John Adams High School - Clipper Yearbook (Ozone Park, NY)

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we naturally expect them to srng 1n thelr own volce range Wh1le the early churchmen chanted the1r monotonous muslc rn the church es of the M1ddle Ages rhythm had al ready beeen hrghly developed among the tubes ol Alnca The re11g1ous m1nd however regarded rhythm as somethmg to be avorded In the slxteenth century Palestnna developed the conceptlon that musrc consrsted ot two or more melod1es sung together and so he wrote muslc Slmlldf to our round The vo1ces d1d not srmply tra1l together but each melody was mdependently set oft Palestrma wrlte h1s muslc so that al though there were several melodzes bemg sung together they all harrnon xzed and were beautrfully mterwoven MUSICIGHS had not as yet learned to play together Occaslonally some 1n struments had been played an octave apart but group playmg was not known untll the srxteenth century and even the harp1schord was looked up on as most lmportant and was needed to hold all the other mstruments to gether Shortly alter the srxteenth century a group of muslcrans 1n Italy became mterested 1n Greek poetry and dec1d ed to g1Ve a presentatron of what they thought mt must have sounded l1ke They wrote a dramatrc play 1n poetry whrch was reclted t ever thls was nelther Greek drama nor Greek muslc but really the begm nmg of a new form ol musrcal expres slon from whlch the opera and or chestra ongmated musxc How The early m u s 1 c 1 a n s used lutes lyres vlols and wlnd mstruments all led by a harp1schord These were used somewhat as we use the gurtar or ukelele today and provrded chords as a background for the smger For all performances composers used whatever mus1c1ans were avaxl able and even rf he could have h1s chomce he was not sure whrch were best surted to h1s use The 1nd1v1dual tralts and capab1l1t1es of the mstru ments were not fully understood and so they erther chorded to the Slnglng or played the same melody whrch was sung accordmg to the 1nd1v1dual wishes of the musrcrans themselves The trrst sacred musxc drama was composed by Em1l1o Del Cavahere He shocked many ol h1s contempor anes when he sard Muslc should vary accordmg to the sentlments ex pressed by the smger He belreved that mstruments should not merely chord 1n the background for slngers but that they were capable of and should be used to help create atmos phere and unfold the plot along w1th the smgers Claudro Monteverde m furmshmg musrc for h1S opera Orfeo wrote for the hrst group of musrclans whlch can be called an orchestra Th1s group was composed oi a strmg sectlon and wmd mstruments The harpxschord however stlll predomlnated He was so encouraged by h1s hrst attempt that 1n 1624 he composed the opera Tancredl e Clormda Thrs was the hrst opera wrltten ln whrch the com poser drd not merely mark the muslc to be sung or played but had dell mte musrc assxgned to each mstru ment He amazed hrs aud1ence when the vxolmmsts lard down therr bows strrklng the strmgs w1th two tmgers to produce plzzlcato And so we see a very small prcture of the tremendous growth of muslc made possrble by a few men who dared to be drlferent It IS to those proneers that we owe our thanks lor our great llstenmg pleasure today 18 1 I .. ' 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 11 11 1 - ' - 1 1 1 1 - 11 - 1 I - 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 ' 1 I - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 11 11 1 1 1 1 I I ' 1 1 1 11 I , 11 - 1 I . 1 . 1 u 11 1 O . - 1 ' I - ' 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 , 1

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goo 0 '. if- 0 Af, no g! 0 by ' ' ,j',..-.nl ff 1'...u',, r-s NNW' a1l THE WONDERFUL Greek mmd seems to have antrcrpated much ol todays arts and learmng and so 1t seems qurte strange that 1ts vrslon rn the held ol mus1c was so myoprc It seems the Greeks belleved that mod eration should be observed 1n all th1ngs and that extremes should be avolded thus all of their mus1c was conhned wrthm l1ttle more than two octaves whrch 15 qulte lrmxted as com pared wlth the more than seven oc taves 1n use today The only mus1c known to them was the kmd used to accompany thelr poetry and thls was melody only lackmg both rhythm and harmony and producmg a very srckly effect The observance of the long and short 17 MADELINE CAVOLI syllables marked the meter of the poetry No harmony enrrched the lone melody for they had not learned to s1ng or play mstruments together and the art of slmple harmony by srngmg fourths ol hlths apart was not leamed untll more than a thousand years later The hrst spark of harmony 1ssued forth 1n the early Mrddle Ages when some one drscovered that two volces could Slng at the same t1me a irfth apart one vo1ce carrymg the melody and the other slngmg the same com b1nat1on hve notes lower Although at that trme th1s probably was a reck less d1scovery lt seems qulte natural to us s1nce the ordlnary soprano and tenor volces have a range of about a fxfth above contraltos and basses and .U Taq. os. o'. .' 1 0 Q .ooo at g . . Q s e 0 K' ' ' 51 . ,G- On -' ...1,, 10lClld... , O AEN' '15 .Q 'S o 0 4 'af V . ,, - , gr' 9990 I .1 - 'J' 'oy 1 1- -

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I Q4 'W 0 S its 'NT gf-z LORRAINE GARZINA I aacffancf aaqnelle THE COUNTRY was fresh and wlld Vast forests spread out from us ln all dlrectlons We took the path west of the log cabm and made our way up an old Indxan tra1l The Tltlwoka tnbe had mhablted thms regron around Topax lake at one t1me and all the names glven to the area were of Indlan ongm As we stood on a slopmg h1ll Chuck and I we could see a s1ght that perhaps Indlan braves had us stretched an lmmaculate crystal blanket of freshly fallen snow The sun was just beg1nn1ng to use and the bleak gray skles were streaked wlth a pale m1x ture of red and yellow hues The g1ant evergreens were heavxly peaked wxth snow and the lake Topax stood out ultramarme agamst the extreme wh1teness of 1lS background We donned our snow shoes before headmg off the mam path and started down toward the lake Tmy networks of pattems dented the crisp whlte ness where small anxmals had prevlously trod As sk1es grew l1ght we stopped to load our guns As I l1t my plpe Chuck glanced back a moment grabbed hrs gun excltedly almed and f1red Grab bmg our packs Chuck and I made our way through knee deep dnfts over to where the gun was almed A short glance about and h grumbled Mlssed one of the best bucks Ive seen too' Not altogether Chuck look here blood stalns on the snow Come on maybe we can follow them And so we followed the tracks untll we came to the edge of the lake There they became 1nd1st1n gumshable among the other tracks made by ammals comlng down earller to drmk Somewhat dmsheartened we declded to stop and rest awh1le on a fallen tree that fmgered out 1nto the lake Cleanng the snow off xt we sat down and I commenced rel1ghtmg my plpe as I thought of how I had come down here to hunt I never really took any great pleasure out of shootlng anlmals but rather I thmk lt was more the rdea of tramplng out mto the mountam wods 1n mld wmter that I really 19 7 1: I 0 , Y .A 0 Q ,A A f N xx 'XD , fl id d' Fu . ,llQ,,,,,f . . . -- ,-o.:.'. . 5 f . . .. . . . 0 I - marveled at, many years before. Glistening below e . ' ,