Harvard School of Public Health - Yearbook (Cambridge, MA)

Text from Pages 1 - 88 of the 1966 volume:

MAAMMMMAAAAMAiiiAAM llrnuflkB THAILAND LIBERIA t � « ' «A « NOCO x«VA ' ♦ VRTj UtmtBtlMIONS PAKISTAN ntR su ‘ ' • TO KA -1 tJUl 15 c 0(lrTl0 ,, ► fl HELVETIA P 05 TAM 82 2 5 5 9 4 3 2 4 1 4 1 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 Physicians Psychologists Dentists Social Workers Statisticians Chemists Industrial Hygienists Radiological Hygienists Nutritionists Chemical Engineer Biochemists Administrator Health Educator Engineers Home Economist Nurses Sanitary Engineers Toxicologist Pharmacist Tamag, Philippines Bombay, India Mangala Pura, India . . . The day is short, the work is great, the laborers are tarry¬ ing, and the Master of the House is impatient. It is not for you to finish the tvork, but you are not free to neglect it. . Chapters of the Fathers In dreams begins responsi¬ bility.” Old Play Courtesy WHO 2 CLASS OF 1966 The Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Roy Thompson Roy Thompson H i l l Wide World Photos Boston, 1966 3 A word from the editors... TTT’e suggest you look at the 1966 yearbook as soon as you can, and again ten years from now. At that time, you may ask yourself whether people at the School of Public Health in 1966 were anticipating the problems to be faced by public health and its component specialties in the ’70’s. We hope your question will be answered if you re-read what faculty members and students have written in response to the following ques¬ tion: what would you like to see accomplished by people in your field in particular and in public health in general in the next decade or two? We also hope that the placing of students’ and teach¬ ers’ remarks alongside each other will convey a sense of the give and take of this one year at the School of Public Health. If you are looking at this book for the first time in 1976, what you read may impress you as dated. Remember, however, that 1976’s conven¬ tions were 1966’s imaginings. Remember that public health and schools of public health were in 1966 just beginning to acquire enough courage and a sense of obligation to face up to the prob¬ lems created by explosive rates of population growth, urbanization, and the aggrandizements of technology. Remember that the leaders of public health in 1966 were just beginning to think of working with medical schools and with planners concerned with cities, agriculture, and industry. Remember that the comprehensive community- medicine program for Roxbury set up by the School of Public Health together with Boston’s three medical schools in the early ’70’s was mere parlor talk in 1966. And, remember that the programs for the septic fringes” of Latin Amer¬ ica, Asia, and Africa, worked out by the Harvard- MIT Joint Urban Studies Unit in conjunction with the Departments of Epidemiology, Demog¬ raphy and Human Ecology, Tropical Public Health, and Nutrition, had not even been thought of in 1966, except by types calling themselves ecologists. (These programs dated from the time when epidemiologists joined up with systems analysts from the Joint Urban Studies Unit for the purpose of determining an optimum control pro¬ gram for cholera in Calcutta, whose population had reached twelve million in 1970.) People in 1976 may also wish to recall that Hans Zinsser’s musings about public health and the world during World War I could well have ap¬ plied to the ’60’s: At the moment, while the world is an armed camp of suspicion and hatred and countries are doing their best, by hook and crook, to push each other out of the world’s markets, to foment revolutions, and steal each other’s political and mili¬ tary secrets—organized government agencies are exchanging information concerning epidemic diseases; sanitar¬ ians, bacteriologists, epidemiologists and health administrators are cooperating, consulting each other, and freely ex¬ changing views, materials, and methods, from Russia to South America, from Scandinavia to the tropics ... It is all a part of the strange contradictions be¬ tween idealism and savagery that charac¬ terize the most curious of all animals . . . Elihu Richter Alfred Cheng Guthrie Turner The editors Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art 4 .. . Our leader . . . . . . Getting started . . . Acknowledgments W e wish to acknowledge gratefully the con¬ stant help and continuous good humor of Miss Claire Wasserboehr, without whose many- faceted assistance this book would never have reached completion. Contributors of many, many hours, much talent, and all the photographs are Alfred Cheng, Anthony Jong, Samuel Youngman, and Clarence Jernigan. Art editor, producer, reproducer, and creator is Carolyn Peters, honorary class member by virtue of her incomparable work, as well as of her hus¬ band. The text for the book has been contributed al¬ most entirely by faculty members, visiting lec¬ turers, and occasional students, whose cooperation (sooner or later) we gratefully salute. (Appro¬ priate credits appear with each article.) Indispensable felchers at layout time were Rich¬ ard Brown, Nancy Colson, John Davies, Halmond Dyer, William Moore, and Melva Vives. Finally, we wish to thank Winthrop Laboratories for underwriting the costs of publication. . . . Getting organized . . . . . . Still organizing . . . 