsibility for the administra- tion of the Library shifted from time to time. For a few years a Librarian was in charge, but in 1852 the title of Librarian was combined with that of Superintendent of Schools, with an assistant in charge on the days when the Library was open. By 1868, the school building was be- coming so crowded that the one room which served as Library and Superin- tendent's ofiice was needed for a class room. A new room was rented from VV. Babcock in the new block on the North side of Main Street between Market and Elm Streetsf, This room housed the Library and Superi-ntendent's ofiice until 1882, when rooms were secured from M. S. Kittinger at 97 Main Street in the Com- mercial Block. The third fioor location of these rooms must have tested the desire of the residents to borrow books. How- ever, with the completion of the new Union School on East Avenue in 1891, the Library was given first floor space which it occupied until its own building was completed in 1937. It may have been because of the com- parative success of the school district libraries that New York lagged slightly behind some other states in authorizing free public libraries apart from the schools. However, in 1892 an act was passed in the Legislature providing that school libraries should no longer circulate books to the public, but that the school authorities might appoint trustees who would be in- corporated under the Board of Regents, and might transfer to them any library property to aid in the establishment of a public library provided it be free to the people of the city or district. The Board of Education promptly adopted a resolution prepared by john E. Pound, which expressed the belief that the best interests of the public demanded that Lockportis Library continue as a free circulating library. Three trustees-John A. Merritt, William Richmond, and Har- rison S. Chapman-were appointed, and application was immediately made to the Board of Regents, setting forth the books and equipment which were to be trans- ferred and the money available for the support of a library. The inventory showed 4,000 books in good order for pub- lic use and 300 in need of repair, together with 500 pamphlets and magazines. The furniture was valued at 5515.00 In addi- tion to the 8117.70 then in the treasury, the application stated that the Board of Education was prepared to appropriate S200 for library supprot. A charter, dated February 9, 1893, in- corporated the Trustees and their suc- cessors in ofiice under the corporate name of Lockport Public Library, their suc- cessors to be elected one each year for a One Hundred Yeorr of Education period of three years by the Board of Education. Thus a close connection with the Board of Education has always been maintained, and it is that body which has made appropriation from the city's school tax for the Library's support. S. Curt Lewis was elected as the first Treasurer by the Trustees and Emmet Belknap as Clerk. For years the Super- intendent of Schools, who was also the Clerk of the Board,', was in administra- tive charge of the Library, with an assist- ant in charge of the circulation of books. Following an advertisement in the Lock- port journal, Miss Harriet Van Horn was elected as the Hrst Assistant Librarian at a salary of 815.00 a month. Occasional requests from the Library Trustees to the Board of Education for S100 or 8200 to meet current expenses suggests little definite provision for the continued support of this infant institu- tion until 1897, when a total of S600 was requested for the year. For many years the Library's activities are reflected only in a general way in the records of the Board of Trustees. Restric- tion rather than privilege still tended to prevail in the rules. The Trustees, for instance, approved the action of the Librarian in having allowed only two books to a family, but felt that this might well be modified to allow one for each adult in the family. No one was yet per- mitted to draw a book more than once a Week, except upon permission of the Trustees. However, by the turn of the century, restrictions were being relaxed here as elsewhere, and with a constantly growing book collection, increasing hours and staff, the circulation mounted from 20,000 in 1900 to 36,000 in 1910. To the Library's collection was added in 1893 the Evans Memorial Library, founded by the pupils and friends of the late Asher B. Evans, Principal of the Lockport Union School from 1866 to 1891. Nearly 200 volumes, including some important reference works, were thus made available to the public. For many years the public continued to enjoy the printed catalogue of books. Three thousand copies were issued in 1893, and the frequent mention of the proceeds from their sale bears witness to their popularity. Special attention to work with children came in 1919, when Mrs. Anna H. Merritt of the Board of Trustees suggested a Story Hour on Saturday morning, and the Superintendent decided that this might be undertaken with the help of a few teachers. Later, under the direction of a Children's Librarian, this was to become a regular feature and a high point in the week for the very young patrons. Great credit is due the first Librarians, Miss Harriet Van Horn and Miss Carrie E. Gates, who contributed much to the development of the Library at a time when both equipment and support were so limited. Through all these years the Library continued in its old location-two front rooms in the High School building-to which was finally added some storage space in the basement. Until 1930, even this limited space was shared with the school library. ' In 1919, the first regular full-time Li- brarian, Miss Claire N. Atwater, was ap- pointed. She began important reorganiza- tion of the book collection, clearing the shelves of much old, unused material, and bringing the books in current demand to more accessible shelves. This work was carried further by her successor, Miss Helene M. Prudden, who became Librari- an in 1924. With the assistance of Charles A. Upson, President of the Board of Trustees, Miss Prudden also planned re- in Lockport Public Schools' arrangement of the service desk and read- ing tables to make the best possible use of the available space. Even with these improvements it was in crowded quarters that the Library faced the peak demands of the depression years. Unemployed men and women bor- rowed unprecedented numbers of books and filled the reading room to capacity. These demands brought the circulation of books to 163,000 in 1934, while this Library shared with others throughout the nation the irony of a reduced income. The long-felt need for a separate build- ing for the Library naturally became more acute during these years. Two generous bequests gave impetus to the Trustees' desires to plan an adequate building. Mrs. Elvira Z. Wheeler, who died in 1924, had provided in her will a sum to be used in the construction and furnishing of a library building. In 1933, through the will of Mrs. Ann M. Sawyer, her residence and lot on East Avenue near Elm Street became the property of the Trustees to be used for a free public library. The two reading rooms in the present building were named for these esteemed women whose gifts made the structure possible. - Therefore the Board of Trustees decid- ed in 1933 to employ an architect and be ready to proceed with building plans at the earliest possible date. When the gov- ernment offered to contribute up to 452, of the total cost of such projects under the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, the Trustees sought to qualify the Library for aid. This, com- bined with the cash available from the Wheeler Fund, would leave a balance of only about 518,000 to be raised by the city.Though often confronted with opposi- tion in the city, the Trustees were able to secure the necessary amounts, and on July 1, 1937, the beautiful new building valued at S140,000 was dedicated in impressive outdoor ceremonies. Hundreds of interested citizens were gathered before the new Library in East Avenue when the architects, Karl and William Schmill Cwith whom our local architect, J. Markley Tully, had worked as associatej presented the keys to Presi- dent Charles A. Upson. Superintendent of Schools Roy B. Kelley led the audience in a dedicatory service. Others participat- ing in the program were Mayor Allan A. Van de Mark, Edward A. Anderberg of the Public Works Administration, John Adams Lowe, Director of the Rochester Public Library, George C. Lewis, Rev. Stephen A. Palmer and Rev. Michael Campbell. Serving with Mr. Upson, who devoted countless hours to the designing of the building, were Trustees Matthew A. Col- lins, Harry W. Lowell, and Alexis V. Muller, Sr., all of whom gave generously of their time and interest during this period. Mr. Muller had taken the place of Mr. Lowell on the Board in 1935. They were also greatly assisted by Superin- tendent of Schools Roy B. Kelley and Miss Helene M. Prudden, Librarian. In this carefully planned and beautiful- ly furnished building, which many have called one of the finest public buildings in Western New York, the Lockport Public Library entered upon a new era in its service to the people of the city. Greater facilities made it possible for the still limited staff to carry out long awaited programs for improvement. Civic groups, service clubs, and parent-teacher as- sociations were visited by staff members, or held meetings in the Library's audi- torium and were shown through the build- ing to become acquainted with its re- sources. The beautiful children's room and attractive section for teen age young people made possible expanded special projects for stimulating and guiding the One Hundred Years of Education reading of these important ages. A special Historical Section devoted to books, maps, and papers relating to Lock- port and Western New York is constantly growing in value for those concerned with research on the early history of this lo- cality. The income from a recent anony- mous gift will help to enrich this collection. Other gifts through the years have eX- pressed the interest of public spirited citizens in making the Library of greater value to the people. ln 1898, when the Library was scarcely five years old, pro- vision was made through the will of Roger W. Keep for the continuous enrich- ment of its book collection through the establishment of a trust fund of 810,000 With a foresight equal to his generosity, Mr. Keep specified that the income from the fund be used to purchase books so far as possible of permanent interest and value. The book plate which marks each book purchased with these funds was, very fittingly, adapted from one which Mr. Keep had used in his own books. The Wright Memorial Fund, created in 1937 through the will of Mrs. Dora W. Dickerson in memory of the Wright family, is another generous gift. While the original sum must be kept intact by the Trustees, the income may be used for such purposes as they consider suitable. In addition to these special gifts, many volumes have come into the Library through the years from those who wish to share in its development and usefulness. The entire city benefits from the gifts of these thoughtful citizens. The war years soon brought new chal- lenges to a staff. ever alert to changing needs. As manufacturing plants turned to the production of Wartime products, and patriotic citizens took up new jobs, many turned to the Library's hastily enlarged collection of technical material. New books and pamphlets were added con- stantly to keep the Library's war informa- tion center up-to-date and to help people keep abreast of current topics or guide their thinking on post-War problems. As was the common lot of public services, the Library .carried through these addi- tional duties while operating with a re- duced staff. Miss Helene M. Prudden retired in 1945 after administering the Library's affairs devotedly and efficiently through the de- pression and war years. She was succeeded by Miss Elizabeth Hesser, who came to Lockport just as the Library once again adjusted its services to the post-war needs of the people of Lockport and the return- ing service men. As important as is the stimulation of the reading of good books, of almost greater significance is the constantly in- creasing number of reference questions which are answered by the staff-ques- tions which come primarily from business men and students but also from people seeking information on any subject of interest to them. The opening of a small branch library in the DeWitt Clinton School early in 1947 marked a new step in making good books available to boys and girls. So enthusiastically was this project accepted that nearly 400 books have been borrowed regularly on the one day a week when the Children's Librarian visits the school to circulate books. The achievements and progress of the century are due in large part to the de- votion of the outstanding citizens of Lockport Who, as Trustees, have given generously of their time Without remuner- ation. In carrying out their plans they have constantly had the co-operation and support of enthusiastic and capable li- brarians and assistants. Over a century ago General john A. Dix, Secretary of'State for New York, ex- in Lockport Public Schools pressed the belief that the power to levy taxes for the purchase of libraries for the use of the school districts might become a most efiicient instrument in dillfusing useful knowledge and in elevating the in- tellectual character of the peoplef' It is with this conviction that the Lockport Public Library has served the people of the community in the past and plans for greater service in the years ahead. TRUSTEES OF THE LOCKPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY John A. Merritt ...................,............. 1893-97 CPresident, 1893-945 William Richmond ..................... ..... 1 893-95 CPresident, 1894-955 Harrison S. Chapman ......,............ ..... I 893-97 John E. Pound .....,..........,,......... ..... 1 895-98 lPresident, 1895-985 Frank P. Weaver .............................. 1897-1900 fPresident, 1898-19005 john T. Darrison ............................, 1897-1900 John R. Earl ................................. 1898-1913 fPresident, 1900-135 D. Augustus Decrow ..... ...., 1 900-O4 Howard M. Witbeck ......,, ........ ..... 1 900-0 6 Daniel R. Sillesky ...................... ..... 1 904-08 Fred R. Oliver ........................... ..... 1 906-15 CPresident, 1913-155 James S. Liddle ........................ ...., 1 908-11 Amos H. Gardner ..................... . ..... 1911-12 Eugene H. Ferree ........................ ..... 1 912-17 CPresident, 1916-175 James O. Rignel ................................ 1913-16 CPresidenr, 1915-165 J. Frank Smith .......................... ..... 1 915-18 Donald S. Moore ................................ 1916-19 CPresident, 1917-195 George C. Lewis ....................... ..... 1 917-20 Mrs. Anna H. Merritt .................... ..... 1 918-34 Charles A. Upson ............................... 1919- fPresident, 1919- 5 Harry W. Lowell ......................... ..... 1 920-35 Matthew A. Collins .................... ..... 1 93-1- Alexis V. Muller. .... .,... 1 935- LIBRARIANS OF THE LOCKPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY Harriet Van Horn ............................. 1893-1902 Carrie F. Gates .... ..... 1 902-19 Claire N. Atwater .... ..... 1 919-23 Helene M. Prudden. . ..... 1924-45 Elizabeth Hesser. . . ..... 1945- One EI i undred Yea o uf Y 'Nts A 'A' V 'sw ouueu L 1.-1 V a url. um ' ,,.Av 1 , :ov , ww' ,nl ' ov' ' .I nov bL.nl 10 9 of- 't rs of Education 1915! K' 1 'N Q- 5 'e ,,... fi ,L x la oewiacfxn Sumo Tn Egglxfff' 91013 fx,-5 2 - 2- -.. Q, K r N F an M nu W o so makmglgersaw h t 0 90 Wausau 'wtweu x. 'G ws' 'D C t. of B G wmdvgo-,'gsY?'xQ1qg TX? 1ev5 ' 1. 5 tb' ' 119 11 t Y arf' mv tw' v 5 t is dan! dai 51: 'I 55 105 to on m lu t 5 91959513 19 omg! wana! 9 me B r xc 'eco PAS!-'Du O 1 e occasion A of ci o 0 flea xx 8 B5 at c 5 ' wr ,gs 0 coo, c is u To so 1:0 5 0 G cKPotth5S uct 15 ' Osho Basra ur-:rdf 'weakens icuii-,Gigi n e e unc 5109 A as Su 9 9 aD se eel! an 0 Mario? Vcaigis v ffiixtoit ui' cal Sum 5 0538 BT o 5 31131 G ceeirn-at Yao son ar 59619 Y G ev-vo' o sf P Sivan lust: ccrb if no of 0 hav: the onthe Aemo s gs 'wma '5,ti1-'asses fm f test-:af-0 iowa G so xg! dc up , mrbvil L .nt nm ' duff Fm - -'i .. 'F 'i f gs p ig . ue' in s ana 19 raw ci-'A' and G cling' 'O 919: 1 t uisf-OW 0 8 1. H96 1961 omvgtin mei' 0 Y a Spanx BT 1, o U' A 5 sirrhif-5 ' to B pg-ova gave la ts us! Womb :mort ha' Q U 95 5,858 X' qommwx me ,ga 5 schog al-095 ice? 6 Y to wo' as sa' d we no of 9:9 to nom th wget ' the 9 ew 5 shady!! gi ,, we eh W-tat11- ' 0 an on rw' 5' ww qui W C -L 0 1.110 V' I D r.f-'nd 'mos' who 8 tw' at center of Young ive:-P13242 eg'-.ai 'on gl 9213? 5 are To aiiiilfe .wg mica 1595 sis of site m ,B s0'd,f,1s15 i' O cw! foanfwi ,Saves 'kgimw rows 2-oi. 1 'o 1 adams '3 'i:i:v a ch nfs 1913 111 sub A 90 I 1, 111 eu I 9 ABT f Q69 11 Q uh 1, 0 5 510 m0 0 vow 51 Assault 8 ,owduive 'cb u 1656251 Atal io, oi S to uri: B gf 0 -as so-f-1' 'P u05' Q- up X vinci' 1 svn - ui 'ml' r L 1 . 1 T--IK' M ill 'ACK 5,11 ' ' 'T ss-3 ,Kr f-- Q 1 1 . i -'vi ,EIIl'll1i 1- l gg' . 1 n - - II IF un 1 u 'iv' I r , I . 'P 1 I I . ' ' . 1 , '- - YU ol l e -r Yr 1 , I U J' :I I. T ' 1: 'xx ' r an 3 'Qin--w ,gf ' B RM' ax X85 5599! 'fb I ,J E 'H W1 1 gh ' Xl , -u v: Q 1 ug bo an resign toigxggrr' I 1 Y gf and be 6 ui W usov nhl' 'ec A Y no 'I A im ' S Sq-,ai9' dw E B A ' 15 So at 'Q we Q f' 'X re 1. 'mls B dir 00 o f Ba we 1 1 A sw 1 '21 ts- 1 H Bo, Nm' 'D 5 es- xb D9 ar 0 Bejknst in T' K io own u ei sf 'sn 0 T ,ln n-il' . me gn an 659: c 9 ye iti- T- S e 5 ,. ss SV 0 yt 9 1 1 1 I 31 r r 1,1 0 ly Y P RGB 8 , . - x wa' 1 9 an 0 li chi H. YW - ur s ' tn ' it U5 . . - S STATE OF N :vi Yomm Extcuflvs CHAMBER Tuonas E.U:l:v Govuao ALBANV a January 29, 194-8 Mr. Ralph L. Shattuck Principal, Emmet Belknap School Lockport, New York Dear Mr. Shattuck: Freedom is an indivisible word. If We want to enjoy it, and fight for it, We must prepare to extend it to everyone, whether they are rich or poor, whether they agree with us or not, no matter what their race or the color skin. of their WENDELL L. WILKIE 68 I am happy indeed to send warm greetings to the people of Lockport and particularly to Lockport's teachers and their pupils on the important occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the City's educational system. This is a dat for heart e well worth celebrating and calli y congratulations. An enviable distinction attaches to Lockport, since the first Union School in opened there a hundred years ago has been essentlall Industrial DB our State was . The intervening time y one of progress in every field. ly and commercially, Lockport is a vital unit in the Niagara Frontier which, by its colossal production of war supplies, contributed so notably to victory in the last war. None can doubt that this achievement was made possible by the high level ot' intelligence in the City, a level brought about by the fine standards of the L schools. It is the accomplishment of generation of high-minded by the appreciat clti ockport generation after and devoted educators, supported lon and understanding of generations of zens. May the progress of the Lockport schools increase in the decades to come as it did in the century past. With kind regards and best wishes, Sincerely yours, TBDzHS W I in Mkporf Public S V Choo!! Them' Ylde diff - t usnon jggtseducation of lfuculture, and we and lib manify f ' . ert OI' Igdlspensable to ytlinddpeace are an . C ' - Whicslld CO1'lSt1tute a Sa lgnlty. of in all the nations cred duty 2 s i ' must and Cigteof mututal assisfglml rn,.. nc Conntiguti Prfanzblg t e Edu . on ofthe Unit d 0 the tu Eatwnal, Scienizf 6 Nationf fa - C Ofgdmzazion. and Cul. NAYID N.,- n z nun 1, .N -am ii:'l:A.,'uN qu' Du 1-,NY ,ss , u ,ut ununo ty' N N ' ' W.. hu' 'r,.,: .mNn 'u:'7'D sn one ' D. ' Y: ,, - mm wi-'qs S la g B' L. shag out rye, UXDQ 'Lua I 0 mu hx-tp Nos 331:15 :ish 133-nc1palber 24. 1947 em-A. I B . Shattuck. taumqu lo liuqine C1991-g z 21 of r Pr he 8133? 4553: fl!-:fares t no im., f::.,,,'S::1,,h e Oql nfs the cent 'mil 'Ulu 'Y d an Uri 9 eq .ary The Nags the 5:33917 'glczfieju gh. S Prof: New 101131 oo y,u,YUu hqprllie utah M. ll s of th mi'-'Ca 8' 7' no 011 NUI uh:- e um do ,ln ana,-ng You osx., Ass pqum gong: the 01' tb 'lon m fu1,,:'?91s,:1 Your chu, On- S1 Gael oz-g,umJor cha oc mn, Megan N G The Zn hr F1 Q1 0 all ha 3 C-rffjlfsufhjff r.,,md Bama' rn. as-my 911951, Drs clog 7615 Des, s 01' Gly .Pm ed ans N unkedwe or gif: goth. 