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Illinois Junior Academy of Science - Yearbook (Urbana, IL)

- Class of 1967

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Illinois Junior Academy of Science - Yearbook (Urbana, IL) online collection, 1967 Edition, Cover

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l 1 Your expressed interest in science is enc.ouraging and heartfwarming. I welcome the inquiring mind whose quest for' answers to agefold problems has resulted in untold benefits to humanity as well as to the prog' ress of civilization. We acknowledge the value of the inquiring mind, and strongly encourage young men and women to pur' sue scientific careers. The Illinois Senior and Junior Academy of Science will assist us in achieving this goal. ' Sincerely, Gtto Kerner Governor 1' l The Illinois Junior Academy of Science, formed in 1927, has throughout the years been dedicated to the academic growth of thousands of youngsters throughout ou-r state. The at- tainment of this most worthy goal has been due largely to the efforts of devoted science teach- ers who possessed a sincere desire to lead youngsters into research activities requiring initiative, creativity and critical thinking. It is indeed with great pleasure that I wel- come the opportunity to extend my best wishes to the Illinois Junior Academy of Science, the largest and oldest junior academy in the United States. Ray Page Superintendent of Public Instruction State of Illinois In this Atomic-Space age, it is not necessary that each citizen be a scientist in order to func- tion as a useful member of society. But it is imperative that each citizen have an under- standing of the affect that scientist can have on their world. Only by studying science can we control its direction and bend it to our will. Mr. Anthony Torres Illinois Title III, NDEA, Science Department Left to right: Frances Dickson, Supervisor: Nadine Dungan, Supervisor: Paul E. Woods, Director, Title III, NDEA5 Harold Prehn, Assistant Director, Science: Edward Brattrud, Supervisor. 2 Before After Assembly Hall - U. of I. Urbana Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS -...--n.-s---.-.......-. State Officers ..... Executive Council . . . District Chai ITUBII. ......... ... Industry Advisory Committee .... Affiliates . . nu..-J...--...-... Judging Division Chairmen .... I. J. A. S. Districts ........... State Science Exposition, 66 .... Paper Sessions, 66 .......... Seminars, 66 Banquet .and Awards, 1966 . . . Paper Sessions ........... Projects .... Aeronautics Anthropology .... Astronomy . . Botany ..... Chemistry . . Conservation Meteorology Electronics . Geology - Geography . . . Microbiology Mathematics Physics .... Zoology . . . Year Book Edi Photographer: Q--vnu.. ..- tor: RAY W. JANOTA Rich Township H.S. KEN KORTGE Qfum M' 9 .w The Illin is Junior Academy of Science The Illinois Junior Academy of ience, founded in 1927 by Dr. Lyell Th as is the largest and oldest Junior Academy in the Unite States. It is an organization of junior nd senior high school students and their sponsors inter ed in the sciences. .f ' All high school and ' 1or high schools, public, private, and parochial, a invited to enter the science exposition progr m, in the State of Illinois. 1 The Junior Academy, in association with the Illinois State Academy of Science and the Illinois Industrial Advisory Com 'ttee has grown from one meagerly attended ann al meeting to eleven district meetings and a tate exposition where students exhibit the best proj p cts of the eleven dis- tricts. During the 196 exhibition, more than 1100 first place students were selected from the many thousands o ' cience students participating in the district program in glllinois. Significant ch ges occurred during 1965 in the format of the state exposition. In the past, roject judging on Friday morning necessitated many scho is coming to the Uni- versity of Illinoi campus Thursday evening. Projects were set up betwee 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Friday. f Paper session were featured and placed on Friday afternoon rather than Saturday morning. This resulted in gr ter attendance. A new feature, b inning late Friday afternoon, was seminar sessions led by professional scientists. The smalli up seminars considered some of the frontiers of various fields of science and their informal presen ' ion encouraged student participation. Those students who we .e judged outstanding in their project Work re eived a certificate de- noting the award fa duplicaiilw s sent to the student's home schoolj, an AS lapel pin, and a copy of the Handbook of Che Eiiyxgnd Physics. Seniors who received the Outstgnding Award became eligible to apply f one of the eighteen scholarships offered by Illinois colle ies. Nearly 100 new schools join the IJAS during 1965, providing afiiet gain of forty-two schools for an increase of 9.7 Z: i membership. The Illinois Junior Academy o Science 1966 Yearbook presents I capsule report of each of these Outstanding Award investigations, which has been submitted. In addition, Special Awards, Paper Session Awards, and the Special gsutivities in which students articipated are included. The Illinois Junior Academy believes tha through participati in its programs a student can develop an ability to think critically, dev op his ideas and lea through self direction. For information concerning membership the activitiesjdf the Illinois Junior Academy of Science please write to Mr. Donald G. Hopkins, tate fTr Joliet Township High School - West Campus, Joliet, nunois, 60435. 815-7253329 Illinois .lunior Academy of Science 1966-1967 Adult State Ctficers President James R. Keith, Carl S a n d b u r g High School, Orland Park President-Elect Sister Mary Alvernia, M a d o n n a High School, Chicago Treasurer Donald G. Hopkins, Joliet West High School, Joliet Secretary Miss Mary Creager, Lakeview High School, Decatur State Judging Chairman George Paslaski, G 1 e n b a r d East High School, Lombard Asst. Judging Chairman Q Sister Josephine, Mount Assisi High School, Lemont State Paper Sessions Chairman David Thies, Thornridge High School, Dolton Asst. Paper Sessions Chairman William Schwab, Joliet West High School, Joliet Yearbook Chairman Ray Janota, Rich East High School, Park Forest Publicity Chairman David Curtis, North Chicago Community High School, North Chicago Scholarship and Affiliations Chairman William Cote, Homewood-Flossmoor High School, Flossmoor Seminar Chairman Oren F. Lackey, Eastern Illinois Univer- sity, Charleston Student Advisor Mrs. Anita Brown, Oakland High School, Oakland Historian Joseph Gross, Morton West High School, Berwyn Pin Sales A. J. Hoffman, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston University Coordinator, State Exposition Dn. Sid Rosen, Division of General Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana Industrial Advisory Committee Chairman T. W. Schroeder, Illinois Power Company, Decatur Executive Council The governing body of the Junior Academy is the Executive Council, as defined in the new Constitution adopted in May, 1965. Members of the Council and their school affiliations are: James R. Keith, Carl Sandburg High School, Orland Park Sister Mary Alvernia, Madonna High School, Chicago W. M. Gersbacher, Southeast Mo. University, Cape Girardeau Donald Hopkins, Joliet West High School, Joliet T. W. Schroeder, Illinois Power Co., Decatur H. W. Crall, Western Illinois University, Macomb David Curtis, North Chicago Comm. High School, North Chicago Oren Lackey, E a s t e 1' n Illinois University, Charleston Mrs. Mary Creager, Lakeview High School, Decatur William P. Cote, Homewood-Flossmoor High School, Flossmoor D o n al d Good, Minonk - Dana - Rutland High School, Minonk Illinois .lunior Academy of Science Adult District Chairmen And Co-Chairmen, 1966-1967 Indicates Chairman of District Southern District Northern District Rev. Bernard Horzen , St. Bede College, Peru, Illinois 61354 Mr. Harry House, Jr., Co-Chairman, St. Joseph's School, Peru, Illinois 61354 Central District Mr. Rick Thompson , Bolin School, Arnold Road, East Peoria, Illinois 61611 Mr. Louis Wiggenton, Co-Chairman, Rich- woods Comm. High School, 6301 North University, Peoria Heights, Ill. 61613 Mr. Ben Propeck, Co-Chairman, East Peoria Comm. High School, Washington Street, East Peoria, Ill. 61611 East Central District Mr. Gary Weiss , Argenta Grade School, 500 North Main Street, Argenta, Ill. 62501 Mr. Harry Jackson, Co-Chairman, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61761 Southwestern District Mr. Lawrence G. Bienert , Illinois College, Jacksonville, Ill. 62650 Southeastern District Mr. Donald Rogers , Eastern Illinois Uni- versity Laboratory School, Charleston, Ill. 61920 Mr. Stanley Leasure, Co-Chairman, Mar- shall Jr. High School, Marshall, Ill. 62441 Mrs. Norma Bauer, Co-Chairman, LaGrove High School, Farina, Ill. 62838 Mr. Oren Lackey, Co-Chairman, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Ill. 61920 Dr. George E. Brown ', Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Ill. 629'03 Mr. Manley Limbaugh, Co-Chairman, Ches- ter High School, Chester, Illinois 62233 Chicago Public District Mr. Thomas A. Maloney ', Chicago Public Schools, Rm. 822, 228 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois 60601 Chicago Catholic District Brother M. R. Kelleher, F.S.C.H. ', Brother Rice High School, 10001 South Pulaski Road, Chicago, Illinois 60642 Sister David Marie, RSM, Co-Chairman, Mother McAulet High School, 3737 West 99th Street, Chicago, Ill. 60642 West Central District Dr. H. W. Crall ', Western Illinois Univer- sity, Macomb, Illinois 61455 Dr. R. M. Beveridge, Co-Chairman, Wes- tern Illinois University, Macomb, Ill. 61455 Mr. T. J. Mills, Co-Chairman, Western Illi- nois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455 Mr. William Vasen, Co-Chairman, Canton Junior High School, Canton, Illinois 61520 Northern Suburban District Mr. Ernest O. Salners , Niles - West High School, Skokie, Illinois 60076 Miss Charlotte Mayer, Co-Chairman, Jack London Jr. High School, 1001 West Dundee Road, Wheeling, Ill. 60090 South Suburban District Mr. Manly Tory , Bloom Township High School, Chicago Heights, Ill. Mr. John Troutman, Co-Chairman, Atwood Heights School, Alsip, Ill. lndustry Advisory E. D. Chalmers Vice President, Engineering Oak Manufacturing Company Crystal Lake, Illinois H. N. Diller Manager, System Operation Department Central Illinois Public Service Company Illinois Building 607 East Adams Street Springfield, Illinois Raymond J. Dufour Manager of Utilization Research Northern Illinois Gas Company 50 Fox Street Aurora, Illinois Earl O. Ehrhardt Assistant Vice President V Illinois Bell Telephone Company 212 West Washington Street Chicago 6, Illinois Dr. Paul M. Erlandson 12345 88th Avenue Palos Park, Illinois C. D. Evans Manager, Manufacturing Research International Harvester Company 180 North Michigan Avenue Chicago 1, Illinois David Ferguson Assistant to Vice President United States Steel Corporation 208 South LaSalle Street Chicago, Illinois 60690 P. E. Heisler General Superintendent Production Group I Monsanto Company Monsanto, Illinois Dr. C. E. Ireland Physicist-Statistician A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company North 22nd Street Decatur, Illinois Committee Membership Dr. Robert L. Patrick President Alpha Research 8x Development, Inc. 14323 S. Western Avenue Blue Island, Illinois 60406 Lyle F. Peckmann Engineering Consultant Eureka Williams Company 1425 E. Olive Street Bloomington, Illinois James J. Rees Personnel Representative Marathon Oil Company Robinson Refining Division Robinson, Illinois Newton N. Sacks Manager of Materials Engineering Deere 8a Company Moline, Illinois C. H. Stein Administrative Staff - Research Caterpillar Tractor Company Peoria 8, Illinois F. H. Wiley General Supervisor Materials Handling, Manufacturing Research International Harvester Company 5225 S. Western Boulevard Chicago 9, Illinois Chairman : T. W. Schroeder Manager of Power Supply Illinois Power Company 500 South 27th Street Decatur, Illinois Affiliates Dr. G. R. Yohe President, Illinois State Academy of Science Illinois State Geological Survey R. Justice Urbana Vice. President Afirgglfgsqggration C. Leplie Kanatzar P. O- Box 807 Dean of the Faculty Chicago, Illinois 60642 College E. A. Leach Vice President, Manager - Custom Products Dr' Paul Shaffer Sangamo Electric Company 11th and Converse Avenue Springfield, Illinois Associate Provost University of Illinois Urbana Judging Division Chairmen-1966 Aeronautics: Alfred E. Stott, Western Springs Anthronomy: Dr. Arthur H. Rohn, Dept. of Anthropology, Urbana Astronomy: Loren Anderson, Lombard Botany: Miss Edna Meadows, Stephen Decatur High School Chemistry: Glen Schmitz, Country Club Hills Conservation: Robert L. Smith, DeKalb Senior High School Electronics: V. F. Hershey G.P.S.S., Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Springfield Geology-Geography: Gordon Johnson, Dr. Howard School, Champaign Mathematics: Sister Joan Marie, Nazareth Academy, LaGrange Park Meteorology: Richard Semonin, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana Microbiology: Harvey Drucker, University of Illinois, Urbana 1 Physics: Wendall Yale, Carl Sandburg High School, Orland Park Zoology: David Pease, J. D. Darnall Senior High School, Geneseo Zoology IAsst.j: Miss Lois Drury, Edison Jr. High School, Champaign State Judging Chairman: George W. Paslaski, Glenbard East High School .. A... .,.. f. - s-,X State Student Chairmen v 535' President Robert Gordon, Niles West High School, Skokie Vice President Jack Keene, University High School, Carbondale Recording Secretary Joyce Barrett, Minonk-Dana-Rutland High School, Minonk Corresponding Secretary Brien Guy, La Grove High School, La Grove Banquet Chairman Patricia O'Neill, Mount Assisi High School, Lemont Asst. Sue Kuhn, Glenbard East High School, Lombard Asst. Gale Whiteneck, Virden High School, Virden Social Chairman George Young, St. Edward High School, Elgin Asst. Ralph Davis, Canton Jr. High School Asst. Gary Reynolds, East Peoria High School, East Peoria I. J. A. S. District Areas Covered North Central North Suburban East Central South Suburban Southwestern West Central Southeastern Southern UAS Science Exposition: 1966 1966 Papers Sessions A PAPERS ENTRANT If discoveries and results from experimentation are not recorded, little is done to advance science or to benefit mankind. Communication brings the discovery to where it can do much to benefit man and his world. As the scientific world has become more complex, and as the number of scientists has become greater, scientists are forced to depend more and more on the written word to communicate with each other and to make their discoveries known to the world at large. The research paper is an integral part of the state exposition. Since its inception the Papers Session Division of the Illinois Junior Academy of Science has grown steadily. Six students are selec.ted to present their papers to interested persons in each of 10 categories. Because of the proportion of papers received two ses- sions are held in Zoology. First, second and third awards are presented in each division. First place award winners are shown at the right. SCIENTIFIC WORTH INCLUDING EDUCATIONAL VALUE Is there evidence the student has acquired scientific knowledge by doing this paper? Has a scientific approach been made to the problem? H-ave known scientific facts and principals been used? ORIGINALITY Have data been gathered from an experiment done by the student? Has the student organized, according to his own thinking, materials gathered from various sources? Has the student evolved and drawn his own conclu- sions from known facts? Has the student had to devise methods of experimen- tation from which decisions were drawn? ACCURACY OF INFORMATION Are known facts and principles stated correctly and used accurately? Have results of experiments been given accurately? Are conclusions consistent with the data? EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESENTATION Have data been presented in the most explicit way for the particular type of information? Is the presentation done in an interesting and en- thusiastic manner? THOROUGHNESS Has the exhibitor searched the literature concerning his project? Can he quote the sources from his bibliography? Has he made thorough use of his data - by con- structing charts and graphs wherever applicable? How successfully has his original plan been carried through to completion? DIFFICULTY AND COMPREHENSION Considering the age and experience of the student does the presentation make use of his abilities? Has the student demonstrated that he has definitely met a challenge? Group Seminars 'N -1 .Q ,K VV X I. J. A. S. Banquet 1966 '---' ei i -ff'1:7 --f 11119 -L Dr. William Gersbacher, President 1 23.54 ie' ff' Jilin ' In if 1' W? fly 1966 Paper Sessions: First Awards ASTRONOMY ' PHOTOGRAPHY MICROBIOLOGY Robert McNamara, Chicago, Illinois John Lawler, Peoria, Illinois ANTHROPOLOGY - CONSERVATION ZOOLOGY IHS I Lyn Grandt, LaGrove, Illinois Stephen Trippel, Evanston, Illinois BOTANY ZOOLOGY 4122 Jan Lauridsen, Dolton, Illinois Thomas Zazackis, Cicero, Illinois CHEMISTRY GEOLOGY Steven Binder, Glenview, Illinois Thomas 'Reitze, Evanston, Illinois PHYSICS MATHEMATICS Steven Carhart, LaGrange, Illinois Grant Eichler, Western Springs, Illinois RADIO ZOOLOGY ii! Paul R. From, Elmhurst, Illinois Carol Egel, Lincolnwood, Illinois I lil .,.- Ji gf. Ti ' IC e?F5, QEWZ' d'L.' if z 09 X.. 'Q RNS ,?gg,, , 0 G s 1- o, 9? 6 d?Ji'rQXl.. Eat? ! sYg,l.' 5 as SEQUENCE J ,OR H W ' F K . 'Q NVWHIYH9 N009 uv3A 1966 Special Awards ILLINOIS SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL 'RESEARCH Each year the Illinois Society for Medical Research sponsors an Essay Contest. The sub- ject is The Value of Animal Experimentation. The society sponsors this contest because it feels that animal experimentation is the cen- tral feature of nearly all advances in medicine and biology, and because, unfortunately, it has been a focal point of much misunderstanding of the nature of research. It is hoped that the contest will help interest students in careers in medical and biological sciences as well as inform them of the impor- tance of animals in the development of many of the great discoveries in science. The following awards for the Twelfth Annual Illinois High School Essay Contest were presented at the 1966 banquet. WESTINGHOUSE SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH The Science Talent Search was the pioneer- ing endeavor to discover at the senior high school year level those who have the potential- ities to become the research scientists of the future. A great many industrial organizations participate in financing the annual Science Talent Search in addition to the Westinghouse Educational Foundation which has supported twenty-five Science Talent Searches. Science Service, through Science Clubs of America ad- ministers the program. Ten per cent of those students who enter the Search achieve Honors. A list of these students is made available to universities and colleges by the American Council on Education. ' In addition, a small number of those students who receive Honors are chosen as Washington Trip Winners. These students are eligible to receive over 334,000 in scholarships and awards. The following Illinois winners in the West- inghouse Twenty-Fourth Annual Science Talent Search 09657 were presented their awards at the 1965 banquet. WASHINGTON TRIP WINNERS Leslie Irwin Hoffenberg, Mather H. S. - A Problem in Finite Geometry With Applications Robert Carl Lozar, Lyons Twp. H. S. - A Phenomenon of the Solar Surface - Students who wish to know more about the Westinghouse Science Talent Search may write Science Clubs of America, 1719 N. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. FRANK REED MEMORIAL AWARD Those students Who participate in the Science Talent Search have their research papers read by the Frank H. Reed Memorial Award com- mittee. The paper which is judged to exhibit excellence in scientific writing is selected to receive the award. The 1966 award winner was: Stephen C. Carhart NATIONAL HONORABLE MENTIONS Joseph Robert Ahlgren, Guilford H. S. - Dis- tribution of First Digits Mary Frances Bader, Lourdes H. S. - Photo- synthesis with Euglena and Analysis of Amino Acids in Euglena Robert Bland Belshe, University H. S. - In- vestigations of the Sand Dollar as a Possible Organism for Ionium Dating Michael Paul Dearing, St. Edward Central Catholic H. S. - Laser: Design and Construc- tion Sally Jo Dimschultz, Niles Twp. H. S. North -Correlation of Phenotype with Genotype in the Muscular Dystrophic Mouse Louis James Dizikes, Lyons Twp. H. S., La Grange - Speed of Rotation of the Sun Com- puted through the Doppler Effect Thomas Wagner Findley, Jr., Lyons Twp. H. S. - Photosynthesis in Euglena Janet Lee Greger, Joliet Twp. H. S. West, Joliet - Effects of Pure Oxygen on Tenebrio molitor at Varying Pressures Kurt Evan Hecox, Guilford H. S. - Determi- nation of the Flavonoids in Grapefruit Carol Ann Kyrias, West Leyden H. S. - A New Prime Number Sieve James Chien Liang, Rich Central H. S., Olym- pia Fields - Theoretical Study of the Solar Interior 8z a Simplified Structural Model Dale Arvid Nelson, Maine Twp. H. S. East, Park Ridge - The Inverse: Symmetry of Func- tions about the Line y I x John Frederick Pilat, Mather H. S. - Investi- gation of a Possible Evolutionary Sequence among Normal Spiral Galaxies John Lenzie Rogers III, Glenbrook South H. S. - Making and Using the Reflecting Tele- scope. Uldis Saule, Willowbrook H. S., Villa Park- Relative Lu-nar Altitudes from Shadow Meas- urements Michael Evan Silvert, Niles Twp. H. S. West, Skokie - A n al y t i c al Diagnostics Through Paper Electrophoresis Stephen Bowman Trippel, Evanston Twp. H. S. - Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on Cerebral Metabolism Linda Young, Wells H. S. - Study of Bleach- ing Euglena STATE HONORABLE MENTIONS William Palmer Bobisuthi, Lyons Twp. H. S. -The Effect of Electrode Configuration on Dielectric Breakdown Steven Cull Carhart, Lyons Twp. H. S. - The Effect of Spring Constant dz Chassis Mass on the Amplitude of Chassis Vibration in a Simple Independent Rear Suspension System Kathleen Janice Carsello, Mother Theodore Guerin H. S., River Grove - Strontium Depos- its in Different Types of Plants Richard Allan Cohn, The Latin School of Chi- cago - The Biochemistry of Muscular Con- traction Robert Craig Comyn, Niles Twp., H. S. West, Skokie - A Free Radical Propulsion System Robert Philip Edwards, Niles Twp.- H. S. North - An Investigation of Viscosity Char- acteristics of Liquid Solutions 8z Homologous Series of Chemicals - A Modified Method Grant Bradley Eichler, Lyons Twp. H. S., La Grange - A Five Year Experiment in 30- Day-Daily Weather Forecasting Bruce Walter Johnson, Maine Twp. H. S. East, Park Ridge - Experiments in Computer Design Lee Raymond Johnson, Lyons Twp. H. S., La Grange - Microseismal Activity as Related to Barometric Pressure Changes Sherwin Michael Levinson, Roosevelt H. S. - Design and Construction of a Plasma Thruster Stanley Charles Martens, Arlington H. S. - A Look at Propositional Calculus David Armand Molnar, Lyons Twp. H. S. - The Evaporation of Ethyl Alcohol Robert Stuart Pearlman, New Trier Twp. H. S., Winnetka - Development of an Enzyme Assay for Liver Cathespins Charles William Schroeder, Lyons Twp. H. S. -How Does Irradiation Affect the Creep Re- covery of Synthetic Fibers WESTINGHOUSE AWARD WINNERS Bottom row ll. to nl Janet Lee Gregor, Sally Jo Dimschultz, Carol Ann Kyrias, Linda Young, Kathleen Janice Carsello, Mary Frances Bader. fTop row from l. to r.J James Chien Liang, Lee Raymond Johnson, Louis James Dizlkes, Stephen Bowman Trippel, David Armand Molner, Steven Cull Carhart, Grant Bradley Eichler, William Palmer Bobisuthi, Robert Stuart Pearl man, Sherwin Michael Levinson and Richard Allan Cohn. ILLINOIS SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH ESSAY CONTEST I ITSBCIIBFS are indicated in parenthesesl PLACE: 1. Kristine Lapp, Nazareth Academy, La- Grange Park CSishter Donna Mariel 2. Theodore S. Wright, Jr., Oak Park and River Forest H. S., Oak Park fJoseph P. McMenaminJ 3. Stephen R. Miller, New Trier, H. S., Win- netka fLoris A. Hoytl 4. Kathie Flynn, Mercy H. S., Chicago CSister Mary Josita, R.S.M.J 5. Janett Works, Egyptian H. S., Thebes CJames Flattj HONORABLE MENTION Un aIpI1abeiicaI orderl Sheila R. Castillo, St. Mary H. S., Chicago fSister Mary de Lourdesj Barbara Downing, Taft H. S., Chicago, CMr. Gierschj Robert G. Eckley, Peoria H. S., Peoria 1Miss Gama Kinhoferl Linda Gray, Cullom H. S., Cullom fMr. Work- manl Janet Hickey, Immaculate Conception H. S., Elmhurst CSister M. Rosalinal Janet Jarke, Immaculata H. S., Chicago CSis- ter Mary St. Eulalial Stella Kaszuba, St. Stanislaus Kostka H. S., Chicago QSister Mary Lucinaj 6. Brenda Likes, Bluffs H. S., Bluffs fMrs. Don Bunchj Suzanne Ostlund, Nazareth Academy, La- Grange Park fSister Evangelistj 8. Nancy Hoff, Immaculate Heart of Mary H. S., Westchester QSister Rose Anthonyl 9. Peggy Cullerton, St. Francis H. S., Wheaton CSister J udel 10. Jean Tille, Stephen Decatur H. S., Decatur fMr. Thistlethwaitej Mary Kay Kilburg, Immaculate Conception H. S., Elmhurst CSister M. Rosalinal Jan Mayer, Deerfield H. S., Deerfield CRobert Torsbergj Barbara Parrish, Carbondale Community H. S., Carbondale fMr. Lawrencel Stuart B. Piper, Lyons Township H. S., Wes- tern Springs fKenneth Nelsonj Judy Rosenberg, New Trier H. S., Winnetka CMr. Loria A. Hoytj Catherine Sanborn, St. Benedict H. S., Chi- cago iSister John Teresej Alice Wernsing, Beecher City H. S., Beecher City fWilliam Squires! Susan Wolfe, New Trier H. S., Winnetka fMr. Loris A. Hoytl FRANK REED AWARD Steven C. Carhart Prof. C. K. Hunt Left to right: Kristine Lapp, lst place awardg Jean Tille, 10th place award: Suzanne Ostlund, 7th place awardg Kathie Flynn, 4th place award. The above students represented the IJAS at the AAAS meeting, where they presented their papers. Left to right: Larry Lunardl, Lynn Grandt, Sister Mary Alvernla.. -xv S. s mai gi-an N 'ms ft H5 : f - Pamela. Carsan Western High School, Macomb Sawclust Effect On Tilth f LYN GRANDT , LaGrove High School I l Farina PURPOSE The purpose of my project was to observe the effects of sawdust and ammonium sulphate on the tilth of the soil under several normal conditions. PROCEDURE In working witnh my first set, I 'took thirty-five soil sam- ples from seven different locations. In each I put one table- spoon of sawdust and one-half teaspoon of ammonium sul- phate. In seven I planted corn: in seven, alsike clover. To one set, I added earthworms. In one set, I added neither plants nor earthworfns. All four sets were watered. For the control, a fifth set, unplanted and containing no earth- worrns, was left dry. In doing set two, I repeated the procedure followed in doing set one, but the following additions were made: seven cartons containing soil, sawdust, and ammonium sulphate were planted with corn and alsike clover. Earthworms were added to seven more cartons containing soil, sawdust, ammo- nium sulphateg corn and alsike clover were planted in these. To seven more cartons of untreated soil, I added gypsum. All additional groups received water. I ' RESULTS I received very good results on my first set. The earth- worms made the soil more porous for better tilth. There was much variation in the growth of the corn and alsike clover. Some of the soil became very tightly packed. The Study ot Mass Interchange in Binary Systems ROBERT McNAMARA Brother Rice High School Chicago Brother M. R. Kelleher In this study it was my aim to research mass interchange in binary star systems. My study, though, was not concerned with the actual observation of these systems, but of the forces that control the mass transfer process and how mass transfer affects the system. With this in mind, I limited myself to the fact that mass transfer exists and then I tried to determine under which conditions mass transfer can oc- cur, the reason for its occurrence, and how it effects the behavior of different star systems. The first consideration in the study of mass transfer is to define a surface to which the infinitismal particle of the star is to be restricted. This can be defined by the equation: X'-l-y'+ 2.1-1 -M- .2..M. rt + rl 2 C where the two masses are A defined and 1 -,Ll , respectively, and rotating axis having been chosen with the center of mass as the origin. The x axis is the line joining the two masses. Once C is stated the surface it defines is called the equipotential or zero-velocity surface. This surface divides space into two spaces, one accessible and the other inacces- sible to the infinitismal particle. The exact shape of this surface depends on the value of C. For large C the zero velocity surfaces differ only slightly from separate closed spheres. For decreasing C they become more elongated until they touch at some common point on the x axis, L.. For smaller C, a single zero velocity surface surrounds the two bodies, and for even smaller C, the dumb-bell increases in size and finally opens up at point L2 and finally Ls. Particles placed at these points are free of gravity and will remain at rest unless perturbed by external forces. L2 and L3 control the mass flow out of the system and Ll is the route for transfer. The equipotential surface or zero-velocity surfaces are the keys to the mass transfer process. In close binary sys- tems the lobes meet at a common point, L., along the x axis. In the systems with data leading to the fact of mass inter- change, it is speculated that the primary in the system be- gins to evolve and it starts to fill its equipotential lobe. This expansion is very rapid, because if the primary is to reach its Roche limit, it must go through the Hertzsprung gap. This rapid evolution quickly expands the radius of the pri- mary and the star fills its lobe. But, the tendency for ex- pansion remains, and the gases on the outer layers escape through the only possible outlet, L, As the mass flows into the lobe of the secondary, it takes up orbit around the sec- ondary and forms a shell or ring around the star. Some of the mass may escape the system at points La and Ls, but this depends on the value of C. Now we come to our first major difficulty. Spectro- scopic observations of the 70 or 80 close binary systems have found that in systems with mass transfer it is always the secondary and not the primary which has filled its lobe to the Roche limit and is transferring the mass to the other lobe of the system. This situation can be explained by the hypothesis of Donald C. Morton, which states that the pri- mary does evolve first, fills its surface, and transfers enough of its mass to its other companion so as to exchange the roles of primary and secondary. fThis does not include very close systems, i.e., W. Ursa Majoris.J Plotting of the Roche limits of typical systems on the H - R diagram shows tlhe primary can only reach its limit in the Hertzsprung gap, where even normal evolution is relatively fast. However, for this to be valid it must be accomplished in a process that its chances of being observed during the transmutation are small. This transition has been found to be fast enough so that few sys- tems could be caught making it. First, we start with a nearly homogenous primary in one of the various phases of evolution that is in a nuclear time scale. The nuclear time being stated for the star by the equation: rn L log T815 I 10.1 + log Fig -' log T19 If, during this interval, the star goes into a phase lasting a Kelvin Time, the Kelvin Time for the primary being de- fined by: m .Is log Tau I 7.7 + log me - log Lg K then we would expect to see less than 1111 of the group mak- ing the transmutation since the Kelvin Time is shorter by a factor of 200. Also, since the rate of transfer during the instability is governed mainly by the time it takes the outer layers to reach thermal equilibrium, the Kelvin Time may be somewhat shorter than for that of the whole star. Sta- bility returns in the expansion when t-he star loses so much mass as to approach homogenity with a Hydrogen poor com- position. But, this happens after the exchange of the role of primary and secondary. This accounts for about all observations except those of secondaries only partially filling their lobes, but this is more than likely due to a different composition, in which the sec- ondary lacks a Hydrogen rich envelope. It may be expected eventually that the new primary will start to evolve and return some of the mass that came from it originally. tStruve, 19443 CHoylel There has been much speculation as to how mass effects the evolution of a close binary system. An example would be Mr. Robert P. Kraft's suggested evolution of a W Ursa Majoris star to a U Geminorum star. These stars would not apply to Mr. Morton's theory due to their extreme closeness and their age. They seem to be older than the ordinary mass transferring binary or are in a later evolutionary phase. Mr. Kraft's whole theme rests on the findings of Huang t1956l that in a binary system, if a star loses mass to its 1 4 companion, its Period will decrease, and if it loses mass to space it will increase. In the table below is related some of the similarities of the two systems: Pnoranrv u cammoauwr w uns.