5 Progress comes when man stops praying or legislating change, and starts looking around.” Mr. William Claff John Crayton Snyder A.B., M.D., LL.D. Dean James Laverre Whittenberger S.B., M.D., A.M., (hon.) Assistant Dean 6 Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art William Hathaway Forbes A.B., A.M., Dr.Phil, M.D. Assistant to the Dean and Faculty Advisor for Foreign Students Richard Henry Daggy S.B., S.M., Ph.D, M.P.H., Dr.P.H. Assistant Dean for International Programs Front row —Judith Godden, Agnes Murphy, Eileen Thibodeau, Beverly Laskey, Eileen Lynch, Betty Stephens. Second row —Margaret Penrose, Ruth Faulkner, Pamela Burden, Margaret Barnaby, Cynthia Randlett, Judith Grossman. Back row —Gail Stocker, William Claff, John C. Snyder, James Whitten- berger, Richard Daggy. What I would like to see ne heartening manifestation of the growing acceptance of the behavioral sciences among public health professionals is that social scientists are called upon less and less to justify themselves. The social sciences are in public health to stay as long as work in this field involves understanding and influencing individual, group and community behavior. It is not an exaggeration to say that much of public health is, in fact, applied social science. The growing collaboration between the two broad disciplines of public health and social sci¬ ence is salutary. I would like to see the profession progress even more and foster the development of a substantial number of public health workers who have training in the behavioral sciences equivalent to that of Ph.D.’s in sociology, social psychology or anthropology. Obviously, the pres¬ ent curriculum of this School is not sufficient nor is it intended for that purpose. It is time to con¬ sider a combined degree in Social Science and Pub¬ lic Health for which both social scientists and pub¬ lic health professionals would be eligible. Our new Department of Behavioral Sciences would be in an excellent position to assume leadership in this area. Although there would be a number of merits in developing this new breed of public health specialist social scientist, there is one special con¬ tribution which I would hope this new profes¬ sional could make. As one who would possess social science acumen and understanding and still be a public health insider,” the new professional, hopefully, would be in a strategic position to in¬ fluence his professional colleagues and the organi¬ zations in which they serve. And this I deem to be especially important since I believe that the habits and culture of professionals and the needs and practices of organizations are often the major impediments to the realization of public health goals. As an activist” society, we tend to view with approval people who are active or are doing things. Even more we often tend to blur activity with doing good. But it is one thing for a pro¬ fession to be practicing its skills and another thing for the profession to be doing good” in helping to achieve larger public health goals. Profes¬ sionals often tend to approach or define prob¬ lems in terms of how they can best employ their own skills, and are less receptive to other skills and approaches which may be alien to them, but which in reality may be more relevant and effec¬ tive. How else, in view of the acknowledged shortage of qualified personnel, can we explain the failure of professionals to work aggressively for the massive deployment of auxiliaries and in¬ digenous workers in a whole range of public health programs? Why did such simple but innovational approaches to alcoholics and drug addicts—Alco¬ holics Anonymous and Synanon—develop outside and, in fact, remain outside of the public health profession? The literature is replete with examples of or¬ ganizations which deviate from their original goals and how major decisions are made in terms of professional convenience and organizational needs, instead of the needs and requirements of the original target population. The public health professional I would like to see developed is one who is steeped in the sociology of the professions and in organizational sociology, who is equipped to recognize and question some of the most fun¬ damental habits and modes of thinking of pro¬ fessionals and who has the skill and imagination to work towards achieving congruity between organizational needs and practices and those of the population requiring help. Sol Levine Sol Levine, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. ...If you see a pin... A I Te need for health professionals to know their ■ - community?