'I th t s na em, n. Mena im. 1 s ldillt D sogiqti in W bringing 9' Y ark St it 5111111-, Stat 'I mu Pre fb G M11 . B C ' Hug I X' In 1957 as mam Dug th B TB e ro ach91'nA Teac h 0 H 'r' As ' 'He or Vahromsd S001 10031 the - bac nam. . Thstion, rconvenl-Iagsach s W. V am, o .7 me or E1 us gl :mat - he ou Gems enum all in Ott, eng! lan 3 1-,Env W, in og- 0 PM Ts, ng o or loci. WH. Phzudigs ,ffslplfrrs Afsghw lfffkuetfgff 1 iam, 1 wh Cla an 1 In l Riu 9:-9 th tion 1 G Net! sau all and y 1-chu. 1 Gunther! 3 B 0 Called Canon Assoc o 480 nip Sga 'Nba '-'POB tht, Tuite, the ,meh P:-aside un can on e and no an 0 de, gh 91'-I ,ua eg-1 tlvqts I' ch, 01' th Ca o Ov: Vibe md eh, Hsqo 9 Ns, Nu- b lac 1,5 act! mal B York y H, an I-In tak Ssoelatf-sane! on. Bum r his :guess 'Mr as tth ones' ihilonond o o Ne1:1,,::!'3n pipurposfhg siewmch ham in qu' 111 is 'rpemlll ' Mm-HW-a 1.933 'Fat 194 ,ID-hi 'Q or th' N,,,'Y90 ark: 'arg l muesnun the ex-get ea in th In e r ckliol-t r Dodge Sup 'Usd Ass Uufox-DM so cha U ocleeim eorrid rg, ad Ste 'Y th, Pbujl ill P ol' or ol-lo adusxm, pts, tu loyal d1,,s at -ssbinst tg, 1:1-be ,nmonam onemunmms f 4,3 'rosa' Genes fguor, ffvancfofpemefmwmb our mdqmt: which 0'f'0 fsl::' THE NEW Y OP-K STATE I 11:,f,f:':of'fmm, Q -11 th: :jg-riff .jgrfljfsfff fgxuzet bl num- UAH L ll 9 ,P N--1-A TEACHERS Assocmno --:..,,ggf 'L '11...,15:., uk B- fh11...,gfr.,Qg::.g3nt:.. 1.'2'3a ,f-'f4 .f ' ,asocunou wumne e mwAsrune1oN maui , he gre 1 mu e goo ' '-Hd ,O Duns H Aunuucm. ALlaNYo..NEv4 YORK l ez 5.5580105501-t Uber thpg-9, an-lvmvmua ' ' ' 0 ,Lu Algog tl1eN 9 mes menus NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION 1 M or lmiabgo B' Yer mdvk- n-do-1 omcm moms: Dat G prov A 'ark It Stat CMMS'-NH1m 4 0 ennomLsmr ordlql 158 pu dun ' Te., nv1nmn.s1.i4n-1 xomnanwms. Gm , J-I yo b-113 D3 the char, nm ll-lil!!! mum! sa. Mme. some-x-4 umm- :me , U-Ps Bducn hut ww- www . . . I ' tion wilnotrw mmuu who J. num mm.: 4 sr.-sus wma n. sums, Fold wow M cl ' U January 10, 19l+B 91111 3. S ' 'low Mr Ralph L. Shattuck, Prmupsl Emmet Belknap School 5 Lockport - New York Q My dear Mr Shattuck: -A On behalf of the New York State 'Teachers Association 1 am extendlng heertlest congratulations to the Clty of Lockport, now celebrating the One Nundredth Annlveraary of the establishment of lts educational eystem. The year l3l?. marked the heglnnlng of a system of public education for the State of New York, when the terrltory of the State was divided lnto school dlstrlcts? Later the passage of the Unlon Free School Act allowed two or more districts to con- solidate for the purpose of enlarglng the educatlonal scope wlthlr. the districts. Lockport was the flret to take full advantage of this act. The same eplrlt which gulded the people of Lockport one hundred years ago to orovlde satisfactory education for its children has prevailed throughout the one hundred years' hlstcry of its school system. The City of Lockport can point with pride to the eduaatlcnal leadership which it has always had and which is being continued aa it starts its second one hundred years. ' . I Ne ln the New York State Teachers Assoc-.lation point with ,nh M l hx pleasure to the fact that one of the early annual meetlnga of ,954-1, ,....tA the Association---ln lB5B, to be exact---was held ln the City fi, ...fa ninlii l '-ox of Lockport. X '-i ,, f -- nn Et! I E, -,- ' I -I-H59 The teachers ln Lockport throughout the century have been A 5 1'1 ' gt In f-+., for their hlgh professional attitude and the enthusiastic -4 IL- lven to the state and national associations il . 5 I- 71:5 , , I1 Q. .I X ducatlon of the cnlldrsn of the I - in - ju sl of the past one hun- T zagir., p 3 'Eau 4. my . f r the educa- of -L 'Lili 0 I 1 Lim' T : lg? ., FM Known they have g of the e rlt and ze hments fo support for the advancement state and the nat-lon. The spl dred years portends even greater acoomplls tlonal system ln the years that lie ahead. slnoerely yours, AE:TB , Executlv ,,ff 69 PROLOGUE 1948 HE shining steel blades of powerful gas-driven ploughs plunge into the snow drfits and throw great white clouds high into the air. Sleek, warm busses of the Lockport Bus Lines follow the ploughs, and kids, making sure that Clint Buehl- man was not fooling when he said over the radio that school had been called, shoot out from the doorways of automatically heated homes and board the vehicles which carry them to a point barely a hundred feet from the school entrances. Inside the schools, with their glistening floors, pastel walls and spacious audi- toriums, scientific gadgets keep the temperature at 700 and electric fans distribute fresh, clean air to the occupants. No gathering about the fireplace for lunch, no children sitting on their feet to keep them warm, and no snow swirling across the threshold! Everything is clean, orderly, quiet and efficient. The principal, sitting in his panelled office, may by the Hick of his finger talk to individual teachers or to the whole student body from his desk chair. More than that, should the president of the United States be talking on the radio, all of the students may listen to him without leaving their seats. In the auditorium 'movies may be thrown on the screen, in the workshop young folks learn the secrets of electricity, the operation of machines and the pleasures and edification to be derived from the Various crafts. In viewing the splendors of the modern school, one cannot help but think of poor Pamelia Aldrich and her little brood of youngsters shivering on their benches and dipping their quills into ink that was all but frozen in the wells. If Pamelia's spirit is about, it must be filled with wonder-and envy. 70 nfroclucfion fo fLe . Q SEHUUL UF TUDAY All men have read with pride at some time or another that funda- mental statement in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created free and equal and are endowed by their Creator with cer- tain inalienable rights which include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The free Public School System represents an attempt to make valid that statement. The public school does not exist for the purpose of providing indi- viduals With opportunities to gain personal advantages. It is in reality an institution developed by the people and maintained to promote the Welfare of society and to perpetuate its ideals. Incidentally, the individual may gain personal advantages but the primary purpose of the public school is social Welfare. What better reason for the existence of the public school than that unselfish ideal which in- sures the perpetuity and betterment of society's institutions? The importance of the public school to society Was recognized in this country even before the time of Horace Mann. A century ago most of education was secured in the home-social and institutional relations were not complex. The simple life of fifty years ago is no more. It is a rare child indeed who has not travelled farther, seen and heard more, by the age of thirteen than his grandsire experienced in a lifetime. The public school has emerged to enable boys and girls to Ht adequately into the complicated civilization of toda . Tlhs morning, approximately four thousand children, keen eyed and expectant, Wended their Way to the doors of the schools of our city: boys and girls representing every walk of life-in America, they belong to the same level of society-race, creed or color, these things are not importantehere are human beings, boys and girls. This is America's public school-the Citadel of Democracy. f Xxx, 1 K ' ,X , 55 P ,qu T .fi lm fly,-' ,fffw 1 Ei, 1 .Ti i .'i- ig hi. 4 Me, Milli, X s ,'5 ? N uf 'bl 5 Q L 0 flmu ig-T HT- A'li i1iWw1'1 ', -..r. il iTiiTTsIn , 'lfffv-.mu 'FHM' 'Pi I ,Legg 1 'gg . Www .-p- ' A 1, 7 .' 'imlfwwai lllllllll Q . iles' N rel ' . gm, E, .R la . E .T L ii jail , lilly 94 1,56 !!W If I l 1 l Kim I all - .Q NQgfL'q9.,A,s,,a,-l'li. m'li?:iiS fhgij,-i ii?-5 ll M I 'E i-TWT Ti f. T T Q ,Wh f , . ,VV V,. Q , 7 ,D ,, -2 . QI , T - ...V ' - . if ,QQ -X 71 GEORGE F. JAMMER Superintendent of Schools Adaptability is a word that must, of necessity, characterize our Superintendent of Schools. From the beginning of his tenure of office, he must adapt himself to conditions as they are before he can bring about desirable and sometimes necessary changes. His problems from the beginning and always are the problems of the business executive. Ideas and ideals are a constant challenge to him. He must plan and Work out a future in terms of the past. Getting along with human beings, and seeing to it that these human beings get along with each other, is his daily oppor- tunity. The education of young Americans and what it shall be, so that they may live in an ever growing, more complex society, is constantly in his thinking. While the Superintendent serves as the educational leader and director, he also serves as the guardian of all those things that characterize our American Way of Life.', If the Four Freedoms live and become more meanful for every American-if Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness become a reality for all Americans-then these things will always be so because a Superintendent of Schools has done his job-and done it well. Our Superintendent is scholarly in his educational research and techniques. He is patient and humanly understanding. Loyal and trustworthy, he is always educationally looking to the future. A sense of humor enables him to understand all the good within each human being. He does make decisions-and always these decisions are for the good of young Americans in schoool. Mr. George F. Jammer, our Superintendent of Schools, is doing an educational job that reflects only the best on our school system and community. He wears well. We can justly be proud of him. THE S PEHI TE UE THE BU HD UP EUUCATIU Leaders in the community, elected by voters, compose our Board of Education-the policy making body of our school system. Initiative and leadership are characteristics of our Board. As a functioning unit, the Board is comparable to the Directors of a corporation. The Super- intendent and the Board chart the educational journey of today and tomorrow. They can rightly be called our First Citizens. Lqfrlo Rfg11f-s,-am1.- Alexis V. Muller, Mrs. Agnes M. Knock, Charles A. CHARLES A UPSON Upson, Milton l.. Seekins, Secretaryg Charles A. Kaiser. Standing: Preszdgrzt Frank H. Shaeffer, Richard M. Archibald, C. George Harrer, Wesley Andrews, Arthur B. Gleason, Clerkg George F. Jammer, Superintendent. 73 E. MARGARET ARMER MARGARET SPALDING ALICE L. ROONEY AGNES M. GERRITY PRI CIP LS The school principalship is a position which has increased in importance over the past twenty-live years. There are three aspects of the principal's work-personnel problems, manage- ment problems and the direction of the learning process. The principal must possess patience when patience is necessary and an instinctive feel for handling people tactfully, helpfully, and effectively. He possesses a sound philosophy of education. RALPH L. SHATTUCK LLOYD F. MCINTYRE KENNETH M. FULLER 74 VVENDELL T. APPLEBEE JULIA H. L. CALLAHAN JACK DERRINGER WESLEY E. PUETZ The role of the supervisors and directors in the Lockport Public Schools is that of advisors and helpers. It is their aim to improve the quality of instruction through Working with the teacher. The supervisor in an ideal situation represents the fellow craftsman living with and Working with his fellow teachers. He represents another means for the improvement of instruc- tion. SUPEHVISUHS ALBERT E. GAY 4- WALLACE DOUBLEDAY Donorm' SUMMEY CANDACE DOELMAN BURTON L. THELANDER 75 VV SHI BTU HK-T SEHUUL Left to Right-Firxt Row: Mrs. Edith Latta, Nellie Wetmore, Margaret Spalding, Principal, Mary Pease. Seca-nd Row: Mrs. Ruby Norton, May Nottelman, Madelene JUH PUU D SEHDUL O'Brien, Mrs. Helen Leitner. Left to Right-Firft Row: Lorraine H. Gardner, Lorraine M. Brady, Geraldine Gough, E. Margaret Armer, Principalg Dorothy Joyce, Miriam Llewelyn, Katherine Bracey. Second Row: Sophie N. Barry, Alice Joseph, Pauline L. Trupiano, Josephine Truplano, Dorothy E. Brown, Mary Jane Ritzenthaler, Florence L. Blimm, Bessie M. Koithan, Helen K. Whalen. 76 UE WITT ELI TU SEHUUL Left to Right-First Row: Mary Margaret Murphy, Helen Riley, Florice Burke, Agnes Gerrity, Principal, fMrs.j Nellie Bullock, Mary T. Burke, Helen M. Lippold. Second Row: CMrs.J Kathryn Murphy, fMrs.J Salome Bowerman, Margaretta Hoenig, CMrs.D Marguerite Jones, Donald Nixon, Anna Peters, CMrs.J Grace Ganshaw, Antoinette Newton, CMrs.D Helen Ioustra. Left to Right-Firrt Row: Mary Mulcairn, Isabelle Barone, Ellen Conley, Olive Mann, Eva Romani, Evelyn Wilkins. Second Row: Veronica Tuohey, Grace Kenney, Marie Corbett, Alice Rooney, Principal, Ruth Craig, Marian Johnston, Josephine Watters, Betty Steel. EH HLUTTE EHUSS SEI-IUUL 77 UHTH PARK SEHUUL Left to Right-Firrt Row: Eleanor E. Sullivan, Marion E. McDermott, Mary G. Price, Ruth E. Smith, Josephine L. Serio, Ann D. Gibbs, Margaret E. Bangs, Gloria F. Raunick, Joyce P. Feucht, Evelyn A. Hakes, Warren P. Smith. Second Row: Katharine J. Worden, Eleanor B. Hill, Mary P. Branch, A. Alida Finnegan, G. Lucille Webster, Iris L. Muller, Gertrude F. Stevens, Helen F. Barnes, Nellie V. Antolick, Marie K. Spalding, Rachael F. Flagler, Sarah P. Glover, Dorothy M. Shimer. Third Row: Mary N. Ryan, Eleanor R. Hughes, Betty M. Chapman, Mabel C. Rapp, Agnes B. Burke, Dorothy E. King, Kenneth A. Fuller, Principal, Gordon F. Voght, Milford C. Hessel, Robert J. Neil, Clara R. Lawrence, Alice H. Schafer, Electa Tice, Genevieve H. Smith, Mervin E. Beard. Left to Right-First Row: Carleton E. Beck, Vincent J. Speranza, Frances B. Sipson, Hazel T. Kemp, Ralph L. Shattuck, Principalg Clara A. Shaw, Nelson F. Gould, Florence H. Goldy, Amber P. McDowell. Second Row: Helen Rhoadhouse, Secretary, Myrtle S. Dalgler, Virginia C. Daley, Genevieve Scott, Violet D. Wyles, Ethel H. White, Louise C. Priddle, Ruth N. Downes, john R. Barry, Helen Carlson. Third Row: Gladys L. Scott, Helen Briggs, Marion Hazen, Leah V. Miller, Gertrude. Sullivan, Lorraine Grace, Jessie E. West, Dorothy S. Harris, Mary Roma Reynolds, Donald S. Ward. Fourth Row: Florence A. Keating, Velma C. Cobb, Janis R. Smith, Elizabeth M. Burke, Ethel R. McGonigal, Ethel M. Boyer, James D. Pletcher, Howard I. Peters, Roland W. McKinney, Roy D. Sweet. Not Prerent for Picture: Virginia K. Kay, Wilton D. Spear. l AEMMET BELH AP SEHUUL 78 Left to Right-First Row: George R. Speck, Francis B. Schoonover, Guy D. Travis, C. Chauncey Cobb, Eunice L. Miller, Augusta Metzler, Robert D. Stanton, Gertrude C. Wilcox, Irving K. Karp, M. Tracy Kenney, Cornelius D. Gall, james H. Dailey. Second Row: Thomas J. Downey, Donald Gay, Leona M. Wesley, Harry Tavrow, Byron M. Linville, Charles H. Kennedy, Fred B. Case, Mariam S. Blair, M. Kathleen Becker, Beatrice Dunlap, A. Marie Murphy, Florence Cuthill, Norma H. Newman, Frederick W. Ross. Third Row: Fred H. Zimmerman, George E. Rahm, Ralph E. Giddings, Irene Wilson, Marian E. Bigelow, Wesley E. Puetz, Morton S. Klayman, Burton L. Thelander, Whitney J. Meyer, Trandon F. Burns, Lela T. Hamilton, Wallace Doubleday, R. Donald A Moore, Marea S. Wiese, Lloyd D. Mclntyre, Principal. EE IUH HIGH SCHUUL 1 Left to Right-Firxt Row: Helen O. Himley, Clara Stadlinger, Annie Robertson. Second Row: Margaret E. Stirling, Cornelius D. Gall, Robert I. Neil, Amelia M. Dona- telli. 79 One Hundred Years Ago UIDANCE in early Lockport. Educa- tional and vocational guidance in 1848 was the responsibility of the teacher in the classroom. Although the beginning of the Union School System placed emphasis on superior achieve- ment in classical textbook mastery, there is evidence that certain subjects of the school program were included to help train craftsmen. The school teacher was the one person to whom the student could turn to obtain knowledge of the world of work. The history of Lockport schools shows that 'opportunities were limited to obtain occupational training and were still more circumscribed in the utilization of such training. Professional preparation one hundred years ago involved an automatic screen, so to speak, through which were sifted only those pupils, mostly boys, whose parents could pay the ex- pensive fees of the time for the higher educa- tional preparation. These conditions made un- necessary the help which is so necessary to the youth of today, who obtain guidance in the early years of the secondary school toward educational and occupational information and opportunity. The modern components of a vocational guidance program-individual pupil analysis, furnishing occupational and educational in- formation, counseling students with this data and placement and follow-up-were little used. The early Lockport schoolmaster knew his charges well. He lived with the family. He ac- quired his information when he boarded around. Upon examining the archives we see that the dissemination of educational and oc- cupational information Was quite diliicult for the early Ichabod Cranes. There is little doubt that, within the limitations of his training and experience, the early teacher had ample oppor- tunity to counsel and advise with his charges. Contacts between schools in the Lockport area were infrequent. Actual marks were passed from building to building, but no accumulated data assisted the student as he advanced through the grades. The student obtained work or possibly found advanced studies large- ly as fate and chance dictated. , if 23 K' M as ' ,+f 45 1- -T M ' A imrfiii 'l . 'J '- - . Lg. 'f' 5. ' 'Q N F Q ' . 1 ' ' I, tk' ' 4- A f, f a 2 . ff A - lr K 'A . ai' '14 T - v-TQP' ' mnfu . fig? 9 -' I ff safaf- T fe be ' 2 ' ,- - , K JL' if gj gi ' X ' 3 V fi- +-. ggvff 4 5 W' ,Q Q MILL-,dig-FF? - N1 I I 2.1 4 N l Hg 1 is-X' ll 141, f f., f A V ii v - ,f All ir I, , X .. X 1 '4 ,I 'sg ' ', ,f.,t 4 I -A - , ,' ' ,Q ' ., K I Ili Q 'I ?l7 ':i5,.a-4?-K..i,,s A' I I , - I 42-Ei... If :,,5.qgaf 1 I! 7 111 1 ,7 ,-. , fill li, ff: -.5 A ,qi I 4' ,f 7 in 4:5 N 4 ,D .f J X . A fy , . J ,lim ff Q.-gN,', 1 Aish X - ' l 5- . 1 . K Z 1-'Z' ri wi 'L ' ATV' 'wgfflil iw ' ii 'ii . I N ' 'jf W -f . X 1-uv 5555! ' - . ' , . r m . 4' 'V r . 'X -WUI,-', .2 Vi- ' ' 1 -' ' 'gm-.a -' ,- . -. INA' ' ,xg 3 N Ci, .,. ll G IDA EE No man is born into the world whose work is not born with him. There is always work, and tools to work with, for those who willy and blessed are the horny hands of toil. The busy world shoves angrily aside the man who stands with arms akimho until occasion tells him what to dog and he who waits to have his task marked out shall die and leave his errand nnjilled. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL The inauguration of the present organized guidance services came in September 1935 with the appointment of a chairman of guidance. It was so arranged that each teacher was assigned as the counselor for his homeroom group. Later, under this program, the chairman was assigned to two half days a week in each junior high school in the supervision of guidance services, the rest of his time being assigned to the senior high school. The services thus started created a need for additional personnel to meet the demands of increasing guidance. As the program developed, each of the junior high schools was given a full- time counselor. In the summer of 1947, a counselor and dean of girls was appointed to the senior high school. The Board of Education in the fall of 1947 approved the appointment of a co- ordinator of all the guidance services. The present program aims to enlarge pupils' educational and vocational horizons, to aid stu- dents to secure educational and vocational preparation for the future by discovering and analyzing individual interests and abilities, and finally to assist pupils to jobs and colleges and to follow their progress in post-high school life. To accomplish these aims, an individual analysis of each pupil is assembled in a record folder when he first enters a Lockport school. This personal history contains accumulated marks, test achievements, health and family data. Occupational and educational information is given to the student as early as the seventh year, when he begins his junior high school work. Bound and unbound materials are available in junior and senior high school guidance offices and libraries. This information is available to out-of- school youth as well. Every student in Lockport junior and senior high schools meets with his counselor at least once a year to review progress and to make plans for future work. All of the above data are used in these interviews. Four full-time counselors available make possible an interview at least once a year. In the placement of students in colleges and other training situations and in jobs, the counselors contact institutions that are interested in employing youth or that offer further training to Lock- port High School graduates. These contacts and this follow-through assure a more satisfactory adjustment for graduates. Constant checks are made in the follow-up of those who leave school to determine the effectiveness of the training they received. The data so secured is used to plan the training for those youths still in school, as well as to promote the progress of the indi- vidual who has completed his school preparation. 