Illinois Junior Academy of Science - Yearbook (Urbana, IL)

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Wave forms Minimum overshoot 30W 15W 0111 Maximum overshoot 27592 2052 0f1, Output voltage unloaded 60V unloaded 59.4V unloaded 60V vs. load .03W . . 42V .03W . . 59.4V 30W . . . 60V 2W .... 56V Efficiency about 15W about 3565 85011 or at .03W at .03W better about 7O'11 at 1.5W sidered in light with the increase in catalase activity, there is a possibility of the enzyme glucose oxidase being active in the tissue. This enzyme oxidizes glucose according to the diagram shown below. In normal tissue, gluconate forma- tion is only the first few steps in glucose metabolism. It is then further oxidized through the Kreb's Cycle to carbon dioxide and water. In aerobic dehydrogenation, the oxida- tion of glucose stops at the gluconate level. Flavin-adenine- dinucleotide QFADJ is the co-enzyme and functions as a hydrogen acceptor. It transfers two hydrogen atoms to a molecule of oxygen which forms hydrogen peroxide. The catalase then decomposes the peroxide as above. This, of course, is just a thedry concerning a possible Although the original objectives were not fully .achieved as of yet, much improved performance has been obtained. This .power supply is to be used for a 15W portable audio amplifier. A Possible Metabolic Alteration in Neoplast Plant Tissue JOHN LAWLER Spalding Institute Peoria Sponsor - Rev. Daniel Reardon, C. S. V. Crown gall is a malignant tumor which affects plants. There are several different causitive agents, such as insects, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, and perhaps others. The tumors I work with are induced in the common sunflower CHelian- thus annuusl by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain B6. The purpose of the work is to determine if there is any alteration in the metabolic process of the tumor. The part of the Work described in my paper is the initial research on this problem. The first part of the research was to assay catalase activity in the tumors. Catalase is present in most living organisms. Its function is to break down hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, because of its toxicity, accoring the equation: 2H,O2 I 2H2O + O, A manometer based on the Warburg Manometer was built to measure changes in gas pressure and volume. For the catalase activity, a substrate of .O6'11 hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, was used. Young Helianthus seedlings were inoculated with the bacteria and the tumors were allowed to develop to the desired size. A control of the same size and age, only just wounded and not inoculated, was used. When the tissue was to be tested, .1 gram of the tissue was cut and sliced into thin sections and placed in 2 ml. of the substrate. Measurements of the increase of oxygen were made every minute for five minutes and then graphed. The results tan example shown in graph Al showed nearly a twofold increase in catalase activity by the crown gall than by the control plant. The next step is described below. This step is to determine any correlation between cata- lase activity and glucose oxidation. To do this, the mano- meter is again used. The substrate this time is four parts of a 1111 glucose solution added to eleven parts of a Ringer- phosphate buffer in a ratio of 1O:1. The manometer system is filled with oxygen and the tissue to be tested. .1 gram, is added to 2 ml. of the Ringer-phosphate-glucose. The decrease in oxygen level is recorded and graphed every minute for five minutes. The results fa sample given in graph Bl show a marked decrease in oxygen consumption by as much as 50611 in crown gall tumors. In considering this information, we must recall that the tumor tissue is much more active in cell division than normal tissue, but it is seen here that the tumor does not use as much oxygen as the normal tissue. In considering this, Tamaoki et al. 119601 thought this could be a result of Al more efficient use of energy by the tumor cell or BJ a variance of the tissue in its metabolic pathways. When