—you’d better believe it. When I started out in practice, I learned first¬ hand of the conflicts between rationalistic medi¬ cine and the deeply-rooted mysticism of a small rual community in northwest Maine. I was in¬ troduced to the problems of the community health by experiences such as I am going to tell you about. . . One of my first good cases was a young man with a severe laceration of his hand. After I had sutured the wound, he looked up and said Gee, Doc, it’s a good thing I saw the healer. That was a bad cut.” Astonished, I questioned him further and found out that there were two healers in the town (seventh sons of seventh sons) who could sto p bleeding at will. They also treated nerv¬ ous conditions, abdominal cramps and chronic headaches. I didn’t pursue the matter further at that time but a little later I was called to see a young girl in coma from what turned out to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Her father advised me that she had been having headaches off and on for the previous week but that they had been relieved by the healer. After an ambulance trip of 120 miles and the tying off of her aneurysm, she recovered, luckily with no residual paralysis. Following this, I visited the healer for a personal talk but didn’t get anywhere. I was more than a little chagrined to find out he was a relative of mine. The point I want to make is that indigenous medicine isn’t confined to India and Africa. It is all around Boston and probably exists within less than a block of our school. . . . Medicine without an understanding of folk ways is an empty technical shell. And by the way, if you see a pin . . . pick it up and all the day you’ll have good luck. Niles Perkins TO DR. LEVINE October You say morale will take a dip, And be low in November, Then after that will rise again, Our trials we’ll not remember! November You now observe morale will drop, But that we should not fear, For spirits once again will soar Just after the New Year! January Again you tell us to cheer up. We really shouldn’t sigh, For ’though we feel down in the dumps In March we will feel high! It didn’t take me long to find out that the town not only had its indigenous healers but also had its indigenous standardized therapies for disease: the turpentine strips,” molasses enemas,” tarred ropes,” copper bracelets,” and nanny goat tea” were all a part of the kitchen closet. My pay was also often set by standards different from what I was accustomed to. The treatment for pneumonia would bring 5 lbs. of deer or moose meat. A gall bladder operation was worth 5 gallons of mountain dew which I couldn’t drink but which I found would keep the chemical toilet at my camp from freezing down to 30° below zero. The concept of spiritualism and the spirit world was way beyond my comprehension. The only problem was that all my relatives believed, and I would have to turn to my wife for consultation on complicated cases . . . March Again in March we may expect You’ll say we’ll smile quite soon, That even though things now look dark All will be bright in June! June And when June comes; the race is o’er; We hope we will feel bright. That on that day, in Cap and Gown We’ll say, Doctor Levine, You’re right!” Robert Gloor Seated —Roberta Idelson, Dorothy Bowden, Pamela Sis¬ son, Thelma Shapiro, Alberta Lipson. Standing —Sol Le¬ vine, Sydney Croog, Lenin A. Baler, Norman Scotch. Richard Henry Daggy S.B, S.M, Ph.D, Dr.P.H. T wo decades hence public health will be con¬ cerned with the delivery of comprehensive health services to both individuals and communi¬ ties. New patterns of organizing and administering these services will be required, resulting in some communities in hospital-based preventive programs complementing the diagnostic, therapeutic and re¬ habilitative functions of the hospital. In other com¬ munities, multi-service centers will be developed in which welfare, mental health, rehabili tation, veterans, social service, and public health needs will be coordinated under one roof. Government—local, state, and federal—will be an active participant not only, as of now, in the funding of research and training programs, but