81 M ir: Rachel Flagler and M iss ferrie W ext are full-time junior high school guidance directors. IU The purpose of guidance is to assist the indi- vidual to make Wise choices, adjustments, and in- terpretations in critical situations in his life, es- pecially in school, choice of vocation, in his leisure time and his activities. The guidance program in the Lockport Junior and Senior High Schools is attempting in many ways to follow this purpose. Assisting educational planning and promoting educational success are two of the foremost functions of the program. Individual interviews based on intelligence and aptitude and achievement tests and on past accomplishments are used to effect this purpose. Another method is by group guidance in home- room programs. The third method is by con- ferences with parents. Subject matter problems, Eighth year studentf, arrirted by the guidance director, make a wire choice of a high .rchool courre. A report card, interpreted by the elementary teacher, aJ5i.ft.f the in- dividual to better plan future progresr. EE school participation problems, as Well as course selections and future educational plans, are con- sidered by the pupil, parent, and counselor. Orientation to the school program is another function of the guidance program. This is provided for by visiting days and homeroom programs. Vocational information is offered through courses of studywith the assistance of the counselors in collecting information. Books, pamphlets, and ar- ticles selected by the counselors are used continu- ally by the pupils. This material contains up-to- date information on present-day occupations. The guidance program is for the individual pu- pil. At all times counselors are ready to listen to the problems of the individual pupil and desirous of helping in their solution. C. P. 0. Lane, U.S.N., di.rcu,f.ref individual enlirtment problem: with Mr. Fred Zimmerman, a.r.ri.rtant principal ofthe high school. Student .focial evenly prexent problemr .rolved only aftera conference with the guidance director. After rerearch and counfeling, the' jinal choice of a trade .fchool or college reftr with the individual. One Hundred Years Ago HYSICAL Education. One hundred years ago the cultural centers of education were known as Gymnasia, particularly in Ger- many. Only the elite received this university training. Heavy gymnastics, rhythmical exer- cises, and skill in swordsmanship were the ex- tent of this physical culture. German gymnas- tics under Father John was one of the sys- tems of educational gymnastics being taught, and this system spread to other European countries and to England. The present-day Turnvereins or German Turners are di- rect descendants of this culture. A system of educational gymnastics de- veloped by Professor Ling was also taught in Sweden. These two systems, the German and the Swedish, had their followers in the United States. Roberts of Boston through the Y. M. C. A. was one of the first to introduce a program of systematic training in physical development in this country. His famous dumb-bell drill was the standard followed by a great many devotees of physical culture led by Y. M. C. A. directors. Teachers for many years were pro- fessional gymnasts from circuses and vaude- ville, and weight lifters. No other qualifications were required. No physical training program existed in' early Lockport schools. lik: 12 'T'-L ,X V'-5.1 ....... - , ff- N, -i- X Y fgyf U - U .144 -.jing ' r --A . . is fffff1.ff?ff? 54' 1. . -'.i-'5.1-T-sl,-1:m'f923if''isa-:gg-5, ' . Ig' '- rg 1 fir . QU-XX, X 'r QC 1 G 0 v ,ooo 1' ' 5 T F Fit 0 0 mf' 5 f- . , .,,,..,- '-no h .L A .fig -lx ey - 1 - .. f . ., ' t 'A ' ' - - Q TA ' ai. .- f Q . ZW . . T . X , 4 i 5 Ax Q F 5 V L I 'Rm x X M 8 : 1- r-. qw, W X at iff ' . i N . 'L -Q T I N rv E F is f. f n l. I l I G ff ' f I c I V' gy! l X l flu :lx l l. 1 ' 5 l W6 fn T 'fl Mum vi . Ipllfllnlll X X li 3 i M I' li T T . 1 1 it I '5' . 1 I-QM N L V I, ,I km r I, '74 R H' -by I l T, X OX 'vi 1 .11 r - f if rf' ' X . f ,v x X if 4.9 , , ,r it I I 1 xx Y ,ll ' W I X r f X ' l x 1 I ll! I W' THEN! ix! 1' X -. I . A T V X ' L X will ' ,X j f Wlrf T 'rf' r X f IW y ll ,f ' Ji' M , ,In rj, V ,I I X if . ' cf if nu I .' . k J X I X X li xx X f 4 Q X .ff ' k X f xii H X N vm H 'ggi F xiii M gf 'Se in R 1 --E M an PHYSIE L ED EATIU Tun Y Parents must reawaleen in the heart of the coming gen- eration, to whom all our institutions will some day belong, the faith that to work is to be blessed, that ambition is not seb'-delusion but a noble incentive, that to attain success, material and spiritual, is an actual possibility, that America and the world should face the future with con- jidence and strengthg that personal energy, so magnijicently apparent in the Victorian age, must become, in every heart, a creative blessing in the years which lie ahead. RABBI S. B. FREEHOF To Mr. Alexis V. Muller, Sr., belongs the credit for first organizing physical training classes for interested pupils and teaching military drill to the Cadet Corps which he formed over fifty years ago. In September of 1916, Mr. Albert E. Gay was appointed by the Board of Education to super- vise the newly mandated state law in physical training for the public schools. The registration in the High School including eighth grade at that time was less than five hundred. The first intramural basketball program started in 1916 and every pupil had to maintain a passing mark of 75 in order to play. The only school gymnasium was in the High School. In May of 1918, Thurston's Auditorium was used to present a demonstration of physical training by 800 pupils from the elementary and High School grades, and the proceeds went toward playground equipment. Mothers from parent teacher organizations volunteered their services so that playgrounds could be opened in the afternoons during the summer. An expansion of the playgrounds was made possible during the depression, first through the State T. E. R. A. and later through W. P. A. During this period summer playgrounds were opened from 10 A. M. until 9 P. M. for both children and adults, and in the winter months the gymnasiums were used by adultsf Both summer and winter sports programs were offered as well as various forms of recreational activities for school children and adults. The program is now known as Health and Physical Education, and its objective is to meet the needs of the individual for useful living. A faculty manager oversees varsity equipment worth thousands of dollars, whereas in 1916 a cupboard 8 feet by 4 by 2 stored all athletic equipment. Varsity sports are governed by the Niagara Frontier League and by state rules and regulations. Fifty per cent of pupils in the junior high schools, and about twenty per cent of Senior High pupils participate in seasonal sports. Hearing tests are conducted annually. Efforts are now being made whereby correction of de- fects can be procured through service clubs for those in need. Every public school except one has either a gymnasium or auditorium-gymnasium combina- tion, and pupils down to fourth grade have gym classes and showers. Each of the three high schools has two gym teachers, and separate coaches are provided for football, basketball, swim- ming, track, and baseball, even for junior varsity teams. In 1916 the school physician was employed on a part-time basis. Today we have a full-time physician, three nurses and one dental hygienist. The City Health Officer conducts diphtheria and smallpox clinics. 85 Safety Fir.rt ruler are a part of fchool training, and are daily put into actual practice ar police and patrol: :afeguard hurnan life. Phyxical examination: are given to all :tuderm in the public fchoolx. A full-time phyfician .fuperoifef the phyfical-mental health of all :tu- derztf. Teacher: .feud ftudent: needing medical attention to the Jchool clinic, Juperoixed by the school phyxician, Jchool nurfe or teacher trained in First Aid. Teeth are cleaned and a dental check-up is periodically given to student: by the fchool dental hy- gienift. A card informf parent! of necexeary dental work. Since the phyxical health, of xt-udent: if alwayx the 5ehool': jirxt concern, a rext period if provided for the young, kindergarten girl: and boyx. Some elementary ,fchoolf find it necexfary to provide a morning milk period for young .rtndent.v. Milk if available to all .vtudentx in .rchool cafeteriaf. ' PH YSIEAL The elementary curriculum pro- videx time necesxary for building the but phyxical health of children through regular gym periodf, super- vixed by a phy.rical education instructor. The plzyxical growth. and well-being of .rtudents ii checked yearly through the medium of Jtandard- ized te.rt.r, prepared by the State Education Department. The balanced mealx required by growing girl: and boy: are .rerved in the school cafeteria, under the xuperoifion of the home economic: department. Good eating habitx are practiced daily, cz: Jtudenty eat a cafeteria .rerved meal or a lunch broughtfrom home. Milk if available to all. Perfect co-ordination and ever growing ba.f1'c fkill: in all fporlf are a eonxtant goal for all high .fchool girlf in their regular gym elax.re.r. Apparatur work enable! high .rchool boy: to develop and excel, b7'1T7Zg1-71g into play thofe muscles needing development in the phyxical growth ' of a boy. AJ a phafe of their regular gym work, junior high Ichool Jtudentf learn the r-udi-mentf of .vquare danc- ing, developing poife, fkill, and co-ordienatxion. Required .feparate clafxef in health for girlf and boyf enable all high. .rchool student! to learn more about daily nerenary plzyncal and mental health. PHYSICAL One Hundred Years Ago ANGUAGE ARTS was the curricu- lum, not only of the seven primary schools with their reading and Writing, but also ofthe Lockport Union School. Included were courses of study ranging from the antiquities to the umodernl' Spencerian method of penmanship. Going a step beyond the classical Cor formalj high school, the Union School offered, in addition to Latin and Greek, these modern languages: German, French, Spanish, and Italian Cfor an extra tuition charge of 81.30 for the classical languages and 81.50 for the modernl. When the first graduating class, consisting of four students in the year 1856, left Lock- port's halls of learning, they had completed courses in either the classical course with the emphasis on Latin and Greek or the English course including such subjects as Parsing, Rhetoric, Intellectual Philosophy, Moral Sci- ence, Criticism, Natural Theology, Logic, :? I fd ,N Orthoepy, Orthography, Belle Lettres, and Elocution. A footnote to the 1858 course of instruction states: Compositions are required from all the students, and declamations from the gentlemen, once in two Weeks. QLucky ladies ll The catalogues of the Lockport Union School in the first fifty years of its establish- ment reveal the farsightedness of the adminis- tration in encouraging a high level of enroll- ment in the foreign languages. The enlarge- ment of vocabulary, and the consequent de- velopment of judgment involved in the choice and use of Words, the enlargement of mental vision which comes from the absorption of the thought of other lands and ages, the increase of mental discipline acquired in the mastery of linguistic constructions are arguments which still prove incontestablef' CEdward Hayward, Principal 1895-96, teacher of Latin, Greek and Oratoryj G-vs .-'F Ja I ,-fa ,J as 1' Magik 1:9 -N A . x t. if-I A I 1 1' I ll l ,L 1 i x I ' Q3 - ' 1 t l , 'N V . , ' 12 1, . aff ' f- , .1 X W - ily if if, -4. ll I as a -r S, Cc c f ff I M Q xft, S x, ,I V 41 iv G . 1, ,af 4 . ' 7 ' -- ff ' 1 , Q- . ' 'V'-'f 1' N 6' 'X -1 , ' . a g .1 - -. f' ri, ' ' , , :.'w, r' .54 ,., ' f ,I 'X i 49,1 r- ,,, I . 4- - f . i-A 1 ,A X E I bs Z, jf I GN.. . . . ' ,---' - u- , ' ,, -, ,IIN Q , f .1 V1 X ,fd a,r' .,v f . - : 4 'S ' 1 ' 5- , ,f:. 1! .f ' -f' , K X 1 f. rf ,fr 77 , ,Z Z . X , f . .ping -. ,L - , . M Ll,5:xw l 1f1-Af' If bl f 1 I I 4 X f 524 fm Sri? 1 . ' -I5 K 1 l l 4.3 K 5 , FL 7 VY X ' X X fs? FTE W1 r' ll l ,,-All A 7 I? it ,., , f gl i viii? Lflayfi I -If I 7 ll , D ,rj V-, W V-A s 1 I xx . ,Q , 1 if , I , Lv I 1 sf x 'S I I' A .J TT A ,JJ R l xl it -'l li 1 i , f 57 X . X tl ' J ff 'T Q Q a 1 x LA EU GE ARTS TUB It is well when the wise and the learned discover new truthsg but how much better to diffuse the truths already discovered amongst the multitudes. .Every addition to true knowledge is an addition to human power, and while a philosopher is discovering one new truth, millions of truths may be propagated amongst the people. The whole land must be watered with the streams of knowledge. A HORACE MANN Language Arts is still the curriculum. Throughout the entire school life, we seek to prepare the citizen of tomorrow by developing within him the power to read widely and wisely, to write clearly and correctly, to speak fluently and forcefully, and to listen critically and courteously. In the kindergarten, children learn to express their thoughts in a way which will be interesting to others. In the elementary grades written expression is added. In line with present day trends, experiences precede this oral and written expression so that the pupils may talk both intelligently and creatively. The mechanics of reading is taught so that children may acquire independence in reading for pleasure and information. In contrast to the one book which was read and re-read in a school year a century ago, children now read many books each year, thus broadening their vocabulary, interests, and knowledge. Writing and spelling still play their parts in the language arts today. Social usage is the criterion-legibility in writing and ability to spell needed words. A century ago a child was considered ready for eighth grade if he was proficient in reading and understanding a fourth grade reader. Today recognized standardized tests determine grade place- ment. Of great importance is the follow-up work of helping each child to progress in relation to his own abilities and needs. The language arts in the elementary grades are closely interrelated, each one strengthening and supplementing the others. With the establishment of our junior high schools came the offering of a General Languagev course which purposes to bring to the student an appreciation of his mother tongue through the study of the origins and nature of the English language and exploratory experiences in each of the foreign languages taught in the' Senior' High School today. Thus, general language study has provided an opportunity to co-ordinate the language skills in the junior high schools with the work in the upper level. Lockport Senior High still maintains and encourages a high level of enrollment in its language courses. True, the fancy names of the English language arts have been dropped, but the invaluable techniques of clear and correct written and oral expression are stressed as much as ever. Greek and Italian have been dropped, but Latin, French, Spanish, and German still are being offered after one hundred years in the curriculum. Indeed, the very nature of our faculty's work reveals the close correlation between English and the foreign languages. The Latin, French, Spanish, and German teachers all are teaching English classes as well. Lockport may indeed be proud to be able to give its youth the complete background of language arts that makes for worth-while citizenship. 91 With the teacher as a leader and co- worker, young .vtudenty experzence daily lemon: in lixtening critically and L'O'Zl1'IEO1l.S'lV to further develop language ability. In .vmall gro-upx jirxt grade .vtzzdentf begin to learn those basic language fleillf, Jo 'rzecenary for wife and wide reading -in .rchool and out. n to co Elementary rzudentr lear - operate and obey the library regu- h ' come 171- search o lation: af t ey ahferenz boolef for .rt-udy or fo enjoyable reading. AEE Became reading broaden: voca- tional interecvt: and knowledge, junior high :chool :t14dent: take cz C0'1l7'J'E that correct: or improve: reading for plea:nre and informa- tion. Learning through practice to :peak uently and forcefully about that novel, poem, or experience i: nece::ary for living in a democratic :0ciety. Student: develop an appreciation of the mother tongue through :tndy ofthe origin: and nature of Englifh language and exploratory experi- ence: in foreign lang-uage:. Studentx may take eourfex in Latin. German alfo if an elective courxe. LA GUAGES High :chool Englixh courier con- tinue to develop the .vkillf of read-ing for pleafure and information.. Our 'iGood Neighbor Policy' to- wardx South American countrief iJ better under.rtood through a study of Spanish. junior high librarief difplay .vin- dentf' hobbiefl and project! related to the exploratory course: in the C Il1'f1'C'1ll1l77Z. Teacher: and the li- brarian work together to correlate the work of different conrfef. Social .rcience and literature courier are only two of the many courier in the high .rchool cizrriculum de- manding the :killed mage of reference book: and .rupplementary textx. T One Hundred Years Ago CIENCE was divided into three depart- ments, physical science, political science, and mental science. In 1859 the superintendent reported, The sciences are taught by recita- tions and familiar lectures, illustrated by practical and interesting experiments. It is believed that few institutions are better sup- plied with apparatus, maps, charts, and speci- mens to facilitate the progress of the students in this department of study. The physical sciences included geography, chemistry, botany, and astronomy. The poli- tical sciences included political economy and government. The mental sciences were intellectual philosophy and moral philoso- phy. To emphasize the importance of history and civics the superintendent in 1894 reported: In a country like ours, where every form of power is lodged ultimately in the will of the people, the study of history and forms of gov- ernment should form an integral part of every course of instruction. Besides, too, some at- tention should be paid to the rise and growth of political parties and the present duties of practical citizenshipf' It is interesting to note that even in the early days the acquisition of the spirit of scien- tilic investigation was an important objective in the teaching of science. The educators be- lieved that it mattered not so much what sciences were studied, or how much, as that this spirit of scientific investigation should be gained. ' Mathematics was included in the curriculum of the Lockport schools when they were first established. The chief aim of the day was accepted as the aim in Lockport, that of training the mind. One superintendent ex- pressed his gratification that so many pupils were choosing a subject of such great disciplin- ary value, mathematics, and felt that such work would give a certain ruggedness of character to those who shall go forth from us. . SCIE EE TUUAY Manls knowledge of science has clearly outstripped his knowledge of man. Our only hope of making the atom servant rather than master lies in education, in a broad liberal education where each student within his capacity can free himseh' from trammels of dogmatic prejudice and apply his educational accoutrement to besetting social and human problems. HARRY WOODBURN CHASE Our present science program attempts to bring to all the children not only a broader knowledge of scientific facts but also