-. Majoms lm 0. dzs e. '11 nt, tm, Q mtl llz Ill tm, + mp 1.5 - z.o. 1.2 - 2.5. Now if the W. Ursa Majoris fills its lobe and loses mass to both space and the other star, its evolution will be speeded up until it becomes a white dwarf. Later, the new primary begins its overflow of its lobe, giving the condition presently observed in U Geminorum variables. If the ejec- tion velocity of the component is small as compared with the relative velocity of the components and if efvo, we can wri e - 3 P - cm, + --.1. I cmn, 0 Imp + m,l rn, where . subscripts indicate initial values and P and s re- fer to the original primary and secondary by mass. Selective solutions have been tried and found to apply, but the equation only is valid when the ejection velocity eAJo. Observation of this point is not readily available. Also mass interchange seems to play an important part in the life of most novae. Findings now seem to point that all novae are binary, composed of a white dwarf and a sub- giant who is filling its lobe. It seems possible that the in- falling matter may be the cause of the outbursts, due to the white dwarf's composition. Whatever the reasons for the outbursts of the novae and dwarf novae, they must be related somehow to the mass transfer process. Now, through the integration of these facts my con- clusion is that mass transfer process is of major importance to the binary system. The full extent that mass transfer has on the binary system can be seen at a quick glance. The transfer process affects the mass ratio, the period, and the luminosity of the system. It also is a major factor in the evolution of the system and in some cases such as novae and dwarf novae, it seems to be a cause of outburst. ' BIBLIOGRAPHY Burbridge, Dr. Geoffery 8: Margret, Encyclopedia of Physics Hoyle, Fred, Frontiers of Astronomy Kraft, Robert P., Cataclysmlc Variables as Binary Stars Advances in Astronomy a.nd Astrophysics, Vol. II Kraft, Robert P., 1962 - Exploding Stars Scientific American - Vol. 206, No. 4 Kraft. Robert P. - U Geminorum Stars tDwarf Novael Astrophysical Journal - Vol. 135 Morton, Donald C. - 1960 - Evolutionary Mass Exchange in Binary Systems Astro. Journal - Vol. 132 Abt, Helmut A., The Frequency of Binaries Among Metallic Line Stars Astro. Journal - Vol. 133 Mumfort, George S., 1963 - Dwarf Novae II Sky 8: Telescope - XXIII Q33 su. .I Seismograph THOMAS J. Relrze INTRODUCTION Throughout history there have been many instruments designed for the purpose of detecting movements in the in- terior of the earth. Called seismographs, they range in de- sign and sensitivity from the ancient dragon wine jug of Choko to Benioff's sensitive electrical seismograph. The pur- pose of this paper is to introduce what is believed to be yet a new principle for the construction of the seismograph. The new idea involves the use of a liquid held in a con- tainer attached to the earth, the principle being that when the earth moves, the liquid is disturbed. A record of the disturbance is made by reflecting a light beam off the liquid and onto a photographic plate. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE The first experiments were carried out using the sun as a. source of parallel light rays and a pan of water as the de- tection device. Later, a parallel beam generator was de- signed and constructed so that experimentation could be done at any time. Pans of water with different dimensions were subjected to minute movements tthe movements were produced by lightly touching the table on which the pan was anohoredl. The disturbances in the water were revealed by the reflection of a pencil of light off the water and onto a sheet of paper. A container with adjustable sides was then designed and built, and the effects of container shape were more systematically tested. In addition to rectangular pans, circular and horn-shaped containers were tested. Then, using one shape only trectangularl, the effects of changing the depth of the liquid were observed. In all these tests the light beam was reflected directly off the surface of the liquid, but tests were also made using a mirror on a free-moving bearing, attached to a paddle sub- merged in the liquid tthe mirror being steadied by a mag- netic fieldl. RESULTS Using rectangular containers, wave patterns like those in Figures 3a and 3b were created. As the ratio of length to width was increased, the waves parallel to the longer side became much stronger relative to the waves parallel to the short sides, resulting in less interference between the per- pendicular waves. By placing dampers along the short sides the waves produced there were reduced sufficiently so that only the longer waves were recorded by the light beam. The waves produced in circular containers were more random, and so much interference was present that the light beam merely diffused when the water was disturbed. The effect was similar when a horn-shape was tested. By reflecting the light beam off a mirror instead of the liquid surface, less sensitive but more orderly results were obtained. The disturbances in the liquid were translated into vertical movements only by the mirror apparatus, but the deviations of the light beam were not nearly as great using the mirror as reflecting the beam directly off the liquid surface. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Of the container shapes tested, the best as far as obtain- ing orderly results seems to be rectangular, with one dimen- sion much greater than the other. In addition, dampers should be placed at the short ends. In testing a shape similar to Figure 3d, it was hoped that waves created in the wide end would be amplified by the narrowing sides, so that a light beam directed at the point x would record the amplified disturbances. Instead, waves created along the curved walls interfered with each other and made the results unreadable, the light beam diffusing off the liquid surface. If the depth of the liquid is too small, sensitivity is lost in the friction of the liquid on the container walls, but if the depth is too great, accuracy is lost because of currents in the liquid. The optimum depth would be a point between these two extremes, and it would vary for liquids of different vis- cosity. Even with the use of a narrow rectangular container the reflection of the light beam is not completely regularg that is. the movements of the reflection are not always vertical. This is one disadvantage for the use of a liquid in a seismo- graph, because random motion is inherent in liquids. If the light beam is to be recorded on a moving photographic plate, however, it is necessary that the movements of the beam be in one direction only. The mirror apparatus shown in Figure 2 solves this problem of random motion. The disturbances in the liquid appear on the reception plate as a series of vertical oscila- tions, similar to those produced by other types of seismo- graphs. The disadvantage of using a mirror as a reflector is that some of the sensitivity is lost in the conversion process. This fault might be largely overcome, however, if the mirror ap- paratus were made using more refined techniques, elimi- nating much of the weight and internal friction of the sys- tem. If a mirror system could be used with little loss in sensitivity, a liquid seismograph could be made to record re- sults in a very orderly and readable fashion. There is one fallacy in the experiments described above. The waves produced by movements inside the earth are dif- ferent from those produced by slight pressure on a table, the device used for producing small movements in the laboratory. If the results reported above are to be considered in evalu- ating the liquid seismograph, it must be assumed that the results would be similar using natural waves in place of movements produced artificially. The ultimate test of this new seismograplmic principle will be its ability to detect and identify actual earth movements, and actually, the principle will not be thoroughly tested until it is used for this purpose. The development and evaluation of the liquid seismo- graphic principle has just-begun. To date the only liquid tested has been water, and experiments will soon be run using liquids of varying viscosity. It is hoped that the mir- ror system can be improved upon, using knife-edge bearings and very lightweight material. Eventually, a complete seis- mograph will be built, completely enclosed in a lightproof box. A drum covered with photographic paper will be ro- tated by a synchronous motor, and will record the faint light beam reflected from the mirror apparatus immersed in the liquid. Hopefully, this seismograph will then be tested re- cording actual earth movements, with a standard seismo- graph acting as a control. Sultito Coordination Compounds STEVEN BINDER Niles Township H. S. North Sponsor - Mr. Frank Cardulla ABSTRACT Our understanding of sulfite ion chelation has changed rapidly in the last ten years. It had always been assumed that this ion could act as a bidentate ligand, bonding through two oxygen atoms. Recently, though, spectrophotometric data has suggested that the ligand actually forms a bridge between metal ions, using oxygen and sulfur. Two com- pounds which apparently have such a structure are di-JL - sulfitotetrakisethylenediaminedicobalt CIIIJ chloride and po- tassium di-J-L -hydroxo-J-A -sulfitodisulfitotetraaquodichro- mate CIIIJ. My paper discusses application of this and other recent developments to other sulfito coordination compounds. The several LMKSOXLJ3 complexes exhibit unusual sta- bility and insolubility. An excellent explanation for these properties would be a polynuclear structure. My paper dis- cusses various possible structures and how the true structure could be determined. I also reinterpret the isomerism of the ICIOCNHQASOQJ , using knowledge of the large trans- effect of the sulfito ion. The aminosulfito series is compared to the aminocarbonato series, wihose reactions are better known. Finally, the optical activity of all these compounds is discussed in detail. The Physiological Role of Stomata in Photosynthesis JAN LAURIDSEN Thornridge High School Dolton My project is primarily concerned with the function of stomata and exactly how they affect the leaf. A basic under- standing of their function was not difficult to achieve since a number of books have been written on this subject: butt in order to truly comprehend their relation to the entire leaf, af number of experiments were necessary. I selected the variable for may experiments by deter- mining whioh factors are directly related to stomatal ac- tivity. Of these factors involved, I chose temperature, hu- midity, and carbon dioxide. My first experiment, of course, was conducted under normal conditions, so that comparisons could be made later. My second experiment, however, involved temperature. I began by placing fourteen species of plants in total darkness for a period of two days. This step proved necessary in order to remove most of the starch from the leaves. I then placed the plants in an abnormal environment of 38' C. after coat- ing several leaves with petroleum jelly. The first leaf was coated on the upper epidermis, the second on the lower. The third leaf was coated on both epidermi, and the fourth was left uncoated. After a period of 1 day in a lighted area, the leaves were tested for starch. I noted that the amount of photosynthesis was greatly reduced under severe temperature change. I conducted several similar experiments with different variables. I used raised 'humidity by placing the plants in terraiums which had been previously filled with water. I also lowered the humidity by placing the plants in dessicators. My last experiment concerned carbon dioxide. Again I placed the plants in the terrariums, but this time I added a mixtLu'e of hydrochloric acid and 2.97 grams of Na,Cos, multiplying the normal concentration or carbon dioxide 1.03 per centl by a factor of five, which resulted in .15 per cent. As a result of my experiments, I have come to one basic conclusiong that all plants must be considered individually. Although general statements can be made concerning stoma- Eal behavior, biological variation remains the dominating orce. The Effects ot Spring Constant and Chassis Mass on the Average Amplitude ot Chassis Bounceis an Independent Rear Suspension System STEVEN CARHART Lyons Township High School LaGrange STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The purpose of this project is to find quantitative rela- tionships among the average amplitude of chassis motion at the rear of a one-eighth scale automobile encountering a series of obstructions, the mass supported by Uhe rear wheels, and the spring constant of the coil springs in the suspension. APPARATUS USED The somewhat unusual nature of the apparatus designed for this experiment makes a brief description of it before pro- ceeding desirable if not mandatory. The apparatus is of original design and consists of a onc- eighth scale automobile chassis mounted in such a way that the rear wheels rest on a rotating 'hollow metal drum on which obstructions of various sorts may be mounted across the path of one or both wheels. In experimentation, the ob- structions usually struck both wheels simultaneously rather than only one wheel to eliminate chassis torsion as a factor in determining the amplitude of dhassis bounce. The front of the chassis is supported by two pins stuck into the end chassis member from side supports: the chassis pivots about these two pins. The stationary front of the chassis may be considered to approximate a front suspension system which has encountered a bump soon to hit the rear, feacted to it, and brought the front of the chassis to equi- ibrium. 1 1 g5.sr. x PNG..- u.'.5 'M - JS.. U., 1 16.501 1 5 5 o U UI eu RSSB C5106 umm H o CNRS ' Mo X The magnitude bfwffhe deflection at the rear of the chassis when the wheels actually do strike the obstruction on the ro- tating drum is recorded by means of a spring aluminum pen arm attached to the rearmost chassis member. The pen arm is reinforced with wood except at the very end to reduce tor- sion caused by the friction of the pen on the recording paper. The writing instrument is a felt marker with a very fine point. It records on paper mounted on a rotating drum placed to the side of the chassis. lnqflah uasem N--' I 1 gqaflnca ..L'!' Gam QQ MOTU'- , - Posrpuu GNU r.oNs1ilvc1 9? fl-Grefkbws DY-Oh frfc-r g To QQCALQX The recording drum consists of a hollow sheet metal cyl- inder, open the bottom, which is fastened to a rotating shaft. The shaft is supported by a bearing and is driven through an 8:1 gear reduction from a small, low speed electric motor. The chassis itself is a simple perimeter type with cross bracing. It is constructed primarily of 56 square spruce strips glued and nailed together. The two wheels riding on the drum turn on two half-axles which are independently sprung, each pivoting about a pin slightly offset from the center of the chassis. Each half-axle is sprung by a coil spring and located fore-and-aft by wood strips forming a channel which limits axle motion to the vertical. wana str-WS X SPW5' Quoy SUSPGNSIDIJ frm 10 seated AX,-Q gent WWW Sine who In later experimentation, the rubber tired wheels which were used originally were replaced with metal wheels. The half-axles used with these new wheels were thinner than the old ones so the simple channel which had previously located the axles for-and-aft was no longer effective. The suspen- sion was therefore modified slightly with the introduction of control arms to locate the axles. These control arms pivoted with the axles about a point directly in front of the axle pivot. nv Wm svsveusmvl cemtut Aan Pm I MDIHI'-ICFTIUNS 1' get mee- no-r 10 stud ' mt Qwot- U game as HW?-6. Another modification which was made in later experi- ments was the addition of shock absorbers or more cor- rectly, dampers, consisting of strips of wood which introduced additional friction into the suspension by pressing against the axle. There were located on the outside of the wheels and pressed on that part of the axles which extended beyond the wheels themselves. The dampers were located by a yoke which ran across the width of the chassis. L., I ibut! TOY elw.vnS1?4Nv.:bvL vue-J 9 lv 5 HJ: R... 1 .Sa After a small tray of weights was added to the left side of the chassis to balance the pen arm on the right, a box-like carrier was mounted on the chassis into which weights could be taped to vary the mass of the chassis. A number of nearly identical lead weights were cast and numbered for identification. A light bar was passed through the axle channels and either end was placed on the pan of a balance at equal distances from the center of the chassis. The front of the chassis was supported, and the weights added in pairs in a standard order. The mass supported by each balance for increasing numbers of weights were as follows: Weight No.'s Mass on each balance none added 160 g. 1-2 191 1-4 221 1-6 251 1-8 280 1-10 311 1-12 342 1-14 372 Fourteen weights was the maximum load used in experimen- tation because greater numbers of weights placed dangerous strain on the apparatus as the chassis crossed the obstruc- tion. Since for a coil spring AQ Q K AF where K is some constant,A1.. is the change in length of spring, and A F is the force applied to the, spring, a single measurement of the compression caused by a known force will give the spring constant. The following apparatus was used to determine the values for K for springs used in the experiment: -1 mnovnw- 'LGU :muff WU? Masons 9 Mmpu. RT gawutvauw-5 wsmuasic -T-1...-- M555 gf,,,.,u. muowh' The springs which were tested in this manner were found to have spring constants of 3.78, 4.87, 6.38, 25.8, 36.8, and 110 newtons! centimeter. Springs which were shorter than the standard length of 3.00 cm. were lengthened with wood blocks glued onto one end, while the one that was longer than 3.00 cm was cut. 3.00 cm was chosen for the standard length because it gave the least camber variation from zero, i. e., slightly positive under light load and slightly negative under heavy load. Springs were mounted by passing a loop of adhesive tape through the last coils at either end of the spring. The tape in turn was passed around the chassis member directly above the axle just inside the wheel and also around the axle to hold the spring securely in place. 1596 TAPE -stew. M00 5Tl ' 'Q PROCEDURE Six pairs of springs of varying spring constants were mounted in turn on the chassis. The lead weights were added to the chassis in pairs up to a total of fourteen weights for each spring constant, giving forty-eight combinations of weights and springs Cincluding no weights with each of the pairs of springsl that were tested. The large drum on which the rear wheels of the chassis rest was allowed to run at a constant speed of 36 scale m.p.h. and the effect of the bump mounted on the drum on the chassis was recorded by the pen arm attached to the chasis. The pen recorded a series of regular oscillations in most tests. Care was taken to be sure that the chassis assumed a regular pattern before the re- corder was turned on if at all possible and that the pen arm touched the recording drum at the same point on every trial. Trials were made with the obstacle on the drum a long bar of 56 square spruce encountered by both wheels at the same time and also with a shorter bar encountered only by the right wheel. The deflection of the chassis in each particular encounter with the obstruction was recorded by the pen arm, measured, and averaged with other values taken under the same con- ditions. Since each impact produced one immediate high peak and then a minimum height as the chassis fell back to the road and the springs were compressed, the deflection to be measured, hereafter referred to as d, was arbitrarily but meaningfully defined to be the vertical distance from 1. . H-. . H, M- wr-U-8 Q 'kb'-'5EuTZ5FETi'8'w '-' the highest point after impact to a line drawn between the two adjacent minima. CRefer to figure.J Generally, one run consisted of one rotation of the recording drum and produced between fifteen and twenty separate values of d to be averaged. In trials where many weights were added, the additional drag on the large drum occasionally caused the motor to slow. In these instances, the motor was assisted to maintain standard speed through the use of a hand crank. The disappointing results of this first series of experi- ments led to a re-examination of the degree of control which had been exercised over the variables. Two possibilities arose: the tires on the vehicle were elastic to some degree: perhaps they absorbed enough of each impact to throw off the data. The nature of the obstruction used also came under scrutiny. The possibility that a more gradual obstruc- tion for the wheels, perhaps with a semicircular rather than a square cross-section would provide better data was also considered. Accordingly, the rubber tires were replaced with metal wheels and the square obstruction with a semicircular one. Again the mass was varied while spring constant re- mained at 4.87 ntfcm, but the amplitudes which were av- eraged failed to suggest any meaningful relationship between the mass of the chassis and d for a given spring constant. Then it was observed that, due to the varying natural fre- quencies attained by the chassis as mass increased, the har- monic motion which the chassis undergoes between impacts, was placing t.he chassis in a slightly different phase of har- monic motion at each impact, depending on the mass, thus producing different amounfts of residual vibration which were added to the fresh impact. Thus, changing mass values introduced another variable, the amount of residual harmonic motion, which was not being controlled. To remedy this situation, additional friction was intro- duced into the suspension system in order to gradually de- crease the residual harmonic vibrations after the initial im- pact and bring the chassis back to equilibrium before the following impact. In this way, the state of the chassis rela- tive to the suspension, which had been varying and possibly obscuring meaningful data, could be made constant before each new impact. The method chosen to introduce this fric- tion was the use of wood strips which pressed against the axles and rubbed against the axles as the chassis vibrated. Tests with varying masses and spring constants were re- peated in the manner previously described after the chassis had been thus modified. However, measurements of d still did not show any clear pattern even after the major chassis modifications were made. It was noted, though, that the distance from the high- est point reached Cimmediately after impactl to the position of the chassis immediately before impact CAfter the instal- lation of the shock absorbers or wood strips, the chassis usually was nearly at equilibrium, that is, without any resi- dual motion, just before impact.l exhibited a definite de- creasing trend as the mass increased. This quantity was designated as c and was measured for as many combina- tions of springs and weights as was possible. -9- Quatre-tom DEFHHTQDN or Q. . RESULTS Average values of d for the various combinations of spring constants and chassis mass supported by each spring and wheel Cone half the total chassis mass supported over the drum road J with the obstruction a long square cross- sectioned bar encountered simultaneously by both wheels were as follows: Chassis mass C8-J No. of over weights each Spring Constant, K lntlcml used wheel 3.78 4.87 6.38 25.8 36.8 110 0 160 1.72cm 2.42cm 1.91cm 1.92cm 2.92cm 5.88cm 2 191 1.35 0.90 2.92 1.78 2.60 4.85 4 221 1.46 2.42 4.03 1.62 1.57 4.85 6 251 1.37 1.26 5.92 1.79 1.89 5.62 8 280 2.66 1.12 8.28 2.35 1.37 3.64 10 311 3.28 0.85 7.85 2.49 4.28 3.93 12 342 3.34 1.23 8.22 2.44 5.19 3.73 14 372 4.44 1.65 8.85 2.52 6.03 3.54 Before the friction-inducing wood strips Cwhich function in the same capacity as shock absorbers on an actual autol, metal wheels, and semicircular obstructions were added to the apparatus, data was taken in which the square cross- section bump was encountered by only the right wheel. The pen arm, moving through an arc, made traces from which d was measured. -5----'. - 13' KH HRM PKC ul-ni Smart GDM? These measurements yielded the following average values: No. of weights Chassis mass fg.l d Ccml used over each wheel lK:36.8 ntfcml 0 160 6.10 2 191 5.93 4 221 5.63 6 251 5.93 8 280 5.85 10 311 5.81 12 342 5.58 14 372 5.69 Data were measured for only one value of K as no meaning- ful pattern emerged, suggesting that laboratory time might be better spent varying conditions in order to hit upon co- hesive data rather than exhaustively investigating an un- promising situation. Data traces were made for all springs, but an examination of the traces confirmed the suspicion that measuring these data would be a waste of time. Data taken last year under apparently identical circumstances conformed to a smooth exponential curve: however, inability to repro- duce these values strongly suggests that the validity of these previous data is at best doubtful. After the metal wheels and semicircular obsruotion were added to the apparatus, data traces were made with the standard combinations of weights and springs, with the obstruction striking either both wheels or only the right. As before, an examination of the data traces suggested no trends or regularities as mass was increased for a given spring, so time-consuming measurements were dispensed with and the shock absorbers mounted. Data taken with the shock absorbers in place exhibited a definite decreasing trend as chassis mass was increased, so careful measurements of the data traces and averages were computed. It should be noted that the quantity which showed this regularity was not d, which had been measured in previous experimentation, but rather c, which has been previously defined. For ease in measurement, the pen arm was allowed to make a line around the drum while the chassis was at rest at equilibrium before each data trace was made. At this time, average values for all combinations of weights and springs have not been determined. The follow- ing table lists those values which- have been determined: No. of Chassis mass Spring constant, K tntfcml weights used over each wheel tg.J 4.87 6.38 25.8 36.8 0 160 2.93cm 3.18cm 5.92cm 6.07am 2 191 2.13 2.69 5.45 3.62 4 221 1.90 1.99 4.08 2.72 6 251 1.40 1.93 4.30 2.83 8 280 1.12 2.36 ' 3.52 2.71 10 311 0.86 2.40 4.19 2.50 12 342 0.58 2.32 3.26 2.71 14 372 0.51 2.76 3.08 2.74 4' Bottoming occurs, due to the short length of this particu- lar spring, thus causing inconsistent results. ANALYSIS OF DATA A number of procedures were followed in an attempt to organize the data obtained for d before any modifications were made on the apparatus. After the values of average d for each combination of chassis mass and spring constant were computed, this quantity was graphed as a function of the mass supported by each of the rear wheels tthat is, half the mass resting on the rear wheelsl for each particular spring constant. In the case where both wheels met the square cross section bumped simultaneously, it was observed that each of these graphs had the same general form al- though their dimensions varied. Each graph fell at first, then reached a minimum and began to increase for larger mass values. After reaching a maximum, the graphs again fell, reached a minimum, and were again increasing at the maximum mass value tested. tRefer to graphs at the close of this section.J W Qencanc r-mm, .L dum One exception to this rule was the graph of d vs. mass for K:6.38 ntfcm, which failed to exhibit the 'initial de- crease. However, the graph suggests that this may be due merely to the fact that mass values low enough to produce the expected shape of the graph could not be tested. The only other exception to the general shape was K:110 nt! cm, in which the last two points fall off rather than continue the expected final increase. Perhaps the graphs for the other springs would show this characteristic if higher mass values were tried. The characteristics of these curves suggested a general equation which might fit each of the deflection-mass rela- tionships, namely A d:-M-+B+CM+DM'-I-EM3+FM' where d is the d defined previously, M is the chassis mass supported by each wheel, and A, B, C, D, E, and F are con- stants. A The M term was introduced so that lim d 200 M -+0 This was suggested by experimental results in the form of the high d values obtained from low M values for each spring. The notion that d should approach infinity as M approaches zero is also suggested by a simplified theoretical model in which the chassis is thought of simply as a mass being ac- celerated and moved by a standard force. If for the moment we ignore the fact that the upward deflection of the chassis is limited by the springs, standard Newtonian mechanics tell us that d:56at' and F a:-. M Substitution yields Ft' az- 2M Since the time over which the force is applied to the wheel by the obstruction and the magnitude of the force applied to the wheel are determined by the speed of the drum, which is held constant, Ft' k limdflim-.- I lim- 290 2M M M-yo M-yO M-yO The nature of the remaining portion of the equation, a fourth degree relationship in M, was dictated by the presence of two minima and a maximum in the general graph, since an equation with n maxima and minima is of a degree at least n+1. In order to determine the necessary constants in each particular equation defining d in terms of M for a given K, .experimental values of M and d were inserted into the equation A M-P-B-I-CM+DM'+EM'+FM'-':d for each point on each graph for a given K. M was put in terms of hectograms to simplify computations. For each value of K, then, this yielded eight equations tsince eight values of M were tried! in six unknowns, A, B, C, D, E, and F. In using the method of least squares to get the best ap- proximate solution of these simultaneous equations which will determine the curve of the given form which will pass closest to the experimental points, each of the eight equa- tions for a given K was multiplied by its A coefficient and these eight equations added to form the first normal equa- tion. The five other normal equations were formed by using the B, C, D, E, and F coefficients in a similar manner. The six normals were then solved simultaneously to find the best values for A, B, C, D, E, and F. This procedure was repeated for the graphs for each of the six K values tested. The equations derived in this manner were as follows: For K I 3.78 ntfcm, d 2 54.66 T - 3.30 - 36.68M + 16.37M' - 2.06M' + .056M' For K I 4.87 ntfcm, d I 442.91 1- -1- 750.86 - 3Ol.24M -4- .OOOM2 + 9.293 + .271M' M 93 Sgor K I 6.38 ntfcm, d I T + 132.90 - 45.osM - 1.33M' + 1.67M' + .040M' For K I 25.8 ntfcm, d I-' 14.37 T -I- .780 - 10.29M + 4.68M' - .598M' + .013M' For K I 36.8 ntfcm, d I 83.29 T 10.49 - 68.72M + 30.95M2 - 3.94M' + .l08M' 70F6or K 2 110 ntfcm, d I 4- + 3.37 - 2.2sM + .esnvr - .142M8 + .0O4M' M tln each case, d is expressed in centimeters and M in hecto- grams.l Unfortunately, the coefficients in each of these equations except that for springs of K I 110 ntfcm contained coeffi- cients so large that if accuracy to the hundredth or even tenth centimeter is desired in the value of d calculated from any of these equations, more significant digits than the maximum of three that can be obtained from experimenta- tion must be used in the calculation of the constants so that they will be accurate to the necessary four or five significant digits. As they stand, however, these equations turned out to be several centimeters off in their predictions of d for a given Mg clearly this degree of accuracy is not sufficient when the values of d being dealt with are usually from one to six centimeters. The inability of the least squares method of analysis to organize the data considered necessitated the application of another method, harmonic analysis. The range from M 1' 160 g. to M 2 372 g. was set up to correspond with 0 to 2'l'l' C160 2 0, 175.6 2 'l'l'!10, etc.l in order that M might be the independent variable in a Fourier expansion, d 1, -5- alcos M' + alcos 2M' +...