con- change in the enzyme and metabolic activities of crown gall. I I have now started work involving colorimetric study of glucose oxidation and other metabolic intermediates. AEROBIC DEHYDROGENATION H-1 - C - O H . A O H1 F-OH H fi- X OH EXT O xcfon cl '2H HN! HX' OHIXI NH CQH I-ICSO ' c-of f X C - Cf 1 I OH I l H HO H OH glucose gluconolactone H C OH H2 C-OH 2 o C'H l - Hx! l ,OH H H xx C OH H C I O X fC OH H C I O !0H f OHN I lf C -- C E3-'E OH I I H OH H OH gluconolctone gluconic acid il 2H + FAD I FADH2 FADH2 -I- O2 I H,O, + FAD 2H,O. I 2H.O -l- O1 The Specificity of Insulin-Induced Rumplessness in Chicken Embryos THOMAS ZAZECKIS St. Mel High School Chicago Sponsor - Mr. Thomas Gorell The investigation's purpose was to determine the speci- ficity of insulin in causing the phenocopy of rumplessness in White Leghorn embryos and to relate this information to naturally occurring mutations to determine their method of operation. Altogether 234 White Leghorn eggs were used, 138 were injected with .05 ml. Illetin Q2 units insulinl and 96 were injected with .05 ml. sterile distilled water as a control. The embryos were split into 2 groups, the first incubated for 48 hours and the second for 72 hours. Both sets were then prepared for microscopic study ffixed, microtomed, stained! using both Periodic Acid-Schiff's Reagent CPASJ and Pyronin-Methyl Green IPMGJ for the staining process. The slides were then studied and the following conclusions ar- rived at: ll There is no noticeable change in the nucleic acids

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221 5.02 3.59 251 3.99 280 3.45 These corrected points form one possible curve for K I 36.8 ntfcm, and make clearer the curve for K I 25.8 ntlcm. The equations obtained defining c for varying K values may then be summarized: 1 For K I 4.87 ntfcm, c 'J 9.21 M-2-16 For K 2 6.38 ntfcm, c 2 5.32 M-1-11 For K I 25.8 ntfcm, c I 8.97 M--82 For 'K I 36.8 ntfcm, c I 19.83 M-2-52 Iuncorrectedl c 2 9.78 M-1-01 C corrected J Unfortunately, these four equations fail to suggest some function relating a and n in the Ngeneral equation c 2 a 11 to K. Additional trials for other values of K and the inclu- sion of more individual measurements in average values of c used to determine the c vs. M equations may improve this data to make it posible to determine f and g in the ideal general equation c 2 ffKl M2410 d fcentimetersl M fhectogramsl d vs. M, Rubber Tires, Double Square Cross Section Bump, No Shock Absorbers Um Q0 wg- mn Qu. FD CD g 5.6 56 E. 33 aff 0. 3 'O 'P ' 25 31- 94 U5 5,5 U1 EW SJ el.. Ss ag HH Oll EQ Q-il Um G 5 UQ E- gn-I Hg wg Og 5 mm 260 S00 8' '85 cg. 5 5 mx lm B0 U1 PP' V' Um Q- m 7' 'X n- fDn-4Z'U- X n- On U10 Oomll Una: gg gs ganmmguz 'RUE' C ::' gg??3f1gbo og QI mf 295'-gif 5- 2 , 33 333133370 -I+? +71 LU o 3' 0 m WZ I lim? sl'55'f'i3551lD 53' I 11 :I U55 as ggxoagf-Qiggx Q,-5 g+xo+xo s A ' xr1 or+ VG. Q' ,5fg,.9,-,Q Q aim gf' gaaawam 525555 Q ,gnu mn uuuu Masai? Q Sfggw- Q 'Eg gm-sv - 'Q..m Hn. In 0--Woo m Q: . oo -1 gunna ard na 55000-J In mo 000021100 io 'zo HUD: U2 55:15 'US' 'UE' Q. 'I' Q QQ 2 QQQQ aff 9.-+ g 553 sf gegg 3 3 g a S 5 '1 -'I 36.8 ntfcm nt! cm Analysis of Error All values analyzed thus far have been averages of many measurements. The accuracy of this method might easily be questioned. Through the use of standard deviation and Stu- dent's t on typical points, an accurate estimate of the validity of the averages analyzed may be made. Standard deviation for M 2 221 g, K I 3.78 ntfcm with two obstructions using rubber tires and the square cross- section bump fwithout shock absorbersl, a value which exhibited comparatively good consistency among the indi- vidual measurements composing the average, has been com- . Sd' s I - n-1 .2884 17 2 .13 This indicates that a zone .13 on either side of the average value for this point, 1.46 cm, will include 68.2716 of the indi- vidual readings likely to occur. For one of the most incon- sistent values such as M 2 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm with two obstructions, rubber tires, squarepcross-sectioned