an understanding of scientific methods. ln the elementary schools of today attention is being focused on the relation of science to life. The collection of materials for the sake of collecting is being replaced by the seeking out of causes and results as illustrated by these materials. Study of topics interesting to each age group is carried on in order to encourage growth in method and thought. At the junior high school level all pupils enroll in general science, which still maintains the aims of the elementary schools but can now deal with further applications using equipment not suitable previously. . Specialized courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science presented in the Senior High School build on the foundations laid in the general field but prepare the pupil in some particular branch to which he is best suited and meet the requirements of his post-high school work. Emphasis throughout is placed on the development of the spirit of scientific investigation, the understanding of basic principles and their application to everyday living. I, In this present educational era we have fusion of geography, civics, and history which we call social studies. The course endeavors to teach a respect for democratic procedure, tolerance of others, and the story of mankind as the happenings of one world. Emphasis is placed on the political, economic and social development of the United States and the world background of our institutions. Current world happenings are highlighted and 'explained in the light of past history. Today a variety of sources is used in teaching social studies, such as movies, film strips, news- papers, maps, globes, and books. Discussion groups play an important part in promoting the habit of critical thinking. Q Mathematics still play an important role in the curriculum. Emphasis has shifted from mental training as the chief aim to ability to do quantitative thinking. Social usage now dictates the materials and methods. No longer we do we have difficult and complex problems in proportion and wall papering. Today our problems are based on present-day needs in mathematics. No longer are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division tables taught by rote. These facts are still taught but always concretely so that they can be applied with understanding to the solution of problems. Accuracy is considered just as essential now as it was a century ago. And so we see that we are still teaching subjects similar to those we taught one hundred years ago. While some changes have been made in titles of courses, aims, materials, methods, we still have the aim of training for citizenship which was an important object a century ago when Lockport schools were first established. Science was defined as all those studies whose pursuit is the presentation and acquisition of facts, and the deduction therefrom of principles and laws.', 97 SEI I 11 eighth year math, ax -in all math. co-ur.re.v, emphafif haf been ,fhifted from 'mental training as the chief aim to ability to do qua11.tz'tat1've thinkivzg. E EES The yo1m.gjir:t grade student: learn how to work out that .fometimex dzjicult problem on the blackboard, af claxfmatex keep a Jharp outlook for m-z'Jtake.r. Fourth graders learn the uecefxary thingy about math, not by rote, but alwayx coacretely ro that they ran be applied with '1mder.ftand1fng to the .volutioa of problemf. In geometry co-unex a check if kept on the .rtudentfr work, af problem: bafed on prefent day needr, are worked ont. Student: may elect co-urxes in higher math af additional training in quantitative thinking to meet the need: of their vocation in life. SEIE C In high .rchool algebra com-ref, further training if given in quanti tatizve thinking ax .roeial mage dic- tatef the materialf and methodr. SEI In science the study of topics in- teresting to each age group is carried on in order to encourage growth in method and thought. Elementary students study the re- lation of science to life, seeking out causes and results, as they begin to make use of scientific equipment. Science courses attempt to bring to all the students not only a broader knowledge of scientifc facts but also an understanding of scientihc method. In junior high school science, stu- dents continue the aims of ele- mentary scie-nce, studying the rela- tion of science to life, seeking out causes and results. CES In junior high .fchool exploratory .fcience corurfef, students keep a notebook of experimenr: and learn to ure more complicated .fcientiyic equipment. High school xtudentf may elect a specific courfe in biology, built on the foundation laid in the general jield of .fcience Jtudy. A courfe in chemixtry not only ex- plain: many details of food: and material: and everyday living, but also is required for varioiu voca- tionx. Principle: learned in high Jchool phyxicx coursef can be applied to everyday problemf of living and .vpecifcally develop .rome interext dircovered in science exploratory coarser. Building afire truck after a trip to jiri' headquarterf, is a Jecond grade Q S,-Cond gmdg J-tvudgmy Pfojfff- M .vtudy the .ftory af mankind 4 ii W afhington ozfzrlookf thefe .reventh grade Jtudentx a: T' ' they .rtudy democratic procedure: and toleranre of others. 102 CIE EES junior high .rt-udent: study the Bill of Righty and ' better eunderftand their right! and obligations. . iq.. 53: ' 1 WN F WRX High school .rtudentf It-udy the political, economic, and xocial order of the United Statex. Ng Current event: are explained in the light of part history by the instructor. One Hundred Years Ago EVELOPMENT of Vocational Educa- tion. The records of the earlier decades show us that a real attempt was made in the schools to supply types of training for entering occu- pations in such fields as commercial, industrial, and home economics. Professor S. S. Packard organized the Com- mercial Department in 1851, affording students an opportunity to fit themselves for business life. The commercial department was a sepa- rate school under its own principal, with two years ordinarily needed for the completion of the course. In 1898 the department had two teachers and forty-four students. Cross's Ec- lectic system of shorthand was taught and the students took their first Regents' examination in 1899. Remingtons were the only typewriters in use. A course in both bookkeeping and journalizing was taught. Other courses includ- ed penmanship, commercial arithmetic, gram- mar and business correspondence, and com- mercial law. Accuracy was considered so es- sential at that time that the standard of ninety per cent was adopted and enforced as the minimum. ii Manual arts, domestic science, domestic art, and household economy were subjects being added to New York State high school curricula as early as 1890. Superintendent Belknap annually, for twenty years, recom- mended to the Lockport Board that similar courses be introduced here. He was finally suc- cessful, and in September 1913 the Intermedi- ate School was equipped for both manual arts and domestic subjects, taught at the sixth and seventh grade levels for an hour and a quarter a week. In 1916 the high school was equipped for woodworking, mechanical drawing, and domestic science instruction. The prime mover for a more realistic pro- gram of industrial training was Mr. Harry W. Lowell, who became president of the Board of Education in 1920. A portion of the I-1eacock building was laid out for modern machine and automobile shops in 1921, and for the ensuing twenty years they were used to full capacity. The history of vocational education in Lock- port shows gradual and continual progress, each department having made 'notable ex- pansion since its initiation. Qv, . - :iw '- '-:A . 4551 iw T A I ff 'fr Ckijx vtykig I, Y IK nf, 1-f, 'iii' . K 3 E f I, V ,2 f Nvfruu,-v ki fi! A ig yy H, Q Q W ,-5 I, , z ' 1 1 Q, ,xl ' ' s 9 ' 2 ,-f ',l-lj, ,, ' X il v iii 'sg ll if ii ilillllillil ill H' lvl A will 4' Quilt li - Ulf' ' Q fl 'l f.-in ll -Pg S 4 X f,glljlgQ.h MQ ,lil 3114, I - y , Q er . or -ss, X - r- 'NN - X X r- -., B, x X XY. -- x, -X - X h NX S VUE TIU l-lL 'EUUE TIU All that is really worthwhile in your life is jirst outlined in your mind. Ideas and ideals, plans and purposes, aims and aspirations, all begin there. Let your mental workshop claim your constant attention. Remember that good thoughts carry the essence of health, harmony and happi- ness. All of God,s laws are the laws of love, truth and iustice. Let these laws forever rule your mind and life. GRENVILLE KLEISER ln contrast to the early vocational programs, the modern offerings are diversified and flexible. The major objective of the secondary school program in business education is adequate pre- paration for office and store employment. lt requires the ability to perform ofhce or store duties with efficiency and dispatch. There are three complete programs offered to prepare students for immediate employment upon graduation. These are the vocational stenographic, vocational book- keeping, and the co-operative retailing courses. A work-experience program has been in effect a number of years, which permits students to do part-time work during school hours in business ofiices and retail stores, for which they get compensation and school credit. This business ex- perience and school work are co-ordinated in such a way that many students continue to work full time in the same positions after graduation. Home economics education aims to prepare for successful homemaking, parenthood, and citizenship. It includes units of work in foods, clothing, child care, home nursing, interior decora- tion, home management, home and family living, and other fields that serve to meet the everyday needs of everyday girls and boys. Special attention is given in each unit to personal relationships, health, consumer education, management, and safety. Starting in the grades and continuing through the junior and Senior High School, homemaking assists these young people to understand more fully their individual problems, for now this type of work is offered to boys as well as girls. Both elective and vocational courses, including integrating home projects, are available in the secondary school. Because homemaking needs to keep pace with newer trends, the courses of study are planned by students, teachers, and parents working together. Industrial arts shop courses are taught from the seventh through the eleventh grades. They are broad and comprehensive courses featuring a variety of industrial experiences and are rich in guidance values for the secondary pupil. The present secondary school sequence in industrial arts includes general shop, general woodworking, and general metalworking over a three-year period, which earns a major toward graduation. All shops are well equipped with tools and ma- chinery. Mechanical drawing is taught on all levels. The mechanical technical course was organized to train boys wishing to qualify as assistants to mechanical engineers or as laboratory assistants. lt offers a very challenging program and requires a high level of student ability and mechanical aptitude. Mathematics and mechanical design are stressed in this curriculum. A third industrial training program, trade vocational machine shop, is now in its fourth year. The intensive training is given in the upper two years of high school, where the majority of the time is reserved for actual shop training and specific trade related studies such as mathematics and science. Many of the graduates are currently placed in advanced learner positions for trades. Only as these programs provide continued progress will vocational education in Lockport meet the needs of its future citizens. ' 105 I l In machine chop courfex, boy: learn the techniquer of operating -variouf type: of machines and th14..r prepare themrelzfef for pofitionx in indezutry. ,,,.-f junior high school Jtudentc are .vettirtg type necefrary to print ticket: and program: for the .school play. High xchool .ft-udentr, having had some woodworking in general chop, may elect a course in general woodworking. 4 Mechanical technical courxef train boy: to quahfy ar a:.ri:tant.f to mechanical engineerf or lab axxixt- antx. Math and mechanical defig-n are ftreffed. Industrial arts are taught from grade :even through grade eleven in .rhopx equipped with modern tool: and machinef. Pofitionf in induxtry encourage many boyr to .rtudy mechanical drawing, a necexyary beginning courxe for indurtrial art training In introduction to bu,fine.r.r, all eyef are on Varioux typex of ojfce machine! are used by the teacher ax he explainf a point about high Jchool .rtudents in the Jecretarial train- dividendx. Mig COUTIE. How to balance the books if only one of the many thing: learned in bookkeeping conurfef. Actual experience, felling in oariouf xtoref, enable: .rt'zcdent,r to co-ordinate their bILJ'i7I.EJ'.S' training with Jtore work experience. ak X f fl-if rk ifg-gi , K tiff-' S 'LKQZNQ 5 Q J X31 tg ? After the carefully planned meal, there are always the dishes to be washed. Actual practice is part of the home economics training in successful serving of meals. Home economics courses teach girls how to Highschool girls learn to prepare that salad select materials, cut them 0-ut, and sew them. necessary for a well-balanced meal. 109 One Hundred Years Ago INE ARTS. In setting up a system of' public education it is understandable that little consideration was given to the fine arts, but with justifiable pride We find that the Lockport School System was quick to recog- nize the value and need of such subjects as music, art and dramatics and made them available to students long before they Were established by the State Department of Education. By payment of a special fee one could en- roll in a class of drawing, lettering, or painting and, perhaps unconsciously, elements of art were required in all Work, for proper arrange- ment and spacing were the basis of the neat papers expected from students of the three R's. Although not included in the high school curriculum, dramatics played an important part in the life of each student since all seniors were required to deliver before an assembly of parents and friends, an original oration or essay ere a certificate of graduation was granted. In junior year every student had to give a recitation before the entire student body. Plays were left to civic societies and lodges. In time if student plays were attempted, they were usually musicals or comedies under the direction of imported professional directors. A Professor of Music Was appointed in 1848 just ten years after public school music was originated in Boston by Lowell Mason. Music reading was stressed as a carry-over from the Singing Schoolsf' Hymn tunes and naive songs pointing to a moral predominated and were sung unaccompanied or with a me- lodeon. Public concerts Were offered quarterly as a means of providing payment for the instruction. In 1861 a piano was purchased with funds obtained from a pupil demonstration. Instru- mental efforts were confined to the mandolin orchestras, Whose popularity continued through the gay nineties. -1,1 Sl -KN, if gf ,f- ! 4? ff? ' 'ga' , , V ,. g if K 1' 4 f? 45 ,' , Af - 1-4.8-.53-4 Fl E HTS l 19-48 To live with beauty is not only to give onesebf a joy, it is to have the power of beauty at one,s call. A nzanis life would be in a deep and manly way purijied and sweetened if each day he could gain a little of the inspiration that poets fuse into their verse and have it sharehis visions for that day. The wise poet was right who advised us, daily to to see a beautiful picture, daily to read a beautiful poem. He was right, he was practical. MARTIN W. SAMPSON Dramatics, music, and art are established as integral parts of our educational program. ln- structors are provided by public funds, and all but one of our schools are equipped with audi- toriums and stages with the necessary scenic and lighting facilities, where concerts and plays are often presented. Dramatics also in other courses furnishes teaching aid through educational movies and pub- lished plays on pertinent subjects. Declamation, oratory, and recitations have taken a back seat to public speaking, discussion, and debate. Formal courses have been introduced into the cur- riculum to meet the demands of a speaking world with the telephone, radio, and motion picture. The comparatively new field of speech correction has also been given a place in the school program. Individuals with speech defects may now receive special teaching to improve their everyday speech habits. We continue to have the valedictory, salutatory, and other speeches by outstand- ing graduates at the Class Day exercises. - The present program of music for every child was inaugurated in Lockport by Robert Bartholomew in 1916. He established instrumental instruction, choral groups, applied music, memory contests, band, orchestra, and drum corps. Charles Barone, a present member of the music faculty, was the first band instructor. His prize-winning bands traveled the country, re- flecting glory on Lockport. In 1919 the present elementary Music Supervisor Was appointed and established the elementary course comprising sight-reading, song interpretation, rhythms, bands, orchestras, record libraries, concerts, and operettas. Talent tests and instrumental class instruction were later added in preparation for the Junior and Senior High Schools with their high-rating choral and instrumental groups participating in state-wide festivals. . Courses in music theory, elementary and advanced harmony are also offered in the Senior High School. Our art education has advanced to a fully integrated course of study. Children on entering kindergarten are given free expression work in phases of fine art. Proper choice of colors and simple application to dress are taught on the elementary basis. The elementary grades do corre- lative work which has proved a great aid to general education. Through this method graphic impressions are found to stimulate the mass where other methods have failed. The elements of art are also emphasized at this level. - - In our Junior High Schools exploratory courses of study are given to each pupil. Art funda- mentals, design, representation, and practical problems are offered to the students to ascertain their abilities and interests. Those who show special talent are encouraged to take further study in the Senior High School, whose program offers advanced courses of study in preparation for college entrance. Here a student may select work that will correlate with his future career. 111 11- Begiimerx in the musical world re- eei-ve individual inxtruction in weekly Jectional, practice periodf. A71 eighth grade courfe in mufic caiz lead to singing in ihe choral club or choir. Elementary .rtuderitf .ring out df part of a program of muxic for every child. FI HTS FI E HTS W eekly praelice Jeffionr for orches- tra member.v are all part of muxrfeal training in getting ready for the annual concert. M14Jic for every child means' play- ing in the rhythm band and listen- ing to ear-filling tunex. Student: who play a mu,f'ieal in- rtrument malee up the memberxhip of the high :chool and junior high Jchool lzandf. First grader: give free artistic ex- While all junior high .ftudentx take prenion to idea: gained from their exploratory co-u.r.reJ in art, ninth reading experiencef. gradery receive further training in reprexerztatioiz. FI E ARTS . 71 A course in derign may be elected Commercial art Jtudentf are working on cz project by high .rchool xtudentr. for the community Red Cro:.r Drive. 