+ acos nM' 2- n 2 + b,sin M' + basin 2M' +...+ bsin nM' n 2 Tl' where M' I -Q KM - 1601. 212 The various constants ao, ai, . . . and bl, b., . . . are determined by the equations 2m ta -4-a +a +...J 2 m 3m 5m 'Tl' 2'l'1' 2m-1 ft0J ft J + ft J ft 'ITD m m m and A 2m tb - b + b - ...l : m 3m 5m 'IT 3'l'l' 5'l'l' 4m-1 ft J ft J + ft l . ft 'TT 2m 2m 2m 2m form-2 1,2,3,... Since the series extends to infinity, the number of terms to be taken is determined by the point at which a succeeding term becomes negligibly small. Some preliminary calculations indicated that any rela- tionship that might be derived from this procedure would contain so many terms as to be forced and not particularly enlightening. For example, aw was calculated to be .77 for K 2 4.87 ntfcm. Since we may stop at ten terms only if am is very near zero tsince cos nM' may be as large as 11 it was evident that many more terms would be needed to ade- quately describe the graph, so this procedure was pursued no further. Additional reading on this method of curve fit- ting indicated that it is intended to be applied to the actual graph of the vibration itself rather than a graph derived from the amplitude of these vibrations as was actually done. Therefore, harmonic analysis was applied to actual data traces, but again the relatively high values of the later co- efficients suggested that this procedure had little to offer: this was probably due to the fact that the vibrations under analysis were somewhat heavily damped. Another method of data analysis which was used was the graphing of d as a function of K for a given mass value: although the graphs appeared to be similar, the standard pattern was so irregular that it was not deemed worthwhile to apply the detailed procedures used on the d vs. M graphs to this set. Finally an analytical procedure which to a considerable degree explained that data was found. The natural period of a mass and spring system ch as an automobile chassis M fignoring dampingl is 2'l'l' IE- where M is the mass sup- ported by each wheel and K is the spring constant of each spring in the suspension system. In order to investigate any possible relationship between d and e natural period, d was graphed as a function of 2'TT K . Bunches of points emerged, suggesting that certain natural periods produce consistent values of d. Two rather solid conclusions can be drawn from this somewhat confusing mass of data. First, the similarity among the curves for d vs. M for different constant values of K strongly suggests that there exists some sort of regu- larity in this situation, though more sophisticated methods of analysis than those applied may be needed to give a full explanation of what is happening. Second, the graph of d vs. the natural period contains clusters of low d value points where the ratio of M and K produces natural periods of .15 and .06 seconds. For this particular frequency of bumps, then, these are the best natural periods for a low d value and hence a smooth ride. .15 seconds has a special signific- ance which serves to help explain why it produced low values of d. The period of drum rotation land hence the time between bumpsl was .33 sec. If the pen arm and other friction were to slow the natural vibration period of the chassis to some multiple of the drum period, the chassis would be in a certain phase of harmonic motion at the be- ginning of each impact which would probably have some consistent effect on d. An examination of the data traces, however, showed that in reality friction had slowed the nat- ural motion so that the chassis made only one and a half cyclessbetween impacts when the natural tundampedl period was. sec. f- 1, upward motion at impact reduces d For K 2 4.87 ntfcm, M 2 311 g., for instance, the pen trace shows the chassis beginning to move upward just as each impact occurs. The reason that upward residual motion dur- ing impact diminishes values of d is apparent: as the chassis moves upward, it in effect pulls the springs away from the force imparted to them as the wheel passes over the ob- struction. The compression which takes place is not as great as that which would occur if the mass exerted its normal weight on the spring from above. Further, since the initial upward movement is not as great as it usually is, the chassis does not fall as far as it usually does, and thus the distance below the equilibrium position, which is an important com- ponent of d, is diminished in this case as well as that por- tion of the motion which is above the equilibrium position. It is important to realize that the .15 sec. figure is not quite so significant as it might appear to be at first glance. In the first place, this figure would have to be scaled up for it to have any practical application, taking into account the greater mass and higher spring constants of real vehicles. Furthermore, .15 was the value found only because that natural period combined with the friction present and the speed of the drum to produce a fortunate chassis vibration pattern. If the speed of the drum were change or if the im- pacts were to come in an irregular manner, as on actual roads, the .15 sec. figure would lose its significance. The data Kas yet incompletel for c as a function of M were far easier to analyze than was that for d. The smooth curve for the graphs of c vs. M tsee graphs at the end of this se-ctionl suggested an equaslon of the form c 2 a I1 where a and n are some constants. If the logarithms of both sides are taken, the equation becomes logc 2 nlogM+loga which is a linear form. When these data were placed on log -- log co-ordinates, the points did indeed suggest a line. From the graph of c vs. M for K 2 4.87 ntfcm, for example, the slope was found to be -2.16. The intercept was calculated from point-slope form to be .964, giving log c 2 -2.16 log M + .964 or, taking the antilogarithm of each side, c 2 9.21 M-2-16 where c is in centimeters and M is in hectograms. This ex- ponential relationship is not unlike the simplified model which suggested that amplitude might be inversely propor- tional to mass, though here c is inversely proportional to the 2.16 power of M rather than the first power. Before all values of K were tested to determine c as function of M, it was hoped that the general form .. c 2 aMf1 would fit the graphs of c vs. M for all values of K. Then the values of a and n could be examined in the light of the K values which produced them. If a and n could be found to be functions of K, then a general equation of the form c 2 f KKJ MENU where f and g are some functions. Such a relationship would predict average values of c for any combination of M and K. The analysis of the rest of the data relating c and M in order to define c as one function of M and K was carried out in a manner identical to that used for K 2 4.87 nt! cm. One serious difficulty arose, however, when it was observed that a number of points did not fit the expected graphs at all well. The original data traces were examined. and in many cases it became apparent that the shock absorbers did not work as well as it had been hoped. As a result, residual harmonic motion affected the value of c obtained and rend- ered certain values for c inconsistent with data taken when the chassis was allowed to approach equilibrium. To remedy this situation, new averages were taken in which only those impacts which began as the chassis was approximately at equilibrium were counted. The averages computed in this manner were used to graph the corrected points which appear on the various graphs. These corrected values are: M K 25.8 ntscm 36.8 ntfcm 160 g. 6.23 cm 191 4.99 cm l 4 4 221 5.02 3.59 251 3.99 280 3.45 These corrected points form one possible curve for K I 36.8 ntfcm, and make clearer the curve for K I 25.8 ntlcm. The equations obtained defining c for varying K values may then be summarized: 1 For K I 4.87 ntfcm, c 'J 9.21 M-2-16 For K 2 6.38 ntfcm, c 2 5.32 M-1-11 For K I 25.8 ntfcm, c I 8.97 M--82 For 'K I 36.8 ntfcm, c I 19.83 M-2-52 Iuncorrectedl c 2 9.78 M-1-01 C corrected J Unfortunately, these four equations fail to suggest some function relating a and n in the Ngeneral equation c 2 a 11 to K. Additional trials for other values of K and the inclu- sion of more individual measurements in average values of c used to determine the c vs. M equations may improve this data to make it posible to determine f and g in the ideal general equation c 2 ffKl M2410 d fcentimetersl M fhectogramsl d vs. M, Rubber Tires, Double Square Cross Section Bump, No Shock Absorbers Um Q0 wg- mn Qu. FD CD g 5.6 56 E. 33 aff 0. 3 'O 'P ' 25 31- 94 U5 5,5 U1 EW SJ el.. Ss ag HH Oll EQ Q-il Um G 5 UQ E- gn-I Hg wg Og 5 mm 260 S00 8' '85 cg. 5 5 mx lm B0 U1 PP' V' Um Q- m 7' 'X n- fDn-4Z'U- X n- On U10 Oomll Una: gg gs ganmmguz 'RUE' C ::' gg??3f1gbo og QI mf 295'-gif 5- 2 , 33 333133370 -I+? +71 LU o 3' 0 m WZ I lim? sl'55'f'i3551lD 53' I 11 :I U55 as ggxoagf-Qiggx Q,-5 g+xo+xo s A ' xr1 or+ VG. Q' ,5fg,.9,-,Q Q aim gf' gaaawam 525555 Q ,gnu mn uuuu Masai? Q Sfggw- Q 'Eg gm-sv - 'Q..m Hn. In 0--Woo m Q: . oo -1 gunna ard na 55000-J In mo 000021100 io 'zo HUD: U2 55:15 'US' 'UE' Q. 'I' Q QQ 2 QQQQ aff 9.-+ g 553 sf gegg 3 3 g a S 5 '1 -'I 36.8 ntfcm nt! cm Analysis of Error All values analyzed thus far have been averages of many measurements. The accuracy of this method might easily be questioned. Through the use of standard deviation and Stu- dent's t on typical points, an accurate estimate of the validity of the averages analyzed may be made. Standard deviation for M 2 221 g, K I 3.78 ntfcm with two obstructions using rubber tires and the square cross- section bump fwithout shock absorbersl, a value which exhibited comparatively good consistency among the indi- vidual measurements composing the average, has been com- . Sd' s I - n-1 .2884 17 2 .13 This indicates that a zone .13 on either side of the average value for this point, 1.46 cm, will include 68.2716 of the indi- vidual readings likely to occur. For one of the most incon- sistent values such as M 2 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm with two obstructions, rubber tires, squarepcross-sectioned bumps, and without shock absorbers puted to be 50.13 S.. 15 : 1.83 This is nearly a third of the average value, 5.62 cm. 1 How close, then, can we be sure that the averages given are to the true values which would be obtained by averag- ing an infinite number of infinite number of individual meas- urements, if this were possible? The equation S l A21- gives a range, A , within which a probability can be as- signed of having the true value. A is the span on either side of the average, s, is the standard deviation for a given point, n is the number of values averaged, and t is Student's t. If a A for which a 904, probability exists that the ran e extending from the mean plus A to the mean minus lg contains the true value is desired, and eighteen values are known, as for M -'I 221, K I 3.78 ntlcm for which s was Ezalculated earlier, t is found from tables to be 1.746. There- ore, - A 2 1.746 i 'JE' 2 .054 cm For the less consistent d of M I 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm, 1.83 A :- 1.753 i Al15 2 .83 cm A for M : 221 g., K 2 3.78 ntlcm is 3.7'Z. of the average: A for M 2 251 g., K I 110 ntfcm is 14.841 of the average. Since the consistency of most sets of d values lies between these two extreme cases, it would be safe to generalize regarding the accuracy of the various values for d that there is a 90'-Z1 chance for most values of d and c being within roughly 993 of what would be the average of an infinite number of individual measurements. A 9'Z: variation in certain d and c values could well account for a number of irregularities in various graphs. Of course, the possibility must not be ignored that such a variation pro- duced by new data and introduced into present averages could well yield new discrepancies. Sullllnary of project lwestinghousel My project consisted of finding equations defining the amplitude of the vibrations of a model automobile chassis as a function of the chassis mass and the spring constant in the suspension. Low Voltage DC to High Voltage DC Power Supply PAUL FROM In order to obtain 60 volts DC from a 1.2 volt battery, DC must be changed to AC, then transformed to a higher voltage and finally changed back to DC using a full wave rectifier. To change DC to AC I used a two transistor power oscillator. The design proved to be unstable, hard to start and developed high transient voltages because of such a low operating voltage. After much experimentation, the perform- ance was greatly improved, but there is still much to be desired. The following is the modified circuit performance compared to the original and desired performance. Original Modified Desired Maximum output .03 W 2W 30 W Starting only when starts at starts at Capabilities unloaded any load any load Wave forms Minimum overshoot 30W 15W 0111 Maximum overshoot 27592 2052 0f1, Output voltage unloaded 60V unloaded 59.4V unloaded 60V vs. load .03W . . 42V .03W . . 59.4V 30W . . . 60V 2W .... 56V Efficiency about 15W about 3565 85011 or at .03W at .03W better about 7O'11 at 1.5W sidered in light with the increase in catalase activity, there is a possibility of the enzyme glucose oxidase being active in the tissue. This enzyme oxidizes glucose according to the diagram shown below. In normal tissue, gluconate forma- tion is only the first few steps in glucose metabolism. It is then further oxidized through the Kreb's Cycle to carbon dioxide and water. In aerobic dehydrogenation, the oxida- tion of glucose stops at the gluconate level. Flavin-adenine- dinucleotide QFADJ is the co-enzyme and functions as a hydrogen acceptor. It transfers two hydrogen atoms to a molecule of oxygen which forms hydrogen peroxide. The catalase then decomposes the peroxide as above. This, of course, is just a thedry concerning a possible Although the original objectives were not fully .achieved as of yet, much improved performance has been obtained. This .power supply is to be used for a 15W portable audio amplifier. A Possible Metabolic Alteration in Neoplast Plant Tissue JOHN LAWLER Spalding Institute Peoria Sponsor - Rev. Daniel Reardon, C. S. V. Crown gall is a malignant tumor which affects plants. There are several different causitive agents, such as insects, viruses, nematodes, bacteria, and perhaps others. The tumors I work with are induced in the common sunflower CHelian- thus annuusl by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain B6. The purpose of the work is to determine if there is any alteration in the metabolic process of the tumor. The part of the Work described in my paper is the initial research on this problem. The first part of the research was to assay catalase activity in the tumors. Catalase is present in most living organisms. Its function is to break down hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, because of its toxicity, accoring the equation: 2H,O2 I 2H2O + O, A manometer based on the Warburg Manometer was built to measure changes in gas pressure and volume. For the catalase activity, a substrate of .O6'11 hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, was used. Young Helianthus seedlings were inoculated with the bacteria and the tumors were allowed to develop to the desired size. A control of the same size and age, only just wounded and not inoculated, was used. When the tissue was to be tested, .1 gram of the tissue was cut and sliced into thin sections and placed in 2 ml. of the substrate. Measurements of the increase of oxygen were made every minute for five minutes and then graphed. The results tan example shown in graph Al showed nearly a twofold increase in catalase activity by the crown gall than by the control plant. The next step is described below. This step is to determine any correlation between cata- lase activity and glucose oxidation. To do this, the mano- meter is again used. The substrate this time is four parts of a 1111 glucose solution added to eleven parts of a Ringer- phosphate buffer in a ratio of 1O:1. The manometer system is filled with oxygen and the tissue to be tested. .1 gram, is added to 2 ml. of the Ringer-phosphate-glucose. The decrease in oxygen level is recorded and graphed every minute for five minutes. The results fa sample given in graph Bl show a marked decrease in oxygen consumption by as much as 50611 in crown gall tumors. In considering this information, we must recall that the tumor tissue is much more active in cell division than normal tissue, but it is seen here that the tumor does not use as much oxygen as the normal tissue. In considering this, Tamaoki et al. 119601 thought this could be a result of Al more efficient use of energy by the tumor cell or BJ a variance of the tissue in its metabolic pathways. When con- change in the enzyme and metabolic activities of crown gall. I I have now started work involving colorimetric study of glucose oxidation and other metabolic intermediates. AEROBIC DEHYDROGENATION H-1 - C - O H . A O H1 F-OH H fi- X OH EXT O xcfon cl '2H HN! HX' OHIXI NH CQH I-ICSO ' c-of f X C - Cf 1 I OH I l H HO H OH glucose gluconolactone H C OH H2 C-OH 2 o C'H l - Hx! l ,OH H H xx C OH H C I O X fC OH H C I O !0H f OHN I lf C -- C E3-'E OH I I H OH H OH gluconolctone gluconic acid il 2H + FAD I FADH2 FADH2 -I- O2 I H,O, + FAD 2H,O. I 2H.O -l- O1 The Specificity of Insulin-Induced Rumplessness in Chicken Embryos THOMAS ZAZECKIS St. Mel High School Chicago Sponsor - Mr. Thomas Gorell The investigation's purpose was to determine the speci- ficity of insulin in causing the phenocopy of rumplessness in White Leghorn embryos and to relate this information to naturally occurring mutations to determine their method of operation. Altogether 234 White Leghorn eggs were used, 138 were injected with .05 ml. Illetin Q2 units insulinl and 96 were injected with .05 ml. sterile distilled water as a control. The embryos were split into 2 groups, the first incubated for 48 hours and the second for 72 hours. Both sets were then prepared for microscopic study ffixed, microtomed, stained! using both Periodic Acid-Schiff's Reagent CPASJ and Pyronin-Methyl Green IPMGJ for the staining process. The slides were then studied and the following conclusions ar- rived at: ll There is no noticeable change in the nucleic acids -, after the injection of insulin, and thus no apparent genetic change. 27 There is a greater concentration of carbohydrates in the membranes around the neural tube, noto- chord, and yolk sac after insulin injection, and a decreased concentration in the tail bud region. 3l Rumplessness seems to be caused by the action of insulin in stopping the yolk sac from transferring glycogen to the embryo, or preventing metabolic processes, and this deficiency causes the undeveloped tail bud. 43 The naturally occurring mutation of rumplessness tCreeper conditionl is due to the genes' interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and transport in the tail bud of the embryo. The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on Cerebral Metabolism STEVEN TRIPPEL In tests determining the ability of mice to successfully run through a maze, it has been found that when the run was made in a chamber of high pressure oxygen, the mice ran the maze both faster and with fewer errors than did mice under normal pressure air. It is suggested that this is a result of an increase in cerebral metabolism and a proced- ure for experimentation to test this has been developed. Hyperbaric oxygenation has been in use for clinical pur- poses for a long time and many of its physiological effects are thus, well known and understood. The possibilities of its having any mental effect, however, have not, to my know- ledge, ever been explored. Yet, in the use of HBO fhyper- baric oxygenl in the medical treatment of certain diseased aged people, there has been observed a substantial loss of senility during and shortly following the period of oxygena- tion? Although these observations could possibly be due to a generally improved physical condition resulting from the curing of the disease, it poses an interesting question whether or not they may be due, at least in part, to the HBO itself. In this report, then, my experiments testing this question are analyzed and a method is proposed for evaluating the tentative answer to it. To test whether or not HBO has any effect on mental activity, a number of mice were trained to run through a maze in order to obtain food. They were trained by being fed only in the maze and only after having successfully run through it. Motivation was supplied to them by feeding them only once a day and thus, by keeping them hungry. The trained mice were then divided into two groups: a con- trol group and an HBO groupf In testing, each mouse was placed at the entrance to the maze and allowed to proceed as it pleased. Its progress was timed and the number of errors twrong turnsl were recorded. In the case of the HBO group, this maze run was made inside a hyperbaric chamber at three atmospheres iabsolutel ygressure of pure oxygen. The control was run in the same maze but under normal atmospheric conditions. The results of running each group through the maze twice with approximately and hour and a half interval be- tween runs showed that the HBO group ran the maze in a shorter average time and with an average of fewer errors than did the control group. tSee graphs and tables for spe- cific resu1ts.l This seems to indicate that HBO makes mice smarter, or at least more alert than they are under normal oxygen partial pressure inormal pO,l. This one set of tests, however, is by no means sufficient to determine whether or not HBO actually does have the standard effect of increasing mental alertness. Even if such extensive tests were made Originally there were four groups: a control, a one- atmosphere pure oxygen group, a two-atmosphere pure HBO group, and a three-atmosphere pure HBO group. The four groups together consisted of forty-seven trained mice, and were to determine whether there was an increase in mental activity corresponding to the increase in pO,. Unfortunately, however, a dog kept in the same hospital lab with these mice escaped from its cage and devoured every one of them. The ten mice that could be obtained afterward were not suffi- cient to make four new groups. so as to show beyond reasonable doubt that such effects are the result of increased oxygen pressure, they still would give no indication of just why and how: thus, a more thorough examination of the present results is called for. The following graphs and tables illustrate the results of the above-described experimentation. un hu no ll:-ulsoxoa TIHE 'M Gm-.5 M u ' - ll' Rn.. Aung. ' on-.ll neva,-,- XP I I i l Lac' R... A-a-UV, . ' .QI X kiss in-an-a :Hia Is Yiwu. llvnhu- Kia Qvn ,, A TuMElcoNraoLp:'::-fl-M. use H ' TQ 'Qf','2'f, M .... .. at l J N i i W H U rd' R-nt Hvu-mme. A a c- n ' : ' Hun-. Latin ani lun T E S 'I' co urlox. 2 mer suewcs lsr RVN Frau. 6134... :vt Ru- ao --. 3 7... we Ov'--dl as 50 zz The mice under three atmospheres tabsolutel pure oxygen iunder fifteen times the normal oxygen partial pressure! ran the maze an average of about twenty-two percent faster than the control mice under normal atmospheric conditions. w ERRORSBTESTHf.'T5I'w'mi Ell0l.S 3 A 1 . 1 R-an Average 1'4 lun marqu- Q 1 1. l -.t l k-- r 1. l ? ' I 'Z ' 3 xW 35' Hausa Nuubu- mul Run Q Emmons 5 coNTnoLlLi.'::.l-fa Q. YKRORS 2. L A ln Q Annan I I '-VA R-la huermge, O I a. 1 at rs a x 'z Q' A B C D E Nusa Leiter and Run I Run -'l I-6 44, ar' R... -'ff - 9 al TEST CONTROL. ZDIFFERENCE Ovev-all .93 l-2 31 The mice under three atmospheres Cabsolutel 100 percent oxygen ffifteen times the pO, of the controll ran the maze with an average of about 30 percent fewer errors than did the control mice. These results seem to indicate that mice under three atmospheres partial pressure of oxygen are able to function both faster and more accurately-than those under the normal one-fifth atmosphere oxygen partial pressure. In analyzing these results, however, it must'be recognized that they are not statistically as valuable as they should be if any con- clusions are to be drawn from them. This is a result of the fact that each mouse was run only twice and that there was a shortage of mice due to the loss of the original set. Thus these results must not be regarded as showing that HBO does definitely increase mental activity, but rather as hinting that this might be the case. They are, however, ade- quate to warrant further experimentation that could better test the possible merit of the idea that HBO increases mental activity. In addition, it should be noted that under HBO, there exist certain physiological conditions pertinent to this ex- periment which are independent of the results obtained but which seem to support them. For example, one of the recog- nized effects of subjecting mammals to HBO is an increased oxygen content of the blood. This, in accordance with Hen- ry's law lmoles of gas dissolved I k x gas pressurel, is because the blood plasma dissolves oxygen in quantities pro- portionate to its partial pressure lpO,J. Thus, in this experi- ment, the plasma oxygenation was increased fifteen fold and the overall blood oxygenation by about 31 percent. lThe slight overall increase relative to the large plasma increase is a result of the fact that the blood's hemoglobin, whose amount of oxygen is not much affected by pressure increases, carries the large majority of the blood's oxygenfl. It is interesting to note that the overall difference in blood oxygenation C31 percentl between the test and control groups in these experiments is very close to the overall dif- ference in efficiency of their maze runs f27fZ:J. The significance of this increased pO of the blood is that it means that when an animal such as a mouse for a humanl is put under HBO, its tissues, including the brain tissues, are bathed in the extra oxygen from the blood plasma. This suggests that the ixidative processes consti- tuting the metabolism of such tissues as the brain could increase under HBO conditions. The experimentation done thus far serves as an empirical observation which might support the hypothesis that HBO increases brain metabolism in that it shows how mental activity could be affected by HBO. However, since, as mentioned previously, this experi- ment's results are statistically somewhat cloudy, and because it does not test the hypothesis directly tthis present hypo- thesis was formulated after these results were obtainedl, further experimentation is required. For this reason, I have developed the following procedure and am making arrange- ments for its execution. After a good deal of formulating and collecting of ideas, I decided that the best feasible means of testing whether HBO increased cerebral metabolism is to measure the arterio-venous difference in the quantity of oxygen in the blood of the major artery and vein serving the brain. Briefly, this amounts to performing an operation on the neck of an animal such as a dog and attaching to each its internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein the electrode of a gas analyzer' and the probe of a flowmeterf From the re- sults obtained by these two instruments, the A-V difference in oxygen quantity can be determined. The gas analyzer is an instrument designed to measure the pressure of such gases as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the tissues of animals. It operates by means of an electrode sheathed in a thin gas-permeable membrane which is inserted directly into the tissue fblood in this easel to be analyzed. The presence of gases at the electrode tip initiates a current which is amplified and calibrated on a meter and which gives the partial pressure of the gas at the electrode tip. The electrode can be inserted into the artery Cveinl through the use of a T tube as shown. 2 rm, T .TuT ' mini! ini -- M -.N Hr-fu-y fveinl august Ti' The flowmeter is an instrument designed to measure the rate of flow fvolume per unit time! of a liquid through -L a tube such as an artery or vein. It does this by measuring the voltage produced when flowing blood fwhich is slightly ionizedl cuts the electromagnetic field produced by a probe encompassing the artery fveinl. This voltage is proportion- ate to the rate at which the field is cut and thus also to the rate of blood flows. The probe can be placed on the artery fveinl as shown. 62 The absolute quantity iexpressible in molesl of oxygen pass- ing a given point per unit time in the artery and the vein can be determined from the product of the flowmeter read- ings lin volumeftimel and the gas analyzer readings fin at- mospheres of oxygen at a given temperaturel through a series of relatively simple calculations. The difference in moles of oxygen found between the in- ternal cartoid artery and internal jugular vien will give a good approximation of the amount of oxygen being consumed by the brain i.e. brain metabolism. lIt will be but an approxi- mation because there are other minor arteries and veins feeding and emptying the brain whose services cannot be measured. The i. carotid and i. jugular would have to be the only vessels to the brain and would have to serve only the brain if the results were to be a precise measurement of cerebral metabolism.l The hypothesized results, then, should show the amount of oxygen consumed by the brain under EEO conditions to be greater than that under normal con- 'tions. The experiments testing this will be run with a control group consisting of dogs anesthetized and operated upon fwith instruments attachedl but under normal atmospheric conditions, and with a test group of dogs anesthetized, operated upon, and under HBO. In an effort to reduce the variables introduced by such factors as anesthetic effect, etc., the two groups will consist of as similar dogs as can possibly be obtained. In addition, each group will serve as both a control and a test against itself in that after readings on the control group have been made, it will be tested under HBO to see how the readings change. Similarly, after readings have been made with the test group under HBO, it will be made to serve as control. This not only means that each group will serve as a control both against itself and the other group, but also that any effect of time on the physical condition of the operated dogs will be averaged out by the alternation of oxygenation. It was not until just recently that I gained access to the equipment necessary to carry out the above-described procedure, apd as a result, the tests necessary to confirm the hypothesis that HBO increases cerebral metabolism have not yet been made. However, tests run to determine the possibility of HBO having an effect on mental activity in- dicate a degree of likelihood that this further experimenta- tion will confirm this hypothesis. Footnotes and Acknowledgements 1. From the work of Dr. J. Williams of Sunninghill, England. 2. See page two of this paper. 3. Boerema, I., Meijne, N. G., Brummelkamp, W. K. Bouma, S., Mensch, M. H., Lamarmans, F., Hanf, M. S. and Van Aaleren, W.: Life without blood. J. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1: 133, 1960. 4. My thanks to Dr. Paul Nora of Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, for permitting me to use his gas analyzer and to Mr. Frank Cieslak for demonstrating its operation. 