also in the actual provision of all types of health and medical care services. Government controls will be exercised through the setting of minimal qualita¬ tive and quantitative standards for both personnel and facilities. The existing critical health manpower shortages will be relieved through the shortening of the re¬ quired training periods for physicians and dentists; through redefining the roles of all essential profes¬ sional personnel; and through the concomitant creation of a number of new health auxiliaries to carry out routine and technical skills formerly con¬ sidered to be professional responsibilities. As professional and technical specialization in¬ creases, care will become more scientific and more impersonal. This trend will be counter-balanced by an increased emphasis on personal health counsel¬ ing and education focused primarily on the preven¬ tion of major disabling conditions: chiefly heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents, and arthritis. Research on the molecular level will be de-em- phasized in favor of more analytic studies of the psychosocial, cultural, and organizational factors affecting the delivery and utilization of health serv¬ ices. The lag between research discoveries and their incorporation into service programs will be reduced by such innovations as: • built-in continuing education of all profes¬ sional and auxiliary personnel as an integral function of agency program planning and eval¬ uation; and • use of computer techniques and operations research methods to assess continually the effi¬ ciency and effectiveness of the health agency: its goals, its structure, and its functions vis-a- vis the changing needs of its consumers. Richard H. Daggy Arthur R. Jacobs Marjorie A. C. Young 10 ...Boston Could Tell Us... One of mankind ' s greatest challenges is to make avail¬ able to world society its immense technological knowl¬ edge. Unless man has institutions and techniques through which scientific knowledge can be applied to society’s benefit, the knowledge itself is limited in its effect. The role of the Department of Public Health Practice is to add to our understanding of and to strengthen these in¬ stitutions and techniques and to train the policymakers and administrators who will serve the field of public health throughout the world. Public health administration is a multidisciplinary art and science.” — Catalogue, School of Public Health 1965-66 n he gap between the description and reality al- ■ - ways exists. How to teach a multi-disciplinary art with the limited budget and personnel of a single academic department is a very real problem. How should the time allotted for the teaching of public health best be put to use: with lectures? seminars? field experience? research?—or some¬ thing more adventurous and experimental? Does programmed instruction fit into future plans? Perhaps the teaching machine will teach the class of 75 about cost analysis. But the delivery of medi¬ cal services here and everywhere will depend on the mastery of political techniques—the hard sell, the ability to bargain, the sense of timing, the in¬ stinct for action. Should all this be taught at a school of public health? Can this all be taught? Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art How are private, public, and academic sectors to be coordinated? How much should they be co¬ ordinated? Roy Penchansky, Marjorie A. C. Young, Lenin A. Baler, Arthur Jacobs, Richard Daggy, Norman Scotch, Gerald Renthal, Sol Levine. 11 Thomas Durant Perhaps some workable answers to these ques¬ tions would come from experimentation and re¬ search in metropolitan Boston. Boston could tell us. Its challenges to public health are many: a serious tuberculosis problem, the decay of a city hospital, budget and personnel problems. A step in the right direction for public health in Boston was the plan worked up by the School of Public Health for the re-organization and merger of the city’s Depart¬ ments of Health and Hospitals. Now the School’s job is to see that the plan is used and that some good comes from it. Other problems must be at¬ tacked: urban renewal, programs for the poor, ob¬ stetrical high-risk” care, regional planning of hos¬ pital services. Students from this country and abroad need to sharpen their sense of community action. Schools of public health should lead the way. Tom Durant d wlipri It tested, he- 1 flashlights m 1 ed, •The diesel engine pjiai and all n that morning. Asked ■ SWB e wet s� BOSTON Si M,v A Crisis ft P isvwD TV Viewpoint iudaet Head To City Hospital a Uvomc Disease City Hospital Budget C ® Boston City Hoshitnl ka d il m i • j M , vliV a (as pitai May Be the Unkinde -.5, ' - BCT. Avoid PoUtio. : 1f a ? T) , - crisis for tb -, he- t the progT� ' T HW I J 1 • •jS 1 C ' V ■« ' «’• 113 E5 1! J I °ston hat morning, A the circuits were he smd,_ “J couWn’i kiios? X CPU in T Invite LORETTA M ' l-At ' GHLlN corner, b, LOht- und the r for our becoming . Can very hail homes in the state. In say he, ten per cent of the i homes shout 70 homes, serv- i«it 2.100 patients 1 need constant iiance. NURSDSC HOME OPERATORS in the state, tea, admit there are some bad apples in the bushel. ' There are some profiteering bijj hi t -•?