114 Third grade :t-udent: pre:ent that play about Thrifty Habit:, a: 'ninth grader: broadca:ta:kit to the :chool aud1ferzce. Student: with :peech defect: receive individual le::ou: in an attempt to correct the:e defectf. Though oral E11.gl'i:h i: part of all Student: who are intere:ted try out for art: ' th ' p m e E1zgli:h cour:e:, :tudent: may elect d ' ' ' a cour:e in public Jpeakirzg. ramatzc performance: of therr re:pectwe :ehool:. One Hundred Years Ago O-CURRICULAR activity in the school of yesterday was limited in its scope and in its application. It is not astonishing that this should be so when one critically views the goals of the school of yesterday and compares them with the goals of the school of today. We believe that the school of yesterday was guilty of the error of starting with the means fthe subject matterl, and confusing it with the end. The school of yesterday had no time for what were termed the frills and fads of education. The order of the day was: observe, think, study, and work. Work, work, work, were the three keynotes of the school, both as planned by the teacher and as understood by the pupils. Even though work was the order of the day there can be little doubt but what some time was found for a mild form of leisure time activity-the quiet gazing into space and the laying of heads upon desks, though the pupils were not tired. .Y It is true that what our present co-curricular activity program replaces are those chores', and extra duties that always awaited the school child at home at the end of a weary day. Those were the days of large families, of ashes to be sifted, the family cow milked and the wood box filled. Then again the school of yesterday was more concerned with what it had been possible to cram into a pupil's mind than what changes had taken place in the pupil's mind. Consequently, the school for many years ignored, if it did not outwardly frown upon, any activity not closely related to the formal acquisition of knowledge. Gradually, grave abuses in the conduct of athletics or the tendency of social and recrea- tional activities to detract from the formal school program forced the school to undertake their supervision. It was evident that social interests of pupils could be utilized for worth- while purposes. ?-? 44 'lvblnw gl fr- .. - - A -- -L -.'.QBgw. ll ,f f i, - - 5 it 4' A '1'-is Y'--5 iw' . f on me Ml ll 5 , 'll ' r u 1 i f ' -A 'Nl ' . I i ' ,C-1, my wg I pi-1 M, C I 71143: S ,- ,: ' T f J- lle 4 4 ? SSJSERSIFF-x lv ff' h is 'lfc.l'?f1a.+ 4 scarf-rEe'Wf ' . lwilll L N V iylff' ' .2:f,?gwf or fit . 545+ ' T Nw lv I em Q 1-' ' r - 4 W in il - - r-4 'M 5 l 'f T-lf! 5 1 lf'-:',59f1,-1 V. in ' ,f 5ff --a ., 4e 'i.2Efff- . ff B 3r?' rj , 5 V 45,::1,f'f'..,1f.-F e ' Y , f . '-.-2fi1fVf1' if' 1. A life , Q-- ll . Z X ' 1. . I feet rr ' - c.,,.-asQ,- -agyhz' 1 X . we 5'!I3N-EL , .,-li' j' ' X E?l.9-,r:g:A:.- - P ,.-Iliff!! l'l!If,lI 23- Q - 1 Ig ii Q' T ' T I' ,g.':I,'i Ti' I1 V-4+ W-K-s X V : i Agg- 116 EU-EUHHIEUL I believe in intellectual honesty, in generous comrade- ship, in the courage of high convictions. I believe that the best and noblest wealth of our country is in having learned, wise, honorable and well-educated citizens. I believe in the dignity of labor and that God's jirst and greatest gift to man was the obligation cast upon him to work. The co-curricular activity program grew out of social demand and need, and it is designed, primarily, to aid in achieving the aims of education. Once termed extracurricular it is now recognized as a vital and important answer to the recurring criticism of the regular curriculum which was inadequate to prepare pupils to participate importantly in society, in and out of the school situation. There is general agreement among educators that the co-curricular activities have as important a value as that part of the program we call curricular, and because of their great potential value are worthy ofa definite place in the school program. It is wholly possible and not at all inconceiv- able that when these activities are wisely and well directed they have a value in excess of some of the subjects of the curriculum. ' Most of the program that we call co-curricular has the especial merit of arising spontaneously from the interests, and therefore, needs of pupils. The school subjects in the regular curriculum, by their very nature are inclined to be formal and, in many instances, give rise to, as Shakespeare says, the whining schoolboy, with his satchel-creeping like a snail unwillingly to schoolf, It is no doubt true that the Lockport schools, because of the diversity of its curricular and co-curricular offerings have as happy a school population as may be found anywhere. One of the great problems of any society is the difiiculty of releasing itself from unsound traditions. The co-curricular activities attempt to serve this purposein some measure and to contribute in other ways in stimulating boys and girls to live intelligently in a democratic society. There are other outcomes of such a program which are not easily measured, but nevertheless are there, co-operation that is friendly in nature, development of leadership and self-direction, and lastly self-reliance. In our zeal to more adequately serve the whole child we have developed our co-curricular program to fill those gaps in the former educational offering to better present an integrated representation of life for the pupil. ln the final analysis, it serves the broad and worthy purpose of insuring for boys and girls a more liberal education. A great measure of the renewed interest of parents in schools has, no doubt, been due to the co-curricular program. The distribution of school publications, the public performance of vocal and instrumental music, clubs for photogra- phy, nature study, metal arts, the Pan-American cub-these and many more have served the purpose of wideningthe horizon of the boys and girls and, consequently, the adult of the world of tomorrow. We may discuss the curricular and the co-curricular separately at times-but in the minds of the teachers of today they represent inter-related phases of the total exposure of pupils to achieve well rounded personalities. 117 URALS .414 ICATIONS EU CUB SOCIAL EVEN IIULAR One Hundred Years A 0 HEN great-great grandfather and grandmother started to school they were charming children. He was correct in his dark suit, with straight knee-length trousers, Eton jacket and white ruffled blouse. His roll- brimmed sailor hat and his bow tie made him truly mama's darling. She was lovely with her long, ruflied skirts, many petticoats, and high buttoned shoes. Her hair was demurely tied to perfect neatness with a ribbon band. These children did not enjoy paved streets and smooth walks. They trudged, on foot, weary miles over dust-covered roads and plank sidewalks. Each carried lunch in a box, and books on a strap over the shoulder. In spite of transportation conditions which seem to us great difficulties, the students went happily on their way, stopping to gather flowers for the teacher, apparently unrushed but' always on time. These children recognized the supreme au- thority of the teacher and knew that strict obedience, with no explanation or reasoning, was imperative. Quiet in the classroom was absolute and was attained through fear and force. The pupil often heard his elders quote, Spare the rod and spoil the child. In this atmosphere they all gathered to learn what had been decreed by their elders, what they needed to know as adults. The necessary studies were literature, reading, arithmetic, and geography. When he had finished, a student had read the required literary compositions whether or not he under- stood any of them. His reading proficiency was judged on his abiliy to pronounce the words he read. Geography became a catalogue of names, and arithmetic a series of mental gymnastics. Pleasures were simple and toys were few. Children played such games as prisoners' base, hop-scotch, tag, and leap-frog. Young people found social activity in their various church groups. Students, a hundred years ago, received a simpler, less-expensive education in prepara- tion for entering a far less complex, adult society. f ' ' Q fill' ere- , t 4' -Q .. r ' 725411.-f,g.i.5,gx1qi-:f'. i'er'e-i ' - A ' ooso . s it nhl -1' ' 1 llllillltxzfit 1 -E f ill , V f riif fxitw .T Ii Q-1 1 l XNWXT X . hj., 922 ....- . fa. X Xf?i'iE lr l XX .. E554 at .-.---f .... ' Q'-flijlf r 'f 52 H rilfiiif' QT ' af' Y' 'Ll ' --' .Ml F- 'i,ggij:gga:::z::.1I' ,' lf' ' . W ' fi.: P M 'ey , ,', 3WjgTEl' XI-:E 'gt ll jill .1 .... -w i 'f f . -vi 'Q .I l ' l NJN wr' he xi '. ' .. if '33. -rf' 5- ' U .iw fi! . QL ?!i9 :i , f' ':v ,1v,- , 7231- .' :.:. lr' lc ' 31 fit: ' fi i' 5 'r .W - 'H 4' - AQN 'f I T1-P - 1 '.l T' v . 'ffr'r'f,l'.5 ' 'rf ' if fnilill' flwlmiif-'i'l' lifii j I r' ,'. f 1 ll! ij 'l will T l 'il l ijl H lil' ,. ,vfijjgw ,V , Uhr., , ' 'Q -i pi, -. ..., 1 , limi' jx I V . fL IjL,?:r,5.., .lllv . l l 'l 'illl'.M.n X-'l '!F1F .'i l ri 'W ' ll if ,ff 'f f , H f 1 11 .7 a fail? l , ' M l' 'l' 1 'ilj 'Il 1 1' A f. 'fum' rx I ml 31' rl ' ' V ' -' , .. f -, J. 'r j me M I ,, 'I dj A-if ff J . ,, 'w i .iw L1 ll ill Q T ll? ' 11 l 1l ' l1 j f't. j1 ' -' lj Ijff .:..r,,W, -. .'f'w.s,X e i:EE::i:' V ' Qi QL - -4,. - ,N u-. tw- 1 X 'nh 3-Q-'9' . ln ljl --jg 'li llll fjgjjjfyjgjllwl it . jjj f MMI ,nil -r--f Ie .... J.1iT,,',. ifqnummh -.li KF W Q- mi .,.-l .. lj.-.. ji.: K . L 1 of X X5 if 1155? mfiiiid 1 l 'n iii! 'mg ' Y I ' '1 i?fl'?f?2f?T7i5W'f'?lf5: ??Zfi'ffff 'i'7f'gf- ESE 'fli .. 1li'iS3lIiillllhTil'l'?-- it rdf will 2: i -J.. ig V I .3 v. 1 ,Vg-qt,-.4 .g:,,,5 .f -.1.1, 5,213 ' - 1.11 ' -if rf??iiL?1'f. 'EL'-if- 31:1 n:,,-i l1j , - I rf,' . xg ' LI W , X 6 MADQNQD i j . fQ : 1 1 '1, ' ge- 1':jgQ. ..:zIj.'A Q.::.:.--,rl ug. :5-:-5.3:-ag ' --iii 'Q i , ' .:51?:i:::.:-.1-.. :ic 11: :... -. f I' Hd ,:. 'Ia Ml- ' ':-1 ---n '- f :,,4,,,, : :-: 11:53 -- V-f jj . llll fri Ja In .jill Todayis students are inherently no betterand no worse than those of a hundred years ago. They are dressed differently, disciplined differ- ently, and taught differently so they present a very different picture. Parents and teachers, co- operating, teach each child self-discipline, self- education, and self-guidance, so students, them- selves, become more and more self-directed, Well- balanced, adults who can assume their rightful places in our complex society. By co-operation students, today, help formu- late meaningful rules of discipline. Studying those things which have meaning for them now, they acquire a facility in using tools of educa- tion which they will continue to use in learning as adults. Seeking help to find facts in solving students' problems they gain practice so that succeeding problems, as the years go by, become easier to solve. ST DE TS TUB Y THEODORE MATHEws JOHN LONG CLASS UFFIIIEHS 1948 ROBERT DORR THOMAS JOLLS CHARLES GREY GORDON MORAN PATRICK LABBY GERALDINE MANN SUE EMENDORFER HARRISON SMITH BROCK YATES PATRICIA VAN MATER 9th YEAR NORTH PARK T 9th YEAR EMMETT BELKNAP 121 LUIQIQPUHTHIGH GEORGIANA ABEL, uGEORGIE,H Choral Club 3, 4. To travel through life mile by mile, her round-trip lifleef: afriendly Jmilef' DORIS AIKEN, Choral Club 3. Rather .thy and eerv lightg nice to all and most polite. RICHARD ALLISON, Beta Hi-Y 3, 4. Variety if of life the Jpice, .vo why tales out the fame girl twice? GRETA ALOISIO, Y-Teens 2, 3, 45 Choral Club 25 Towpath 45 Forum 4. Greta really lower to read, to etzeryo-ne ,vhe'J a friend indeed. SALLY AMES, Y-Teens 2. I try all thingx, I arhieve what I can. l 1 JOHN ANGEVINE, Track 2. At the game',r end, we fhall ree who going JEANNE BABCOCK, Kill-lNO,H Choral Club 2, 3, 4g Y-Teens 4: National Honor Society. Sailing, failing over tht- bounding rea, wlzmiewr you want jeno, you'll know where .rhe'll be. MARY LOU BAKER, Y-Teens 2, 3, 43 Secretary 2. A pretty rutile and o pleamnt word are Iwo of a lei-nd and .fhe': a third. GORDON BALD. IIi.r main ambition if tojly, with hir personality he',r bound to get by. MRS. ELIZABETH BALL, uf1'I11blill0?I. and education are two of the .f-urefl .rrepping Jtomnf to .f1term'.f. MILDRED BALL, Basketball 23 Volleyball 23 National Honor Society. Friendly, redhead, a little tally that dexrribex our 'tllilly' Ball. DAVID BARCLAY, Football 2, 3, 4. Youth i.r the ti-me to reap the rich advantage of good exercifef' HARRY BARNUM, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 49 Secretray 2, 33 Baseball 3, 4. Lead me to the rock higher than I. RONALD BAUDENDISTEL, Swimming'3, 4. 'Baurly' thinlef it false: a tool engineer to bowl and rwim. Could be in hi: care. JOHN BAYER, Baseball 3, 45 Senior Class Play 4g Dramatic Club Play 4. Newer meddle with aetorx, for they are afrwored clam. PHYLLIS BEHM, Basketball 2, 3. The way to a 1lIL17I,J' heart i.r to hi: xtonzafhf' GLORIAN BELCHNER, Spanish Club 23 junio Red Cross Representative 3, National Honor Society. You can generally win you are fartjful not to triumph. HARRY BERRY, Basketball 2, 3,43 Football 3, Track 3, 4. Let me build a world all of -my own, where work and .vtudiex are not known. ROGER BIL. Lili: I1 bed of ro.rt'J,' but oh, thoxe thorny! LLOYD BISHER, You may be a maelzinift, Lloyd, but don't throw a 'monkey wrench into the machinery, 122 SEHUUL SE IDRS RALPH BISHOP, nBISH,u Nathing'f ,ro hard but rerearrh will jimi it out. RICHARD R. BLACKLEY, uhvl-lITEY,H Band 2, 35 Forum Staff 2, 3g Towpath 4. The world before him liar. DELORES M. BLONKOWSKI, D, USllt?'.f ar optimixtic ar a .reed catalogue. ROBERT BLOUNT, HBEANIE,n Band 2, 3, 4. fun fall -me 'Drummer Boy. VIRGINIA BONNETT, uS1lCCEJ'.f TAI getting what you want: happineff ir wanting what you get. EILEEN BRADLEY, Choral Club 2, 3: Camera Club 4. A wife old owl :at on an. oak, the more he :aw the lex: he fpolec, the lex: he rpoke, the more he heard. ll hy are11't you like that fzvire old bird? ROBERT BRANDT, Beta Hi-Y 3, -lg Secretary. Shorty hrightenr our dulleft rlayx with hir light heart and cheery illl13'I.,' MARY L- BREWIER, LIICTHTY STKE 45 DFHNHYIC Club 43 Y-Teens. Her wordx, like .ro many nimble and airy .fer:.'itor,f, trip about her at her rom.- mandf' MARIE C. BRAUNSCHEIDEL. To be a good eonc'er.ratio21.al-ist, one murt he a good li.rfener. FRANK BREDELL, Forum -lg Senior Play -l-3 National Honor Society. J full, bury youth if your only prelude to a .frU3contai'm'd and 'independent age. BEVERLY BRICK, Y-Teens 3, 4. Like rarelefr jiowin, fountainr are the flarhing ripple: of her hair. SHIRLEY BRITTIN, Y-Teens 3, 4: Forum 4. She'r:l be a cute angle of any triangle. FRANKLIN BROWN, JR., Football 2, 3. The real efxence of work if concentrated energy. ROBERT BROWN, One of the mort popular name: in the Englirh language. BARBARA BROWNELL, Choir 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 2, 3, 43 Library Club 3, -lf. Marie if well raid lo be the .vpeerh ofthe angel.r. ' FRANCES BUCOLO. Raven: train-.v,' Jparhlivzg eyrrf' ANNE BULLOCK, Dramatic Club 2g Choral Club 3, -lg Choir 4g Y-Teens 2, 3, 4g Senior Class Play 4, National Honor Society. We are here zo add what we can to life-1101 to get what we mn from it. GERALDINE BUTCHER, Y-Teens 2,'3, Ml. Full of Jweet irzdijferenref' EDWARD BUTLER, E-very aclziwrmezzf war mm' a though! in one man'.v mind. JOHN BYRNE, Red Cross 2, 3, 43 Dramatic Club Play 2, 3, 4. Some read to think-there are rare, rome to write-there are comma-n,' and rome to talk-there form the great majority. 123 LUEHPUHT HIGH DONALD R. CALLAGHAN, DON, Football 2. Tall and brown-eyed, and always' on the cheery fide. YOLANDA CAPPOLA, Yom, Assembly Com- mittee 3g Towpath 3, 4, Forum 4. Too low they build, who build beneath the stars. JOANNE CARVER, Choral Club 2, 3. AJ ejlenfexcent as an .fllka-Seltzer. DOROTHY CASTLE, JUGIIEAD. Life if a pleaxure without a care, her heart is HJ light at her golden hair. JOSEPH R. CAVAGNARO, JOEY Football 4, Beta Hi-Y 4. He meetf life df if it were his own im'ention. BARBARA CHANDLER, BARR, Library Club 2g Choral Club 2, 3, 43 Y-Teens 4. It 1.5 harmful to no one to have been .fileut.l' DONALD L. CLARK, Bowling 33 Track 2. They Jay that the man who fan keep hir bowling hall true to hir Couric can do the ,vamefor himself. MAE C. CLAXTON, Y-Teens 4: Towpath 4. Her mimi 1.1 like a .ruvidial-il indicafef only plea.rantne.v.f. ALICE L. COASH, Nl-lANK, Choral Club 3, 43 Choir 45 Forum 4, Dramatic Club 2, 3, 4, Towpath 45 Senior Play. 'T-ith'-4.1 character indeeelfl JOHN M. COE, JACK, Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, Football 3, 4, Track 3, 4. All work and no play maletnf jack a dull boy. RUTH ANN CONLEY, uRUTHlE,,, Choral Club 2, 3, 4g Choir 4. She will always .ray it with 17lu.fiL'.H MARY CONNOR, Y-Teens 2. 'Ti.r love,' tix love, that nmkex the world go roundf, CARL CONRAD, HDINGE HI, Basketball 2, Football 2, 3, 43 Letter Club 3, 4s Band 3, 4, Orchestra 2, 3, 4, Beta Hi-Y 3, 45 President 4. He'.r a big-man-around-the-.w:hool. JANET COOK, uCOOKlE,n Y-Teens 4gALiterary Staff' of Centennial Book 45 Spanish Club 2. Variety ix the .rpire cf life-at leapt that'.v what Cookie fellx ur. RODNEY COVELL, RoD. You ean'! repair a tree without going out on a limbf, CAROLCRAMER. She always loohffor the 'Sunny Side of the Streetf WILLIAM E. CRECELIUS, HBILL, Cl-IRIS,U Football 2, 3, 4g Basketball 2, Phi Beta Chl Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, Vice-President 2: Letter Club 3, 4. Tell me-why mn't linemen carry the hall? LAURA CRISWELL, LAURIE. uSl1.E,.f quiet and un.obXru.vi1,'e, alway: courteouf and never abuflve DELLA K. CROMVVELL, DEE Choral Club 7, Camera Club 2. lVhen one no lon er dexirex to do better . . . , .. g than well, he tx doneforf' DENSON D. CRUXSON, HR.-XBl3IT,H Football 2, 3, 45 Swimming 3, 4, Track 3: Choir 4. Wit and wisdom are born with the man. 124 SBEHUUL SE IDR JOYCE CRYAN, SNIFFLES, Nothing .fucceeds like .fucceJ.r. CAROL DAEOE, Towpath 45 Y-Teens 4. If: George to whom her heart belongrf' NELSON DARROCH, Succe.r.r, remember, if the reward of toil. SYLVIA DINTINO, Choral Club 2, 3, 4. A quiet little perfon, ,romeone once raid, with a brown little, neat little, wife little head. JOHN DISINGER, Forum 2, 3, 4, Editor 45 Baseball Manager 2, 35 NFL Sportsmanship Council 3, 4, President 45 Senior Class Play 45 Dramatic Club Play 45 National Honor Society: Charter President. Duet a good job, or none at all. BETH DOBBINS, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. Very cute, up with Jtylef, quick with eomebackx, and the same with .vmilex. JAMES DORR. jim ran mount anything on ez board, except a hill, and for that he uxfr a motorcycle DONALD DR AKE Bowling 3 He worrier not for what': the ure? To worr borer him like tl . N . . . . , - . 1 . , - . . . I 5 y . ze deucef' DONALD DRURY, DUCK, Youth Council 4, Vice-Presidentg Omega H1-Y 3, 45 Choir 2, 3, 4. High :chool days have tlzeir delightfg but they can't comhpare with high :chool ltigllfffy SHIRLEY DUNHAM, Y-Teens 45 Library Club 45 Forum 4. fl quiet tongue, a wife head, a ready frnile, Shirley ir certainly a girl worth while. ROGER DUNKELBERGER, DUNK,', Horfeplay, laughter,fu11. and-.rtudyf Not if he can he? it! MARY ELDREDGE, uLUSTY,,, Choral Club 2, 3, 4. Let me alwayt be alittle kinder, let me always be a little blinder to thefault: ofthofe around me. UE A. EMENDORFER, Y-Teens, President 45 Cheerleader 3, 45 Sportsmanship Council 3, Secretary 45 Spanish Club 2, 35 Inter-Club Cluncil 45 Senior Class Secretary 4. Neat? You bet. ' Slim? That, too! Sweet? But def. ' Who? Sue!', WILLARD EMMONS, BUD, Omega Hi-Y 2, 3, 45 Youth Council 4. No .fix foot two in Jize, but in the eye: of other guys, a huge .rucce.v.f. ANTOINETTE FARINA, ToN1. There'.v muxic in my eau. DOMINICK FARINA, DOM, Track 2, 3, 4. sl carpenter if known by hit ClliP.f.,, JOSEPH FARRUGIA, JOE, Basketball 2, 3, 45 Baseball 2, 3, 4. There wa: eaxe in joey'.f rnanner af he riepped into hi: place, there wax pride in foeyiv bearing and a :mile on joey'.t face. ALLEN FEW, AL, Choir 45 Swimming 4. . He': clever enough to be witty, and earnest enough to make good. ROSAMOND FISCHER, uROSIE,U Y- feens 3, 45 Intramurals 4. fl devoted member ofthe Town and Country Equcxtrienne .-lxxociation, .flnti Cruelty Society, and the Bit and Spur Club. GERALDINE FLOWERS, HGERRYE, There are .tome silent people who are more interesting than the bert talkerJ. 125 LUEHPUHT HIGH GEORGENE FOLTZ. U her heart nzatclze: her hair, truly there III much warmth there. BERNARD FROMBGEN. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. GEORGE FUSSELL. Here if a man offew wordf but many virtues. MARY RUTH GARTNER, Y-Teens 4g Basketball 2, 3, -I-: Choral Club 4g Tennis 45 National Honor Society. We grant, although :he haf much wit, ,vhe'.v very Jhy Qf1lJ'l7lg it. MAXWELL GATELY, Football 2. 3: Track 2. 