5. My thanks to Dr. F. John Lewis of Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School, Chicago, for making available to me his flowmeter and for showing me how to use it. 6. Cordell, R. A. and Spencer, M. P.: Electromagnetic Blood Flow Measurement in Extracorporeal Cir- cuits. Annals of Surgery Vol. 151 No. 1. pp. 71-74. January 1960. To Dr. Jack van Elk, of Lutheran General Hospital and Northwestern University Medical School, I wish to express my thanks for enabling me to use the John Hartford hyperbaric oxygen facilities at Lutheran General Hospital in Park Ridge, Illinois. My most sincere appreciation is extended to my sponsors at Evanston Township High School, Mr. G. Kolb and Mr. S. Del1'Aria, for their guidance. Without the help of these instructors I could not have done this project. Homotransplantation of Mouse Tissue by Parabiosis CAROL EGEL Niles Township Community H.S. Skokie j. .. In doing my experiment, I continued research in perma- nent homotransplants, using parabiosis to overcome the tendency for rejection of the grafts. More specifically, my branch of study is in the transplanting of tails and skin from mice of one strain to mice of another strain. Normally such transplants are rejected by the recipient, and to estab- lish permanency in the graft, parabiotic union between donor and host mice was evolved before transplantation was attempted. Apparatus used is as follows: white, brown, and -black domestic mice, eight weeks of age: an operating surface composed of pegboard and a system of strings passed around the legs of the mice, through pegboard holes, and secured beneath the pegboardg USP ether for anesthesia: a metal can with a cover and containing ether for anes- thesia: anesthetizing masks consisting of ether-drenched cotton in small paper funnelsg an antiseptic solution of cetylcide in which to soak surgical instrumentsg merthiolate and applicatorsg 4x4 sterile gauze pads used for sponges and sterile drape: plastic adhesive draping material to help re- strain mice during surgery: a cst cutterg hair clippers: and rubber surgical gloves. Surgical equipment consisted of thumb forceps, needle holders, scissors, eye suture of 6-0 plain catgut, eye-surgery needles, and size 5-0 black silk suture.1-2 Postoperatively, cast material was used to keep mice together during parabiotic union while also keeping some strain off of the suture line of anastomosis. Also used at this time was phenobarbital solution, IA grain to 4cc. of water, furacin powder, and penicillin G solution t300,000 units!cc.l. In the experimentation reported here, mice of three different strains were used. To be assured of the absence of any chance genetic kinship among strains used, which might affect rejection of grafts, direct skin switch grafts were made among strains of mice used with complete rejec- tion in all cases? The two mice to be joined are removed one at a time from their cage and each is placed in the Uanesthetizing chamber until it reaches a state of relaxation and responds very little to outside stimulus. It is then removed from the can and secured to the operating surface with a system of strings and adhesive drape. An anesthetizing mask is placed a few inches from the mouse's head to prevent its return to a wakeful state. The second mouse is then anesthetized and fastened to the operating area. The operative site of both mice is then closely shaved with a hair clippers. Excess hair is picked up with tape. The site of the incision is liberally painted with merthiolate, and sterile gauze is draped to expose only the actual area of incision. The first mouse shall be referred to as mouse A: the second shall be referred to as mouse B. The incision is made using a thumb forcepts to hold the skin away from the body while using an eye scissors to actually cut. Because of loose attachment of the skin to the muscle and the paucity of fat tissue, it was not difficult to free the skin from underlying tissue. A flap of skin and subcutaneous tissue approximately 5x5 milli- meters in length was formed by cutting with a surgical scissors through mouse A's skin to the faschia in such a manner that a dorso-lateral flap was formed. This flap was sewn to an existing defect in mouse B prepared by cutting an antero-lateral flap from mouse B. The flap of mouse B was sutured to the defect in mouse A's side caused by the formation of a flap on mouse A, as shown in diagram I. A method of interrupted suture was used to facilitate the healing of the flaps to the corresponding defects and to permit increased blood flow between the mice. Sutures were placed about one millimeter apart and ten sutures were used on an average union. During the operation, anesthesia was kept at a minimum, though the animals were not allowed to awaken completely at any time during the operative procedure. While a cast was being put on the mice, no anesthesia was given, and it was ,at this point that consciousness returned. While under the effect of the anesthesia, twitching of the mice's extremi- ties was noticed. This was probably due to cerebral anoxia or a stage of hyperexcitability also observed in humans under anesthesia. The cast was of plaster-impregnated gauze and encircled the thorax of both mice. Because their bodies are remark- ably flexible, the casts were secured tightly so as to prevent the escape of one or more of the mice from the cast. The mice in the first case escaped the cast and tore the sutures before they could again be encompassed with a restraining device. The death of the dark mouse five days post-opera- tively was probably a result of the escape. At this time a new method of wrapping the cast using a figure-eight!cir- cular wrapping was introduced and found to be an improve- ment. Post-operative care included bedding of clean paper twood chips could enter and infect the woundl, food, and water. A small amount of furacin powder was put directly on the wound. Several drops of penicillin G solution were placed on food and in the water of the mice to combat in- fection. To sedate the mice so they would put less strain on the sutures, several drops of phenobarbital solution were added to the water. The sedative also was used to lessen any fighting between the joined animals since they would have to be in close proximity during the union. However, at no time was any fighting noticed between the parabiotic partners while joined, though the stronger of the two would pull the other around. The mice actually seemed to turn to each other for assurance. After seven days of parabiotic union preparation was made for actual grafting. At this time sufficient vascular anastomosis was assumed to be established? The mice were anesthetized together initially and continued sedation was induced using separate anesthesia masks. Merthiolate was applied to the operative site and area around this site was covered with sterile gauze drape. Using the eye scissors, the base of each flap was cut, severing the remaining con- nection of the flap with its donor. The freshly cut base was sewn to the skin of the host mouse with one or two sutures. This resulted in the formation of a dark skin graft on the light mouse and a graft of light skin on the dark mouse. Furacin powder was put on the wound and penicillin G medi- cation was continued for approximately seven more days. In transplant of a mouse tail, formation of a parabiotic union was identical to that formed in skin grafting. The union was composed of skin flaps and the period that the partners were kept in a union of parabiosis was seven days. After seven days, the mice were separated and skin flap switch transplants were executed as previously described. A slit about 3 milimeters in length was cut perpendicular to the spine and about 1 centimeter from the normal tail of mouse A. With the eye scissors mouse B's tail was severed between vertabrae. A small portion of skin and muscle from the base of the tail was included in the graft. The edges of the tail graft were sutured to the edges of the slit in mouse A's back as shown in diagram II. About twelve sutures are needed. The interrupted suture method is used to aid anastomosis of blood vessel between the graft and host.' A group of 12 controls was used. This group went through the same operative procedures as that of the ex- perimental group with the following exception: rather than forming a parabiotic union, skin flaps when formed were sutured to the mouse from whose skin they had been formed. Pairs of light and dark mice were then bound together using the figure-eightfcircular wrapping. After seven days the cast binding the pairs was cut and free grafts of dark skin were sutured to light mice while free grafts of light skin were sutured to dark mice. The same medication was given to the control group that was given to the experimental group. All grafts in the control group were rejected. In the experimental group results were favorable. Fifty experi- mental mice were used. Forty of these were used for skin grafts. The seven mice that died were not counted as failures since the deaths were before or during formation of a para- biotic union. One mouse died after grafting. However, the death was caused by infection at a site other than that of the graft. Also, the graft had not been rejected at this time nor did it show any signs of rejection. Therefore, this sub- ject was not called a failure though it was not counted as a successful graft. Rejection of a graft is the only factor indicative of failure, just as the acceptance of a graft is the only indication' of success. All thirty-two of the other mice used for skin grafting survived. However, each mouse which survived operative procedures died by the seventeenth post- operative day, on an average. These mice met apparently violent deaths as attested to by these observations: nasal hemorrhage, flexion of forepaws, hind paws, and neck, pre- ceded by clonic movement of the body. Ten of the experi- mental mice received tail transplants and skin transplants. All of these survived operative procedures. However, on the seventeenth day post-operative, on an average, these mice, too, met apparently violent deaths, as did the mouse used to test the reason for tail atrophy seen in these mice before their death. Rejection of a graft is caused by death of its cells. Dead cells are sloughed off by the host animal. Cells of a donor animal die when grafted to the host because of either mechanical or chemical interference with cell metabolism. Mechanical difficulties which may arise are poor blood sup- ply or infection. Either of these is capable of killing cells. These factors are overcome by using sterile technique and developing an adequate circulation of blood between the graft and its host before transplantation. Though no rejection by mechanical means took place during my experimentation, the transplanted tails were atrophied. Since no infection was present, the atrophy was thought to be due to insufficient blood supply. To check this hypothesis a pair of mice were united parabiotically using skin flaps. After one week of para- biosis, the tail of one mouse was partially amputated., The cut surface was sutured to an incision on the back of the host mouse. In this manner, the tail received nourishment from the donor mouse while circulatory connection with the host mouse was being established. After seven days, when sufficient vascular anastomosis was assumed to be estab- lished, the tail was completely amputated from its donor? It was then sutured to an extension of the incision that was previously cut on the host's back. The tail graft did not atrophy in this case, and it is assumed to be established that insufficient blood supply was the cause of the inanation atrophy in the other tails. CThis last test mouse was not in- cluded in results.l Cells foreign to the host may also be killed by anti- bodies which are formed in the blood serum of the host when the host is subjected to foreign substances, notably proteins or carbohydrates. The principle behind using para- biosis to offset rejection must now be explained. When parabiotic union of host and donor is established, there is a free exchange of blood and substances in the blood between parabiotic union of host and donor is established, there is a antibodies, the alien tissue when introduced in gradually increasing amounts, conditions the mice to tissue from their parabiotic partners. In this way tolerance is built and the immunological mechanism of the mice no longer recognizes the donor cells as foreignf' According to the data I have gathered, the inhibition of the immunological mechanism in parabiotic partners for each other's cells is not permanent. The length of time of inhibition of antibody production for a seven day parabiotic union of host and donor is twenty- four days, on an average, for both skin and tail transplants. These time intervals include the period of parabiotic union since cells foreign to an animal were being introduced into the animals at this time. The use of parabiosis to overcome rejection of tissue transplants was first developed in 1936 on inbred, litter-mate white mice' Success with homotransplants using parabio- sis among inbred strains of mice was reported by Eichwald and Silmser in 1955.6 Unsuccessful attempts at transplanting skin homografts in non litter-mate rats were carried out by Gifford and Crossfield in 1957.' Only in recent years have successful homotransplants using parabiosis been made between unrelated animals. I have found no experimental study which parallels mine. However, related studies show a similar incidence of success in both formation of parabiotic unions though in actual acceptance of skin grafts data is not similar to my own. Results other than my own, relating to tail grafting could not be found. In conclusion, parabiotic union of mice preceding homo- transplants of mouse tissue favorably influences the accept- ance of grafts both at the sight of union' and also at other sites. Tolerance of parabionts to each other's tissue results in temporary inhibition of antibody synthesis, and, thereforeg conditional acceptance of homotransplants. Systematic error is inherent in all animal experimenta- tion. The behavior of any living thing is always unpredict- able to a certain degree. Other error might occur because of the dependence on visual observation in some aspects of experimentation, such as the appearance of a scab preceding rejection. Bibliography 1. Shwind, J. V., personal correspondence, The Sansum Research Foundation, February 2, 1965. 2. Martinez, C., F. Shapiro, and R. A. Good, Essential Duration of Parabiosis and Development of Toler- ance to Skin Homografts in Mice, Proceedings Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., vol. 104, 1960, pp. 256-269. 3. Shwind, J. V., Homotransplantation of Extremities by Parabiosis, Annals of New York Academy of Science, vol. 99, article 3, October 24, 1962, pp. 933-942. 4. Gifford, H. and J. H. Crossfield, The Effect of Con- tinued Parabiosis on Switch Homotransplants in Rats, Stanford Medical Bulletin, vol. 15, Feb- ruary 1957, pp. 28-32. 5. Eichwald, E. and C. R. Silmser, Transp. Bulletin, vol. 2, 1955, p. 148. 6. Shwind, J. V., Successful Transplantation of a Leg in Albino Rats with Reestablishment of Muscular Control, Science, vol. 84, October 16, 1936, p. 355. 7. Billingham, R. D., P. L. Krohn, and P. B. Medawn, Effect of Cortisone of the Survival of Skin Homo- grafts in Rabbits, British Medical Journal, vol. 1, 1951, pp. 1157-1163. 8. Calne, R. Y., The Rejection of Renal Homografts In- hibition in Dogs by 6-Mercaptopurinef' Lancet, vol. 1. 1960. pp. 417-418. 9. Dammin, G. J., N. D. Couch, and J. E. Murray, Pro- longed Survival of Skin Homografts in Uremic Patients, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 64, 1957. p. 967. 10. Haurowitz, Feliz, The Template Theory of Antibody Formation, pp. 22-31. 11. Main, J. M. and R. T. Prehn, Successful Skin Homo- grafts after the Administration of High Dosage X-irradiation and Homologous Bone Marrow, Journal Nat'l. Cancer Inst., vol 15, 1955, p. 1023. 12. Marianne, T. C. Martinez, J. M. Smith, and R. A. Good, Induction of Immunological Tolerance to Male Skin Isografts Subsequent to Neonatal Period, Proceedings Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., vol. 101, 1959, pp. 596-599. 13. Raffel, Sidney, Immunity, Appleton-Century-Croft, Inc., New York, copyright 1953. 14. Woodruff, M. F. A. and B. Lennox, Reciprocal Skin Grafts in a Pair of Twins Showing Blood Chimer- ism, Lancet, vol. 2, 1959, pp. 476-478. ,I ,Q X N ' s ,f lu-1-mnunnxmaun m-xnmumnummnuhx Science Proiecfs Exposition: 1966 I..l'x 'Q' 42 ii Q A' S Q ,,, K, -5 'QS' -2 1 'lvf 5, in ' ff T its FF' ,Qi J ' EQ' 5 gl-Y.:.hgi.fQg' W . I M- me wa l ' 1 t -- 1,44 E , ,X 3 A U . 71 'wa' f i if '59 . ,Iva '71 ' fix, A 1 . ' : J 4 iii I Es' V Q Q in V , Q I I ,..- I , ,A 74. , 4 .5 ,lr-1 ' - 'EEF '. ' ' T U-' Q - .lr V 7 ' 1 -,,- , , ,V 5, .- 1 , . 1 1 .X ,I . - , . ' ' AERONAUTICS Experimental Determination of the Drag Force Ex- erted on a Model Rocket KEN CON'RA'D Glenbard East High School Lombard K- K . 3, ,gh sf,-5 - . it ff 4 , , 1 ,. i if gk , . , THE 5 HUQTA EET! MQTSSK QF BRAC The altitude, velocity and rate of acceleration of any rocket can be calculated by classical physical laws. Unfor- tunately, however, in practice the achieved results of any projectile in the atmosphere are less than the theoretical re- sults, because of air drag. I have concluded that the actual observation of a rocket in flight is the easiest way to deter- mine the drag force acting on it. To determine this drag force, three tracking systems were devised. The three sys- tems record the rocket's acceleration, maximum altitude, and the period of time it takes to reach the maximum altitude. The rocket's acceleration for any instant is recorded on a revolving cylinder by the movement of a lead weight sus- pended on a spring. From the acceleration, the actual ve- locity of that particular flight can be determined lthe area under an acceleration-time graph is velocityl and in general, the coefficient of drag can be found. If the coefficient of drag, as determined experimentally, is known for any par- ticular shape and finish of rocket, as well as the weight and specific impulse or the thrust and its duration. then the characteristics of its flight can accurately be predicted. In theory, when the drag coefficient is known, all of the actual characteristics of a perfect rocket flight can be computed exactly, such as acceleration rate, velocity, and distance traveled for an instant of the flight. However, vary- ing thrust, mechanical and human error and other factors caused the estimated results to be within 154k of the actual results. Rocketry From The Model Up GEORGE DOLAND 193 Wheeling High School Wheeling Sponsor: Edith Beniamin The purpose of my project was to show and demonstrate the many problems involved in making, designing and launch- ing rockets of all types: also I wanted to show the rockets of the present and future. I tried to get information on rocket problems and advanced rocketry. Then, with this information, I built models. Also, in addition, I designed and built my launching pad and ion rocket and demonstrated lt. Then, finally, I successfully launched a fish and brought it back alive. After this launching, I sent a second fish up twice to find out if the fish was weak from acceleration or the sudden landing. It was mainly, I felt tstill not conclusivel from the sudden landing, as the parachute did not open in the one instance, and though the fish recovered successfully it seemed weak for a longer period of time. UWB all ' 912 'Q CHRIS LUPPENS Sf. Bede Academy Peru f cell uwgig-rnlXBD lun' The flights of the Gemini spacecraft brought to light the potential power of the fuel cell. The idea of the fuel cell specifically includes an electro-chemical device that directly converts the energy of a chemical redox equation into elec- trical energy. The word directly is the key to the success of the fuel cell since the possible electrical efficiency is IOOW. Present operating fuel cells have reached a 99+W efficiency. My project concerned the development of a self-contained fuel cell power unit housed in a satellite. The experiment consisted of 3 phases: Il The actual construction of two operating oxygen- hydrogen fuel cells using nickel mesh as electrodes, platinum for the catalyst, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. 23 The construction and operation of a laboratory gas supply consisting of pressurized gas tanks, whose gas was fed through two glass tubes containing water. The gas was bubbled in this manner to achieve IOOW humidity when it reached the fuel cells. 33 An experimental supply of gas obtained by traditional electrolysis of water. This unit was powered by either a rectifier or a set-up consisting of solar cells charging nickel cadmium batteries. All the above work proved profitable for the final de- sign of the satellite unit. This unit contains electrolysis apparatus, a special water tank, stack fuel cells. control panel, dielectric pumps, special silicon membranes, solar cells, nickel cadmium batteries, and various connections. The unit in theory is self-sustaining in theory, and is capable of op- erating in zero gravity. A satellite housing was designed to contain the power supply. Its approximate weight is 24 pounds, its output 24 volts D.C. at 5 - 10 volts, and its outer diameter around three feet. xii Q 'Lana - Q . ANTHROPOLOGY l J-f -L , i ktnui ff. Mat .. WM X .. , 1-N .L , FNW5' QB. Science and Archaeology FRANK D'ARCY Northbrook Junior High KLRLRL 'WN If U Sri' Carbon 14 is created when a nitrogen atom is struck by a cosmic ray. The result is Carbon 14. Carbon 14 is radioactive, that is, it gives off beta particles. The Carbon 14 is absorbed by all life. When an organism dies it loses Carbon 14 at a steady rate, in 5,568 years one half is left, in 11,136 years one fourth, etc. By measuring the Carbon 14 we know how old an object is. In pottery, radioactive matter such as uranium thorium and potassium give out alpha, beta and gamma rays. The rays knock stable atom's electrons out of their natural orbit. These electrons are trapped in the clay and when heated to 5000 C. they are forced back into their normal orbits. When this happens each electron emits a photon of light. This light is measured and the more light the older the object is. This is known as thermoluminescence. In clay there are particles that are magnitized. They point all ways and cancel each other out. When heated to 600 C. they tend to align themselves along with the magnetic poles of that day. Since magnetic poles shift, to find out how old an object is, all we have to do is find the way the particles in the clay point and look up the date when the poles were in that position, this is known as archaeomag- netism. In bones fluorine and uranium is absorbed when water seeps through to the bones. At the same time nitrogen is lost through protein decay. Because the amount of fluorine and uranium gained and the amount of nitrogen lost depends on the place and conditions in which the bones were found, scientists have come up with an average for normal condition - this is the fluorine process. There are two main types of aerial photographs: vertical and oblique. Vertical are the results of crop growth. Over trenches plants grow bigger and more luxurant, and so have a darker color. Over walls the plant growth is stunted and the plant color is lighter. Oblique photos are the results of shadows. Over buried walls slight hills are formed. These cast shadows. Four Cultures Ai' Yankeetown ELLEN MARTIN Carl Sandburg Junior High The theory that four consecutive cultures of four dif- ferent groups of Indians had occupied the Yankeetown area at different times could only be proved by Archaeological excavation. The idea was that the four following cultures had at one time existed here: A. Archaic culture - wandering food gathering and hunters: had primitive tools: no pottery. B. Baumer culture -- an early woodland culture who were food gatherers and storers, hunters with more refined stone tools and pottery. C. Middle Woodland -- more advanced cultivators of foods: hunters with stone toolsg some copper and food gath- erers and storers, D. Late Woodland - advanced cultivators and hunters: more refined tools 3 some metal toolsg pottery of more durable nature. Since I am a member of the Chicago Archaeological Society, I was invited, along with my family to attend Dr. Emily Blassingham's 'dig' at Yankeetown and observe the work going on to prove the above theory. The evidence uncovered pointed to the affirmation of the theory, the dig was fruitful, and there was significant evidence that there had, indeed, been four cultures at Yan- keetown. Dr. Blassingham hopes to return to the area for further study, and I hope to be able to go and participate, agam. ASTRCNOMY K G vnsnmi MOYluMlZN'l'S cl-,1,1'.s1'1,x1, , BODIES Determining Relative Lunar Distances ancl Appli- cations ULDIS SAULE Willowbrook High School Villa Park This project is the result of my particular interest in the lunar field of astrophysics. I have serously been engaged in the hobby of astronomy and astrophysics for the last four years. In this project I have developed an original method to determine with accuracy distances on the moon. This involved correcting the apparent distances for distortion due to spherical perspective. I have developed a method to de- termine the altitudes of features on the moon by measuring the shadows cast by them from photographs which I have taken through an eight inch reflecting telescope. Using these methods I have measured the depths and diameters of craters on the moon and from this I have derived an equation which relates crater depth to crater diameter. I have also developed an equation which enables me to determine the angle of inclination of the inner wall of a crater if the crater's depth and diameter are known. Recently I have completed a series of equations which will make it possible for me to compare the volume of the part of a lunar crater below the relative surface of the moon with the volume of the crater's wall above the relative surface of the moon. Movements of Celestial Boclies JOHN SORTINO Brother Rice High School Chicago Sponsor: Brother Kelleher Will Mil S tfiai.i:s'1'mi, . -. t mmuzs 1 l ,Mi o - zyi 73, f it 1 . 'Q fvrs , , , In summary I would like to say that my project has much to do with the laws of such great men as Einstein, Kepler, Bache, Newton, Galileo, Hubble, Hooke, and Halley. It takes in one of the greatest problem in astronomy, mo- tions in the universe. It takes in many theories such as the big-bank theory of the life of a galaxy, and Hubble's theory on galatical classification. It has to do with many proven facts such as Newton's law of gravity and law of inertia: Galileo's proof that any two objects will fall to the ground at the same rate g and Kepler's elliptical law, law of equal areas, and harmonic law, My project shows that the gravi- tational center between the earth and moon moves around the sun, and the rotation period is the same as the period of revolution for the moon. All these laws, theories, and rules prove that the universe does have set patterns, where motion is no exception. Many things in the universe are a mystery. How motions started? and What keeps the motion going ? - are mysteries which only time will solve. SF 5 BOTANY PL BRXMQNE MT S A:fxPy lm A comm s-am Induced Plant Cancer SUSAN Ml KOTA Gage Park High School Chicago 2 . i M IN UCE Crown-gall is a cancerous disease that affects plants, It is caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and occurs in plant tissues that have been wounded. The disease results in the formation of a tumor-like growth that is strikingly similar to cancer in animals. In my study I have attempted to produce and observe the effects of the crown-gall disease on a host plant. A cul- ture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, obtained from the Uni- versity of California was used to initiate the disease in two week old sunflower seedlings. The test plants were inoculated with a dissecting needle bearing a visible amount of bacteria. A small puncture was made directly beneath the first set of leaves and the bacteria were smeared into the wound. Several plants were kept as non-inoculated controls. After 10 days the inoculated area on the test plants began to swell. By the second to third week, a small gall tapproximately 54 inch in diameterl developed on each plant. After four weeks the test plants usually weakened and died. In one experiment in which the host plant survived eight weeks, the gall continued to mature, hardening into a dark, brittle growth. By the seventh week of this experiment the gall almost completely encircled the stem. This interferred with the flow of sap and resulted in the death of the plant. In each experiment, the wounds on the control plants healed. Once the gall had been initiated, the bacteria were iso- lated and identified. A gall was cut from the stem of an inoculated plant and ground in sterile water. A small amount of the solution was streaked onto a lactose agar plate and incubated for 72 hours. The plate was then flooded with 5 ml. of Benedict's reagent. The presence of A. tumefaciens caused a yellow ring to form, a reaction specific for the organism. The Benedict's test and comparison with the original culture verified that the bacteria present in the gall were the same as those used to initiate the disease. i Crown-gall is of scientific value as well as economic importance. The change from normal to diseased growth involves many biological and bichemical problems. By study- ing a fundamentally simple organism such as a plant, more knowledge can be gained about cancer in general. Research now being conducted with plants may one day account for a better understanding of, and possibly a cure for cancer. The Effects of X-Rays on Mitosis in the Onion Root TFP MARK GOREN Cal: Perl: - River Forest High School UL L-: sf t..x..f u ants git? girifi S,Y',ffi. 'v'. The purpose of my science project is to investigate the effects of X-rays on mitosis of the cells in the onion root tip. The first step of my project was to find out how X-rays affected the rate of growth and rate cell division in the onion root tip. To do this I gave the onion root tips a 10 second dose of x-rays, and recorded their hourly growth rates. I also ran a set of control roots using the same method of taking data. The control data turned out to have a fairly constant growth rate, but the growth rate of the irradiated root tips decreased very quickly. By five hours after ex- posure to the x-rays there was no growth at all. This shows that x-rays cause a decrease in rate of cell division. In the next part of my project I wanted to see how the cells in each stage of mitosis were affected by the x-rays. This was done by making slides of the onion root tip at given periods of time after the dose of x-rays was given. I changed the numbers I recorded into 96 of cells in each stage of mitosis. I found that the My of cells in each of the stages of mitosis was constant in the control roots. In the x-rayed root tips there were no immediate effects, but by 176 hour after exposure to x-rays there were increases in prophase, metaphase, and telophase. The Wh of cells in these three stages continued to increase, but anaphase, however, re- mained constant until 3 hours after exposure to x-rays, when it increased a small amount. The increases in 'Zi of cells in the specific stages of mitosis is due to a block of cell division. I conclude that X-rays cause a decrease in the rate of cell division and finally a stoppage of cell division in the cells of the onion root tip. X-rays cause blockages of cell division in prophase, metaphase, and telophase. of which metaphase is the most sensitive. Lastly, I conclude that cells in mitosis are more sensitive to x-rays than are cells in interphase. Alteration of the Peak Mitotic Activity in Allium Cepa by Controlled Light Environment LESLIE COHEN Niles Township High School Skolrie Past observation indicate that allium cepa has two dif- ferent times of peak mitotic activity during a natural twenty- four hour day, one at 1 p.m. and the other at 11 p.m. The most important environmental change during this period is the constant change from light to dark. This suggests the hypothesis that light is one of the main factors determining the time of peak mitotic activity in allium cepa. The hy- pothesis tested in this investigation was: If the natural times of peak mitotic activity are determined by the en- vironmental factor light, a change in the cycle of illumina- tion will alter the time of peak mitotic activity. The experimental design incorporated the cycling of six hours of illumination followed by six hours of darkness for the experimental group. The control group was grown in a natural environment with the cycle of illumination corres- ponding to the times of sunrise and sunset. Root tips were cut at two hour intervals, prepared by a chromosome squash technique, photographed, and the photograps were examined to find the percentages of cells showing mitotic activity. The results of this investigation lends evidence to the original hypothesis that light is one of the main controlling factors in the determination of the times of peak mitotic activity and that a change in the cycle of illumination will alter the times of peak mitotic activity in allium cepa. -,,n-,u,,.u4L, .