=? .■ S SSs2k ' B ' StfKsyarssra «..« .. model in determining ,ne . and Hosplta TpBiTeoi % � • £ 322 t if ' 1 Pare OSph °lFund 1 ’««b. tun iJrSs srs ® ■ - ••a .fesrias—- T “ Tb PERSONNEL Regular employes including nurses Physicians mji eon J3B +o DO patients 1 need constant ‘There are some protitcerinc bray nr hi e of he state’s worst homes in a . Cq(;6S ,, Bonn, were p tai r 1-kP M® 0 ® s 3 rt=«: ' c«rdi™i « ” i,h C “T ' . .,� ■ Merger of a and � . ' ‘•■ed in d ,i«al ' , a •� -■ ,l to W r C ot frulb -Kiie lVb - V st� vuv •“� Th _jc.v s � � . � � «• cl , Zfrth ZZ? v ' • V™ 1 • IT. ■� 5; fe” -•S. the y 00 ' ' jfjper ® v THfi ,.e ligh d no caofui . vrgency m«S« r tul r c ttJE ,easf � Vidn Se r «hc l,,, . Sm I! ' 1 ’ 1 v ,) idn £? “Kin. ’’nSL ? . hiptSK?. Mw B 5H, ■‘ wtitujion, r 0 • ' « ' i Tetley • n vei„i„ , “• Htn(j( 0 | S -■ -••• ' V � ■ c • a� e M IL MO short -■35 V o a MVetno C a ' a - VJ ’ vonfta. 1 ! fkT opO tit ’ T -.i • ’ -% •t’ll rr� k t V -i i _ ‘. ' A‘ ., - _lOV ' t ' Cf QA� t ... gat- SSC ' . i- a ‘ ‘ r vef ‘ ' i-tt - oi vihtT 1 D 5Tt vw� „ g .ta? assy? sS;� rrr • � «- r, ?A. st . . • on on thfi ,■ p ' « ' . ol td ' (4 Jfc„i.i, ,, � r,t oven like tj r . Than h ini her, tesUffa, ■ ySrua Br-- aSSsp 1 - ' lUotx Dr. � ( Boynn liihs ,w ;:r v? qua e?j ... er - Do 1 1,? i j, d. ,f Pt� 6(Jo Medical Beponer h arrir. on f kf nA-hl Bi ;on Ci - Horpti ' ‘ gran . ( CWmw . „ •’ � c ■ouJ? ’ 1 Ml- ' ralb ' f ro 0 Di f w Bh 2 un udS rt , . 6 a; -s u r - n,i --� i “• ' •b Ar r r Il’tH r .. Ih,u „ All l «•« � (or nr,. Pfwtwd� d i - , .« i , r- 1 ,e t —xuiaano yve Qa BCH Gets $100,000 Grant � e CARL M. COBB [{, ar.,iiher wrfo of rt 1. Meeinai Bep rtrr Ballon City Kojpiultw Oi Cnj ® ttaBWI; Al| en, Rnxbur , lw (mn «rf c 4 ■’’ •• Ba% tnj E � � ; itol ’.Mr P� . .. ” •od M ' • resf.lsnf l ties r Are there enough personnel...? - Phe following conversation between Dr. Wil- liana M. Schmidt and Dr. William M. Moore was recently overheard by the editors of the year¬ book. Moore: What should people in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) in the United States be aiming for in the next decade? Schmidt: You recall that three major goals were formulated in a 1962 conference on Professional Education for Maternal and Child Health: 1) the reduction of maternal mortality rate to 1 10,000 live births (it is now 3.7 10,000), 2) the reduc¬ tion of perinatal mortality rates to below 20 1000 births (it is now 33-3 1000), and 3) the habi¬ tation or rehabilitation of children with handi¬ capping conditions. Moore: Wouldn’t you agree that high calibre comprehensive family-centered preventive and curative health services must be made available to everyone throughout the nation? In addition to meeting purely physical needs, emotional and social problems must be dealt with and all of this will require considerable imagination and effort. Schmidt: I suppose no one would disagree, but are there enough personnel? Moore: Presently there are insufficient numbers of trained personnel in virtually all the categories of work having to do with MCH. This is com¬ pounded by the trend of increasing specialization and maldistribution. More people must be trained to meet the needs of a growing population. Great emphasis should be placed on improved distribu¬ tion of personnel and facilities, increased effi¬ ciency in the delivery of services, and the utiliza¬ tion of auxiliary personnel. Schmidt: Well, I do not think there are enough personnel if we continue to practice the way we have in the past. Different methods of organization are being studied and will be tested in action. Moore: What changes in the format of administra¬ tion and delivery of MCH services seem desirable in the next decade? Schmidt: In moving toward greater availability of professional and technical resources where and when they are needed, eligibility restrictions such as means tests, residency requirements, and other limitations will have to become things of the past. 13 Back Row —Olivia Brum, Myra Lichtman, Ann F. Weisman, Phyllis Paskauskas, Gertrude McCarthy, Rachel Papo, Leon Sternfeld, Michiko Tomita, Peggy M. Maloney, Anthony J. Zangara, Carmina