bumps, and without shock absorbers puted to be 50.13 S.. 15 : 1.83 This is nearly a third of the average value, 5.62 cm. 1 How close, then, can we be sure that the averages given are to the true values which would be obtained by averag- ing an infinite number of infinite number of individual meas- urements, if this were possible? The equation S l A21- gives a range, A , within which a probability can be as- signed of having the true value. A is the span on either side of the average, s, is the standard deviation for a given point, n is the number of values averaged, and t is Student's t. If a A for which a 904, probability exists that the ran e extending from the mean plus A to the mean minus lg contains the true value is desired, and eighteen values are known, as for M -'I 221, K I 3.78 ntlcm for which s was Ezalculated earlier, t is found from tables to be 1.746. There- ore, - A 2 1.746 i 'JE' 2 .054 cm For the less consistent d of M I 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm, 1.83 A :- 1.753 i Al15 2 .83 cm A for M : 221 g., K 2 3.78 ntlcm is 3.7'Z. of the average: A for M 2 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm is 14.841 of the average. Since the consistency of most sets of d values lies between these two extreme cases, it would be safe to generalize regarding the accuracy of the various values for d that there is a 90'-Z1 chance for most values of d and c being within roughly 993 of what would be the average of an infinite number of individual measurements. A 9'Z: variation in certain d and c values could well account for a number of irregularities in various graphs. Of course, the possibility must not be ignored that such a variation pro- duced by new data and introduced into present averages could well yield new discrepancies. Sullllnary of project lwestinghousel My project consisted of finding equations defining the amplitude of the vibrations of a model automobile chassis as a function of the chassis mass and the spring constant in the suspension. Low Voltage DC to High Voltage DC Power Supply PAUL FROM In order to obtain 60 volts DC from a 1.2 volt battery, DC must be changed to AC, then transformed to a higher voltage and finally changed back to DC using a full wave rectifier. To change DC to AC I used a two transistor power oscillator. The design proved to be unstable, hard to start and developed high transient voltages because of such a low operating voltage. After much experimentation, the perform- ance was greatly improved, but there is still much to be desired. The following is the modified circuit performance compared to the original and desired performance. Original Modified Desired Maximum output .03 W 2W 30 W Starting only when starts at starts at Capabilities unloaded any load any load

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-, after the injection of insulin, and thus no apparent genetic change. 27 There is a greater concentration of carbohydrates in the membranes around the neural tube, noto- chord, and yolk sac after insulin injection, and a decreased concentration in the tail bud region. 3l Rumplessness seems to be caused by the action of insulin in stopping the yolk sac from transferring glycogen to the embryo, or preventing metabolic processes, and this deficiency causes the undeveloped tail bud. 43 The naturally occurring mutation of rumplessness tCreeper conditionl is due to the genes' interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and transport in the tail bud of the embryo. The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on Cerebral Metabolism STEVEN TRIPPEL In tests determining the ability of mice to successfully run through a maze, it has been found that when the run was made in a chamber of high pressure oxygen, the mice ran the maze both faster and with fewer errors than did mice under normal pressure air. It is suggested that this is a result of an increase in cerebral metabolism and a proced- ure for experimentation to test this has been developed. Hyperbaric oxygenation has been in use for clinical pur- poses for