3: Sigma Gamma Hi-Y 3. Ile know! the preeixe, pxychologiral moment to my nothing. i NU --f.. 1 , .N walt? BARBARA GIDDINGS, Choir 2, 3, 4g Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Y-Teens 43 All-State Choir 3, -l-1 Senior Play 4: Dramatic Club Play 4-g National Honor Society. Such a blue light from her eye: out brolce, you loohed at her filenre and faneied .the xpoleef' JOHN IRVING GIFFORD, Band 2, 3, 4, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, Track 2, 4. The thoughtx of youth are long, long thought.v. MARY ROSE GINTY, Towpath 35 Forum 3, -lg Choral Club 2, 35 Red Cross Council 2, 3, 4, Y-Treens 2, 3, Vice-President Junior Class. A smiling perfon liner long in our memory. KURT GLAWATZ, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, Treasurer 2. But the man worth. while if the one who will :mile when everything goer dead wrong. FLORENCE GLUSZEK, Y-Teens 2, 3, Cheerleading 3, 4, Choral Club 3, 4. She if always at bright and happy af a brand new day. CHARLES GLYNN, Swimming 3, 4. He thinhr a lot of eafe, but never don he ceare working. ALVIN GRAHAM, Band 3, 45 Hi-Y 3. U you ,tee an old man rome .railing in lzixflying machine, it will be 'Al' when he aftainf 100 year J of life. JOHN GREEN, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, Baseball 3. Better never trouble Trouble, until Trouble trouble! you. JEAN GREENMAN, Basketball 2. The roxe wax not born to blufh unseen. CLARENCE GRIFFIN, Omega Hi-Y 4. Knowledge romef, but wifdom l1'11gE7',f.H JOANNE GRIGG, Choir 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Dramatic Club 4. Sugar 'nf Spice In' etferythng nice, with the .vpice all gone to her head. ELIZABETH GROSSI, Y-Teens 4. Her wavr are wayf of plea.fantne.f.r, and all her pathx are peace. PATRICIA GRUNTZ, Y-Teens. There are many good tallcerx but few good li.fte11.er.r. JULIA GUAY. It'.v fun to he hippy and merry and gay, and il: fun to know 'jewel' for .fhe': alwayr that way. MARK HALEY, Spanish Club 25 Library Club 43 Track 2, 3, 4, Beta Hi- 3, 4. Courtesy is the 'lllarle' of a gentleman. 126 SEHUUL SE IDRS ROBERT HALEY, Junior Red Cross 3, 4. Wi.rdo1n if the wealth of the wife. CECELIA HANER. Smooth rum the water where the brook ix deep. CLARA HANKINS, Basketballg Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Choir 3. sl quiet .rtudioux lan? Not .rhel Her actionr make us rock with gleef' JOAN HARDING, Forum Stall' 45 Towpath 3g Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Y-Teens. Be not the jirst by whom the new are tried, nor yet the laxt to lay the old a.vicle. BARABARA HARRING- TON, BARB. The bluxh if beautiful, but it if .rometimex inconvenient. MARY R. HARRIS, Y-Teens 3, 45 Forum 4. The thing that goof the fartheft toward making life worth while, that co5t.r the least and doe: the -mort ir juxt a pleafant .vmile. MAUREEN R. HARRIS, MOE, Here'r a girl who really can model a futile. VIRGINIA A. I-IEAL, G1NNY. Fair and pretty, Jmall and .rhyg here'.f a girl who'll alwayx get by. ANNE K. HEALY, Forum 2, 3, 45 Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Y-Teens 2, 3, 4, Secretary 4. School if her profefxion, drama i,r her 0b.l'fJ.f1I07L, .rome day .rhe may be on the ffage, .fo keep your eye on the theater page. VIRGINIA A. HEBELER, GINNY. A girl whore eye: not only Jweep a room but whose eyelarhef duet it. GEORGE HOLLY, Manager Baseball 3, 4: Spanish Club 2. Some day he hopes to be a vet, and raife a string of hor.re.f. But no matter what George .relr out to do, he'll .rucceed in all h.i.f cour.re.r. BETTY HORTON, Cheerleading 3, 45 Senior Class Play. Oh you beautiful doll! GRETCHEN HUTH, Y-Teens 45 Basketball 2. W'ilh her golden hair, .fhe'.f pretty to walk withg with lter wiriviing .rmile .vhe'.r witty to talk with. ELIZABETH JAMIESON, Basketball 25 Forum 3, 45 Volleyball 25 Choral Club 2, 3, 4. Speech if Jilzwer, silence if golden. CAROLINE JANCETIC, UFARMERS, A: .rpry ax a jida'ler'.r how. BARBARA JEPSON, NBUNNY,n Spanish Club 25 Choral Club 2, 35 Choir 2. Ifa laugh. a day keep: the doctor away, Bunny will alwayr be healthy. NANCY C. JOHNSTON, NAN,,, Y-Teens 2, 3, 45 Red Cross Cluncil 35 Towpath 45 Forum Stal? 4. She comer with guxtf of laughter, but .vhe can be Jerioux too. ELIZABETH E. JUDGE, Barry, Basketball 2, 3, Volleyball 2, 33 Y-Teens 2. Uzllwayf cheerful, -never glum. She maker a bright and happy churn. WIL- LIAM F. JUDGE, RED, Football 2, 3, 45 Track 2, 3, 45 Hi-Y 2, 3, 4. fl xmile, afrown, a nonclmlant airy he ha: troublex, but what doe: he care? ROBERT KENNEDY, BOB, Football 2, 3, 45 Basketball 2, 3, 4. Plane geometry-for me it'J complicated. 127 LUCIGPUHT HIGH FRANK KILBURY, KlLROY.,, By plugging and .vlugging he'll win his way, every minute, every hour of every Jingle day. CARL F. KILROY, JR., Swim- ming 2, 4. Kiln: 1 a man of fame, Throughout the world you'lljind hai: name. JANET KINCAID, uJAY'KAY.n Ble:.ved are the meek for they :hall inherit the earth. CAROLINE KIRCHNER, KIRCH. There if no geniur in life like the geniuf of energy and aeti-airy. JOSEPH EUGENE KIRSCH, GENE, Track 2, 3. Alert, like bulletf, go farthext when they are .f'7IlOOlht'J'l.,, JANICE M. KLINELINE, Cheerleading 3, 45 Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. Full of grep a-mifull offun, liked hy earh and every one. NORMAN B. KNOX, Basketball 3, 45 Football Manager 3, 4. He'r small but oh, he': dy-namite: ' MARY ROLB, Y-Teens 2, 3, 45 Choral Club 4. She'x lively, full offun, very neat, and when it come: to friendfhip, lliary can't he heat. HELEN KRAATZ, Choral Club 2, 3, 43 Choir 2, 3, 4. Her modext voire and graceful air :how her to he wire at .rhe ix fair. VIRGNIA A. KRAMP, Y-Teens 3, 4, Choral Club 4. Friendly and peppy, and lot: offun-There i:n't a nicer gal under the fun. GERALD R. LaMONT, HOMER, Hi-Y 2, 3, 45 Band 2, 3, 45 Orchestra 2, 3, 4. If i2,J'fTit1ldJ', mufic, or .rports you can't heat Homer Lalllontf' THOMAS R. LANDRIGAN, Track 2, 3, 43 Basketball 2, Football 33 Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4. A quietfriend if one worth while: with much good Jenre and a pleasant .rmile. IMOGENE LANDRY, JEANNE. Wedding Bell: are breaking up that old ang of mine! BARBARA LANGDON, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 4. Friendly, kind, Jhort and .vweet-That'.r our Barb, :he can't be heat. LEO L. LANGTDON, BUTCH. A machine can work as 50 ordinary men. Yet one extra- ordinary man can overfhadow any one machine. JAMES LANIGHAN, Service with a Jmile-yovfllfind it at Daggett'.r. SCOTT LEARY, It is a great adoanta efor a .r .rtem of philoxoplzy to be .fuhxtantially true. ROBERT LEIS, Hi-Y 3, 4. Newer idle a moment, but thrifty and thoughtful of others. LAWRENCE LENVTIS, Dramatic Club 2, 4, Senior Play. He was almost killed by a train of thought entering hi: mind. J. PAUL LEYDEN, Football 23 Track 3, 45 Baseball 2, 3, 4, Letter Club 45 Hi-Y 2, 3, 4. To underxtand a little i.r better than to rniyunderrtand a lot. 128 SCHUUL SEIURS JOHN LONG, Track 2, 4, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 49 Assembly Committee 3, 4, Choir 2, 3, 49 Treasurer Senior Class. 1-llway: ready to lend a hand, fl-nd when he ringr, HE get: the hand. JUNE LUH, Y-Teens 3, 4. Good thing: come in :mall packager. lllell, here ir the Srize! Now If you want jbroofjurt look into her eye:. SUZANNE MacFARLANE, Y-Teens 4. If I :hoot at the :un I may hit a rtar. PATRICK MADRI KA, Orchestra 2, 3, 43 Library 3, 4, Towpath 33 Forum 4, Beta Hi-Y 3, 4g Track 2, 3, 45 Secretary of Youth Council 4. fl great mind rpeakr with eare and more co1npo:ure. ROBERT MAN- NING, Football 2, 3, 4, Choir 2, 3, 45 Sneior Play. The :ecret of .ruccerr ir conrtancy to purporef' JOAN MANSON, Cheerleader 3, 4, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. It ir only the educated who can produce or appreciate high art. IDA MAROTTA, Basketball, Volleyball 2, 3, 43 Bowling 3, 4. fl: a-female athlete :he': one of the bert. For when it come: to rportr, :he'll par: any te:t. THEODORE S. MATHEWS, H'IIED,,, Swim- ming 2, 3, 4, Phi Beta Chi 2, 3, 4, Junior Class Presidentg Senior Class Presidentg Senior Class Play. Give me a leoer long enough, and a fulcrum :trong enough, and :ingle handed, I can 'Inova the world. WILLIAM D. McCARRON, BILL Go Wert, young man, and grow up with the country. DONALD L. McCLOY, Omega Hi-Y 3, 4, Track 3, 4. He'r not merely a chip of the old hlocle, he': the old block it:elf. ELIZABETH L. McDONALD, HBETTY Lou, Choral Club 3, 4, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. She like: the country, but the truth murt go down, that :he like: it mort when :he rtudier itgrom town. ALBERTA McGRAW, BlRDIE. It'r the rmile that you wear that make: the runrhine everywhere. RICHARD B. McILNAY, MAC, Hi-Y 45 ,amera Club 4. Hold that pore! That :hot will he worth a million IF it turn: out. JUNE A. MCKEEVER, Junior Class 3, C'ourte:y and neatnerr are the mort trearured of oirtue:. GERALD R. MEIER, SNIPE, Orchestra 2, 3, 4. Marie ir the thing I like mort-could he he another Krei:ler? ZELLA J. MERCHANT, JE1.LY. .fl good lau h ir runrlzi-ne in the hou:e. JOHN K. MILLER, KILBoURN, Choir 2, 3, 4, Orchestra 2, 3, 45 All-State Sectional Orchestra 3, 43 All-State Orchestra 3,Torum 4g Towpath 3, 45 Track 2, 3, 43 Omega Hi-Y 3, 4, President 43 Senior Class Play. You'll alway: find him on the run hut he': the one who'll et thing: donef, ROSEMARY M. MOJE, R0sIE. '.'She'll1nakr :omefellow a might good wifeg perhapr 'twill be Eddie, the light of her life. MARIE G. IVIOLIEANI, MODDY.n To be what we are, and to become what we are capable of becoming ir the only end of life. JOSEPH MONTEDORO, MON:-I, Football 3, 43 Basketball 3, 4. You don't know how lucky you are. 129 ,fill PATRICIA MORAN, Choral Club 23 Y-Teens 4. fl .raft anxwer turvzeth away wrath. DAVID MORLEY, Sigma Gamma Hi-Y 2 3 4 Secretarv 3 4 The art of being kind 1: all this .rad world needs. RICHARD MUNSELL, Football 2, 3g Basketball 2g Baseball 2. Hi: intereftf are Jportr, hi: 'one and onlyf andthe Fawn Re.rtaurant. JAMES MURPHY, Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, President 33 Junior Class Secretary. Happir1e:J is not perfected until it if .thared. THOMAS MURPHY, Football 2, 3,45 Forum 45 Towpath 3, 45 Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4,Vice-President 45 Spanish Club 2. The :park of humor in hi.v eye is ready at any moment to ignite a laugh. PETER MUSSELL, Hi-Y 3: Swimming 3, 4. I 'never loft a little fiflz-yer, it'.v Jafe to Jay, it always wa: the biggesthtiflt I caught, that got away. ARLENE NEUMAN, Y-Teens 49 Basketball 2. Lord grant that I may alwayf defire more than I can accompli.rh. GRACE NUBELO, Basketball 29 Forum 3, 4. Chic and charming, Beautiful face, lfottderful illorlel, Would make Grace. JOHN OATES, Basketball 2: Football 2, 3, 45 Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4. In the fall, a young 111an'5 fancy lightly Iurnf to-football. EDWARD OLDENBURG, Secretary Stamp Club 4. Either I will fiend a way, or I will make one. J. ROBERT OSWALD. He may .reem to he a little shy: but we think he'.r a great guy. GLORIA OWENS, Choral Club 2, 3, 4 Accom anist 3 4' N t' l , p , , a zona Honor Society. She .rhall have 'music wherever .rhe ion. JOSEPH PASCERI, Bowling 3. joe is a king pin on hir bowling team, and wherever he goer, he-'ll bowl 'em over. PATRICIA PATTERSON, Basket all 4. fl thing .ro rare as an 'fl' in june, if Jomething :he'll acromplifhf' FRANK PENCILLE, Football 2, 39 Swimming 2. 'Lioe, love, laugh, learn', 1hat'.f a motto not to xpurtzf' JOAN PERRY. Y-Teens 4. You have to be on Iylour toe.r to keep up with thi.r girl. KENNETH PRAPPAS. By the work we know the workmeng he har laid tliefoundation for the future. HELEN PREISC . Silence ir deep af eter-11-ity,' Jpeech ir ar Jhallow as time. BARBARA PSHIRRER, Y-Teens 4. ll'ith her hair that? ax dark ag the night, and a .rmile lhUti'iIj1l.Vh right, her clothe: are ro neat, that'.r Barb, who'.v hard to beat. PAUL QUERNS, Basketball 2 3' Baseball Manager 2, Marching Band 3g Junior Class 'I reasurerg Senior Class Play, Phi Beta Chi 3, 4. A little grain of mixchief, a little bit of sau, brought thi: mighty .renior up from the Freshman Cla.vJ.', 130 SEHUUL SE runs MARJORIE RACE, Choral Club 3, 45 Forum 3, 4, Towpath 3, 4, Y-Teens 4g Dramatic Club 4: Dramatic Club Play 4, Senior Play 4. She paintx, fleetclzer, and defignr, the doe: the rumba mi lztixwine, enou h fun and pep for two, tlzafx our Lulu. HENRY RACZKIEWICZ. Who never win! ca-n rarely lore, who never climb: af rarely fallJ. WILLlA RAlVIMIgNG, Band 2, 3, 4, Marching Band 2, 3, 45 Omega Hi-Y 3, 4. Hfllwayr tinkering, alway: jiixg, Our lllotto- 'Let Bill do it. CLYDE RANKIE. It if not good that man .vlzould be alone. LOUIS RENNA, Football 2, 3, 4. Trif7er make perfection, but perfection ir not a trifle. DOROTHY RIGNALL, DOT, Strive with thi-zzgr impo,r.fible, yet get the better of them. LARRY RITZ, Band 2, 3, 4. il-lufic hot or 'murie rweet, Larry Ritz jurt can't be beat. ROY RITZ, Baseball 3, 4g Basketball 2. Aly idea of an agreeable perron ir one who agreer -with me. FLOYD ROBERTSON, The rea, the sea, tlzr open. sea, next year in the Navy he will brf, PATRICIA ROONEY, PAT.', Basketball 2, 4, Spanish Club 23 Y-Teens 4, Dramatic Club 4. Slze'.r alwayr ar bury ar a kitten with a Catnip mo-ure. THOMAS E. ROONEY, TIM, Phi Beta Chi 2, 3, 49 Football 2, 3, 4, Track 2, 3, 4. l'Solitude if the bert nurse Qf wirdo1n. CARL A. ROSATI, JASPER, Choir 4g Track 2. The .tort of fellow who hit.r the nail .rquarelv on the thumb. ERNESTINE VV. ROSSEAU, Choral Club 2, 3, 45 Choir 3. Ern.e,rtine can ll1'F0fd, T0771d11t'c'-SlI6l1'kt'.f to 'read and .flze lilzer to dance. RAYMOND E. RUHLMANN, Swimming 2, 3, 4. Tall, Dark and Rural. GERALDINE A. RYAN, GERRY, Basketball and Volleyball 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 2, 3, Bowling 3. J little nonsenfe now and then if reliflzed by tlze bert of menf' ESTHER M. SADOWSKI, In Depew High School Esther was captain and Vice-President ofthe Cheerleaders, Treasurer of the Junior Class, on the Girls' Basketball Team, and a member of the S. C. T. Sorority. Wi-n.-ning if her .nnile and plearant ir her way. RODNEY E. SANFORD, Ron, Intramural Basketball and Volleyballg Red Cross Council: National Honor Society. There are :carer of men but few are leaalerrf, VINCENT SCHIAVITTI, VINCE, They just don't underrtanrl -me. JOYCE W. SCHOONENS, JOY, Girl Reserves, Choral Club. She'.f an eye-ful tower. JOHN SCHULER, JACK, Civilization-talze it away! 131 LUEHPUHT HIGH LENA M. SCIRTO, LEE, Cheerleader 3, 43 Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. There i:n't a minute when Lee i:n't in it. VIOLET SCOTT, DUTcH. Beauty, brain: and gaiety galore, how could anyone a.rk for mon! VIRGINIA SHAEFFER, nSHAEF,n Choir 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 2, 3, 4g Y-Teens 3, 4, Vice-President 4. 'lllfhatever :he did wa: done with .ro much eare, with her it wa: only natural to plea:e. NANCY ANN SHANLEY, ANN, Choral Club 45 Y-Teens 2, 3, 4. Long brown hair and friendly :mile:. W'hen Amt :tart: talking it la:tr for mile:-and mile:-and mile:. KATHERINE A. SHARKEY, Cheerleading 3, 4. A merry heart maketh a cheerful eountrnatieef' LYMAN S. SHARP, LYM, Beta Hi-Y 4. Never afraid to lake part in .rome-fun, no matter what el:e ought to he done. CHARLES SHAYV, CHUCK, Choir 3, 43 Football 2, Beta Hi-Y 3, 49 Basketball 4. xl .revue of humor i: a preciou: thing, po::e::ed by all too jew. Laugh and the world laugh: with you! I: a :a ing tried and true. ROBERT SHIMER, BOB, He wear: a :mile that jurt wo1t't come, off. ALICE W. SIEGNER, SIG, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 3, 4, Towpath 3, Forum 3, 4g Assembly Committee 3, 45 Dramatic Club 2, 4, Choir 45 National Honor Societyg Senior Class Play. Time cannot wither nor eu:lom :tale her infinite variety. LEWIS A. SIMONS, SlMEY.,' Rather rhort, not much to my, but we like Si-mey around any dayf, ANNA MAY SKROK. Shy,we thought of thi: blonde little gal, but we know :he': a true little al. ANNETTE SMITH, Choral Club 45 Dramatic Club 4, Senior Play. The light of midnight': :tarry heave-nr is in tho:e radiant e1e:. BARTON SMITB, Library Club 3g Beta Hi-Y 45 Swimming Team 4. Small opportu-nitie: are often the beginning of great enterpri:e:. DONALD SMITH, Basketball Manager 3, 45 Track 2, 3, 45 Baseball 45 Band 2, 3, 4. Full of ei-m, vigor, and verve, what kind of vitamin: do you .ft'f!,'E?H E. HARRISON SMITH, Football 2, 3g Basketball 2, 3, 4, Track 3, 45 Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4, President 4, Orchestra 2, 35 Vice-President Senior Class. Wit, now and then, :truck nnartly, rhow: a spark. FRANCES H. SMITH, uFRAN,n Forum 4. Nothing i: jitter for the purp0:e of great product: than a very gradual ripening ofthe intellectual powerrf' DENNIS SONNEMEIER, DENNY. There 185' :ure no pa::iorz in the human .foul hut jind: it: food in -mu:ie. NVILLIAM E. STAHL, uBlLL.H Tall with red hair, and he': a little :hy-hut anyone will tell you, he': a real nice guy. PETER STEDMAN, PETE, Track 3, 4, Sigma Gamma Hi-Y. In the full tide ofa :ucce::ful experiment, a .reientirt in the making. JOANNE STEPHANSKI, Jo, Y-Teens 2, 3, 4, Choral Club 3. There are two fide: to every que:tion, :omeone once :aid. joarme keep: both the:e ride:-:tored in her head. 132 SIIHUUL SE IUHS WILSON C. SWARTOUT, BUD, Choir 23 Band 4. fl live wirefor .rure, but don!! get slioclerdf' JOHN E. SWEENEY, SwEEzY.I' Ally ambition, if you Carr, is to tra-vel with a millionaire. ROSEMARY M. SZATKOVVSKI, R0sY, Basketball 2, Choral Club'4. So in each action 'fix Juccmx, that give: it all its comlin:.f.r. JOHN TALI.. W'illz prrfrzirrarifz' and pluck, all tlzirzgf are po.f.riblr. FLORENCE TAYLOR, FLC or 'KBLONDIEQ' Choral Club 2, 3, 45 All-State Choir 3, Choir 2, 3, 45 National Honor Society. 'Taylorrd to jit' in ri f0P'7I0fCh'1liClZf'.n EVERETT THOMPSON, Ev. Eff 1.J' ll man of the grfat ouidoorr and hr likef girlf by the .rcore.f. MARILYN THOMPSON. The Cibxon ,girl of L. H. S.- Olz, that new look! MARY L. THOMPSON, HIVIARY Lou or Doc, A .rmile i.Y!g0ifit?l1, .vo they .my-lzencr, I pmnicc day by day. JOHN IL. TILLOTSON, JACK. Quiet, likeablr, frudiouf, amiable. ll'l1frrorr lu' gow, lzrlll lzffurr Io fL'i'?Zjil'Z.6'lll11.f.,, JOANNE M. TOMKINSON, TOMMY, ' Forum 2, Towpath 3, -lg Choral Club 3, 4: Y-Teens 2, 3, 4, President 33 I. C. C. 4, Youth Council 4. Corresponding Secretary -I. So well .flir adm' all anrl faery part with that vi- oafioux f'fTJ'!1f1.l1-fy.U HERBERT TOTI-IILI., HERB, Towparh 2, 3, Managing Editor 4. Gsniu.f if one per crnl imfpiraiiorz and ninety-ninz' per emit prr.tpirazior1. PAUL B. TRACY, P. B., Hi-Y 2, 3, 4g Football 2: Track 2. EjYificnl, re.veraed', andalwayf polilf, bu! deep in hir eye: .flzinex a mzlrchieziour light. EUGENE TUCKER, HBE.-XNS.H The b1'rd.r canjiy-so why rrm'1I? CHRISTINE TURCO, Cl-mis, Basketball 3, 4, Manager and Captain 33 Volleyball 3. Good .rport.rma'n:l1ip if llrr true charm. FREDERICK VV. ULRICH, FRED, Ou Ili: nerl' of tlzr young man fparklr: no gem .vo prefiou: at e11tz'rpr1'.rf. CYNTHIA VAN MATER, CYNTHiE, Towpath 3, 4g Choral Club 3, 4, Dramatic Club 2, 4: Y-Teens 3, -ix Choir -lg National Honor Society, Senior Play. Whaz if Io rome, ice know if good. GLORIA FAITH VOGEL, HGOLDIE,U Basketball Intramurals 2, 3, 4, Captain 3: Choral Club 2, 3, 49 Choir 2, 3, 4, Baton Twirler 3. ll iIoul a .rang the day would rmorr sud. JANE VVAGNER, uJANIE.H Smile-i1'.r worfh zz million dollarf, and rloe.rn't con a cent. MAR- GARET A. WATSON, PEGGY, Y-Teens Z, 3, 4: Cheerleading 3, 45 Choral Club 2, 3, 4, Dramatic Club 2, 3, 4, Red Cross 3, 4, Treasurer, Choir 4. PHI and ture arzdfull of prp, tl1at'.r our Peggy, really lzepf' LYAL WEAVER, WI-tAvE. Out for game, but a real Sporlmzan at heart either when hunting or-fi.rhi11g. 133 LUEIGPUIIT HIGH SEHUUL SE IUIIS GLENN WERTH, SONNY, Football 2, 3, 4: Phi Beta Chi Hi-Y 2, 3, 4. Thr rule of my life if Io make buff-nexy a plmfura, andlflearure my bu.fine,fs. JOHN WICK, JOHNNlE, Track 2. The world if hi: who has atiencef' F. EUGENE WILKERSON, GENE, Forum 2, 4, Literary ditor 4: Library Club 2, 3, 4: Swimming Team 2, 3, 4: National Honor Society 4: Cgmega Hi-Y 4: Stage Crew Senior Play 4: Dramatic Club Play 4. '.K1lOu'lfdg6 ix, inrlred, that which, next to virtue, trulv and ffxrniially mixer one man above another. MARIE WILLIE, uTlLLIE,v Y-Teens 4. She who :limbs the mv' of .fufcrir haf a righl to !'l1t'j1l'1ll-f.,, MARGARET WILSON. Cudgzl thy brain no mon. JANET VVINDLE, JAN, Towpath 3, 4: Forum 3, 4: Senior Play: Dramatic Club 3, -l-: National Honor Society. Nor hai thc world CI batlfr thing fho' one .vhould .frarrh it rou:zd. GERALD WINTERS, WEAsEL, Track 2, 3, 4: Football 2, 3, 4: Beta Hi-Y 2, 3, 4: Choir 2, 3, 4. .4 litflr fIlllZ1l.l'l0J'77I gow along way, and Weaxrl hay plenty of iff, KENNETH WOLLABER, UVVILD BILL. Lllflr' broohf make great rim'r.r. JULIAN ZAYAC. 