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Page 16 text:
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Dr. Edward Mercy, B.Sc., Ph.D. , D.I.C. Academic Background Lecturer in Geology: Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England. Lecturer in Geology, later Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Professor of Geology and Chairman of the Department, Lakehead University. Research Geochemistry of a Granite Series in Donegal, Ireland. Geochemistry and mineralogy of gamet-peridotites and eclogites from Norway, S. Europe and S. Africa. Geochemistry and mineralogy of spinel-peridotites from the Lac de Lherz region of the Pyrenees. Geochemical studies of plutonic and volcanic rocks in Northwestern Ontario. CURRENT RESEARCH The mineralogical nature of the mantle of the earth can be deduced in three ways - by considering what known earth materials fit the determined geophysical parameters (such as pressure, temperature, density, value of the gravitational constant, the velocities of seismic waves, and others), by relating the known chemical compositions of basaltic magmas to possible mantle compositions which could produce such lavas by partial or complete melting processes, and by study- ing the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks, emplaced at high levels in the crust, which might represent unaltered mantle squeezed up into the crust by tectonic processes or brought up as xenoliths in magmas. There is general agreement that the uppermost part of the mantle and at least some part of the lower crust is made up of the assemblage: olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + spinel = spinel lherzolite. This is consider- ed to be representative of granulite facies conditions in contrast to the eclogite facies conditions of the deeper parts of the mantle which is represented by the assemblage: olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnet = garnet lherzolite. Natural materials which have the appropriate properties are the spinel-lherzolite xenoliths occurring in basaltic lava flows and the garnet- lherzolite xenoliths in the Kimberlite diatremes of South Africa. Another type is represented by the series of small tectonic intrusions of spinel-lherzolite which outcrop in the French Pyrenees . A period of field work based at the beautiful town of Foix enabled me to make a detailed study of what Lacroix described as the type lherzolite. This occurs at a height of 1300 metres o.d. at the Etang de Lers as a tectonic intrusion into tightly folded and strongly metamorphosed Mesozoic rocks. The lherzolite contains 45-85% by volume of olivine, 10-35% orthopyroxene, 5-20% diopside, and 1-6% spinel. These differences in mineralogical composition are caused by the layered structure of the lherzolite. The main point of lherzolite work is an understanding of the chemistry of the lherzolites and particularly the distribution of elements such as nickel and chromium between the various mineral phases. Such data can lead to knowledge of the conditions of equilibration amongst the phases and may enable one, in comparison with a very great amount of published work, to establish models for the chemistry of the upper mantle. 14 Edward Mercy
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Page 17 text:
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Dr. J. Mothersill, B.Sc, (Physics) Carleton; B.Sc. (Geological Engineering) Queen ' s; Ph.D. Queen ' s . Background Exploration Geologist for Standard Oil (N.J.) Senior Geologist for Mobil International Oil Co. Exploring for petroleum in Turkey, Nigeria, France and Colombia. LIMNOGEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN The bottom topography of the eastern part of the Lake Superior basin consists of a lake-shelf two to four miles wide and a series of north-south aligned, topographical deeps and highs three to four miles wide lakeward, which is in marked contrast to the east-northeast and east-southeast trends of the onshore Precambrian rocks. The temperature of the bottom sediments is related to water- depth. The high pH values of the bottom sediments in Goulais Bay and Batchawana Bay appear to be caused by the alkaline waters of the Goulais and Batchawana rivers respectively. The pH measure- ments of the bottom sediments elsewhere in the area of study do not appear to be related to either water-depth or to the lake-bottom sedimentary types. The Recent sand deposition is restricted to the lake-shelf and to the offshore topographical high areas. Based on grain-size analyses the sands of the topographical highs are normally coarser- grained and better sorted than the sands of the adjacent lake-shelf area suggesting stronger current action offshore. In addition the sands of these two environments can be differentiated on the basis of total heavy mineral content as the sands of the topographical highs never contain more than 3ยป1 per cent heavy minerals whereas the sands of the lake-shelf area may contain from 4.1 to 26.0 per cent heavy minerals. The main area of provenance for the sands would appear to be the rocks along the shoreline and the drainage area of the eastern Lake Superior basin. The reason for the relative decrease in the percentage of heavy minerals present along the topographi- cal highs would appear to be that most heavy minerals are unstable in a fresh water environment and therefore would tend to be chemically decomposed before being transported to the offshore topographical high areas. The sands south of Coppermine Point are generally coarser-grained, better sorted and less positively skewed than the sands north of Coppermine Point regardless of environment of deposition. This is probably the result of stronger current action along the shallower waters of the topo- graphical highs and lake-shelf area south of Coppermine Point. The occurrence of a thicker sand sequence in progressively shallower water from north to south across the area of study could be related to the post-glacial isostatic tilting of the Lake Superior basin to the southwest as the Michipicoten area has been raised 20 meters relative to the Sault Ste. Marie area since the Nipissing stage (Farrand, i 960 ). The Recent sediments in the central parts of Batchawana and Goulais Bay and in the offshore topographical lows consist of coarse silts to coarse clays. These Recent silt-clays form a consistent sequence of the following three units: an upper thin veneer ( 4 cm. ) of coarse to very fine-grained dark yellowish brown silt; an intermediate, relatively thin (2-12 cm.), unit con- sisting of olive gray, fine-grained silt to coarse-grained clay; a lower thick unit of coarse to very fine-grained, dark yellowish brown silt. The thickness of this sequence is greatest in the central parts of the topographical deeps where it is in excess of 180 cm. thick. The mineralogical composition of the three units is very similar and consists of orthoclase, microcline, quartz, 15
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