a long time and many of its physiological effects are thus, well known and understood. The possibilities of its having any mental effect, however, have not, to my know- ledge, ever been explored. Yet, in the use of HBO fhyper- baric oxygenl in the medical treatment of certain diseased aged people, there has been observed a substantial loss of senility during and shortly following the period of oxygena- tion? Although these observations could possibly be due to a generally improved physical condition resulting from the curing of the disease, it poses an interesting question whether or not they may be due, at least in part, to the HBO itself. In this report, then, my experiments testing this question are analyzed and a method is proposed for evaluating the tentative answer to it. To test whether or not HBO has any effect on mental activity, a number of mice were trained to run through a maze in order to obtain food. They were trained by being fed only in the maze and only after having successfully run through it. Motivation was supplied to them by feeding them only once a day and thus, by keeping them hungry. The trained mice were then divided into two groups: a con- trol group and an HBO groupf In testing, each mouse was placed at the entrance to the maze and allowed to proceed as it pleased. Its progress was timed and the number of errors twrong turnsl were recorded. In the case of the HBO group, this maze run was made inside a hyperbaric chamber at three atmospheres iabsolutel ygressure of pure oxygen. The control was run in the same maze but under normal atmospheric conditions. The results of running each group through the maze twice with approximately and hour and a half interval be- tween runs showed that the HBO group ran the maze in a shorter average time and with an average of fewer errors than did the control group. tSee graphs and tables for spe- cific resu1ts.l This seems to indicate that HBO makes mice smarter, or at least more alert than they are under normal oxygen partial pressure inormal pO,l. This one set of tests, however, is by no means sufficient to determine whether or not HBO actually does have the standard effect of increasing mental alertness. Even if such extensive tests were made Originally there were four groups: a control, a one- atmosphere pure oxygen group, a two-atmosphere pure HBO group, and a three-atmosphere pure HBO group. The four groups together consisted of forty-seven trained mice, and were to determine whether there was an increase in mental activity corresponding to the increase in pO,. Unfortunately, however, a dog kept in the same hospital lab with these mice escaped from its cage and devoured every one of them. The ten mice that could be obtained afterward were not suffi- cient to make four new groups. so as to show beyond reasonable doubt that such effects are the result of increased oxygen pressure, they still would give no indication of just why and how: thus, a more thorough examination of the present results is called for. The following graphs and tables illustrate the results of the above-described experimentation. un hu no ll:-ulsoxoa TIHE 'M Gm-.5 M u ' - ll' Rn.. Aung. ' on-.ll neva,-,- XP I I i l Lac' R... A-a-UV, . ' .QI X kiss in-an-a :Hia Is Yiwu. llvnhu- Kia Qvn ,, A TuMElcoNraoLp:'::-fl-M. use H ' TQ 'Qf','2'f, M .... .. at l J N i i W H U rd' R-nt Hvu-mme. A a c- n ' : ' Hun-. Latin ani lun T E S 'I' co urlox. 2 mer suewcs lsr RVN Frau. 6134... :vt Ru- ao --. 3 7... we Ov'--dl as 50 zz The mice under three atmospheres tabsolutel pure oxygen iunder fifteen times the normal oxygen partial pressure! ran the maze an average of about twenty-two percent faster than the control mice under normal atmospheric conditions. w ERRORSBTESTHf.'T5I'w'mi Ell0l.S 3 A 1 . 1 R-an Average 1'4 lun marqu- Q 1 1. l -.t l k-- r 1. l ? ' I 'Z ' 3 xW 35' Hausa Nuubu- mul Run Q Emmons 5 coNTnoLlLi.'::.l-fa Q. YKRORS 2. L A ln Q Annan I I '-VA R-la huermge, O I a. 1 at rs a x 'z Q' A B C D E Nusa Leiter and Run I Run -'l I-6 44, ar' R... -'ff - 9 al TEST CONTROL. ZDIFFERENCE Ovev-all .93 l-2 31