M. Gordon, Sheila Rockoff, F. Joan Crichton, James E. Teele, Joan C. White, Bonnie J. Walling, Margaret B. Hoff. Front Row —Ruth A. Cowan, Miriam C. Ekdahl, Elizabeth P. Rice, William M. Schmidt, Isabelle Valadian, Helen Mitchell, Ruth Landfield, Ruth M. Butler, Sharon Soper. Do you see any differences in MCH goals between the United States and other countries? Moore: Goals for MCH may not be identical, but should be similar from one country to another. Un¬ doubtedly there will be a time difference in the attainment of these goals. The schedule for the in¬ dustrialized countries will be more advanced than ones for developing nations. Strong leadership must come from the countries with abundant resources while the others will have to be careful not to adopt inapplicable or inefficient techniques. Schmidt: No group of countries has a monopoly of leadership, and I believe all societies place a high value on the health and welfare of mothers and We can’t continue like this. Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art children. Governments are showing increasing rec¬ ognition of the problem of inadequacies of health and social services and are expanding their efforts to cope with it. Expansion of MCH services, in¬ cluding family planning, will take place with the assistance of international agencies and bilateral aid. Moore: MCH personnel and those of us entering the profession were pleased to see UNICEF receive the Nobel Peace Prize for service to the children of the world. This should be viewed not only as an award for past achievement, but as a challenge for future progress in providing for material needs and promoting international understanding. The Vaccination—Leopold Mendez Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art William Morris Schmidt, S.B., M.D., A.M. (hon.) . . Societies place a high value . . WHO b a|e sin D B a a eHi Ibid c 5 t n « r- 1 OB ill SM 0! i to aa ilsjfji ‘IiHs T3 □ Tfr ■Ir i in [4:1 Seated —Margaret Drolette, Mary Nolan, Sheila Foley, Claire Wasserboehr. Standing —C. Ralph Bunches Jacob F Lee Slocum, Raymond Neff, Joseph Green, Jane Worcester. Pome of the more interesting definitions of statis- tics emphasize the process of making decisions in the presence of uncertainty. A statistician is, therefore, encouraged by the commonly observed phenomenon that the answering of one question in either basic or applied science seems to lead in¬ evitably to the asking of several new questions. This hydra-headed monster is the biostatistician’s friend. There is no need to worry about exhausting the world’s supply of uncertainty. The most urgent decisions to be faced by Public Health during the next few decades will arise out of the increasing size and mobility of human popu¬ lations combined with the increasing aspirations and potentials for the promotion of health through¬ out the world. Challenges for biostatistics will con¬ tinuously arise in terms of demands for more com¬ prehensive and more complex techniques for analyzing the data on which these decisions must be based. But time and again, it appears that the uncer¬ tainty in public health decisions does not come from a lack of analytic techniques. It arises from the lack of adequate and available observations to form a basis for decision. Current advances in the technology of data collection, transmission, storage Margaret Drolette preparing another lucid lecture. Robert B. Reed, A.B., A M., Ph.D., A.M. (hon.) and retrieval make it possible to think of obtain¬ ing these observations with the requisite speed, comprehensiveness and accuracy. Translating this possibility into a reality should be one of the most exciting developments in the future of public health. Robert Reed Dr. Sharratt attacking p and q ...A Constitutional Stroll T iostatistics has arrived! One of its members, sig- nificance testing, has been added to the list of necessities. Everyone talks about significance, the journals insist on it and even doctors are taught tests of it. Every observation is soon challenged by the question, Are you significant?” The only dis¬ senters are the extremely cautious who insist that a real difference must be obvious without a test, an argument that accepts the basic skepticism of sig¬ nificance testing although it rejects the techniques. Acceptance has been accompanied by excessive enthusiasm and significance tests have appeared where they never ought to have. The null hypothe¬ sis that could not be rejected has been offered as proof of equivalence. Elsewhere significance tests have been taken too literally by the gullible who regard them as essential distillates, while the sub¬ stance of the data is relegated to