- 1 vwnuamuiu Radiation: Hazard or Help? DOROTHY MAYR Parkview Junior High School Lawrenceville Sponsor: Miss Haul McKinney ' The purpose of my project was to study the effect of cer- tain types of radiation on certain types of plants and seeds. also to study the absorption of certain radioisotopes by these p ants. I exposed containers of grass, tomato and marigold plants to varying amounts of X-ray radiation and checked their growth. One group received five seconds X-ray each day. One group received one second X-ray each day. One group received one second X-ray once every five days. One received no radiation for a control. I also planted tomato and marigold seeds that had been exposed to various amounts of radiation from 0 to 50,000 roentgens, and checked their growth. The plants derived from irradiated seeds and the plants irradiated while growing grew better than the contral sam- ples. Using a Geiger Counter I measured the absorption of the radioisotopes Pai, Sis, and Ca by tomato and marigold plants through their leaves, roots, and from the soil. I also made auto-radiographs of these plants to study the distribu- tion of the radio-isotopes in the plants. The radio-isotope most readily absorbed was the PS' through the roots of the plants. There was very little ab- sorption through the leaves of the plants. The least amount of difference in growth between the irradiated and control samples was in the grass. I had expected the growth of the treated samples would be less than the control samples. However, in my project it was the other way around: the irradiated samples had more growth than the control samples. The Effects of DNP on 2, 4-D in Soybeans DALE A. NELSON Glenbard East High School Lombard l l Experiments were conducted examining the ability of DNP to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and thusly count- eract or equalize the growth effects of 2,4-D as an auxin. DNP was shown to equalize 2, 4-D in varying cases. Time intervals between the chemicals were also established as a decisive factor. Sirepfomycin Vrs. the Formation of Chloroplasts KARYL MCCURDY Thornridge High School lllbll Illllililll -mn in on numnflou 1 ur. JIZTHA 5 NY: D' 'W Pun I Streptomycin was discovered in 1943 by two scientists working to find something effective against tuberculosis. On a more botanical level, I was curious to discover this chem- ical's effect on plant growth. Streptomycin had a bleaching or toxic effect on plant growth. Plants with various mineral deficiencies were also treated with streptomycin, to see how the absence of certain vital nutrients affected streptomycin's effect. My hypothesis concerning streptomycin's harmful effect revolved around one chemical reaction in particular, chela- tion. This is a chemical process in which an organic com- pound would react with a metal ion to form a relatively inert water compound. Magnesium is the central atom in the chlorophyll molecule, so perhaps streptomycin's bleach- ing effect may be explained by streptomycin chelating with the magnesium. This process would remove the magnesium necessary in the formation of the green pigment chlorophyll, thus hindering its formation. To combat this I proposed that the addition of extra magnesium would erase the bleaching effect. The streptomycin could chelate with the extra mag- nesium, thus leaving the magnesium in the nutrient solution for normal chlorophyll synthesis. My results confirmed this, the plants treated with streptomycin and magnesium grew almost as well as the controls. To insure valid results. I dealt with one-hundred and ninety plants representing seven species: beans, corn, peas, radishes, tomatoes, euglena, and chlamydomonas. lllmz Sillllillli -,. -. s F EILECTRO QLHESMSTFY of ? CHEMISTRY ,af ,,. Abstract SCOTT CAMPBELL I. Purpose: ll To test several feed rations with various protein levels on groups of hens, to discover through total production of eggs, which level is most appropriate. 23 To see if the hens after being subjected to an unbalanced diet, can return to their previous laying level after being returned to a control feed. 31 To determine the actual protein con- tent in the nine feeds by using the Kjeldahl Analysis Method. II. Procedure: ll Set up groups to act as experimental and also as control groups. 21 Mix four balanced and four unbalanced diets, and also one control feed. 39 Determine the actual protein percentage by using the Kjeldahl Analy- sis Method. III. Conclusion: 17 A good range for total protein con- tent in a laying hen's diet is between 1476 and 17'k. 23 If chickens are not left on an unbalanced diet for too extensive a time, they will generally make a recovery to their previous laying level. 31 A noted generality is that the higher the unbalanced diet is in protein, the faster and sharper the de- cline in the rate of egg production. Synthesis of a Mescaline Analog JAMES F. CARAVELLI North Chicago Community High School North Chicago This project's goal was to synthesize a new mescaline analog. Mescaline is a phenylethylamine, or a hallucinogenic drug. Although Indians from the Southwest used the crude cactus derivative of mescaline to induce mystical experi- ences, today's psychiatrists use mescaline for psychotomime- tics. Mescaline may be one of the keys to the treatment of mental diseases. In the first reaction, a condensation reaction was run between 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, acetic acid, nitro- methane, an ammonium acetate. This yielded the known compound, trans-3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-B-nitrostyrene. A Diels-Alder reaction used the trans-3, 4, 5-trimethoxy- B-nitrostyrene, 2, 3-dimethylbutadine, toluene, and hydro- quinone. The resulting new compound was 1, 2--dimethyl-4- nitro-5-K3', 4', 5'-trimethoxyphenyll-cyclohexene. Both n.m.r. and infrared spectra confirmed the results. A Friedel-Crafts reaction was attempted with the Diels- Alder product and methanesulfonic acid. However, after changing all the variable conditions, the experiment proved unsuccessful. Although practical grade methanesulfonic gcifigmd poly-phosphoric acid were substituted, the reaction ai e . A hydroenation reaction of the Diels-Alder product used acetic acid, hydrogen gas, and either nickel or pal- ladiumfcarbon catalysts. When the palladiumfcarbon cata- lyst was used, the result was a new mescaline analog, 2-t3', 4', 5'-trimethoxyphenyll-4, 5-dimethylcyclohexlamine. How- ever, there was evidence of a stereoisomer. When the nickel catalyst was used, the new mescaline analog formed was 2-t3', 4', 5'-trimethoxyphenyll-4, 5-dimethyl-A'-cyc1ohexenyla- mine. Both compounds were confirmed by n.m.r. and infra- red spectra. Tests on mice revealed that the mescaline analog was a mescaline antagonist. After more extensive testing, it is possible that the new compound might be used to counteract mescaline intoxication or, possibly, natural psychoses. The Liesegang Phenomena X DAVl'D DENLEY l9l Wheeling High School Wheeling Sponsor: Mr. J. Doyle THE LIESEGAIIB Liesegang rings, or periodic precipitation, are formed when precipitating ions are allowed to diffuse towards each from separate mediums to precipitate. Under proper condi- tions, the precipitate will not form continuously through one medium, but will form a series of separate, distinct layers. Many theories have been proposed, and several hundred articles have been written to explain or clarify this phe- nomena, but none have been proven. A silica gel was used as a medium for the precipitation of the Liesegang rings. Also, in an attempt to more fully understand the mechanism of diffusion, a series of experi- ments were done to find a general equation for the distance travelled by the diffusion front. From my experiments, evidence was found contradictory to the most popular theory, Ostwald's supersaturation theory. This and other facts lead me to believe that the Liesegang phenomena can be more satisfactorily explained in terms of diffusion-concentration. The theory still needs more con- clusive testing, though. I also found that the distance travelled by the diffusion front varies directly as the square root of time. Super Snooper Gas Chromatography MATT ECKHARDT TED ECKHARDT The purpose of our project is to determine if propane may be used as a carrier, or mobile phase, for gas chromato- graphy. Gas chromatography is a method of separating and analyzing mixtures of chemical substances. A flow of solvent, or gas, causes the components of a sample to migrate differ- ,..,, - I o- 4 i l ently from a narrow starting zone in a special pourous medium. We used an apparatus we built ourselves to experiment the problem whether propane is a successful carrier or mobile phase in gas chromotography. We concluded that it is an undesirable gas for our experiment. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUPER SNOOPERH A constant temperature oven is used with a series of tubes connected throught the enclosure. The carrier gas is first preheated to a desired heat in the tubes which are in the oven. Then the carrier gas is mixed with the injected substance X. The preheating takes place in tubes bent in an intestine type shape using 12 feet of tubing. The gas is then brought out of the oven and put back in while the mixing is taking place with substance X. This gas moves into the glass tubing filled with dreft tpink colorl. The dreft filters the ions. The filtering tube is about 21 feet long. From the filtering tube the gas and new ions then move to the hypo- dermic needle where the mixture of ions are burnt. The burning device was built with wood and copper wire, and a filed off hypodermic needle. APPLICATIONS The controversy aroused partially by publication of Silent Spring has contributed to the rapid development of techniques for analyzing pesticides. The ultrasensitive elec- tron capture detector, capable of detecting quantities in the range of 10-12 gram, can identify insecticides used on vege- tables even after the produce has been washed and placed on supermarket shelves. Bache and others have determined that tomatoes which received four pounds of 2,5-dichloro- benzoic acid iamibenl per acre contained about 0.03 part per million of this insecticide on harvesting. li PER .OOPE The Determination ot the Amino Acid Content in Legumes by the Process ot Thin-Layer Chroma- tography MARY Kmlcwooo my Lawrenceville Township High School Lawrenceville Sponsor: Sam Siegel fThis exhibit was a finalist at the 17th International Science Fair held in Dallas, Texas in May, 1966.3 In my project I attempted to find the analysis of the amino acids in various species of the Leguminosae by the process of thin-layer chromatography. The process of thin-layer chromatography is a new and valuable technique of analyzing various biochemical com- ponents of leaves. One of the most important procedures to be followed is the standardization of known amino acids to our process and facilities. The main equipment included two aquaria Cconverted to air-tight chromatography tanks with the use of paraffin and vacuum greasel and a special designed stainless steel support pans. After working with thin-layer chromatography, I've been able to conclude that both quantitative and qualitative amounts of amino acids can be determined: the process seems to be accurate, proven by the same repetition of the Rf valueg free amino acids and protein amino acids can be dcterminedg and that some amino acid identification can be made by color analysis. Because of the large scope in the field of thin-layer chromatography, I have just begun my work. In the future, I hope to continue it and expand it into further detail. I hope to be able to identify specific legumes to the amino acid content and in the much distant future, I hope to be able to identify the phenolic substances in legumes and identify them to species. Investigation, Characterigation, and Determination ot Group I Tetraphenylboron Compounds and Tetraphenylboric Acid PATRICIA JO'U'RNEY JANET BROCK HOLLY LITHGOW West Senior High Aurora Sponsor: Mr. Richard Ebeling The tetraphenylboron ion is becoming increasingly popu- lar in spot tests for micro-quantities of all types of basic organic nitrogen compounds and in the determination of potassium in various substances. Because little is known about the tetraphenylboron ion, research was undertaken on Group I compounds of this radical. An original method was used to obtain the compounds. Tetraphenylboric acid was prepared by use of a cation ex- change column and a sodium tetraphenylboron solution. The chloride of the Group I salt was added to the acid to pre- cipitate the desired compounds. Infra-red spectroscopy certified that the aromatic rings were still intact and that the intended compounds had been prepared. The compounds were next subjected to a battery of qualitative solubility tests in solvents ranging from non- polar organics tcarbon tetrachloride, dimethyl ketonel to ionic inorganics Caqua regia, sodium hydroxidel. Lithium tetraphenylboron is partially soluble in the greatest number of experimental solvents, but sodium tetraphenylboron is completely soluble in the most. In general the solubility de- creases with increasing cation radius. Because of the lack of solubility of the compounds, the amount and kinds of tests able to be run are severly limited. Conclusions were drawn that the bond between the tetraphenylboron ion and the involved cation is ionic and that the hydration energies of the compounds are low. The ion itself must have a tetrahedral structure. To form four equal covalent bonds, the boron ion must undergo hybridiza- tion. Since the boron ion has no 'd electrons, the only form aglailable is a spa hybrid which always forms a tetrahedral s ape. Yeast-Built Proteins CHRISTINE REC Madonna High School IIOI Chicago Sponsor: Sister Mary Alvernia IIKIIIE j cimnumuaunns Ullll IYIIIMIIIB X 'N The purpose of my project is to determine the proba- bility, as well as value, of growing yeast on petroleum to determine if the yeast can synthesize proteins from this source, to be used as a food supplement in counteracting the growing food shortage in the world today. I first began by attempting to grow the most common yeast, baker's dry yeast, in small amounts in the oil. I was unsuccessful because of the lack of oxygen. This was rem- edied with a system of tubes in which air was pumped in. After a good growing period, the yeast was centrifuged and separated from the various oil bases. Chromotograms were made from the different types of yeast cultures showing the presence of proteins. Upon comparing the control, I found the chromotograms proved the presence of others amino acids than those found in the control. More work will have to be done in this area to determine the kinds of amino acids that yeasts can synthesize from different types of oil, and perhaps supply all vitally needed proteins for the human body. This type of work conducted on a larger scale can perhaps solve protein needs in poverty stricken countries. A Determination of the Amino Acid Content ot Insulin by Thin Layer Chromatography DAVID STUMM CLAIRE ETHINGTON West Senior High School Aurora Sponsor: Richard Ebeling The purpose of this project was to determine the amino acid content of insulin by Thin Layer Chromatography. Insulin is composed of two long peptide chains held to- gether by three disulfide linkages. In order to separate the amino acids, the sulfur bonds must be oxidized and the peptide linkages severed. This was accomplished by per- formic acid oxidation and resulted in a solution of amino acids. Once this solution was obtained, it was spotted on a Thin Layer Plate and an organic solvent was allowed to rise through the plate. When this solvent had risen the desired distance, the plate was then rotated 90 and a second solvent was allowed to rise an equal distance. . After elution was complete, the plate was sprayed with Ninhydrin and formed a colored complex with the acids. When the spots were visible, the Rf value tdistance spot moved divided by the distance solvent movedl was calculated and compared to a previously arrived at set of standards. By these comparisons, the amino acid content of insulin was determined. By this procedure 17 of 18 amino acids were identified. Brief: The Mold Resistance Factor ot Apple J-uice MICHAEL SANTELL Loyola Academy Wilmette Apple juice shaken with Cand then separated froml benzene was compared to regular apple juice. It was found that the apple juice shaken with benzene became moldy quicker. Also, over a period of a month more mold grew in the benzene treated apple juice. The assumption that benzene removed from apple juice a mold resisting substance was made. Steps were carried out to partially isolate this substance. After evaporating large quantities of benzene that had been shaken with apple juice, a residue was left. When added to normal apple juice it was found that the mixture was at least 11 time more resistant to mold tfrom a time standpointl than plain apple juice. Benzene is a very general solvent and it would be desirable to dissolve the mold resisting benzene extract in a less gen- eral solvent. Methanol was tried. Part of the extract was soluble in methanol and part was not. An experiment showed that the methanol soluble part acted as the resistance factor. In conjunction with the experiments infra-red and ultra- violet spectograms were made. These showed that the com- poundfsl acting as the resistance factor must be an organic aliphatic moleculetsl. Also, addition proof that the methanol soluble part of the benzene extract acted as the resistance factor was obtained. It is hoped that the resistance factor can be completely isolated and identified. It may find a use as an anti-fungal agen . i l l f Q.. lmmunoelectrophoresis in Animal Serum LENORE POLLAR'D l8l Sacred Heart School Hubbard Woods Sponsor: Vera R. Madgey v :' Q: .fi After working with animal serums, I found that dogs have more gamma-globulin in their blood than do cats, and that chickens have more albumin than dogs. My work of analyzing blood serums would seem to in- dicate that this technique holds promise for diagnosing blood diseases in animals. The Effects ot Fluoride on Liver Enzymes AN-NE LONERGAN Boylan High School Rockford . 'wtf' , .... N-f-- ' .,- , The purpose of this science project was to determine the pathological effects of fluoride. To be specific, fluoride is supposedly an enzyme inhibitor. So by maintaining mice on different concentrations of fluoridated water and then by removing their livers and performing the transaminase enzyme test, it was hoped that the effects of fluoride on liver enzymes could be determined. It was found that, first of all, fluoride affected the weight, size, and coloration of the livers. And secondly it apparently, gradually increased the enzyme activity instead of inhibiting it. A secondary purpose was to see if the transaminase test could be run on the actual liver homogenate instead of the usual blood serum. This was determined by homogenating each liver to obtain a thick serum. First, different amounts of substrate were reacted with the homogenate and tested. Then by serial dilutions the enzyme concentration of the homogenate was decteased with saline. The 1f100 dilution was found to be satisfactory. So a liver homogenate may be used instead of a blood serum if it is diluted to the right proportion. The Redox Reaction Between CuClf and Aluminum VICTOR El.lAS Niles North High School When aluminum is immersed in copper sulfate solution, a slow redox reaction occurs in which copper is plated out. The addition of chloride ions speeds the rate at which copper is plated out and causes a gaseous mixture to be released. The purpose of my project is to gain an understanding of this reaction and to determine the role of the chloride ion in the reaction. This information cannot be exactly determined, but by using chemical kinetics, several predic- tions regarding the role of the chloride ion can be considered. In my project I tried to gain enough knowledge of the rate law to be able to hypothesize a reaction mechanism. From this I acquired an enhanced understanding of the role of the chloride ion in the reaction. The Effect of L-Cysteine Hydrochloride Upon a Penicillium Fungus PAUL RAPP Schurz High School Chicago t-cymu.m.aunm ppp V Efflllllhllfllll The purpose of this experiment program was to determine the effect of animo acid concentrations upon a Penicillium fungus. The fungus employed is common to exposed pine- apple. In the pilot study twenty-two amino acids were tested. The results generally fell into three categories: ill no effect 127 the fungus continued to grow but in a distorted form Q31 the mold did not grow. Obviously the third type of result is the most important. There was only one amino acid in this group: L-Cysteine I-Iydrochloride. Further experiments hoped to determine if the result in the pilot study could be employed practically. To ac- complish this it was necessary to grow cultures containing various concentrations of amino acid treatment. The experiments bore out the results of the pilot study. L-Cysteine Hydrochloride does indeed retard the growth of the Penicillium fungus employed. I found that a treatment of .04997g.!ml. lgrams of L-Cysteine Hydrochloride crystal dry weight to ml. of culturel was able to control the fungus for at least 120 hours. It was alsd found that a treatment of 0.9286g!.ml. controlled the growth for sixty days or more. Other research in this area by others substantiated my con- clusions. It is believed that the L-Cysteine Hydrochloride treatment interfers with the cell division of the fungus. Determination of Percent Dissociation of Solutions by Concluctance RICHARD MUELLER CRAIG ZASTERA 1:5- NC! ..'i'Z'!.'21 '.L1m'- of WDIUII cntolllli In this experiment, the conductance of a solution was used to determine its percent dissociation. This procedure is dependent on the fact that conductance is proportional to the number of ions in solution. A meter unit applied an appropriate voltage to a solution in a conductance cell equipped with platinum electrodes. This unit measured the voltage and current in the cell from which resistance was found by Ohn1's Law. , Specific conductance is the reciprocal of the resistance through one cubic centimeter of solution. A cell constant, dependent on the dimensions of the cell. converted the re- sistance through our cell to this standard. When specific conductance was multiplied by the number of cubic centi- meters required to obtain one normal of solute, equivalent conductance -- that of one gram equivalent of solute - was obtained. This was plotted against the square root of con- centration and extrapolated to determine the conductance at infinite dilution - when the solute is completely dis- sociated. Comparing this value to the conductance at each concentration gives the percent dissociation. There are two basic factors which influence conductance- mobility and percent dissociation. With strong electrolytes, the former is the predominate factor, while in weak electro- lytes, the later is more important. In general, the conduct- aknce decreases with concentration due to the proximity of t eions. CONSERVATION Abstract PAULA EVANS The major problem in soil conservation is erosion. It is estimated that we have lost millions of acres of topsoil because of erosion. Soil conservation methods make the loss of topsoil less and some can even stop it entirely. Some methods heal the work of erosion. A few of these methods are contour farming, terracing, grassed waterways, strip cropping, pastures, cover crops, farm drainage, farm ponds and reforestation. Some methods are simple and some are not. When a farmer needs help for one of these conservation methods, he can ask for help from the Soil Conservation Service. This service is a great help to the farmer. The trained men in the service are very interested in soil conservation. They make maps of the farm and take soil samples. Then they put on the map which conservation methods should be used in each of the fields. Then the farmer can look at the map when he is ready Po Sant his crops and see what crops he should plant in each ie . The men of the Soil Conservation may also tell the farmer about these ways to control erosion on their farm: Give the soil a good cover and rich organic matter to help hold it in place and improve drainage. Use grasses and legumes in crop rotation. Grow them often enough to keep soil losses at a low level. Reduce erosion by managing your crops well. Disk down stalks in the fall and do not over graze grain and pasture. Farm on the contour. This helps hold the soil and in- creases yields. Combine strip cropping or terracing with contouring on slopes that are too long or too steep for contouring alone. Have plenty of grass waterways and outlets to remove run off water. Install tile systems where they are needed and establish good root systems. These steps may be followed for good, profitable farming. A Study of Water Pullution Miss KAREN DUGAN my Miss JOANN FERKO my Marian Catholic High School Chicago Heights Sponsor: Sister M. Emmanuel The third and final year of this project on Water Pollu- tion dealt with the effects of detergent and insecticide on marine life. The work done in the two previous years con- cerned, common water pollutants, various means of eliminat- ing these hazards and the effects of more specific pollutants on plant and marine life. The knowledge gained, formed the basis of this year's experimentation. Although the seeds of last year's tomatoes were planted to see if any mutations would show in the second generation, the plants died, be- cause the root hairs dried up upon transplantation. There- fore all work was concentrated on bluegills and common goldfish. In one series of experiments, tolerance tests were per- formed on bluegills from the original stock group. These being a year older, the results achieved with detergent CABSJ and insecticide CDDTJ, proved that an older fish can tolerate a higher level of pollution. In a long term experiment covering a period of six months, the effects of a tolerable level of pollution on blue- gills and goldfish were ascertained. The fish kept in insec- ticide were very inactive, while those in detergent seemed nervous and swam spasmodically about the tank. Both groups showed very little desire for food. These effects were also found in the experimental fish in the tolerance tests and the maze experiments. This last series of experiments showed that a tolerable level of detergent and a tolerable level of insecticide will seriously effect the learning and retaining abilities of fish. All of the fish had been trained to go through a simple maze: after treatment with pollution, the control group improved in that the time it took them to go through the maze became shorter, while the experimental groups worsened. The conclusions drawn from these experiments were: 1.1 Pollution should be abolished as much as possible especi- ally in spawning areas. 2.1 Detergents and insecticides have serious effects on the mental powers of fish. 3.7 The adverse effects on fish shown in these experiments, coupled with the news reports of fish kills and spoilings, should be, for man, a warning to bring about a rapid change for the better. Water Filtration System MICHAEL KENNING i7l Saint Francis Quincy Sponsor: Sister Ruth Ann S.S.N.D. Fry 1,Fll.TIlATI0ll SYSTEMT Although there are many ways of purifying waterg the filtration system is the one most commonly used. It is a cheap and easy way of purifying water. I constructed a water filtration system which contains the eight basic steps of the purification of water. The complete system flows through each step by gravity. My first container represents any river, lake, or stream etc. from which water is pumped. This water then flows into the intake well where large impure particles are screened out, here also, is where the carbon is added which removes the waters bad tastes and odors. From the intake well it flows into the accelator or lime mix where the water is softened, by putting lime in water which removes calcium and magnesium salts that cause hardness in the water. After the water has been softened, it goes into a series of mixing and settling basins. In these basins chlorine, alum. and fluoride are added. Finally, it goes into the eight filters. lActual1y there are eight filters but on my structure I only displayed one.J These filters are composed of three different layers. The first layer is of gravel, the second of course sand, and the third of fine sand. When the water finishes going through the filters it empties into the clear well which is a large storage tank. My results were: clean water. In approximately eight minutes my complete cycle had changed dirty river water into clean, clear water suitable to drink. Coal BARBIE GENENBACHER PEGGY GRAHAM St. Francis School Quincy Sponsor: Sister Ruth Arm S.S.N.D. Our project consists of the entire story of coal, from formation to the many products derived from coal. The display of our project consisted of posters showing the tipple, leading coal areas, shaft mine, products, layers of earth, and pictures of the different various types of mines. Also displayed were the sizes and kinds of coal, fossils we made, showing how coal is formed, products of coal, pam- phlets, and a book containing samples of things talked about in the story of coal. Coal is a soft brown or black rock. It is often called black magic, buried sunlight and other names because of its great powerful uses. Coal is used many different ways. Some of the most important are: to make gas, diamonds, and other products, to burn for heat, to supply power, gcn- erate electricity, and combine with other resources to make steel and iron. The U.S. produces the most coal in the world, besides Russia, but also has the greates coal reserves. By our project, we feel that we have learned much about the story of coal and its real meaning. Germinaiion Under Fiberglass RONALD TAKASHIMA l8l William F. Gurrie Central Junior High LaGrange Sponsor: Mr. Joseph Crisanti GERMINATION llB My project is to determine why the Famcomat Fiber- glass produces fast germination and more even growth. The Famcomat manufactured by the American Filter Company, was just introduced last year and the reason why it promotes faster and more even growth of grass is still basically unknown. I recorded the temperature of the bare soil and the thick iii inch Famcomat and found that the soil under Famcomat was about lk degree warmer. As com- pared to the bare soil, the total number of seeds germinated under the mat cover was far greater. This in all probability was due to the constant and controlled moisture content. My experiments also proved that germination occurred at least one week faster and more evenly under the mat than that of the control. I am doing further investigation and experiments to de- termine if the type of binding agent used in the manufac- turing process could cause the difference in germination and temporary growth. Presently, urea-formaldehyde resin is used to hold the fiberglass in place. If during the watering process, urea, a good nitrogen fertilizer, is released from the binding and taken up by the seed, promotion of immediate growth may occur. With the constant moisture and warmth provided by the Famcomat, is is probable that a faster and more uniform growth is obtained. -., vu eg :- -l THE EFFECT uE ' Humnm AIIVI ABA XSIS 1 UNION 01 HAIIR METEOROLOGY - I nun! u,,,,,,,u 9 x x 'KT' E I ' I- 1 , 21? .,,.., OR E f- 1 ' 535+ Lk F A' K ,Ln , K A me X Y2'1'fi'f'1 :' The Effect of Temperature and Humidity J On Snowflake Variety WAYNE L. KOST THE EFFECT UF - HUMIDHY ff' Since the beginning of time man has been fascinated by the magic of snowflakes. It has been said that every snowflake that falls is different. Because of that fact, I became interested in snowflakes. To study them I used a method of preserving snowflakes developed by Dr. Vincent J. Schaefer. After observing the crystals, I found a great variety. It was my idea to see what factors determine the variety. It was my idea that temperature and humidity have a great effect on the formation of snowflakes. To test my idea I constricted a cold chamber, in which I was able to produce snowflakes. As these snowflakes grew and became heavy, they fell to the bottom of the chamber. I carried out a series of twelve experiments on the effect of tempera- ture and humidity on snowflakes. Each of the twelve experi- ments was conducted five times each to remove probability. From the results I can make the following hypothesis: Temperature and Humidity are definite factors in the germination and growth of snow crystals when they are in certain ratios. fi? :gg Ei? UZ' '-ffm: .