Harvard University - Red Book Yearbook (Cambridge, MA)

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F rom the Age that is Past: 327 Years of Harvard S1325 ohn Harvard arrived in the Colony of Massa- chusetts Bay as a member of the great Puritan migra- tion, seven years after the founding of Boston. He was thirty years old at the time, a graduate of Em- manuel College, Cambridge, and an ordained minister. His birthplace was in the Southwark district of Lon- don, his mother was from the Rogers family of Stratford-on-Avon, his father a pious London butcher. Harvard reached New England with a wife, a small family, and a large library. His residence he estab- lished in Charlestown, where he became a Townsman and assistant pastor of the parish church. Less than a year after his arrival, in September of 1638, he died of consumption. Half of an estate he had inherited from his mother-who had in turn amassed it from the bequests of her three husbands and the proceeds of a tavern she operated in London-and the whole of his library, Harvard left to the theological school which the colony was then building. For this, the first private contribution to higher education in the Ameri- can colonies, the school was named Harvard College. The College had been established on October 28, 1636, by an act of the colonial government of Massa- chusetts. After some consideration had been given the village of Marblehead, Newtown was selected as a site for the school and the name of the little rural community was changed to Cambridge. Nathaniel Eaton, a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, was appointed the first Headmaster. With a grant he received from the colony he purchased a reasonably sizeable piece of land near the middle of the village, including part of the cattle pastures which he soon named the Yard. In 1637 he began the con- struction of a wooden frame house, planted apple trees, and erected fencing. The intention of the colony in establishing the College had been to provide an education for future ministers, and Eaton operated. the school as a strict Puritan seminary. He gathered into the boarding house a fair number of students, mostly young boys, the sons of prominent colonial families. Besides the headmaster, the first faculty consisted of a man named Briscoe and Eaton's wife, who acted as Steward, super- intending room and board. Despite the rather substantial conhdence Eaton mus- tered at the time of his appointment, his administra- tion proved to be uncommonly disastrous. He was an inordinately harsh disciplinarian who regularly beat his scholars with a large cudgel he kept within con- venient reach. After apparently tiring of this sport he once administered a severe flogging on his assistant, Briscoe, allegedly striking him across the head some two hundred times. Along with his wife, he was hnally ordered before the General Court to account for his conduct. When the Mistress Eaton confessed to serv- ing the students bread made of heated sour meal, goat's dung in their hasty pudding, and mackerel with their guts in them,l' the Eatons were removed from their College posts. During 1639, immediately after Eaton's dismissal, Samuel Shepard directed the business of the school, and in 1640 the Rev. Henry Dunster was designated the first President of Harvard College. Dunster, when he received the appointment, had only recently arrived in New England, but he brought with him impressive credentials as an academic. He graduated from Mag- dalene College, Cambridge, was fairly distinguished as a Hebrew scholar and, more urgently, possessed the ideas and imagination upon which a badly needed College re-organization could be founded. The bequest of John Harvard had provoked further generosity from other individuals in the colony, and a respectable endowment was beginning to accumulate when Dunster came to Cambridge. A good portion of these funds was committed to the erection of a second College structure, a large, wooden, three-story building with an impressive hall and peaked gables, which Eaton had started and Dunster completed not long after assuming his duties. With less than decent sup- port from the colonial government, Dunster managed to collect enough revenue to maintain the expanding College. Dunster succeeded also in instituting a new and much sturdier curriculum, adding science and classics to the theology studies. ln 1642, two years after be- coming President, he conducted Harvard's first Com- mencement, and by 1651 managed to confer degrees on a class of ten young scholars. He had by this time established an inviting reputation for the College both in the colonies and in England. Harvard graduates were now starting to replace Oxford and Cambridge men as ministers and magistrates. Some, like Sir George Downing fafter whom London's Downing Street was later namedj, returned to England where they obtained more or less distinguished positions in British society and government. Still more notable achievements of the Dunster years were the securing of the Charter of 1650, under

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which authority Harvard still functions, and the estab- lishment of the first Board of Overseers, then includ- ing Governor John Winthrop, other colonial officials, and the ministers of near-by communities. But the distinction of Dunsterls performance as President, the Puritan community quickly forgot when he became involved in a rather intense religious contro- versy prompted by his opposition to the baptism of infants. His opinions were declared heretical by the General Court, he was publicly admonished and forced to resign from the Presidency. He left oflice in 1654 and died soon after. The Rev. Charles Chauncey, once a Professor of Greek and Hebrew at Trinity College, Cambridge, succeeded Dunster. He was elected only after agree- ing not to propagate or even express certain of his religious beliefs which were considered unorthodox and, though his term as President lasted eighteen years, he did little to develop the institution. He spent ten years erecting an Indian College which succeeded in graduating only one student and was finally torn down. The bricks from that building were later used in the construction of Stoughton Hall with the pro- vision that should an American Indian ever again apply to Harvard he Would be allowed to live there rent free. After failing in several attempts to have his salary raised, Chauncey died in 1672 and was replaced by the Rev. Leonard Hoar of the Class of 1650, the first Harvard graduate to be elected President. Within a short time he became extremely unpopular among the students, who eventually deserted en masse, forcing him to resign after serving less than three years. He Was succeeded by the Rev. Urian Oakes, Whose only memo- rable distinction as President was that he died during a total eclipse of the sun. Thereafter the Presidency Was declined by four different people, finally being ac- cepted by the Rev. John Rogers in 1682. He remained only a year, however, and after a short period of vacancy the President's ofhce came to be occupied by the Rev. Increase Nlather. Mather was one of the most prominent and out- spoken members of the Massachusetts colony, he was the pastor of North Church in Boston and one of the strictest and most conservative of the colonial Calvin- ists. Although his name brought prestige to the Col- lege, he spent very little time in Cambridge. More concerned with presiding over the witch hunts in Salem and the affairs of his church in Boston, Mather left the management of Harvard to other College oflicers. He held his post for sixteen years, however, zeal- ously attempting to guard the College against the creeping liberalization of colonial mores. The Over- seers finally dismissed him, his efforts to institute a strong religious test for College admission were re- buked, and he and his son, Cotton Nlather, turned their interests to the founding of Yale College in New Haven. There, presumably, the piety of New England youth would be safe from violation. Paul Revere View-1767