'Feelin' mighty lowf Ihr tfoicc, that ix, we mmn. ' MORNA ZIMMERMAN, HIVIORNING GLORY,H Towpath 4: Choral Club 3, 4: Y-Teens 4, Dramatic Club 4: Basketball 2. For a jolliv goods boohr wlmrroiz Io loohr is bvirrr to me than goldff' AMELIA ANN ZINNI. Mlm, Basketball 2, 3, 4: Choir 4: Choral Club 3, 4: Bowling 2, 3, 4, Student Manager 4. Thfre war suddenly a .rang and 'Mizml' GIOVANNA ZONA, JEANNIE, Library Club 3. Thr dayx of our youth. are Ihr dayx of our glory. GRADUATES, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, WHOSE PICTURES DO NOT APPEAR DENI ALOISIO - WALLACE ANDREWS NORMAN BISHER ALBERT BRANDT JOHN BRIGHAM JOAN GOEHLE PETER GRO'1'TANEL1,1 ROBERT KNOOP JEAN LUCAS NICHOLAS MARO'1'TA JAMES Elmer . KENNETH MEAHL JOHN MESLER JOAN MULLETT WILLIAM BUDDENHAGEN GABRIEL CHAUSSE BETTY CORY V RICHARD NUTTER JOHN DEGNAN JAMES DiCARLO GORDON FOSTER CAMILLE O'HARA GEORGE POOLE ROBERT RICHARDS 134 WILLIAM RINN RICHARD SHINE EDWARD STEBLEIN WILLIAM STRASSEL MARY JANE THOMAS DONALD J. TOWNSEND EDGAR TUDOR WILLIAM TUMULTY WILLIAM R. WEIAND JOSEPH WHITE FLORENCE WINTERS ROGER WOODWARD ALBERT V. ALEXANDER JOHN D. ANGELUCCI MARILYN R. ARENDT CAROL C. ARGUE ANITA J. ARLINGTON ANNA RUTH BARNARD JAMES W. BARRETT MARY ROSE BEN JOAN M. BERRY DIANE E. BEST CAROL A. BOBZIEN JOHN A. BOOTS BRUCE BOWERMAN VINCENT F. BROLINSRI EVA M. BROWN JEAN M. BUTLER VINCI M. CILIBERTO WILLIAM J. CONLEY JOHN L. CORNELIUS PHYLLIS A. CUMMINGS LEO V. DARLOW ROBERT L. DORR MARILYN S. DRIER MARY HELEN DRIER WILLIAM M. ELLIS JOHN J. FALLS ROSALIE M. FARRUGIA AMEDEO FERRANTE ANNETTE FREEDLAND MARY LOU RUSSELL JOHN J. GAh1BINO MARILYN A. GAYLORD NUHTH AIIH R fair R .. LJ I , '-...sg . A I - X ' A . fy . A- A H fiij N ' ' -22 . e- . '- . . N-fr :. R :Bbw-Qfmi I A- - - 'QP 2 . , x ':::,g.:gg:1.' 3: 35 'N AWB -. CQ: - - :r: f-91. . 'H ' ...K gg...:5X 1 . . Ir N.. fx- S - O . X N . X . is 3 F? A X 8' . RICHARD E. GEORGE ROBERT L. GOODENOUGH GORDON E. GOTTMAN MARY R. GREEN JOYCE I. GREENBGAN CHARLES E. GREY JOAN M. GUNBY KENNETH C. GUTSCHOW ROLAND L. HACRMER GERALDINE A. HARRIS VICTOR J. HARRIS ALBERT A. HEMMER JOHN H. HEMLIER MARILYN L. HOEERT JEAN G. HORTON ALEX R. HUBBARD BARBARA JAMES THOMAS W. JOLLS JAN KEIRN BETTY KELLEY BARBARA H. KENNEDA MARILYN I. KENNEDY JOSEPH C. KIBLER NORA M. KISER LAVERNE S. KNAPP STEPHEN LACRI RITA A. LAMASPI Lois J. LAUER DAVID B. LEARY IRVING L. LENNERT SHIRLEY LILLEY BELVA E. LITTLE UHTH HE SEHUUL NANCY A. LITZ JEAN M. LONG ANNA JEAN MACEACHON JAMES W. MCCORMICK JOSEPH W. MCDONALD DAVID H. MEIER DELORES C. MILLER GORDON C. MORAN HAZEL J. MORSE JANE M. MORSE JUNE E. MOSHER SHIRLEY M. NEUNI.ANN LORRAINE H. NEWMAN JOI-IN J. O,BRIEN LOUIS PERACCINY FRED S. PODESZER DIANE L. POOLE JOSEPH G. ROBERTS LYMAN W. ROBINSON JUNE E. SCHERER DORIS L. SHEPARD WILLIAM R. SITZLOW ANN M. SMITH EUGENE D. SMITH SHIRLEY M. SPRING KATHRYN A. SUTTON DONALD J. SWING CARMELA TROIANI SALLY E. TUCKER JANE J. VARNEY EARLENE S. WALLACE MILDRED E. WEED NUBTH PARIS EEHUUL H JOANN L. WEIAND IEENE E. WIESENTHAL ETHEL M. WHITE DANIEL C. WILLIAMSON FANNIE L. WINTERS JAMES WIGHTMAN WILFRED E. Wn'rcoP RALPH A. WOLFE BEVERLY J. YOUNG ANNA MARIE ZONA TH PARIS SEHUUL BARTON C. ALLEN RHODA ANN ALOISIO ROBERT G. ANDERSON ANTHONY A. ANNALORA NANCY ANN ANTHONY LINDA BABCOCK JEANETTE P. BALL I HAROLD W. BARNES DONALD E. BAYER HERVE J. BELLIVEAU HELEN F. BOOTES ORIETTE L. BRAYLEY WILLIAM J. BUCHANAN SYLVIA JOYCE BUTLER JOYCE V. COLOPY CAROL COMPTON DONALD C. CONFER LAMONT L. CORNEY RUTH A. CREGO CAROL K. CRISWELL F. PETER CROSBY RICHARD DAY MARILYN DEMPSEY JOSEPH DICARLO E. DOUGLAS FARLEY WILLIAM L. FLANDERS CATHERINE L. GENET GARY W. GEPHART DOROTHY M. GIDDINGS RICHARD W. GOEHLE CAROL F. GOLDY ANTHONY R. GOULD EMMET BELHNAP SEI-IU JANET M. GURVIN RICHARD W. HAMILTON JEAN M. HAMMOND WARREN W. HARDY DAWN M. HARPER WVILLARD H. HARRIS SUZANNE E. HECK NETTIE A. HEIINIAN JEAN M. HESCH CHARLES J. HICKEY ROGER J. HILDERBRANDT GAIL HILL LEE G. HUMPHREY, JR. ROSE MARY HURLBURT DUANE G. JONES CAROL J. JOUSTRA JOAN C. KATHKE MARILYN J. KENNEY RICHARD B. KINZLY CAROL A. KIRCHBERGER EUGENE J. KIRCHBERGER XVILLIAM R. KNOOP MARY E. KOON PATRICK J. LABBY CLIFFORD E. LAKE ELEANOR M. LEIS ROBERT LEONARD MARIE E. LEYDEN VINCENT J. LICATA GERALDINE M. MANN CATHERINE M. MAROTTA DONALD W. MARSHALL MET BELHNAP SEHUUL BARBARA J. MCCLOY RIEKA J. MCGRAW MARILYN J. MEAHL KENNETH C. MERRILL C. PHILIP MEYER BARBARA A. MILLER ROBERT B. MOORE RUTH J. MORAN PAUL R. MURPHY JAMES P. NICHOLSON DONNA J. OLDENBURG FREDERIC A. OPLER MARTHA A. PALIA ROBERT R. PEDLEY MARILYN P. PLATT JOYCE E. PLUMMER AUDREY M. POOL MARY T. PORTASXCA FRANK A. PROIETTY CHARLES F. QUALIANA JOSEPH A. QUAGLIANA RICHARD M. RANDALL LINDA R. REINHOLT7. GARY E. RICHARDS LEO F. RITZENTHALER CHRISTA E. ROBERTS PATRICIA A. ROBISON BETTY C. SCHMALL RICHARD L. SEWAR SHIRLEY A. SHATTUCR ROGER C. SLATTERY ALAN L. SMITH EMMET LHNAP SEHU CAROL A. SPEAR NANCY A. SQUIRE RUTH E. STANLEY SALLY A. STEINER HELEN E. SULLIVAN AUDREY J. SY ANN SYMES LORNA TAYLOR E. ROBERT TERHUNE GLORIA A. TILLOTSON XVILEY H. TOTHILL MARILYN TRAVERS ELIZABETH ULRICH PATRICIA VAN MATER ANGELINE VILLELLA SUZANNE WADSLEY SUE A. WEBSTER NVILLIAM E. WENDT ROGER L. WHITCOMB PETER J. XVHITNEY ' S WILLIANI O. WINCHELL BROCK W. X7ATES MET BELHNAP SEHUUL 142 A ULT EUUEATIU N the year 1885 a number of young men and women requested the Board of Education for a program of evening classes in elementary subjects. A program was set up and approxi- mately two hundred enrolled. From this num- ber at least one hundred continued in regular attendance for two and three evenings weekly, depending upon the classes chosen. A request for instruction in Mechanical Drawing was met by hiring Mr. VVilliam Clark from one of the local industries to teach the class in this subject. The program was renewed from year to year in proportion to the interest shown by adult students. Lockport appears to have been one of the very earliest of the upstate cities to provide a public program of evening school studies. Be- ginning in 1920, a sum of 255,000 was annually carried in the budget for the provision of a program of adult education. Popular classes in the '20's included art and china painting, basketry and chair caning, woodturning and cabinet making, citizenship, bookkeeping, in- dustrial chemistry, automobile mechanics, mechanical drawing, machine shop, Italian language, and a supper class in foods. These classes attracted large enrollments and were attended by many from outside as well as by those living in the city of Lockport. The pro- gram has grown to where it fills a real need for many people. Each fall there are literally hundreds of inquiries concerning the program to be offered for the year. Printed bulletins and posters are widely cir- culated publicizing the program sponsored by the Lockport Board of Education. The Union Sun and journal carries numerous announce- ments of the program and brief news stories concerning the course offerings. The present trend is to broaden the offerings of the night school, yet keep them to short unit courses which fulfill the expressed needs of citizens. There is no duplication of the high school courses for credits. Among the courses offered during the last term were: community landmarks, public speaking, cooking, sewing and dressmaking, mathematics, negotiable instruments A. 1. B., Spanish, bookkeeping, shorthand, typewrit- ing, child care, landscaping the small home, American citizenship, trade related studies for apprentices, blueprint reading, machine de- sign drafting, machine shop, wood shop, and welding. The courses offered vary from term to term dependent upon local interest and need. A first principle of successful adult education is responsiveness to adult needs and to answer them with short courses given when and where the busy adult can reach them and taught by alert and competent teachers. The best equip- ped teacher for a given assignment in the adult program may be one from the regular staff but also, very possibly one selected from some special field where his competency and success are well recognized. Adult students will attend just so long as they feel that they are receiving value plus for the time invested. Attendance being wholly voluntary, the program is being continuously challenged to maintain itself on a level of vital productivity. A recently enacted section of the New York State Education Law provides a liberal sub- sidy for approved classes in adult work and makes the local flnancing of the program com- paratively simple. As a result, only a very low enrollment fee is charged and no person is barred from registration on account of cost. During the two term operation for the pre- sent school year 1947-48, approximately six hundred persons registered for courses and four hundred of them maintained good regu- lar attendance for at least one term of the year. ANNA HAYWARD MERRITT CMRS. LOUIS G. MERRITTJ Gradauted from Lockport Union School in 1885. Taught at Lewiston for one year. Preceptress at Wilson for one year. Began teaching at Lockport Union School in 1887. An exceptional teacher who taught during the tenure of Mr. Asher B. Evans. Organizer of one of the first Mothers' Clubs for child study. Secretary of the STATE P-T-A 1910-1912 Cthen called Mothers' Congress of New York Statej. Sponsor of a private kindergarten located in the old Hawley Street School.. . . . this kinder- garten was later taken over by the Board of Education. Elected the first Woman member of the Board of Education and served continuously for Fifteen years. Member of the Public Library Board for ten years. 14-4 PARE T-TEACHER The Parent-Teacher Associations of to- day number four and a half million mem- bers-a far cry from the call issued by President Grover Cleveland in 1897 for a congress of representatives of every state in the Union to formulate a definite plan that should awaken the interest of others in child study. As a result of this initial effort small study clubs of mothers sprang up and a beginning was made. Soon it was apparent that in order to accomplish worth-while results child study should not be limited to small groups but should be available to every mother. The public school was evidently the place to begin. So after a few years of deliberation on the part of educational authorities and through the persuasive arguments of -parents the Par- ent-Teacher Association was brought about, and together parents and teachers joined hands and hearts with wide vision and high hopes. Through all the years the aims of this organization have remained the same: to promote the welfare of children and youth in home, school, church, and community, to raise the standards of home life, to develop between educators and the gen- eral public such united efforts as will se- cure for every child the highest advan- tages in physical, mental, social, and spiritual education. The purpose of the organization is educational and it is non- commercial, non-sectarian, non-partisan, it does not seek to direct the technical activities of the school or to control their policies. No one because of race or creed is denied membership. I Because of this common interest the Association was able to initiate the kindergarten, health, safety, and recrea- tional programs, which were later taken over by the Board of Education. Over and above the material benefits accomplished is the fact that through this organization public opinion has been alerted to the needs of the maintenance and support of the educational system of our city. Again in the common interest the Parent-Teacher Association has been able to render noteworthy aid in the advance- ment of the teaching profession. This year the New York State Parent-Teacher As- sociation has given seventeen 51,200 Teachers' College scholarships to worthy young people. This service was one out- growth of the Student Loan plan, which has been carried on for many years throughout the state and by which sev- eral young Lockportians have been as- sisted. So it is in this organization that parents and teachers are working together with sympathetic understanding for the best development of the children of our land. r - ' 1. W... U-.1 V el? f' i -3 . t'.. .1 -,., : ' ' M2414 . 5' ' 1 l' 5-A , Z fflU'l fx itll, Aff in t Q- Al 2. 2 i Tigfifg 5 , 'lr ,V V . .1' f A ' 22w,J , if , YV In I , ,' if :T ,. l'l M- 7 I f fs 2 X tw xx W ,i , , fig. F-v 3 ,, 5.-I' v ---- , Q ,A 1' f' X 11' 44,-,F M' A e . 1 ' f 2 YT? 'ifgnc 3 wg ' ,cc A-. 2 if I 'r 'i TTTT- i , -. fif ' .J y t t 7 y ii T -x A 1 ,215- 5 'e mi .ia 1 Tea, Ji rj!!! A ' ,. . ri axvw 'V-Nl X, -pf! 4 Vw - .B T, -A , ' if f f i. A 2 l ffhiki N if ill iiiiiii im - - x fx T 1 T' ' DX , S I Twig ' V 'i ,- f' Ry f ,Q rs- ,W ' Q H , llhl.,fsv1 5, A QT 1' 1. vii.. XX JTUJ.:wg !1'f'w1f-' 'U ' li S ,I 5 T .rl 5 X. ,Ss N ., X xx X XB' -A nwmmr Q if lx 'll 145 THE LUEEPUHT EITY TEACHERS' ASSUEIATIUN The history of the Lockport schools would be incomplete without the story which so closely parallels it, that of The Lockport City Teachers' Association. The exact time of the organization of this association is not known, as the early records are lost, but we do know of its existence in 1892 when Professor Alexis Muller, Sr., came to teach in Lockport. The available records date from 1906 and reflect the varying penmanship trends of the years, just as they reflect the changing philoso- phy of the group in regard to service to the community. The iirst pages are written in dainty shaded Spencerian, then vertical, then flowing Palmer and finally simple manuscript. The early meetings of the group, sometimes held in private homes, mingled the social with the intellectual pleasures, as musical entertainment and readings were usually fol- lowed by a social hour. Then for several years the teachers sought self-improvement, so noted educators and lec- turers propounded their theories at associa- tion meetings. Later the group decided to share its cultural advantages, so the entire community enjoyed a program of concerts, lectures and dramatic presentations. In the depression years the teachers devoted all their efforts to the improvement of the physical condition of the school children. They provided milk and cod-liver oil. They spent hundreds of dollars yearly for glasses, tonsillec- tomies and other corrective measures. To raise money for these projects a tax was self- imposed, and later the teachers donned mask and wigi' to present amateur theatricals. Also during this time of stress they turned back to the city a substantial part of their salaries, which amounted to thousands of dollars. The pages of the record also tell of contri- butions to Hood relief, to the Red Cross, to the Salvation Army, to the State Teachers' Welfare Eund and to a college scholarship fund. They tell of service during two World Wars in the purchase of war bonds and in the selling of war stamps and in rationing. The association has always been fortunate in its leaders. Prominent among these were the late Superintendent Emmet Belknap, Professor Alexis Muller, Edmund M. Evans, and Maud Burt Tully. So the records of The Lockport City Teach- ers' Association will continue to tell the story of unselfish interest in children and ever active participation in community affairs. OFFICERS OF THE LOCKPORT CITY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION I Left to Right: Wallace Doubleday, Mary Teresa Burke, Executioz Committee, John R. Barry, Przrident, Marie K. Spalding, Executive Committee, Whitney Meyer, Trearurerg Genevieve Scott, Sacretary. Not in Photo: Mrs. Julia H. Callahan, Vice-Preridfnt. EH UWLEDGMENT A U PPHEEI TID This book is an attempt to present a vivid picture of the public schools of the city of Lockport, past and present. Between these covers appear the results of more than one complete year of effort, from the inception of the idea to the day upon which this final word is written. It was made possible only through the co-operation of many of my colleagues and those others who are my personal friends and the friends of our great public school system. No one person could undertake and complete so important a work and 1 am deeply indebted to Mr. George F. Jammer, Superintendent of Schools, for his sympathetic understanding of our many problems and his expressions of confidence from time to time. Mr. John R. Barry gave unstintingly of his time and energies and was in a large measure responsible for layout and photography. I want to thank Mr. Alexis V. Muller, -lr., for his excellent History of the Schoolsf, and Miss Elizabeth Hesser for her splendid History of the Public Library. My deep appreciation is extended to Mr. Raymond F. Yates who generously answered innumerable questions and made timely suggestions after reading the original copy of Mr. Muller and Miss Hesser, and also for writing Prologue 1821 and Prologue 1948 It was, of course, the original,Centennial Staff upon whose shoulders rested the responsibility of making decisions and 1 thank them sincerely for their understanding and co-operation: Miss Eleanor Hill, who read proof with a critical eye, Miss Marie Murphy, who organized an effective advertising solicitation committeeg Miss Madelene O'Brien, who served as treasurer, Miss Marion Hazen and her art staff composed of Miss Ruth Kinzley, Miss Evelyn Hakes and Mr. Fred Case. Thanks too to those senior students, John Dysinger, Marjorie Race, Betty MacDonald, Beverly Brick, and Delores Blonkowski for their timely aid. To those others who came to my aid when help was needed most: Mr. R. Donald Moore for the Foreword, to each of the Supervisors, Miss Dorothy Summey, Mr. Albert E. Gay, Mr. -lack Deeringer, Miss Candace Doelman, Mr. Wendel Applebee and Mrs. Julia H. L. Callahan, Mr. Burton L. Thelander, for original material, Miss Jessie E. VVest and Miss Rachel Flagler for material on Students and Guidance, Mrs. Montford C. Holley for material on Parents and Teachers, Mr. Ralph Hinkson, and Mr. Carleton Beck, for their superb photography, Mr. Ranney of Gold Tone Studios for individual photos, Mr. William Ross of The DuBois Press for his counsel and advice. Also, apprreciation is extended to the Lockport Exchange Trust Company for permission to use the line drawing of the Opening of the Erie Canal. Last, but not least, my appreciation to Miss Helen Rhoadhouse, my secretary, for typing and retyping the copy and enduring the irascibility of one in the throes ofugrowing pains while this book was being born. To all others, who have helped in any way, I am ever grateful and 1 say with all sincerity that this book is yours. 1 believe this volume represents for all, as it does for me, a sincere labor of love-love for the public school-because the public school is America, its ideals and its hopes for the future. RALPH L. SHATIUCK Editor 147 lNTEN NIA L P P For zz period of 21 year the Cen- tennial Yearbook Slf2zilfgl21l'J0!'Cfl and struggled with ideas and figures in flue prodnction of this book, ION Years of Efll!CZlflDl'l.N We I'f32l,llZCl.l at the very outset that the task was gigantic and that to show :ulc- qnzltely in pisturc and story the labors that' entered into the crea- tion of l..lJClifJU1'flS Public School System was next to impossible. We are all humble concerning thc re- sults of our eilorts and :apprecizxtiw for the opportunity to create 11 CK LV xx ll I?-38, Editor Q .