-fzbaf 1 ELECTRONICS - 'Q '-3 1,5 TQ . fir' 1 HL? L I : wiv Emp ,i-. 41:55, ? x. - Q 3 5 ff 1 -Z an . -65Av,.Zfk S. fl,A,l - A 5 F ggi.-,x The Secrets Behind Color Television Picture Tubes M. GALVIN EEERET5 BEHIND r i. w Pn:'ruRr: rum: . El '- 53 The main parts of a color picture tube are the glass bottle envelope, which is composed of a faceplate, a funnel and a neck: the shadow mask, and a tri-element gun. ENVELOPE - The envelope is the glass bottle con- tainer of the working parts. FACEPLATE - The glass faceplate is the screen of the color television set. On it are placed phosphor dots that when excited by electrons, give off color, in this case green, blue and red. The reason these colors are used is that they are the primary colors of light. Phosphor is a photosensitive chemical which when excited by electrons will give off color. FUNNEL - The funnel is the middle of the glass bottle envelope. It is like an ice-cream cone in shape. NECK - The neck is the housing for the electron gun. The gun is inserted into the neck. SHADOW MASK -- The shadow mask has 400,000 holes etched into it. It is like the end of a gun barrel for the stream of electrons: it' guides the electrons to the certain dot whether green, blue or red. ELECTRON GUN - The electron gun is three guns within itself. One gun to excite the green dots, one to excite the blue, one to excite the red. Each gun is geometrically set to shoot and excite only its given dots. In this case if we turn on the green gun, it only lights up the green dots with the help of the shadow mask. Each gun scans the face- plate through 525 steps or lines 30 times a second. Mark 002 Printing Computer MARK enrmes gay Infant Jesus of Prague School Flossmoor Sponsor: Sister M. Rosaire, O.P. The Mark 002 is a digital computer capable of receiving decimal numerals from a card reader and a typewriter. Thesf: then convert the decimal numeral to binary, or base 2, nu- merals. This system can be used by the Mark 002 because of the twoness property of electronic switches - on and off. But, what does the Mark 002 do? By accepting two or more numeral, providing that you supply an add command after each, the Mark 002 can add those numbers using a serial adder circuit. The total num- ber of relays in all of the combined adders is 21 which are needed to add up to 2' or 31. In order to get the final binary sum printed out on the typewriter, the I key must be pushed. This activates a 40-step stepping relay which prints out the binary answer preceded by the expression would you believe. By pushing the reset button, all adders in the on position are returned to the off position, and the stepper will reset to the point of origin. Program panels with plug-in wires are used in order that anyone may pro- gram the Mark 002 in whichever way best suits his means. Being more than just a calculator, the Mark 002 can be considered a computer. It fulfills all of the qualifications of a computer, for it has input, control, computing, memory, and output units. And together with its special program- ming techniques, the Mark 002 can easily be adapted to many applications -- from binary adder to a control and output unit for many large-scale computers. 5 A M Radio oAvl-D M. BEAMS lay Thomas Jefferson Junior High School Springfield Sponsor: Mr. Donald Roderick The aim of my project was to start learning about radio and electronics in general. In a nine-month span, I built one transmitter, two diode radios, one transistor radio, and one grid-leak detector with two Class-A amplifiers. All of these were TRF receivers. The two diode receivers were counterparts of each other. One uses a IN34 diode as a detector. The other uses a IT4 pentode connected as a diode for a detector. The two-transistor transmitter uses one transistor as an oscillator. Feedback to sustain oscillation is provided by a disc capacitor. The output frequency is determined by a 220 mmfd. disc capacitor and L-1, a tapped transistor radio coil. The second transistor varies the voltage applied to the einitter of the oscillator and thereby modulates the r.f. signa. The r.f. output of this transmitter can be observed on an oscilloscope by connecting wires from the antenna and ground sides of L-1 to the vertical deflection plates of the oscilloscope. The transistor radio uses a 365 mmfd. variable capacitor and a tapped transistor coil for tuning, and one transistor as a detector. Two S.P.S.T. slide switches elect one or two- transistor operation. The transistor radio's current is 30 microamps, and the voltage is 1.5 volts. This is .000045 watts. The three-tube radio is the most sensitive and selective. It can, through a series of four coils and two 365 mmfd. variable capacitors, separate very strong local stations. Also, with an antenna of fifty feet, ,a 1000 watt station was re- ceived forty miles away. A 50,000 watt station 100 miles away came in with fair volume. Three tubes are employed. They are a 35Z5 rectifier toctal basel, a 12A17 high-mu twin triode as detector and first AF amplifier C9 pin miniature? and a 50C5 beam power tube i7 pin miniaturel. This radio produces about 80,000 times the output of the one-transistor radio. The plate voltage is 120 volts, and the plate current is 30 milliamps. Power is 3.6 watts. My project has been a valuable tool in learning and verifying the laws of electronics. Theory, Design, and Application ot a Single Sicle- band-Suppressed Carrier Generator STEPHEN C. BECK Arlington High School Arlington Heights Sponsor: Morris J. Pumphrey The purpose of my project was to demonstrate one of the methods of radio communications that could help to ease this problem of overcrowded frequencies. A single sideband-suppressed carrier radio signal oc- cupies only one-half the frequency space of conventional radio signals. The most widely used mode of communications by voice is amplitude modulation, or AM. Single sideband, which is usually shortened to SSB, offers many advantages over AM. There is a power gain with SSB over a similar AM transmitter. Increased readability and less interference with other signals are also benefits of SSB. Clearly single sideband is a much more efficient mode. There are two common methods of generating a side- band signal, the filter method and the phasing method. The model generator in my project is a phasing generator. By using special electronic circuits, the phase, or the frequency relationship, of two radio signals can be adjusted to give just one sideband. Since the sideband carries the informa- tion in the radio signal, it is the only part of the signal worth transmitting. The resulting low-level output of the generator is then amplified in conventional manner. Since there is output only with modulation by a voice, the ampli- fier is only doing full work part of the time. This accounts for the increased efficiency of SSB over AM. My procedure began with drawing up a list of desirable features and minimum specifications. Simplicity was also stressed. No circuits that I had seen in various magazines and books were acceptable. I did want to design my ovsm circuit, and this seemed the opportunity. After gathering all available circuits of phasing generators, I looked them over to get an idea of what I would have to include in my design. The primary reason that I didn't use any of these circuits is that they were too complex. Careful design gave me a circuit that looked as if it would meet my specifica- tions. The final model came after three trials of the original circuit, each trial followed by several modifications and changes in the design and component values. All of the work in designing was written up, and a demonstration pre- pared of single sideband. Construction and Applications ot a Binary Com- puter JOHN R. Kmscl-INER lay Stanley Field School Northbrook Sponsor: Mrs. Rosemary Vincent e i V . i g ' as E lei 2 .Ei x 1 V l '1.5' l V lllhh llllill-Sl'l-flylt MIN XRX t'0l'N' This project has involved the study of mathematics and electronics, and how electrical circuits can perform mathe- matical operations. I have studied the different number bases, particularly base two, or as it is often called, the Binary System, which is used in computers. I also studied about a number of different binary codes which are used in computers for special purposes. First a simple mechanical counter was constructed to understand the binary system. Then I experimented with transistors and transistor circuits to build an electrical cir- cuit which would count in the minary system. Next a relaxation oscillator was built to take the place of the telephone dial I had used during my early experimen- tation. This provided automatic pulses for my counter, and the rate of these pulses could be changed by varying resis- tor and capacitor values. As a further improvement I have recorded pulses from the oscillator on magnetic tape, as pulse groups, for future use. In order to investigate useful purposes for my high speed counter, I have constructed many additional circuits. I have been able to successfully measure time, speed, dis- tance, and quantity, with good accuracy. Mathematical op- erations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, can be performed by using my counter and addi- tional circuits, which include a tape recorder for storing electromagnetic pulses, an amplifier-relay circuit for con- trolling these pulses, and an additional flipflop circuit for switching purposes. An Automatic Missile Checkout System DAVID MEYERS William J. Bogen High School Chicago The p1.u'pose of this project is to develop an automatic, programable, computer-controlled system to test the con- trolled system to test the condition of various sub-systems onboard a missle prior to launch. Program information is fed into the computer by a standard perforated tape. The instructions, read by the tape reader set up the equipment for each test and print out on the page printer the nature of the test being con- ducted. The computer then activates the needed measuring cir- cuitry and transmits the test results to the magnetic re- corder control system. This system evaluates these results and advances the tape to the position corresponding to the value of the measurement. Here, the magnetic tape trans- fers the test results to the page printer where print out occurs. The system then resets and is ready to accept the next command. At the conclusion of the testing cycle a launch sequencer is activated which starts a master clock. This clock displays in digital form the time until launch. At T minus zero a simulated missle is fired and the roar of the take-off can be heard. Also built into the display board is a switching system which automatically demonstrates the operation of the mis- sile system by means of a lighted diagram. Tic-Tac-Toe Computer JOHN oRwlN lay Forest Road School LaGrange Park Sponsor: Mr. J. David Johnson The objective of this project was to design a computer to play the game of tic-tac-toe. It is composed of many dual- input logical and gates which are fed by an input-memory p-4:12 Q g..l1'f-.2 ry by elf: iiiigsiii 4 s ' s 3 ' 4 . 15 3515114 ' if-ilslffii iii? l L'fii.3 ii i Fil? 1 ' ' ' sliifg A Q-xiii - . ' T f--Q ' 3111 .Mgt 1' -- Z Ll? L.-:Jia THE LUGIC DF TIS-THErT'Z 2 '-UMC '?f!'if5'lB!XE?'!'F3199f' if' 3 of five stepping switches. These are sequenced and triggered by a sixth stepper and a telephone dial. There are 36 different inputs, nine for each of the different moves, first through fourth. The outputs of the ands and wired in parallel to nine multi-input or gates: one for each of the nine outputs. These feed two-stage transistorized output amplifiers which light bulbs on the display unit. The logic was determined by playing each of the ap- propriate games out and compiling them into a table of numerical game sequences. l GEOLOGY - GEOGRAPHY i Fossils NICHOLAS SAWKA l7l Abraham Lincoln Elementary School Cicero Sponsor: Mr. John Leverenz 11' Most people collect for the simple fun of it--for the fun of tramping and exploringg for the excitement of a rare findg for the challenge of working out a perfect specimen. But in the course of doing all this, the layers of sedimentary rocks unfold the pages of a gigantic book, revealing the fas- cinating story of the earth's long and exciting past. Events 50, 100, or 500 million years ago become real because the fos- sils you have found provide a clear connection with bygone ages. With the aid of fossils the reconstruction of prehistoric plants and animals was possible, and the story of the evo- lution of life became clear. Without the evidence of fossils, evolution would still be a theory, not a fact, Fossils help determine whether sediments were formed in shallow or deep seas, in rivers, in swamps or in deserts. Thus they give a clue to the geography and ecology of the past and show how the continents and the seas have changed. ELIZABETH BROUWERS ll0l Riverside-Broolrfield High School Sponsor: Mrs. Rachel Klein The purpose of my project was to become better ac- quainted with paleontology. I have learned a great deal from the odd markings on a rock commonly called a fossil. Fos- sils interpret the age of the earth's history. Mazon Creek, Illinois, is an area where a single period of history can be studied. The Pennsylvanian forests and life are im- pressed in the concretions of the strip mines. Scientists study the tropical forests and ancient life and construct a model of the former life. Fossils can indicate the climate of an area. By studying the strata or layers. the deposits made by each particular era, paleontologists discovered an island which was once near Florida-Appalachia. Fossils fill in many open links of evolution. Through the study of fossils I have become acquainted with geology as well as physics, chemistry, and biology, aspects of which are involved with paleontology. Paleontology is not a dead subject, but a live one which can be used to help every industry and be applied to everyone. Fossils Reveal Ancient Seas NEIL D. HEALEY lol Sterling High School Sterling Sponsor: Jim Zeigler .Few Q My research concerns the study of fossils and how they reveal ancient se-as that covered our state. Fossils are the preserved remains of plants or animals. Preservation may be accomplished by burial, permineraliza- tion, or replacement, to name a few. My collection spans a period of some five hundred thirty five million years and represents nine phylla and plants. Most of my fossils are the remains of aquatic animals. Recptaculites oweni is a very good index fossil, indicating the galena fomnation of mid-ordovician period. I have found receptaculites from New Diggins, Wisconsin, south through Lena, Mt. Carroll, Brookville, Polo, and Dixon, Illinois. It is a reasonable assumption than an ordovician sea covered that area. Rccptaculities is believed to be a sponge. The fossils in my project span the scale of complexity from shark's tooth to simple protozoans. Among the more interesting specimens are the brachiopods. After etching some specimens show the brachia. Brachia are whorl shaped structures from which a cilia covered membrane is sus- pended. The brachiopod strains its food from the water with this organ. I have continued my research by going on geological survey sponsored field trips and exploration of many quar- ries in Illinois. A Plant Census in a 250,000,000 Year Old Forest sauce JOHNSON in Edison Junior High School Wheaton Sponsor: Mrs. Hope Lebo ti- comnz f is 15.2-is ff- A 'H vfiil.T.5L11 1 anis-lwehwl' Vu A study of a Pennsylvanian Period forest is presented. One hundred and fifty-six plant fossils were collected from a selected area of the coal mine spoil banks near Coal City, Illinois. Upon identification of the fossils, it was found that the forest consisted of more than half True Ferns and Seed Ferns. The remainder consisted of Calamites, Lepidoden- dron and Lepidophloios, Sigillaria, and Sphenophyllum. Based upon what we know about present day plants of these types, the climate, geology and conditions of the Penn- sylvanian Period forest would have been as follow: There would have been frequent rains, high humidity and no killing frost. The landscape would have been level with a deep, black, rich soil and occasional flooding. The forest would have been dense and shady with no evidence of leaf-eating animals or insects. Microseismal Activity as Related to Barometric Pressure Changes LEE RAYMOND JOHNSON Lyons Township High School LaGrange The behavior of microseisms, or very slight earth tre- mors, has long been a puzzle to seismologists. For years it has been known that they were loosely connected with atmospheric pressure variations and storms, but there have been few suitable theories as to the actual mechanism by which they are formed. My project is an attempt to find a relation between changes in barometric pressure and the size and duration of microseisms. My analysis shows a rough relation between rising and falling barometric pressure and the period or duration of the microseisms. Paleozoic Evolution THOMAS PERKINS noi Community High School North Chicago Sponsor: Wood Reinheimer ,,,,,.....-- r The purpose of this project is to present an in depth study of the evolution during the Paleozoic Era as shown by fossils. The collection of Paleozoic fossils reveals to the pur- suer the extensive evolutionary changes which occurred during this era. During the Paleozoic Era, 600-230 million years ago, life evolved from simple aquatic forms li.e.-protozoans, sponges, jellyfish, brachiopods, worms, trilobites, and algael, to the first complex terrestrial vertebrates-the reptiles, and to towering trees over 100 feet tall. The Paleozoic Era has been divided into seven periods of geologic time. These periods varied in duration and are separated on the basis of relatively brief periods of broad continental uplifts. The uplifts were followed by advances of the seas, which deposited sediments containing evidence of the next geologic period. Land features, as well as life, evolved throughout the Paleozoic Era. The earth's geography was constantly under- going physical changes. Continents and mountains rose majestically, then eroded, and sank under water. It has been shown that weather conditions have also changed during the Paleozoic Era. Both of these factors influenced the evolution of life. By studying Paleozoic fossils, one may obtain an under- standing of the past which is useful in predicting the evolu- tion of the future. Clay and Heavy Mineral Separation tor Correlation ot Geologic Formations FLORA YUN-YANG LU isp Edison Junior High School Champaign - The objective of this project is to identify and correlate geologic formations by the difference in clay- and heavy- mineral contents. Clay, heavy minerals, and magnetic min- erals are separatedtby the processes of decantation, heavy- liquid separation, and magnetic separation for two series of core samples from Bloomington glacial till. Some significant difference, especially in heavy- and magnetic-mineral contents are recognized. Based on these differences the two petrographic columns are identified and consequently the formations appeared at two different lo- calities l1!3 mile apartl are correlated. As a conclusion, the difference in clay- and heavy-min- eral contents can be used as a tool for identification and correlation of geologic formations. Paleontology ot an Eocene Outcrop EDWARD VALAUSKAS Thornridge High School Dolton My project dealt with the paleontological aspects of a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate fossil remains ob- tained from an Upper Eocene outcrop near Montgomery, Louisiana. - The process of collecting the fossil specimens was simple, but the identification proved to be difficult. The fossils were identified through the correlation of the specimens to those from the type locality of the Jackson Eocene at Jackson, Mississippi. Also, several old reports by T. A. Conrad and other paleontologists were used in identification. After identification, I divided my research into four phases, which are the following: tal Phase 1 - Mollusca KGastropoda, Scaphopoda, Pelecypodal tbl Phase 2- Microscopic Fossils! Primarily Molluscal Ccl Phase 3 - Anthozoa, Bryozoa, and Foraminifera Cdl Phase 4 - Vertebrata I concentrated my research on Phases 1 and 2 because they dealt with the most common and interesting fossils from the outcrop. Following my completion of my research, I then, hypo- thetically, reconstructed the environment that previously existed of the fossils found at this outcrop. From the fossil evidence, I concluded that a marine environment existed, similar to that that presently exists in the South Pacific area. Mollusks were the most common invertebrates with the univalves most predominant. Also several characteristic Eocene vertebrates did exist, including the shark Carcharo- don, the archaeocete Basilosaurus or Zeuglodon, and the ray Myliobatis. A V Oi in 511 41,-'H 1.5. 5:-J :Q IJ wif A 154 Ji '1 IKIFQQK 5 ' IV. I V 1' 53Li55,55!ii2jl- 'fill-'U' '- 15 H -Q O V- z.cocouu'r ECEREAL 2-wa' i A ' L mmm! a s mm 1 powrro HUT' .mpg -fm L,z'r'rnr5-533 nzgsmmss , g n 1N 3 1 -non -my 13fSEiQ3f,52EgQi51Q?'Z'affg, 3 ms: T f. - 1' 'W i V -T Q, ig, ',j O if ,Ill mil 5r . M- WI! i s a V .. A-viQQ, ' ' I O O O ' Q MW' N V. if 'fi '1- Ol MICROBIOLOGY CHARLES eosserr my Thornridge High School Dolion, Illinois The main objective of my project was industrial. I tried to find out under which conditions mold growth flourished. When these circumstances were understood, I could begin to hypothesize various solutions as to what to use for pre- servatives. After finishing my experiments, I discovered several in- herent disadvantages in the present way of keeping bread. A dark, tin breadbox is just about the worst place to keep bread. It is dark, holds moisture, and is usually in a warm place, perfect for mold growth. A better way to prevent mold growth is to make a clear plastic bread box and.put it in a bright place. The project is easy to set up and can be done by almost anyone. For the bread, get some from a local bakery, be- cause bread from chain stores has a preservative added to prevent mold growth. Then, all one must do is keep records of the growth patterns. CAROLYN HOU FEK Rich Township High School Sponsor: Ray Janata VVhen an animal is immunized with a particular antigen, new antibodies are formed in the serum. Sheep were im- munized with various antigens and disc electrophoresis was performed on the serum before and after the injection. The purpose was to see if new band appeared, and the change in the total amount of protein. After scanning the gel columns with a microdensitometer, there was a difference in the amount of protein between the various bands which shows that immunization will increase or decrease the total amount of protein in the serum. Specific absorption with an antigen was used to absorb the antibody out that was formed by immunization. Blood serum consists of five major proteins: Albumin, alpha., alphaf, beta and gamma-globulins. After disc electro- phoresis with animal serum, the gamma-globulin fraction ap- pears very fuzzy and diffused, not separating out into speci- fic bands. Several methods were employed to try to resolve the gamma-fraction of sheep serum. Samples were electro- phoresed and stained as road maps to give the patterns. Once serum has been electrophoresed, the gel column is stained and the protein can not be removed. The best method to remove the unfixed proteins to re-run them was to slice off the gamma-globulin fraction by the road maps , place it on a new gel, and re-run it. This method was used to study normal and immunized sheep serum. Effect of Variables on Rhodospirillum rubrum KAY McCURDY 1 My project dealt with the phototactic response of the bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum to an interruption of its light. Merely interrupting the light source of this photo- synthetic bacteria would provoke a reversal in its swimming direction. Garnering statistical information on its response and relating this response to the bacterial photosynthetic metabolism was the objective of this experiment. The variables in this experiment were light intensity, population density, individual characteristics, fatigue rate, recovery rate, and monochromatic light. My light inter- rupting device was a self-designed one consisting of a plas- tic circle with a plastic circle with a certain portion blacked off and this was rotated at varying speeds. I found that under ordinary conditions the average time needed for a response was approximately 1!40 second. When the light intensity was increased, no response was noted on the part of the bacteria. However a decrease in intensity provoked a response. As density of the colony increased the time necessary for a response lowered. The bacteria were noted to fatigue when the light interruptions were kept up and a recovery period was necessary for the bacteria to respond normally. The bacteria would respond to a shorter light interruption when the length of the light wave was longer, i.e. red, yellow, orange. These are also the lengths favorable for photosynthesis. So here is a correlation between photo- synthesis and Rho. rubrum's phototactic behavior exists. In conclusion, I found that this project helped me better under- stand the phototactic behavior of bacteria and to better understand the photosynthetic process. The Germiciclal Effect of Household Disinfectants On Common Bacteria ANN 'RINTELMANN UI Locust School Merengo Sponsor: Mr. Alvin Eastman In my project-, I tested three products to see what effect they had, if any, on two common organisms. The products 25 33 FEQQQEE 55 2391 gg 57353 . ff' ' D3 'Ei-42552.-55 2Ei115'9w a2'Zs5E:f'i5555Zl4' FY' . 5.855 FEE--asia' - m we A YJDQC mF'V1 OQODIW SQA g2'3g:gH c o w H 2.23 Q-3' 53 '333 as U' e ---Q? m 'U QZIHG :S ev 9 55 3 nge m 5 8 55:3 Eg Sa.-:xiii VI omg EV Huggg He-1-'Q m....On E' SOD' 55 5-3545: mg sm 5'-42.2225 :wi me HE. 2012- 333 E5 Sigman QQ' we mmmow .YQ 55 Q --HW 53W gg QBESSQ H 3 Q 928523 ?nO 3 ' fffggws me- 4 '-4 gg! 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I-I l I.: l :li Hill xl.Ill9l,lI IIININWCF- Recombination in the RNA Bacteriophage MS-2 ALAN L. welss U ny Niles Township High School West Skokie, Illinois -Qq Ein ff MS-2 is a bacterial virus whose genetic materials are composed exclusively of RNA. As the life cycle of this phage differs considerably from those of DNA bacteriophages, the method of recombination among RNA genomes may be quite unusual. The use of MS-2 strains having various host range and rapid lysis mutations made the following of recombina- tions possible. Single burst matings, involving the infection of one bacterium by two genetically dissimiliar phages, resulted in the formation of complementary recombinants in appar- ently unrelated ratios. The copy-choice model was found to be applicable to these results, but further experimentation is necessary for the verification of this hypothesis. Analysis of average recombination frequencies, when interpreted under the assumption that the probability for recombination is di- rectly related to the distance between the two recombining loci, revealed that MS-2 RNA assumes a circular configura- tion during recombination. Bacteria All Around Us DONALD SCHLAX up Our Lady of Victory Sponsor: Mr. Wm. F. Schlax nsr Asif-v1l0l ' lx 1 - f - ' n.xc'ri:nm ,,. lu, imc, LH H .U F is All Alltlliyn . 3 :I Q lrlfll-IS vu I nm!! ' nfyffsxy hhAh I .11- I did this project to show there is bacteria everywhere. First of all I built and painted my incubator. Then I found where I could get some agar for my bacteria. I col- lected bacteria from everywhere. I then made my poster. I found out that every sample I took grew bacteria. h My conclusion is that bacteria can be taken from every- w ere. MATHEMATICS Maximal Division of Closed Space MICHAEL MADEJ Sf. Laurence High School Chicago, Illinois For a detailed and systematic study of the properties of maximally divided space, it is first necessary to investigate the properties of the simplest particular case, that occurring in two dimensions. It is found that the dividing lines, or par- titions, need not be straight, but must only fulfill the follow- ing conditions: a partition in the interior of a closed curve must intersect the curve twice and every other partitlon exactly once, but cannot cross itself or two partitions simul- taneously. The systems of 1, 2, 3, and 4 partitions are tri- vial - i.e., there is only one way to draw each of them. The last mentioned system can always be represented by 465.430, which means that the 4 partitions form one region of five sides, as well as five regions each of three sides and four sides. 5 partitions, however, give rise to the systems C5,4s3ll, C5i4..3rl, 15-131111, and f6,5..4,3.l. It can be shown mathematically that since the number of regions is given by it IP' + Pl + 1, the systems f5.4m35l, 45.430, and 15.4230 should also exist, although they cannot be dravsm. This curious fact is reason enough to investigate the field further. There are two major directions in which the study may be developed: the formalization of the axioms and theorems fthe reduction of drawings and proofs to topological equa- tionsb, and the application of the concepts to n-dimensional space. The Fourth Dimension JIM EDWARDS Austin High School Chicago Objectives: I wanted to introduce geometrical and al- gebraical patterns involved in the fourth dimension in order to lower the topic into a range which can be well understood. Most people look on such a topic as completely abstract, therefore, I wanted to find all possible ways in which this dimension may someday affect our lives. Materials: The materials used were simple models made of plastic sticks. These created a media for observation and experimentation. Research information was gathered into a chart which was arranged in such a way as to uncover in- teresting relationships. Findings: The fourth dimension has two main aspects - the mathematical concept and physical concept. We learn much about this topic by comparing it with the dimensions of lower order. As four points not in the same plane in a three-dimensional world determines a sphere, so five points not in the same plane in hyperspace determine a hypersphere. Certain intersections are common in the third' dimension and by an extension of logic, certain hyper-inter- sections are obvious. Freedom of motion is greater in the fourth dimension. Chains would be of no use in such a world. Conclusion: According to Albert Einstein, space is a four-dimensional aggregate of points. Therefore, a four- dimensional world is practical, and, as it challenges the mind of man today, it will someday be a physical media which he must overleap. Knots and Wheels ALBERT M. ENG ll Il Gage Park High School Chicago Sponsor: Miss M. Hradel If two knots such as an overhand knot and a figure- eight knot, were tied separately in two rope segments and if the ends of each rope segment were spliced, experimenta- tion would seem to indicate that the two, resulting knot formations could not be made to look alike by pulling, twist- ing, or looping them. Until recently, however, there was no way to prove the non-equivalence of knots, other than through experimentation. This project is an attempt at out- lining a partial proof for that purpose. The heart of this proof is a property of knot projections, that was invented by H. F. Trotter. Called symmetric rep- resentation on an n-spoked wheel, it is a concept which involves wheels which are divided into equal segments by n-spokes, where n is a positive number. The basic theorems enable a knot projection to be represented on an n-wheel. Another theorem, which is derived from other basic state- ments, enables the n-wheel concept to be used in proving two knots non-equivalent. By employing the various theorems, the n-wheel char- acteristic to each considered knot is found. Each family of equivalent knots has its own characteristic n. Thus if two knots cannot be represented on the same n-wheel, they can be proved non-equivalent. Although the immediate purpose of this project is to provide formal a proof for an age old riddle, its ultimate effects on mathematics does not end there. Knot theory is a branch of topology, or rubber sheet geometry. Ordinary exercises in this branch of mathematics are usually confirmed to two-dimensions because of limitations in knowledge con- cerning higher dimensional topology. Since knot theory deals with three demensions, research in it may be well the key to vast, unexplored realms of topology. Fixed Point Geometry ABIGAIL FOERSTNER ll ll Mother Theodore Guerin High School River Grove Sponsor: Miss Patricia Orloslri The fixed point concept owes its foundation to a German mathematician named Brouwer. In essence his famous fixed point theorem states that if a surface is submitted to a con- tinuous deformation, at least one point will remain fixed, or in the position it was to begin with. By a continuous defor- mation, is meant one in which the surface is deformed within its own boundaries and in which the surface is not torn. The Brouwer Theorem holds good for any finite number of dimensions as long as the figure considered is convex: however, in this sense convex for two dimensions means topologically equivalent to a disk and for three dimensions topologically equivalent to a sphere and its interior. The contraction of a surface is a particular deformation which not only admits a fixed point but admits a unique fixed point. Since expansion is the converse of contraction, it can be proven that a deformation of expansion also admits a unique fixed point. Scientific measurements of distances between nebulae masses have led to the hypothesis that our universe is expanding: therefore the universe has a fixed point. In a book entitled Shereland Dionys Burger created an expanding two-dimensional universe which curves into the third dimension. By proving that such a two-dimen- sional universe has its fixed point in the third dimension and by making an analogy between the second and third dimen- sional universes, I have hypothesized that the three-dimene sional universe we know of has a fixed point in the fourth dimension. This can be expanded to say that the nth-dimen- sional universe has a fixed point in the n+1 dimension. The fixed point concept fits not only into topology and the fantasy of dimensions beyond our own, but a special set of concepts apply to infinite dimensions, that is finite di- mensions involving time. ?M1l Applications of Probability THOMAS HEMNES U23 Arlington High School Arlington Heights Sponsor: James F. Ulrich Because of probability's frequent association with dice, poker, and little colored balls, we often overlook some of its more scientific aspects. In this project I have applied the basic concepts of probability to the classic Rutherford scat- tering experiment in which gold foil is irradiated by alpha particles. I then performed the experiment to test my predic- tions. I can consider briefly my method. As an alpha particle approaches a gold nucleus, similar electrical charges deflect the particle with the coulomb force. The angle of deflection increases as the proximity of the particle's path to the nucleus tthis distance is the impact parameterl decreases. In my experiment I wanted to know how many particles would be deflected at more than a certain angle. For each such angle there is a circle around each nucleus whose radius is the impact parameter. Using this radius. p, and assum- ing that it is equally probable for a particle to strike any part of the irradiated area, my probability becomes P tdeflectionl : latomsfplanei fnumber of planesl I area irradiated l 'TT p2 The atoms per plane and number of planes express the size of the foil .in terms of atoms. In my project the results were correct to two powers of ten, a satisfactory answer since the calculations involved powers of ten to the twentieth. KAREN KUCZYNSKI Our project dealt with the experimentation of the cycloid and its practical uses. A cycloid is the pattern traced by a point on a wheel as it moves along the ground. In our research we invented several types of cycloids by changing the surface the wheel travels over. Hypocycloids proved to be very interesting patterns.. A hypocycloid is the pattern of a point on a wheel as it moves inside a circular road. We discovered that there was ag similarity between the ratio of the wheel to the road and the pattern of the wheel. For instance, if the ratio of the wheel to the road is 1:3 the pattern will resemble a triangle with curved sides. The quadrocycloid, one of our own inventions. followed 'a pattern similar to that of the hypocycloid. A quadro- cycloid is the pattern traced by a point on a wheel as it moves inside a square. If the ratio of the wheel to the road is 1:4 you will end up with a five-sided curved figure. A 1:3 ratio will give you a four-sided curved figure and so on. The reason for the extra side, we discovered. was that because the wheel is traveling inside a square it has to compensate for the corners somehow. Therefore, it does so by adding an extra side. We then continued working on our project looking for a practical use for these patterns. It seemed that no matter how hard we tried we could not find a practical use. P. KOLBREG The aim of this project has been to perform construc- tions with a fixed-compass. Original proofs were then for- ulated to justify them. This project was selected to show the possibility of performing geometrical constructions with limited means. Fourteen of the sixteen constructions were constructed with a fixed radius that was less than, greater than, and equal to a given distance. Such a fixed radius can be used in the inscription of an equilateral triangle, a square, and a hexagon in a given circle. It can also be used in drawing parallels, bisecting line segments and angles, and erecting perpendiculars from various points off and on the line. How- ever, in the case of constructing a tangent to a given circle from a point off the circle, and in doubling or tripling a given line segment, the limitation that the fixed radius must be equal to a given distance is needed. Each construction had a statement of the problem, a diagram of the construction, a list of the steps of the con- struction, and a formal proof giving definitions, postulates, and theorems as a justification of the steps taken. The results of this project include a realization of the possibility of performing constructions with only a straight- edge and fixed-compass. It was also noted that all construc- tion problems are not possible with only a straightedge and an arbitrarily chosen fixed-compass. The Parabolas ot Curve Stitching JOANNE MARENGO JEANNE PIETRZAK St. Willibrord High School Chicago Sponsor: Sister Anionita O.S.F. The purpose of our project was to prove that the straight lines of our curve stitching designs were tangent to the curve they seemed to form and that the points of tangency formed the envelope of a parabola. Using a unit square as our graph with a and 1 - a as our distances, we found the general equation for our curve stitching in slope-intercept form. In this equation we had the variables x and y and the constant a , As the value of a changed, the location of our straight line changedg therefore, a was our variable parameter. Solving this equation for a we obtained a quadratic equation. Since we wanted only one point of the line fthe point of tangencyl we concluded that the value of the dis- criminant was zero, thus giving us a new equation. We then solved our general equation and this new equa- tion simultaneously. Our final equation, having only three second degree terms which formed a perfect square, was the equation of a parabola. Our investigations proved that the straight lines of our curve stitching designs formed the envelope of a mathematic- ally correct parabola. Chances are Predictable sl-IELLEY sum-I m Infant Jesus of Prague School Sponsor: Sister M. Rosaire, O.P. The purpose of my project is to test useful applications of certain laws of probability. The law for the 'first applica- tion is the Law of Large Numbers, which is concemed with the comparison of the theoretical expectation and the actual obtained result, found through experimentation: the greater the number of times the experiment is repeated, the less the difference between the observed results and theory. In this case, the experiment was the repeated throwing of dice, illustrated at different intervals with bar charts and com- pared to the theoretical distribution. The law was demon- strated well. The law used for the second and third applica- tions is the Normal Curve of Errors, a symmetrical, bell- shaped curve, determined by the mean and standard devia- tion. The second application is classmates' guesses of my height, each guess represented as lead shot dropped in one of a number of vertical tubes corresponding to ranges of inches above and below my actual height. The distribution of the guesses was very close to a Normal Curve: that is, the guesses clustered around my actual height and errors were almost evenly divided above and below. The third application is various kinds of weatherdata, obtained from Midway Air- port. The Normal Curve of Errors did not represent these well, however, and I concluded that weather is not predict- able using the mean and the standard deviation. Application of Mathematics to Model Rocketry JAMES OLSEN Avery Coonley School Downers Grove In this project I tried to demonstrate the practical ap- plications of mathematics tomodel rocketry. One of the first principles that any rocket designer must know is that a rocket will fly only if the center of gravity is far enough ahead of its lateral center of pressure for the lateral air current to cause a stabilizing effect. Using this principle, I designed this rocket. After building this rocket, I computed its potential height, taking into account weight, drag, thrust, etc. I com- puted the altitude to be 750 feet. Next I flew this rocket and tracked it optically with the help of a transit. With the use of simple trigonometry, I computed the altitude to be 753 feet. This difference could have been caused by the rocket drifting towards the tracking station. Mathematics of Color Vision LORETTA PATZELT Mother McAuley High School Chicago Sponsor: Sister Mary Suzanne. R.S.M. o-nv. tg rp as -Ji, fr 44 wg f 1 EE' wg B 'XM I: X-I . Q '. J' .ii 'K -2 E.: 'F N -M MA'l'llEMA'l'ICS UI' .canon vnslttfxa LKXU lIXl'lZlHlQ1i'X'l'h ,K 1 V tti it is 1 e S , iii The purpose of my project was to investigate the mathe- matical methods used to specify color as perceived by the human eye. The Munsell system of color notation was the first in- vestigated. This system classifies colors using three para- meters, hue, value, and chroma, which correspond to domi- nate wave length, reflectance, and purity. Next the International Commission on Il1umination's chromaticity diagram was explained. This commission tested a group of people in 1931 using three different wave lengths of light to duplicate most of the colors in the visible spectrum. These tristimulus values were used to determine the percentage composition of the standard light sources for each of the wave lengths. The I.C.I. chromaticity dia- gram was obtained by plotting two of the trichromatic co- efficients of the spectrum colors at frequent wave length intervals. This diagram enables you to give each color a numerical value and to determine any color if you know two of the trichromatic coefficients. Thirdly, Edwin Land's two color projection system was investigated and duplicated. Land's experiments with the two color projection system indicated that all the spectral combinations could be obtained from two colored sources of light. These experiments yielded results that are in conflict with the classical ideas of color vision. Finally a mathematical color transformation was de- scribed which explains the Land experiments and the dis- crepancies between classical and observed colors. The Moire Treatment of Periodic Functions NANCY PRZYBYLSKI Foreman High School Chicago stunts:-svrrai 15:15-use-A -V.. .v .. : :9Eh'?l'1 I1 By superposing two periodic figures, one obtains a third figure that is caused by the points of intersection. These are called moire' patterns and follow the general formula: h - k I p Periodic functions can be represented graphically by the type of patterns used when working with moire'. Parallel lines represent square wave impulses and concentric circles can represent waves eminating from a point source. There- fore a moire' pattern can be defined as the solution to the interference of two or more periodic functions. The solar eclipse depends on the coinsidence of several periodic motions. A central eclipse occurs only when the moon is new, which happens once a synodic month or every 29h days, and when the moon lies on one of its nodes, which happens twice a diachronic month or every 1316 days. I drew a transparency to represent each of these events letting 1!32 of an inch be one day. The distance between the moire' fringes was 7 15132 inches. So by my calculations a central eclipse occurs approximately once every 239 days. Some central eclipses occur when the angular diameter of the moon is less than that of the sun's so a ring of the sun, the annulus, appears around the new moon. I also drew a third transparency using the same scale to differeniate be- tween annular and total eclipses. JIM RYAN My original problem was to show the use of number systems in a simplified form. I had to extend my knowledge through research. I then went to work on designing an eye- catching display. After trying a number of ways of doing this, I came up with the idea of roads and factories. - This seemed to clearly explain my subject, so the project was assembled accordingly. Square Root Function Computer KENNETH YEAGER lI0l Jaclrsonville High School Jacksonville Sponsor: Richard N. Ommen .gg 1135 .. fs 1 : SQUARE RUUT FUNCTIDN COMPUTER Ll l.l The purpose of this project was to design and construct digital circuitry to extract square roots from numbers. The binary number system was chosen because of its efficiency in digital computers. Further experiments with binary re- sulted in a method similar to the mechanical square root function. This method was the basis of the circuit design. Like the mechanical function, the computer operates in cycles. The number whose square root is desired is divided into pairs on each side of the decimal point. On the first cycle, the first pair is placed in a memory register. The computer then substracts 1 from this and puts a 1 in the first place of the quotient. On each successive cycle, the next pair is put in the register with the first and a number is determined by multiplying the quotient by 4 and adding 1 . If this number is smaller than the number in the regis- ter, it is subtracted from the register and a 1 is placed in the next place of the quotient. If it is larger, it is dropped and a zero is placed in the quotient. In this manner the quotient is determined place by place. Greater accuracy can be at- tained by adding more circuits. The computer was built with electromagnetic and mag- netic reed relays to demonstrate its operation. Although the actual circuits were designed for these components, the logical design could be easily adapted for use of transistors. Flip-Flop Computer DOROTHY YETTER KATHY 'FUCHS The Immaculate High School Chicago Sponsor: Sister Mary lnezetta, BVM 9 Our project was primarily aimed at the mathematics directly connected with computers. The binary number sys- tem was first to be studied. This system operates on the same basis as our own system, base ten. The computations, addition, substraction, multiplication, and division, are dem- onstrated on the small model of a binary digital computer that we built. We adapted a basic circuit used in all digital computers called the flip-flop. The components of our own flip-flop consisted of resistors, diodes, and capacitors which aided the transistors in acting as electronic switches. Since we used only six of these, we were only able to reach the number sixty-three. In computer language, the binary number system is broken up used for its simplicity. This way every program is into yes-no questions. But to accomplish these programs successfully in insertion and processing, another form of mathematics is involved, Boolean Algebra, or the logic of computers. In this logic, function, or combinations of com- binations, of binary variables are used. Computers in general involve four main processes: input, processing, memory, and output. A demonstration of these is shown on a small supplement to our computer, a double card reader. This apparatus can not only read a card, but also can correct multiple choice tests. Computers are becoming the heart of man's life. But computers can not run by themselves and thus man has to supply the brains. By our project we have acquired a begin- ning into the dynamic life being built before us. What are Conic Sections? TOM WOLFF Northwood Junior High School Besides being of scientific importance, conics are seen every day. The object of my science project was to learn in detail the scientific, mathematical and practical charac- teristics of the basic for conics: the circle, the ellipse, the byperbola, and the parabola. To learn about the symmetric curves I applied both synthetic and analytic geometry. Synthetic or Enchidean geometry involves postulates - basic statements that are accepted without proof - and theorems - logically reasoned statements based from previously accepted or proved postu- lates or theorems. This geometry's fundamental tools are points, lines and planes. Analytic geometry primarily uses algebra. Applying both I am now able to reason the answers to a practical problem involving conics. For my demonstration and booklet I drew diagrams showing how conics can be formed by a straight cut in a cone as well as diagrams of conics drawn from an algebraic expression on a coordinate plane. By using cones that I molded from rock hard water putty and then cut and sanded, I proved three-dimensionally that a conic is a plane section of a cone. Because of their properties conics can only be drawn by special apparatuses, one of which I partly developed and built. This was the only working part of my research project. ?1 zpeiiia vifsf ssh' IQICS warn .Tii,..,,,, PHYSICS Magnetic Elements TOM AHLQUIST ll ll Jesltsonville High School Jacksonville, Illinois Sponsor: Mr. Richard Ommen The objective of this project was to detect, measure and analyze the relative changes of declination, inclination and horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic field at a fixed station for a period of 30 days. It was first necessary to gather information on the con- struction and operation of various kinds of instruments used in making magnetic observations. From this information it was decided to construct on induction coil for measuring inclination and an oscillating type variometer for measuring declination and horizontal intensity. In addition to the basic magnetic measuring instruments it was necessary to build devices for testing the magnetic property of material going into the construction of the instruments and for measuring time in hundredths of a second. ' After acquainting myself with the theories of the origin and variations of the earth's magnetic field the next step was to orient the measuring instruments for observations. The observation site chosen was as free from local anomolies as possible and still be reasonably convenient for taking readings. The magnetic meridian established with a large compass and a taught line was used to line up the axis of rotation of the induction coil. A vibration free bench anchored to the concrete floor at the magnetic station was used to mount the oscillating variometer while the induction coil base was permanently mounted directly to the concrete floor. From this project I concluded that the angle of inclina- tion and declination as well as the horizontal intensity do exhibit a daily variation. The data gathered and recorded indicated variations of each element measured. These varia- tions seemed to be in phase and to follow a 12 to 14 day cycle of peak minimums and maximums. JACK DAVID ADAMSKI gap Cicero School Cicero, Illinois This project was an experimental investigation of the heave stability of the Peripheral Jet ground effect machine. This is a relatively new concept in hovering flight of a gas engine powered, single plenum chamber. The lift, rise, height and power relationship were determined by using va- rious engines and propeller pitches. Also by bleeding air into and out of the'air cushion, to evaluate the change in lift. The Gem was allowed to hover at a given height and pro- pelled forward with a top mounted engine. Much of the information for this project was supplied by the United States Army Aviation Material Laboratories, by library re- search, and by personal experimentation. Because of limited exposure to involved mathematical and engineering formu- las, at age 14, I have yet much to learn from this project. Since this vehicle can navigate over most types of ter- rain, its future values are yet to be ascertained as regards transportation vehicles. Monomolecular Films SHARYN ELLMAN ll ll Highland Park High School Highland Park, lllinois Sponsor: Mr. H. E. Hanson A monomolecular film is a film at an interface between two states of matter. An original study was made of the properties of these films at different temperatures to de- termine their collapse pressure, the area per molecule at that pressure, and whether phase transitions occur. Monomolecular films of stearic and oleic acid were spread on the surface of water in a glass tray of a hydro- philic film balance, which I constructed. Extreme care was taken to keep the films free from contamination. The experiments show that although the molecular struc- ture of oleic acid and stearic acid are similar, the double bond between two of the carbon atoms of oleic acid weakens the cohesive forces of the hydrocarbon group, giving it a lower collapse pressure. Reduction of temperature lowered the collapse pressure. Phase transitions similar to the change-of-state of three dimensional systems, occurred at several temperatures. When below their melting points, their state was not that of a solid. They behaved more like a two- dimensional gas. An equimolar mixture of stearic and oleic acid obeyed Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, the collapse pressure approximately equaling the sum of the individual collapse pressures of stearic and oleic acid. Using Soap Film To Demonstrate Gravitational Effects 'RHONDA ELLMAN l8l Northwood Junior High School Highland Perla, Illinois - Sponsor: Elaine Hellre , t sr 23425159 A soap film was used as a representation of a gravita- tional field to study and observe the phenomena of gravita- tion. To demonstrate these phenomena, I constructed an apparatus consisting of a wooden stand that supports an eight-inch wire ring upon which a soap film is formed, and a calibrated water droplet accelerator with which I can launch a droplet onto the soap film at any desired velocity. The use of soap film necessitated an initial series of experiments, measurements and calculations of soap film. These included soap film longevity, Newton's rings, shape of soap films, soap film evaporation, surface tension, mass of water droplets, and water droplet velocity. The gravitational experiments performed included the effects of gravitation on two orbiting droplets of equal mass, and two droplets of unequal mass. The force between the two droplets was calculated. A droplet was then orbited on a soap film having the shape of a gravitational well. An atmosphere was simulated and a small drop was orbited into it. Also, a spray of fine droplets on the soap film was used to represent an interstellar gas cloud, and when they began to coalesce into droplets, they represented stars and planets being formed. Summary of Research Done on an Orbital Model JOHN w. BELLATTI U my Jaclrsonville High School Jacksonville The purpose of this research was to design, construct, test, and prove a shaped table on which a sliding object would act like a satellite orbiting a heavenly body. Considering only horizontal vectors, the writer designed a round, smooth. inwardly-curving table using the relation F I 1!d. He shaped this table of Plaster of Paris with a template. Using a dry-ice puck with its gas-bearing to create a nearlyifrictionless situation, he then tested the table for validity in the case of V Rg for a circular orbit. He meas- ured V by using a calibrated starting ramp and a photo- electric switch. Then, after measuring the radius, R, he calculated what V would have been for an ideal table and compared the two. By the use of graphs he found that the table was slightly off as he had tested it. However all values were in the i3'Z: range so a great deal of the error could be accounted for as experimental error. The writer feels that this error might be due to the apparatus used to give the dry-ice puck a known velocity. It is possible that it was inaccurate and that more accurate measurements of the velocity might be made which would be much closer to what they should be. With these modifi- cations in mind, the writer concludes that this table is properly designed to meet its pi.u'pose and that it is suitable for studying satellite motion. J. GOLDBERG 11 In my experiment I try to show two things. Using va- rious sources for information I constructed a simple mag- netohydrodynamic generator. In the first phase of the experiment, I tfry to create a measurable electric current by means of this generator. To create plasma I use a butane torch. I lead the nozzle of the torch directly into a pyrex glass tube. The free electrons in the plasma are drawn to the sides of the tube by the two 900 gauss magnets. The electrons taken from the tube by wire taps and sent to a group of capacitors. Here the energy is stored until the circuit is closed by a switch allowing a sudden surge of power through the wires. This surge shows on a milliammeter which drops down again after the immediate switch-on. In the second stage of the experiment the entire process is the same except an ion-catcher is put into the aequence. This time the meter does not respond at all. This is because there is no ionized plasma in the tube to provide electricity. The conclusion gained from this experiment is that an ionized gas flowing through a magnetic field can produce electric current but a non-ionized gas cannot. Synchronous Disc Chronograph JANE einen m Thomas Jefferson Grade School Peoria, Illinois Sponsor: Mr. James Yonlcouslri it t. ,, .. I The Synchronous disc chronograph is an instrument for measuring the velocity of a high speed projectile. It deals with the science of ballistics. I have two discs rotating on a common shaft at a known speed and a known distance apart. The projectile is fired through both discs in a path parallel to the shaft. The angle between the bullet holes is found by subtraction. and from this angle the elapsed time of flight of the projectile over the known distance is calculated. This is the average speed of the projectile. The formula is: V 1' Q13 A Where V I Average velocity of projectile in Ft.!sec. D 2 Distance between discs in feet R I Number of degrees the discs rotate each second A 2 Measured angle between bullet holes In the photograph, exhibit A shows two discs run on the apparatus. These were pierced at 345' and 2550, the dif- ference being 9O'. In exhibit B, the readings were 1600 and 500, giving a difference of 110'. Generally the differences varied from 85 to 956. Two things cause these inaccuracies. 61.3 I used an air rifle, which has variations in the muzzle velocity. C2.l The motor was a squirrel cage motor which did not run at a constant speed. A synchronous Motor would have given better results. Chemical Physics of the Alkenes JAMES HOAGLAND Lane Technical High School The guiding theme of this project is that, if one knows what material one is working with, one should be able to predict its properties quanitatively. The reason why the alkanes were chosen was that this choice reduced the num- ber of factors to be considered. This project's results allow one to predict the boiling points, densities, and specific heats of the alkanes fairly accurately. The end results of this project do not tie to- gether to produce a beautiful system of cause and effect, but there is a possibility that they might, if I had the time to work them out. The possibility lies in the fact that the den- sity formula specifies a certain type of increase in volume per increase in size, and the specific heat formula specifies a different type. Resolving this apparent paradox will yield a better understanding of the why of these molecules, for both formulae yield the correct results for their respective properties. The formulae for this project were developed from the data by curve fitting in all cases except for specific heat. In that case I did not have enough data to go on, so I was forced to attack the problem theoretically. The results obtained from this development check with known values, so I concluded that the development was correct. The Thermodynamics of a Steam Engine ROBERT M. HUNT qsj Lalxe Villa Comm. Cons. School Lalre Villa Sponsor: Donald A. Strichlor l LNG INK id lyuumiuiil ix'au:leriSlis:S ' . Single Shaq:-, ltuliill Flow i l'l0N Thermodynamics is the study of the results of the ap- plication of heat. To make this study I built my own steam- powered engine out of a copper toilet bowl float with four copper jet arms inserted at the top. After much experi- menting I finally devised a suitable electrical heating unit that I placed under the float to boil the water that I put into it. I also made four sets of tapered jets, each set having a different sized orifice, that I could interchange on the jet arms. By using a mercury manometer, a stroboscopic tach- ometer, and a friction brake dynamometer fwhich I made mvselfl I measured the static pressure, the revolutions per minute, and the torque of my engine when experimenting with each of the four different sets of jets. A great deal of experimenting was contributed to my project. I had one explosion and used approximately five floats for three or four models. Further experiments in thermodynamics could lead to the use of rockets and jets, but a project such as this would have to be done on a larger and more complicated scale than mine was. Hilsch Vortex Tube ROBERT M. KIECKHEFER ray Countryside School Barrington Sponsor: Mr. Donn P. Branstrator The Hilsch tube demonstrates that air can be used as a refrigerating gas. The tube was invented by G. J. Ranque, in 1932, and improved by Rudolf Hilsch during World War II. The Ultrasonic Corporation was going to cool refrigera- tors with the tube, but went bankrupt before it could. .The tube is presently used for aircraft thermometers. In my experiment, three tubes were built. Lack of pre- cision prevented tube number one from working. Tube number two achieved temperature extremes of 349 F. and 96' F., while tube number three reached -16 F. and 1460 F. Operation results from incoming compressed air that spins around the spiral chamber and is compressed even more by centrifugal force. Some air expands toward the center of the chamber and is drawn through the diaphragm and out the cold tube. This air is cold because it is expanded. The rotating air in the spiral rotates out the hot tube. Be- cause of friction, the air slows down and expands. Some air is drawn back toward the spiral because of the low pressure area found in the center. This air absorbs heat from the air going out the cold tube. Because of centrifugal force, the recirculated air is drawn toward the outside and starts the cycle over again. Because it has absorbed heat, this air makes the hot tube even hotter. Many parts of the electric refrigerator are similar to parts in the Hilsch tube. Applying the Spacetime Continuum KEVIN KILLION Gordon Tech High School My project this year was a continuation of an earlier study on the nature and properties of the spacetime con- tinuum. By using this project as a basis, I attempted to further investigate the properties of the continuum, and to develop applications for the continuum, on a theoretical basis. By defining a single property of the continuum and deter- mining the effects produced by each of these features, I expanded on known and accepted information about these effects to propose applications for them. or methods of alter- ing them. . The project also expanded on these known properties to determine effects arising from alteration of the continuum. Using the continuum theory as an assumption, a reason for the formation of quasi-stellar sources was proposed. It was further proposed that a secondary protational field exists, which may suggest methods of increasing gravitational strength by rotating or accelerating masses. Several theoretical applications in transportation, com- munication, and matter research were found for a number of continuum features. The project concludes that although such application and experimentation is not currently feas- ible, theoretical work in this field will yield substantial in- formation, particularly on the nature of matter and physics in general. 