- w l .bwlll record of this kind. We pray your indulgence in forgiving all efrors of commission and omission. ,w Qtuk QQOVS X A :ARR Egg, Fw Qs 9,5 - ANWY9 lXl,xm,1.m12 O Bum 'QXAZ NIARIE' Mzfxwu Y 148 149 NDN-PHUFESSIUNAL EMPLUYEES Adminiftrative Secretaries ana' Clerk: FLORENCE K. RILEYTSCCTCIHFY to the Superin- tendent FLORENCE L. PROCTOR-Clerk HELEN TUOHEY-Secretary to the Principal, Lock- port High School J GRACE D'AMICo-Senior Typist, Lockport High School HELEN RHOADHOUSE-SCCFCYBFYQ to the Principal, Emmet Belknap School HAZEL BOAK-Secretary to the Principal, North Park School Biuinesx Administration ARTHUR B. GLE'AsON-Business Manager and Clerk of the Board of Education R. M. NOBLE-TFCHSUFCI RICHARD L. MCCARTHY-Principal Account Clerk MARY HUTCHINSON-Senior Account Clerk ANNE NAPOLI-Senior Typist Cafeteria RUTH TOLAND-Head Cook at Emmett Belknap School SUE PENCILLE-Assistant Cook at Emmet Belknap School JOSEPHINE L. STINSON-Assistant Cook at Emmet Belknap School HAZEL LAESE-Head Cook at North Park School GRACE SHERMAN-Assistant Cook at North Park School Dizfixion of Building: and Ground: WILLIAM L. ROCENMOSER-Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. Maintenance THOMAS BURKE DONALD CONLEY CHARLES HOSFELD CHARLES SCI-IUYLER FRANK SMURTHWAITE THOMAS WILSON B. Adminiftration Building HAROLD HENNINC C. Lockport High School LEO CONLEY-Head Custodian JOHN FINN LINUS MCCARTHY WALLACE MOORE GEORGE RICKER D. Emmet Belknap School HENRY CONLIN1HC3d Custodian WATSON BARNES DAVID HARRIS ROBERT MESLER ELMER Zoss E. North Park School WILLIAM KENNEDY-Head Custodian NICK CASALINUVO THOMAS DEGAN JOHN HOENIG THOMAS ROONEY F. Charlotte Cross School ARCHIE DEFABBIO-Head Custodian ANNA BURTON JOSEPH OESTERLE G. DeWitt Clinton School JAMES LOMEARDO-Head Custodian JOSEPH BETSCH GRACE KNOOP H. john Pound School FRED WILKINS-Head Custodian LYNN BALL I. Washington Hunt School JOHN BYRNES Prefidentf of Parent-Teacher Axfoceiatiom' of all Schoolx Lockport Council of Parents and TC8ChCfS-MRS. CARLTON REID Emmet Belknap Elementary School-MRS. GEORGE DEARMYER North Park School-MRS. NORMAN DRAPER Charlotte Cross School-MRS. HAROLD ROADAR- MEL DeWitt ClintonSchool-MRS. CHARLES SANFORD John E. Pound School-MRS. HOWARD ULRICH Washington Hunt School-MRS. ROBERT BENNETT PATHUNS HONORABLE FRED A. RINGUEBERG, Mayor AMERICAN LEGION AUXILIARY CHARLES C. BEWLEY BOOK SALESMEN L. E. BROEFFLE COCKER SAW COMPANY EMMET BELKNAP CUSTODIANS ENDICOTT JOHNSON SHOES EXCHANGE CLUB F. MAHAR, Ice FOGLE, ANDREWS, PUSATERI GASCOYNE DAIRY GINN Sz CO. HASKINS SERVICE jAY'S DRUGS JUNIOR SERVICE LEAGUE KENNEDY BROTHERS KENNEDY FUNERAL HOME KIP'S CIGAR STORE KIWANIS CLUB KRESGE'S LIONS CLUB LEWIS, LEWIS AND BELL LOCKPORT BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN LOX PLAZA HOTEL KATHERINE McGOVERN MONTGOMERY-WARD Sz COMPANY L. V. V. MOSS NORTH TRANSIT TIRE SHOP OATES DAIRY A DR. PAUTLER OTTO PLASTER RAY COSTELLO,S KENDALL SERVICE REDMEN F. N. REMICK ROTARY CLUB TONY SCIRTO SCHWIND 8z SON SCOTT'S BEAUTY SHOP SHAEFFER BROTHERS SISLEY'S RESTAURANT R. B. STEWART MARTIN SULLIVAN SWEET 8: BROPHY TAYLOR Bz REYNOLDS THOMPSON SERVICE WARNER THOMPSON WALKER'S BOOK STORE WARWICK'S GROCERY C. B. WHITMORE LOCKPORT COLLEGE WOMEN'S CLUB ZONTA CLUB 151 QEACHERS 00 o MQ X 5 .N X + ...G KNg . Xxx x hr- X ou xxx xl 0 'A'nbN3 F919 THECOMMONSCHOOL The common school is the greatest discovery ever made by man. In two grand characteristic attributes, it is supereminent over all others: hrst, in its uni- versality-for it is capacious enough to receive and cherish in its parental bosom every child that comes into the world, and second in the timeliness of the aid it proffers-its early, seasonable supplies of counsel and guidance making security antedate danger. Other social organizations are curative and remedial, this is a preventive and an antidoteg they come to heal diseases and Wounds, this, to make the physical and moral frame invulnerable to them. Let the common school be expanded to its capabilities, let it be Worked with the efliciency of which it is susceptible, and nine-tenths of the crimes in the penal code would become obsolete, the long catalog of human ills would be abridged, property, life, and character held by a stronger tenure, all rational hopes respecting the future brightened. I-IoRAcE MANN LOCKPORT CITY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION LOCKPORT, NEW YORK 152 Pa g e G ance Backward , -7.1 ---..f.-1-Q-a',,15-1 , 1844 'rf nl 1948 but Plan Ahead For over a Hundred Years the Lockport Exchange Trust Company g has served the needs of Lockport and the neighboring countryside on its present site. During this period it has constantly grown and kept abreast with the times, without losing its Willingness to pioneer. VVe are very grateful for the past . . conscious of the present . . . and alert to the future of the entire Niagara Frontier and the part this bank will play in it. just as this bank started its years of service in a small way, so our young people will start, and mature with years of experience. Education is not a substitute for intelligence, ambition and energy, but added to these qualifications, it equips one for great accomplish- ments. Congratulations and Best Wishes to our Youth-the Leaders of Tomorrow. ' Lockport Exchange Trust Company Locally Owned, Managed and Controlled MEMBER! FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORP. FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 153 T a time in our history when the right kind of education is of such vital importance, it is indeed fitting to pay honor to the Lockport Union School with its long and distinguished record. Founded one hundred years ago, this outstandinginstitu- tion served not only as a model widely copied by other schools, but also as a source of inspiration, training and guidance to many citizens of Lockport and Niagara County. We are very proud to list the Lockport Schools as an in- valuable asset of this community. In the years to come may they continue to equip our younger citizens to cope with the trying and complicated tasks this modern World faces. NIAGARA COUNTY NATIONAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY LocKPoRT, N. Y. MEMBER OF F. D. I. C. 154 CORSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY LOCKPORT, NEW YORK Pp P d ts Since1907 155 Dedicated To the Future Homemakers of Lockport THREE HUGE FLOORS LOCKPORTS COMPLETE HOME FURNISHINGS AND APPLIANCE STORE 996 1NCORPORATED PINE AT WALNUT STREETS . I 156 Messe PR CGNGRATULATIONS OCKPORT can well be proud of its distinguished educational heritage. From the inception of the old Union School in 1847, the first of its kind in America, Lockport has continued through the years to carry on the tradition of providing the finest in education for its young people.. ' Graduates of Lockport High School may be found in every state in the Union and in many remote corners of the world. Many of these former students have distinguished themselves in the nation's industrial, professional and political life. I From the inception of the city's educational system, Lockport has been exceptionally fortunate in the calibre of men and women chosen to serve on its Board of Education and Administrative Staff. These public-spirited servants have been quick to recognize and to make available to Lockport's young people the newest and best in educa- tional methods. The Upson Company and its employees, many of whom are gradu- ates of Lockport High School, are happy to join in the observance of Lockport's School Centennial. THE UPSON COMPANY ' LOCKPORT, NEW YORK 157 1870 1948 LOCKPORT COTTON BATTING COMPANY ' 78 Years in Lockport 0 MANUFACTURING COTTON AND WOOL BATTING NO-FLAME FIREPROOFED COTTON LO- K INSULATION HI CHAIR, PLAY PEN, AND OTHER lj, ' INFANT PADS 'L COTTON -WOOL AND DOWN-FILLED COMFORTS 118 1868 -11- 1948 Qz: slime he 2-2.5 . 1 suis gfealgari. lE'3g!2-E li ii-li-2'lilisua-, is li E ls is his - p YUELFLMJIZW RE HE Gmmimmf -Q I I!-ll I 97 Main St. e L r We've Been On Main Street 80 Years . . . and as one ofthe old-timers ' in business on Main Street, we want to extend our congratulations to the Lockport Public Schools on their Hundredth Anniversary. As We look back over the years to our birthdate in 1868, We find that we have grown step by step with our school system and the rest of the community. We are proud to have had a part in Lockport's progress. We look forward with continuing conhdence that the future will bring all of us man provement. y more opportunities for im- P14 WILLIAMS SBRGTHERS C0. LOCKPORTS PARTMENT STORE COMPLETE DE 76-84 Main Street .flrti.rl'J dmwin o new :tore ro t g 159 6,1324 3 50- Distinctive Furnishings for the Home LOCKPORT, NEW YORK January 7, 1948 EDITORIAL BOARD, CENTENNIAL EDITION LOCKPORT, NEW YORK Gentlemen: We would like to congratulate your board and your co-workers, and the students responsible for this Cen- tennial issue. We wish to take this opportunity to extend our appreciation to the teachers and administrators of our school system for their service to this community. May the next one hundred CIOOD years witness' the continued growth of our educational facilities in a, growing com- munity. Yours very truly, Louis J. PIES 160 FOR OVER 100 YEARS Lockport Schools have been teaching readin', writin', and 'rithmatic. FOR OVER 50 YEARS The Carl Store has been teaching shoppers that it's thrifty to pay cash and save up to SZ through Carl's Gold Bond Dividends. -- HE ARLAQQ 161 THE SAVINGS BANK AND THE SCHOOL OURTEEN years before the opening of the Lockport Union School, the traditional association betvveen savings banks and the schools had its beginning. I Old I-Iickorynwas President of the United States and the future Queen Victoria was a mere slip ofa girl fifteen years of age when in France, during the reign of King Louis Phillipe, a Monsieur Dulac in the little city of Le Mans conceived the idea of School Savings. Convinced that the value of thrift should be taught early in life if the benefits are to be realized later, he encouraged the children in his school to bring their small savings to him to be accumulated until the amount was suflicient to open a regular savings account in the local bank. The merits of this system were recognized immediately and the idea spread rapidly throughout France, then to other European countries and eventually to the United States. In Lockport the FARMERS AND MECHANICS, SAVINGS BANK for many years has sponsored the School Savings System and after an enforced lapse during the war years has now resumed this activity in the public and parochial schools. It is not Without pride and genuine satisfaction that we make this contribution to the training and character building of our young citizens. . For without thrift all work is profitless. The FARMERS and MECHANICS' SAVINGS BANK ' MEMBER F. D. I. C. 162 A Compliments of the WESTERN BLOCK CO. LOCKPORT, NEW YoRK Compliments of Sardik Food Products Corp. Mill Street and Transit Rd. LOCKPORT NEW YORK -01 Compliments of LOCKPORT BUS LINES 105 DUSSAULT F OUNDRY I CORPORATION LOCKPORT, NEW YORK SERVING THE GRAY IRON CASTING NEEDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK FOR OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY Destroyed by Fire in December 1946 Rebuilt and Reopened in July 1947 STUART A. DUSSAULT, President, LHS '29 HUBERT D. POLLOCK, Secretary, LHS '30 A Compliments of --- .- NIAGARA TEXTILE A Compliments of LOCKPORT, NEW YORK GRISWOLD COMPANY T97 Amerieefs Pioneer Linen Manufacturer AA. Compliments of Compliments of A F R IE N D FLINTKOTE COMPANY Viv 13 164 CASTLEYS CITIZENS DAIRY OOO Over 50 Tears of Satzkfaotory Serwee to the People of Lockport NORTON LABORATORIES, Inc. CUSTOM MOLDERS OF PLASTICS COMPRESSION AND INJECTION LOCKPORT :: :: NEW YORK 165 THIS IS THE WAY WE LOOKED IN THE YEAR 1900 H48 Years of Progress TWO GENERA TIONS OF SELLING QUALITY CLOTHES TO PEOPLE OF LOCKPORT AND NIAGARA COUNTY A-E R IZ-H a n A-LY MAI i'lHE SIYLE CENlERi Modern Dry Cleaning Co. Men'S and Ladies' Suits altered. All kinds of repairing done. Three day service on dry cleaning and pressing. SUITS MADE TO ORDER ea HATS CLEANED AND BLOCKED RUGS CLEANED W e Call and Deliver '0I 43 NIAGARA STREET Call 2868 PRUDDEN FUNERAL HOME O. NEIL PRUDDEN '01 242 Genesee Street, LOCKPORT, N. Y. Phone 170 ' EL TEANO Cigars LA ZENDA Cigars JACOB KERN Sl SONS Hfholexale Dirtribuior Confectionery-Cigars - Tobacco School Supplies Phone 1789 Warehouse-Nicholls St. LOCKPORT, N. Y. WARD BROTHERS Mill Supply Co., Inc. M 70-76 Market Street LOCKPORT, N. Y. Compliments of PARK HOTEL wi? MRS. PENN PERKINS ANTIQUES BOUGHT AND SOLD 36 Molyneaux Corners Lockport, N. Y. Phone: 3037112 Compliments of UNDERWOOD CORPORATION S? l 167 DIAMONDS WATCHES JEWELRY LARGEST STOCK OF STERLING AND PLATED SILVER IN NIAGARA COUNTY 10 Gifts for Efvery Occasion '05 HARRY HAMILL Wedding F lowers Funeral Design: Corrage: Cut F lower: and Plant: GOULD'S FLOWERS, Inc. b Phone 2537 -01 LOCKPORT, N. Y. MIDDLEPORT, N. Y. ALBION, N. Y. MEDINA, N. Y. C omjaliments Qf CONWAY-MILLER, Inc. Launderers Dry Cleaners Far Storage ' 135 Walnut Street LOCKPORT, NEW YORK JAMES O. RIGNEL CO., Inc. Seed, Feed, Fertilizer, Fencing Flour, Cereals Paint, etc. O 'iRignel'.v Super Feeds Produce Results O Phone 2000 Phone 172 LOCKPORT, N. Y. MEDINA, N. Y GRRISGNS 100 MAIN ST. LOCKPORT, N. Y. Smart People Have Enjoyed Progressive Education in Lockport For 100 Years. Smart ' ' People Have Enjoyed Fine Fashions and Outstanding Quality For More Than a Decade at MORRISONS. CARNAHAN-SHEARER Lockport's Largest and Finest Men's and Boys' Store 5 I l Where quality is not expemifveu l.l 62 Main Street Phone 3171 SCHOOL and CHURCH, INDUSTRY and BUSINESS have worked together during the past 100 years to make for physical and spiritual progress in our community. If our form of service, the filling of the thousands of prescriptions and supply- ing of drugs and pharmaceuticals, has contributed to the physical well-being of our community, then we are glad and proud to have served Lockport for more than a decade. 155' Singer's Cut Rate Drug Store LocKPoR'r, N. Y. 169 MODF.L FUR SHOP 12 Years Young Q92-D06-QQQ E655 VISION . . . Energy . . . and a Keen Ear to the Ground . . . The Vision of a Store That's More Than a Store . . . A Store That's Part of the Community. A Store Geared to Serve the Multitude With the Best in Quality, and Lowest in Price. That's Young, Young Model Fur Shop. 57 MAIN STREET Phone 1773 LOCKPORT, N. Y. We Are 97 lBorn 18515 LIGHT o HEAT o POWER For 97 years, our sole aim and our highest re- sponsibility has been to serve the Public ade- quately with these three prime essentials to Industrial and Commercial progress and to comfortable living in our Community of Lock- port. NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC 8: GAS CORPORATION 115 Main Street, Lockport, New York F. W. K O R F F ELECTRIC COMPANY Lockportlv Oldest Electrical Contractor furnishing Quality Wiring for Light and Power and Electrical Appliances ails Over 41 Years at One Location Market and Chestnut Sts. 'ljounq Wien!! damnation LocKPoRT, NEW YORK The Purpose of Hi-Y is: I To create, maintain and extend throughout the school and community high standards of Christian character. The purpose is carried out in Lockport by: Alpha Chi Hi-Y Beta Hi-Y Delta Hi-Y' Omega Hi-Y ' Phi Beta Chi I-Ii-Y A Sigma Chi Hi-Y Sigma Gamma I-Ii-Y Emmet Belknap -lr. Hi-Y North Park Jr. Hi-Y Through the Hi-Y Council ofthe Young Men's Christian Association. 1870 1898 FAITH IN A GROWING CITY, PLUS INTEGRITY IN BUSINESS AND DEVOTION TO A GOOD NAME . . . BUILT THE GREAT STORE OF 7 5 24 Main St. 1900 1948 Since 1 .740 .gaming id prone! Serving Lockportians the Newest and Best A eelucafianaflnrogreu RECORDS ia do marlul Sheet Music ' Instruments Accessories 5 Ji., sampa, JM. S T E F F E N , S 87 min Sf., ogoclporf MUSIC STORE 124 Main St. Lockport ja5AioM .ghd jar :Lao 171 fo Le parf of a communify in wAi 40 Years of Growth 1907 - H Jig FEDERAL MILL, INC. 172 ' Lucky 0 Royal Lily 0 Snow Drop 0 Lucky Douglznut Mi Composite Views of Our Present Plants and Properties I 1910 1948 HARRISON RADIATOR DIVISION GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION PLANTS IN LOCKPORT AND BUFFALO, NEW YORK Manufacturers of Radiators, Car Heaters, Defrosters, Thermostats, Heat Exchangers 173 Newfane Lumber 81 Mfg. Co., Inc 554 OHIO ST., LOCKPORT, N. Y. NEWFANE, N. Y. We are Proud of Our Public Schools Q The Emmet Belknap Parent-Teacher Association Corzgreztulatzons on Your Bzetlzelay J. MARKLEY TULLY LOCKPORT NEW YORK Compliments of LEO J. LE BAR Jeweler 4 LOQCUST STREET LOCKPORT, NEW YORK CONGRATULATIONS On 100 Years of Ea'ucaz'z'on 101 KARL and WILLIAM SCHMILL BUFFALO, NEW YORK 175 Complzenefzts of THE FORD GUM AND MACHINE COM PANY, Incorporated LOCKPORT, NEW YORK 4' Education makes a people easy to lead, but dzfieuli to driveg easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. 176 Compliments . PARSONS DRUG STORES 0 Two Good Stores in a GOOD TOWN A Century .... Dedicated to Better Living Through Education .... Congratulations and Continued Success! A. A. N O D I N E Insurance - Center 12 Pine St. Tel. 824 NIAGARA SPORTING GOODS 39 East Ave. Next to Castles Phone 657 - Chuck Kenny The Best Teams Wear NIAGARA SPORTING GOODS EQUIPMENT E. R. Moore Girls Gym Suits-Were 83.98 CENTENNIAL SPECIAL NOW 33.35 WE SPECIALIZE IN EQUIPMENT FOR: Baseball Softball Track Golf Badminton Archery Football Basketball Hockey Bowling Sports Jackets, Fraternity and Sorority Sweaters, Golf Jackets, Swimming Trunks, Etc. OPEN DAILY 9-6 FRIDAY EVE. 177 I I HONEY'S FLOWERS 84 LOCUST STREET LOCKPORT, N. Y. Phone 3010 Q fx A. J. LAUX 8: CO.. INC. prinfen - gooLLinJcr4 Sfafioncrd Oflice Furniture and Machines School Supplies 10a 45 PINE STREET LOCKPORT, N. Y. Dance - Look - 'N - Lzkten The Goofy Ganders Lockport's Biggest Little Band Q02 You,ll have more than a barrel of fun 10: TELEPHONE 2563 MUSIC FOR ALL OCCASIONS oawia jzzwer Shop Ik 519 Locust St. Lockport, N. Y Telephone 3100 MEMBER FLORIST TELEGRAPH DELIVERY ASSOCIATION ' Compliments of FRANK J. MoRAN ATTORNEY AND CoUNsELLoR-AT-LAW 'Gr WALKER PLUMBING 8: HEATING PLUMBING Sz HEATING CONTRACTOR For Prompt Service Phone 670 Plumbing Sz Heating Supplies Ollice 88 Ransom St. Shop State Rd. at Prospect Your Book of the Day Jim UNION-SUN Sa JOURNAL FOUNDED 1821 READ DAILY IN OVER 10,000 NIAGARA COUNTY HOMES Oliver F lorisz' RETAIL A 506 Locust St. Telegraph Delivery Service Phone 735 Sag if wifA jkwcra T 'D we , f Where THE HEART 0F YOUIl YEAIlBO0K . . . Distinctive portraits by expert photographers. o 0 o Cover-to-cover yearbook counseling service. ,4r x 0 o 0 Photography in this yearbook Ep JJ K EL? by GOLD TON E STUDIOS School Dlvlslon LA BO R SUPPGRTS: The Public School System Better Educat' lonal Facilities Higher Standards for the Faculty All that harms labor 'is treason to America. No line can be drawn between the two. If any man tells you he loves America, yet hates labor, he is a liar. If any man tells you he trusts America, yet he fears labor, he is a fool. There is no America without labor. -ABRAHAM LINCOLN Amalgamated Local 686, UA W -CIO CIO Memorial Building Lockport, New York 180 Merritt-Monsanto Corp. Veneer and Plywood Equipment LOCKPORT, NEW YORK UNITED PAPERBOARD COMPANY 285 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK, N. Y. 0041 Carton Plants Syracuse, New York Victory Mills, New York Springfield, Ohio P00 Paperboard Mills Lockport, New York Thomson, New York Urbana, Ohio ,John Berent, Pres. Carl E. Berent, Vice-Pres. W51SliEJiEQI45'E LOCKPORT ENGINEERING WORKS, INC. Boilermakers - Welders - Machinists 237 Market St., Lockport, N. Y. KNO New and Used Boilers for Power and Heating Tanks - Smoke Stacks Welded Construction -Welding of All Metals Engine, Pump and General Machine Work F00 Boiler Room Supplies and Repairs VVelding Supplies and Service f Y! W 1 5 X Af! K A V ' J 153552 J Q . Q W ES M5 QQ 'Ju iii? OUR HATS ARE OFF TO A GLORIOUS PAST . '. . . l- 1 A THE AUTO DEALER OF 'THE WORTH OF A STATE IS THE LOCKPURT WORTH OF THE INDIVIDUALS AND COMPRISING IT VICINITY 182 I I EDUCATION IS NOT A DESTINATION IT IS A JOURNEY. ALWAYS WE ARE ENROUTE. I AND WE LOOK FORWARD TO A BRIGHT FUTURE I I :LARENOE BAILEY BROOKS MOTORS IJON ALLEN MOTORS EMPIRE MOTORS FRANK HOWELL AUTO KNAPP MOTORS LOCK CITY MOTORS QOCKPORT MOTORS VIULLANE MOTORS QELSON MOTORS UMKEY MOTORS FOTHILL AUTO SALES NENDELVILLE GARAGE SALES XL I A J - Y'7 C7 183 Comp Izhzefzts of B. LEO DOLAN POST No. 410 AMERICAN LEGION E E E 42 NIAGARA STREET LOCKPORT, NEW YORK .1ifE'SE0li? ix op . ,,. ,f . 4, Q7f1.xiW l 224' 'W' Q. Congratulations to the City of Lockport and its out- standing educational system. We are proud to share in the Centennial Celebration through the production of this book. s THE DU BCIS PRESS ROCHESTER . NEW YORK 184 .1- e k EE 1 7 T - -.. W, ii TF 99 iw. ii Ny i4g m,. 31 i i L , ---.W .. 's -f.,-ag-r'11 ,Q . 3, v QE- ' .- , -5 ., - .mg v -,.. 5 A-'-'.-A 'ts ' ' 'A- v- ' Wy ' J q-- 1234 R ' -J-4,1 .-, ,,.-k'-,, -agp, , :Til . Y ' :,1'-gn'-fag -V .- f--,g 1.1 -.-,.:-n 1 - .,.. --5 L- :Ab-, .. J u 'x fri, f' Ei 0 v '. Pfff' : QL-fm A . . - 'I ' . .A P136 If-1 .,-1.3. 3, ' -1-w ,'M'.v' K ,,.,u'.-. .-I-Aqvv. 1' 1 21951 -hr '-an .. ',. . T ' ,1 v f ' 'I'1': ':l'42'5' .A . - -z-'.---,-,151 --. - X.. f - Q I ' ' ' ' - L 11.570,-r X ' , v.Q!'rI--.-4. lf W v AA- 1 wwwgwH , ' JP p1..2r?g'-sm ,yg. MHRifrP1 Qld? rl 1 I M , :AEll:j',,,'.:l5 -, ,. X V I., ' X fl?-ffm ' . I Q, f , . ' ' ' A 'Q - ' , 1 1 Q ff Lgi ' 4, Q fi Pifff' ' ' P- ' rf' Y-- -a.1.vw-+L-ag-.:'3tz:.,Ln1'Eh5'f as riff-,' f. 1:-gg 'Z r - ,-. K-If A R 1 v- i.5 ' ' ' V' 'Q -' 19 :P I, YQP' If? ' 1- I I X K N Im, -,,. , -, Q Q' I fu si ' i if 1Q47,f 4 :, 4 Q ., Ir- H-,Z , , g 5 Lyf49,g,C, ' 5 . .Y -- ' 1 ,Q .. - A-09 Y I . J 0 I P' Lvm..,svw-5 ' 'j U - .5 mln:-5-:'