'DONNA KRISTOVICH Washington High School Determining the Index of Refraction and Optical Rota- tion of Certain Solids and Liquids With Plane Polarized Light. Also determining the color effects produced by the interference of the fast and slow rays in anisetropic sub- stances. Materials: Polaroid sheets, pipe fittings, vanity mirror, orange cans, flashlight, light bulbs, detergent bottles, meter sgck, protractor, glass plates, solutions, plastic and cello- p ane. How is the index of refraction determined? Snell's Law. Brewster's Law. The theory of plane polarized light. Reflection - Refraction - Absorption - X What are Isotropic and Anisotropic Substances? Fast and Slow rays. How is the Specific Rotation of solutions found? How are color effects produced by cellophane wedges by polarized light? What are some of the applications of plane polarized light in science and commerce? Interference ot Light Waves as a Probability Function JOHN A. LaFATA Griffin High School Springfield, Illinois An interference pattern results when light is projected through two narrow slits. If light is thought of as waves, the two-slit interference pattern is easily explained and understood --- superposition and cancellation. But, if light is thought of as particles, how is the interference pattern explained? The interference of light as particles Cphotonsl must be based on a probability factor. Since rules of prob- ability only hold up after a large number of events have occurred, if only a few photons are allowed to strike a photo- graphic plate, shouldn't an irregular interference pattern be formed? Several photographic plates were exposed to light pass- ing through two narrow slits. The number of photos striking the plates was decreased with each exposure and the results analyzed. As the number of photons striking the film de- creased, there seemed to be some irregularity in the pat- terns. This conclusion was not decisive because of the dif- ficulty in reading the films and detecting the faint inter- ference patterns. UHF Oscillators I MICHAEL MARENTIC An oscillator is a voltage amplifier with feedback from the plate, output, to the grid, input-. The prefix UHF, ultra high frequency, is the frequency range from 3 x 10' through 3 x 10' cycles per second. In my project I used only single triode tube oscillator circuits, the Hartly and the parallel line oscillator. My hypotheses were that wiring techniques should have a profound effect on the oscillators, as well as different circuits and tubes. The suppositions were sup- ported by my work. Frequency measurement was at first a serious problem. All the methods I used were ways of meas- uring the placement of standing waves in a parallel line transmission line. The method that worked best was to move a shorting bar along the line and notice the dips in voltage as indicated by a meter connected through an amp- lifier to the ends of the transmission line. The highest fre- quency that I was able to obtain was 760 megacycles, a wavelength of 40 centimeters, using an acorn tube in a parallel line circuit. The frequency of the oscillator isn't that great, but granted it is well into the UHF region of the electromagnetic! spectrum. I hope to try some other acorn tubes or lighthouse tubes in the oscillator circuit. I should get the frequency past at least 1,000 megacycles, .- vwQn.-1-T Qfiidi ff' 1 I' pg f w f Q xg ..- 1,..,5,-V, ,- f:i'!1T -L FFF' ' 'i' Q .3 ' Qu -3 S slid. 3 521' 1 if 'fix X . , . ff I Q ' X r xx L f' X -- is .sang-1 4 ':g ZOOLOGY The Effect of Temperature on Nerve Impulse Transmission ROBERT M. KAYE Niles North High School , Ii Ihetffpnon gggg Hmn5m,ss4QA 5 e 'W'df'1ffo... wffvf 5l ,mu amp? Dem miK 'fRfAnl sH1IIAlC'?5fUm. - V Lag poukataslgg . Inmglii , A , V ' , . - . It at T X AttimPizentiil,.asfunctWfIffHP A - - Ippmxtui I I ' .' I 'il . -L. This investigation is an attempt to relate the laws of thermodynamics to activity in biological systems. Specifically, it studies the effect of temperature on nerve impulse trans- mission and action potential. Based on the fact that the nervous system seems to regulate all body functions, it was hypothesized that the optimum temperature of these bio- chemical processes would indicate the optimum temperature of the organism as a whole. If this is the case, then behavior could be linked to environmental conditions. Apparatus was designed and constructed to test the reliability of the hypothesis. Frog sciatic nerves were elec- trically stimulated and observed with an oscilloscope. It was found that increases in temperature between 5.0 C and 25.5 C resulted in changes of the above factors according to Qi... Beyond 25.5 C transmission rate and action potential decreased. In analysis of transmission rate and action po- tential, both were found to have the same temperature of greatest activity. This optimum temperature was 25.5 C. Although the data shows the influence of thermody- namics as checked by QW, it cannot be soundly concluded that these are the prime factors in nerve transmission. Further, it cannot be safely deduced that these factors, as affected by temperature, are the significant variables in poikilother- mal behavior. Other research suggest the importance of absolute threshold. Further investigation must be done. months. My conclusion is that there are many differences between frogs and toads which are never seen or known by the average person. Frogs and Toads: What is The Difference? DAVID B. DUNN The purpose of this exhibit is to study and describe the principal characteristics of frogs and toads and to learn the differences between them. Outside assistance I received was help and counsel from my teacher, Mrs. Foard and typing by my parents. I read and studied resource materials listed in biblio- graphy. Accumulated and labeled preserved specimens. Col- lected and cared for live specimens in captivity for several months. My conclusion is that there are many differences between frogs and toads which are never seen or known by the average person. s, I I 1 DAVID MOLNNR n Pm-pose: The purpose of my experimentation is to in- vestigate and mathematically analyze some of the variables inyolved in the evaporation of ethyl alcohol. I am primarily concerned with temperature change and heat loss caused by the evaporation. Procedure: Sixty grams of ethyl alcohol is placed in a thermos bottle filler, a thermometer is inserted, and the whole apparatus is set upon a scale. A small fan is used to blow the vapors away, thereby speeding the evaporation, and a timer is used to keep track of the time since evapora- tion began. The alcohol is allowed to evaporate freely and the temperature and time are noted after every half gram of alcohol evaporates. The alcohol starts at room tempera- ture in each case. In the second phase of the project I at- tempt to reproduce the literature value for the latent heat of vaporization for ethyl alcohol by adding enough energy, electrically, to keep the temperature constant throughout evaporation. Results: The results are best summarized in the data tables which appear in the body of the report. Interpretation: My interpretation consisted primarily of an analysis of the data which resulted in four original equa- tions: 13 T 2 21.1 110-0-079 ml 23 T-6.8 I 15.5 C10-3-2810-401 35 c + 210 2 44.9 L0-344 41 c Z 235 tm-0.659 0-432 where T is the temperature in C., m is the total weight lost, t is the time in seconds since evaporation began, and c is the total number of calories lost. My problem has two parts. My first part is to learn what weather conditions affect the entry of box turtles into the ground for hibernation. The second part of my problem concerns whether their downward movement through the ground is related to weather conditions. I recorded the dates that the box turtles entered the ground in 1964 and 1965. In 1965 I also kept regular meas- urements of the box turtles downward movement. Then I got weather data on air temperatures, ground temperatures, precipitation and cloud cover and compared these with my turtle data. When I compared the data to the weather data I found some relationships that might explain the turtles entry and downward movement. I found that the turtles entered the ground a few days after the minimum air temperatures got. below 40 degrees. The minimum air temperatures in 1964 and 1965 appeared to follow a similar pattern in the 3 weeks prior to the entry. Precipitation also occurred 1 day before the turtles entered the ground. ' I found that the turtles downward movement was rela- tively' slow and constant until the soil temperatures fell rapidly. Thus, the speed of the turtles dovsmward motion apparently is related to temperatures. 1' ATIQN or max f1,W+,iyrHr:.lz Body Function Changes in Lizards at Various Temperatures HILLARD L CHEMERS lay Rogers Elementary School Chicago Sponsor: Mr. Alvin Blackman The body functions being measured in this project are metabolism, oxygen consumption, heartbeat, and body tem- perature. The collared lizard is the test animal being used for the experiments. The test animals were placed in a specially designed ap- paratus. For measuring metabolism and oxygen consumption the amounts of water vapor and carbon dioxide exhaled by the lizard during the test are weighed. The weights are put through various formulae and the answer is -found. Heart- beat is measured on an electrocardiograph obtained on loan from the manufacturer for this purpose. Twenty-five guage hypodermic electrodes were used. These were inserted sub- cutaneously into the animal's chest. A modified version of the Wheatstone Bridge was built for measuring body tem- perature. Two thermistors were connected into the circuit. One is inserted into the lizard's cloaca and measures body temperature. The other is used for measuring environmental temperature. As temperature decreased the measured body functions also declined. There was a sharp decline in all the body functions at a temperature range of 45-50 degrees F. I call this point the hibernation point. At temperatures lower than this the functions decline only slightly. GEORGIANN ESSLINGER ll Il Bowen High School Sponsor: Mr. Kenneth Lightle, Jr. My project was designed to determine the results of ultra-violet light on the healing of wounds in relationship to the effects on the skin. When xiptra-violet light was used, the wounds made a definite ad ancement in their healing rateg but with a con- tinuation of the exposures a deterioration of the skin be- came present. The first exposures brought about an erythema reaction, telangiectasia, and an advancement in healing. After ex- tended exposures of definite strength and time, the skin re- vealed small yellow patches on the treated area. The yellow patches are the last warning before the skin shows a local- ized thickening with scaling or a pearly tumor which are the basics of skin cancer being either squamous or basal. This project is still a question in the minds of doctors. The light with further study and experimentation might prove to be a great healing factor when used for a maximum time twhich at this time is unknown? without endangering the patient with the danger of epithelioma. Histologic Technic in Diagnosing Leukemia NORMAN LOUIS Fosren lei Jacksonville High School Jaclcsonville, Illinois After discovering by experimentation last year that at least 7506 leukemic prone mice developed the disease by the age of eleven months, the writer wished to discover whether there were basic changes in the tissue caused by the malady. Histology, the method of taking living tissue and pro- cessing it so that the tissue may be microscopically ex- amined, was the next logical step. The complete procedure of histologic technic was learned and, after much practice, perfected. Nine stains were em- ployed in an attempt to find one that would be of assistance in the diagnosis of leukemia. Tissue from the 55 AKRXJ mice disected during the previous experimentation was taken from the solution of 1092 buffered neutral formalin, cut dehydrated, cleared, in- filtrated with paraffin, embedded, cut at about six microns with a microtome, mounted, stained, and coverslipped. Staining was done in three different ways: the staining raclil rgethod, the coplin jar dip method, and the routine met o . Experimentation showed that, in most cases, the routine stain Chematoxylin and eosinl does its job and leukemia can generally be diagnosed without further staining. Cyto- plasm was shown best by the Papanicolaou stain, while the Pappenheim stain showed very good cell differentiation. Wilder's reticulum stain was used for a little different reason. This stain, which demonstrates reticulum, a basic connective element, proved to this writer that the basic re- lationship of tissue elements was destroyed by the leukemia. hyperplasia. The invading leukemic cells. which seem to be centered around the blood vessels of the organs, killed the normal tissue cells, leaving vacules. Even individual cell components were changed. This course, taken by leukemia in living tissue, was clearly shown by the use of histological processes. The Inheritance of the Ability to Taste PTC LARRY GROVER i8l Leland Grade School Leland Sponsor: Norman G. Koerner IAN IL urs:-ml, 'rin-: mm nu we 1: or nm Al!ll.l'I'Y 'll IKSIIC l'll' N H Ninlu-fl-2 :sw 21 n ' ...l . 2' 1 T :mi 2:l 1. in mug is um- n 2l u M1 1 T 12 is in in s 1 ill IH W W! il: lull T T Ill so gil -a YL Ii 1I N ' ' , 1- 1 ,Q ll 'I 1'Y'l ':. in 1' 131 lg.: S 0 soul Ol s I . - .liil 21 1 ' 1 all ll iii . ill ig 94 E l 1 :till 4 :Nil g . n H sql a ill 'S ill 1 if .2 41' l1'1 'pl-'Qual I - - Phenylthiocanbamide CPTCJ is a chemical compound which is tasteless to some people, but definitely tasted by others. Its accidental discovery in the 1920's provided one of the keys which helped to unlock some of the mystery surrounding human inheritance. Most literature states that about 70 percent of American Caucasians are tasters of PTC, whereas 30 percent are non- tasters. Would my community test come close to these per- centages? All of the students in our eighth-year elementary school were tested. Sixty-six percent of the 262 children were tastersg 34 percent were non-tasters. There was a higher percentage of girl tasters than boy tastersg 68 per- cent compared to 63 percent. This fact is also true in larger samples. For the second part of my project several families were tested and studied for the inheritance of the ability to taste PTC. One four generation family consisted of 63 members: another was a small five generation family: and, of course, another was my own. Some family members were tested in person, but out-of-town members were tested through the mail. One limitation of taste testing is that it can only pro- vide the phenotype for each individual. However. since the ability to taste is provided by one or two dominant genes, non-tasters must possess a genotype of homozygous reces- sive. By employing the principles of genetics, I was able to assign genotypes to most members of all the families. Homotransplantation of Mouse Tissue CAROL EGEL Niles Twp. Comm. High School - West Division '0lf'4llQ!wi it ewan , !'5'f -.. -4 'anna l i , l , ii T 3 A possible method for homotransplant of mouse tissue using parabiosis of donor and host mouse to overcome re- jection of grafts. Fatalities during operative procedure was due for the most part to anesthesia overdose. Restraining pairs of parabionts also caused some difficulty. Grafts at the site of parabiosis and other sites flourished until the apparently violent death of the mice twenty-one to twenty- lfour days post-operatively. It was concluded that para- biotic union of mice preceding homotransplants favorably influences the acceptance of tissue'homotransplants. Toler- ance of parabionts to each other's tissue results in temporary inhibition of antibody synthesis, andg therefore, conditional acceptance of homotransplants. GARY GRUNSCHEL Fenton High School Bensenville Sponsor: Mr. Donald Wallrwitx Working from the question: What would happen to a mouse if it is subjected to a gravitational force making it many times its own weight? I built several pieces of equip- ment to test the respiratory rate and nervousness of a mouse. I also built a centrifuge to bring the mice up to any number' of 'G's and devised a system to take pictures of them while they were being subjected to this force. I took each mouse's heart rate, respiratory rate, and kymograph reading, tnervousnessl, before and after each test, that way each mouse was its own control. To figure out how many 'G's, I was running at, I used the following formula, 'G' I KRPM C 60 X 21 IRJ2 32 X R In my centrifuge I can produce up to 185 'G's, but none of the mice I tested were able to go over 20 'G's. Some could not go past 18 'G's. I found that the gravitational force greatly increases the heart rate, breath rate, and nervousness. I believe that this increase is due to the rapid decrease in 'G's. The body, working hard at more 'G's is suddenly brought into its normal range again, therefore, it speeds up rapidly. I also found that if I subjected a mouse to 3 'G's for 48 hours and slowly stopped him his rates were almost identical to when he went in. I can prove thy picturesl that they became comfortable , would build a nest, and could live as they would at one 'G'. Therefore I conclude that though rapid 'G' stresses do have a great effect, the mice can learn to live under the pressure of above normal gravitational forces. ,,. ,l -.,.. V-: FQ it THE EFFECTS OF HIGH G Probing the Mysteries ot Animal Intelligence DIANE JECKEL Animal intelligence is a baffling and everyday mystery. My project was a study of how fast, intelligent, and efficient hamsters and white mice can be when running through a maze. I started my project December 1, 1965. This gave me a chance to build and purchase my apparatus before I was ready to experiment. I set up my apparatus in our warm, moisture-free basement and conducted my tests there. I terminated my experimentation March 10. 1966. My experimentation included many things. First, I had to purchase the equipment that would serve the purpose of my project. I purchased my equipment in West Palm Beach, Florida. and Peoria, Illinois. My apparatus can be seen in my display. The maze was my main piece of apparatus. This formed all the stages which educated the animals. Comparing the hamsters and white mice, I learned that the hamsters could he educated much easier. The results of my project are pictured on my display. Metabolism and Body Temperature DONNA KUMIEGA gay LEONARD KRUZYSKI m Our Lady of Grace School Chicago, Illinois Sponsors: Mrs. Frances Fu. Miss Therese Donatello The purpose of the project was to study the relationship between metabolism and body temperature of different ani- mals under various factors. The materials needed to proceed were: 1. A temperature gradient chamber. 2. Three volumeters to measure the volume of oxygen consumption. 3. A quick reading thermometer to take the body temperature of the animals. 4. The animals used were mice, frogs, chickens and turtles. The results obtained were: 1. The metabolic rate of a homoiotherm increased with a decrease in the environmental temperature while the body temperature remained constant. 2. In poikilotherms the opposite is true, the metabolic rate decreased with a decreased environmental tem- perature and the body temperature decreased also. 3. Thyroid extract increased the metabolic rate of all animals tested. 4. Aspirin decreased both the metabolic rate and body temperature of all animals. Conclusions drawn were: 1. Homoiotherms possess a heat regulating mechanism in the brain, which aids in keeping a constant body temperature through increased or decreased meta- bolic activity. 2. Poikilotherms do not possess a heat regulating methanism, therefore the body temperature varies with the environmental temperature. 3. Thyroid extract contains thyroxin which is an en- docrine substance liberated by thyroid gland that regulates and controls the metabolism, therefore it increased the metabolic rate in all animals. 4. Aspirin lowers the body temperature which is a well known fact in pharmacology. It lowered the metabolic rate in this experiment presumably due to the lowered temperature in the protoplasm and it is not favorable to some enzymatic reactions. Lite in lnner Space RONALD KUCHARSKI l7l GARY NEMETH St. Symphorosa School Sponsor: Mrs. Marilyn Halpin in-I The purpose of this experiment was to see if man could live and work under the sea. A hamster was put inside a fish tank and put under the water and kept there for five days. During the five days records were taken. These charts correspond with each other very well. According to the research gathered and the results of the experiment, the conclusion drawn was that man Ksimilar to a hamsterl can live under the sea for a period of time with no physical harm. A Comparison ot Taste Threshold to Sugar Between Flies and People and a Similar Comparison Between People ot Ditterent Ages and Sex DEBBIE LARSEN Jefferson Jr. High School NAIHO - . THE. J .. or IE ' f'5-'fig so s eeer A - , ihi haie ' - nrh -dis 1 5 ' ' 'Y 'eeis ff sif a M.. A 5 . .holla thc. 1 . 1 ..,.u. ad ' -are uwwllly rid vm, i as Serrsihvz - j lgo the teal: O up . .. .pr .f rr it 'ri 1 frjafg gy, , .2 .Qrii'iuu.'-iw -M 'xiii-I all Flies have very sensitive taste receptors located in the small hairs on their legs and feet. These taste receptors are very sensitive to the taste of sugar. People have taste buds located on the tip, edges, and back of the tongue: Sugar was mixed with water in a series of concentra- tions ranging from .002 Molar to 1 Molar and an attempt was made to determine the threshold or point at which the flies and people could taste the sugar. Flies are the most sensitive tasters. The majority of the flies could taste the sugar at .002 Molar. The majority of the people tested could taste the sugar at .0625 Molar which is over a hundred fold more concentrated. One person could taste the sugar at .002 Molar and one person could not taste the sugar until the 1 Molar concentration was reached. In comparing people it was seen that females had a much sharper range than males. Most of the females tasted sugar at .0625 Molar which is the average for all people. The males on the other hand had a broader range with the ma- jority falling between .0325 and .125 Molar. The young people Cage 12-131 had a very similar taste range as the older people tested C age 25-401. Flies are attracted to sugar in nature and sugar makes up a large part of their diet so their sensitive ability to taste sugar is very important to their survival. The Ettect ot Dimethyl sultoxide on the Cardiac Cycle ot the Leopard Frog lR. pipiensl MARGARET LISOWSKI my SUSAN STEPHAN my Immaculate Heart of Mary High School Sponsor: Sister Rose Anthony, I. H. M. The purpose of this project was to see the effect of various concentrations of DMSO on the cardiac cycle of the frog when injected directly into the ventricle. The frog was anesthetized and a simple ventral dissection was performed to expose the ventricle of the heart Vice. DMSO was injected directly into the ventricle. The EKG was observed continuously for one hour, the graph was recorded every five minutes or when a noticeable change occurred in the graph. I found that DMSO stabilizes, stimulates, and depresses depending on the concentrations and means of administration used. 10W-stab. 2596-stim. 5O'k-depr. 55-60fk-lethal 55f1006k-def. lethal. DMSO has no permanent effects on the cardiac cycle the frog. The only conclusions which can be drawn from research are those already stated in the results. tThese concenltfations administered differently might produce res ts. av., Tm' -Q I up An M 1 fl flillii' STLICRES an - - ?3fg1.-.. are .fxNEaiHEf- water: fl'iAl'...EKG.... ML-EJL- I ll DME J F , ,L.JTliJN dh 'lEI?il '1lNE. fs Zin. 'VNU-l!,'V'. lllzli 'if:'4nl1i'- P' Z in -ur i PAM McCORMlCK i Wm. F. Gurrie Central Jr. High i i , HYDRA i ANATOMY THE EFFECT OF oiii ...ao ENYIRONMENTS l I 'Vi,,, ,K HYPRA I The purpose of my project was to investigate different environmental effects on hydra. By controlling light, tem- perature, and food, I was able to observe these effects on hydra. These were determined over a period of about five months. My conclusions are as follows: Healthy, well fed hydra iwill reproduce by budding after five or six days. Excess food in a small volume will cause hydra to die. Light is a lfundamental influence in the cycle of life. It is a natural consequence that hydra will go to the light to catch food, because it is most abundant there. When you have reduced oxygen in a tank, this alone does not stimulate formation of reproductive organs. Also low temperatures alone' will not form reproductive organs. When the environment of de- creased oxygen and low temperatures are present, male and female reproductive organs are produced. Hydra will survive in an aquarium. Sick hydra have short, stubby tentacles. Tem- peratures close to freezing will kill hydra. A temperature between 550 - 66 CFJ is adequate for living conditions. TERESA PONIECKI U Ol Madonna High School Chicago, lll. Sponsor: Sister Mary Alvernia In recent years the process of protein synthesis has become of great interest to scientists. If the entire process of protein synthesis can be completely understood, than we might make protein outside the living body. The most puz- zling aspect was decoding the nucleotide sequence of the transfer RNA's which have a major part in protein synthesis. At the present alanine transfer RNA has been decoded. My project dealt with this material. I grew dry yeast in a beef broth solution and fresh yeast in a sugar solution. Then, by the process of chromato- graphy, I tried to find traces of alanine transfer R N A. My results were up to my expectations. Now there is left the problem of decoding the nucleotide sequences of other amino acid transfer R N A's. Personality Change 'From Ions eEo'ReE sTuTz lap Stanley Field Jr. High Northbrook, lil. Because of the chemical change on a living animal's body from ions, personality control through ions is possible. This is due to the intensified form of oxygen and carbon dioxide formed in the air. It is formed by the electrostatic charge escaping from the needle into the air. When the needles in the mice cages become strongly charged, the charge escapes into the air, stripping electrons off atoms, and adding them on to others. This intensifies the atoms in the air. The negatively charged needle intensifies the oxygen in the air. thus making the animal active. The positively charged needle intensifies the carbon dioxide in the air, thus making the mouse sluggish. Twelve experiments were performed. Two of these were failures due to the mouse's sleeping con- dition. The following conclusions were reached: Negative ions definitely increase appetite, sleeplessness, quick response to outside stimulus, and activity. Positive ions definitely decrease appetite, sleeplessness, rapidity of response to outside stimulus, and activity. These principles can be used to promote relief from depression or hysteria in mental illness, to stimulate astro- nauts for important maneuvers, or anything else requiring increased activity or lethargy. F l Y, sX,Q,,,,. my ii... M ENGLISH ZSZQQSECOND HOUR EXAMINATION Kflnall Fall, 1968-69--Kramer Section D 19 I. One-novel questions--answer 3--five minutes each In Parts I and II be sure that you discuss each novel at least once. 1. Define the 'tragic p process' that justifies our calling ADAM BEDE a tragedy. g ' 2. Explain the function, in a novel with an artificial and arcane style like THE EGOIST, such scenes as those involving Flitch, Dr. Ccrney on his way to a deathbed patient, and . tramp. ' Q 3.'Expla1n briefly J1m's ndestructive element,' and to immerse Jim in lt. what criterion lor criteria! is it reasonable to determine whether certain parts of ESTHER WATERS U. the begging how Stein intends use to are sentimental or realistic Ce.8.. w1l11am's deaths little Jack's preference for his mother over his father!! l I 5.iDefine the value-system 'operating' at the end of JUDE THE OBSCURE, and suggest whether there is evidence that Hardy supports this valueesystem. 6: Explain how the style of WUTHERING HEIGHTS is typified by e j - Heathcliffk nd the first Cathy'sWd4a1ogueelnot necessar11yr,e- e,,. .rraf, el, talking wi h each otherl. II. Two-novel questions--answer 2--ten minutes each 1.wWh1ch character--Esther in ESTHRR WATERS or Willoughby in THE . EGOIST--undergoes the more extensive evolution of personality? 'R 2.'Compare the use of symbolism ln ADAM BEDE and in WUTHLRING HEIGHTS. or ' Compare the handling of illicit love in ADAM BEDE and YUTH. HEIGHTS 3. Both JUDE THM OBSCUHE and LORD JIM trace the hero's course to self-invited death. Describe briefly the forces that work against Jude's and J1m's efforts to gain happiness Ksnd thereby contribute to their usulcidesnl. III. Essay question--25+ minutes The novel as a genre is the most 'social' of all the art forms. Running throughout the novels we have read this half-semester is the common theme of the claims of individuality vs. the claims of society. That ls, interestapf the individual do not necessarily coincide with those of the group to which he belongsg indeed, these interests are almost inevitably in opposition to each other in a complex society because individual materiel achievement comes at the expense of others. and individual spiritual achievement or insight seldom satisfies the needs of all others of the groupe And individuals ln their natural snlfishness may be blind to societyfs needs. Discuss, ln at least 3 novels, the manner in which this individualism- soclety opposition is employed by the author ln the enunoletlon of the theme Kwhlch may not itself be directly involved with the oppositionl. If you write on LORD JIM as one of the novels, spend less time on LORD JIM . i5 l0'f 0I 19 dpW 'L ,Q ,, :,g,,,4,i As-., W. 44 Kg' ...,- , Y .1 pg, fm ww. if Q 'X nhl i I I 5 IL

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1967, pg 64

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1967, pg 62

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