insignificance.” Moreover, respectability imposed a canon of pro¬ priety. Editorial policy in some cases has rigidly prescribed a familiar format rather than one tai¬ lored to the needs of the problem and thereby robbed the techniques of their versatility. Regard¬ less of these imperfections, the utility of analysis of data according to mathematical models has been demonstrated. With computers as draft animals, biostatistics can turn to the revival of relative likelihood argu¬ ments, the development of non-parametric meth¬ ods and, possibly, enjoyment of the fruits of multi- David Heer solving a problem. variate analysis. Will these find their way into Biostatistics lab in the years to come? My guess is probably not. At least not in the sense that 6, t and p or q are found there today. As techniques of analysis become more varied and more demand¬ ing on the user, it becomes less and less justified to present a survey of their rudiments. Putting the £-test in the hands of everyone did not eliminate illogical or otherwise improper comparisons; rather it permitted these errors to be dressed up. The in¬ clusion of new techniques would only enlarge the wardrobe. Statistics is not for everyone, but logical observation is . Therefore the biostatistics course of the future may not be very different from the pres¬ ent one. The emphasis will still be on approach rather than techniques, but it will continue to be coupled with a constitutional stroll through a sig¬ nificance test. James Warram 18 ... Infiltration of the medical curriculum ... TTYith respect to subject matter, the following ’ are responses to the Yearbook editors’ ques¬ tion— What would you like your field to accom¬ plish in the next decade or two?”: 1. Clarification of the roles of exercise, diet and heredity and their inter-relationship in the etiology of coronary heart disease. 2. Elucidation of the etiology of the common malignant neoplasms of the digestive tract and reproductive organs, and, in particular, under¬ standing of the reasons for the remarkable international variation in rates of these dis¬ orders. 3. Explanation of the racial and international dif¬ ferences in prevalence of hypertension and cerebro-vascular accidents. 4. Development of operational diagnostic defini¬ tions of mental illness that lend themselves to analytic epidemiologic investigation. 5. Identification of other microbiologic, chemical and physical agents associated with fetal mal- development. Methodologically, the greatest need seems to be the improvement of data collection procedures— the automation of data retrieval from vital and other medical records, development of the tech¬ nology of record linkage (family and individual), and improvement of the facilities for long-term follow-up studies. Administratively, I would like to see continued infiltration of the medical curriculum and of clini¬ cal practice so that the insights of the clinician and the technology of the epidemiologist can be brought to bear simultaneously on problems of common concern. Brian MacMahon Brian MacMahon, M.D., Ph.D., D.P.H., S.M. in Hyg. 19 ... The relevant variables ... npwo years of experience in the control of tuber- ■ - culosis has directed my attention to the widen¬ ing gap between the development of epidemiologic knowledge and its employment to yield health benefit. Responsibility for the formulation and ex¬ ecution of control programs usually lies outside the province of epidemiology. But, I believe, epide¬ miologists of the future may play a useful role in the transformation of new knowledge into more effective methods of control. The formulation of effective methods will re¬ quire the participation of various professionals— administrators, sociologists, economists, and epide¬ miologists. To resolve a particular problem, these professionals will need to develop and share a com¬ mon language, a language which describes the in¬ teractions of the total system under study. Relevant variables will include factors such as patients’ pref¬ erences and community resources in addition to time-honored age, sex, and occupation. Hence, those epidemiologists who participate in the for¬ mulation of strategies for disease control will find useful a broad conceptual framework that will ac¬ commodate these many variables. Thus far, this framework has not been developed. I believe that within the next two decades men will begin to use sys tematically a science of values, that is, an empirically-determined system of weigh¬ ing preferences for alternative acts. Epidemiologists who participate in developing strategies for disease control may find knowledge of this science of values useful. There will be a need for a new kind of epidemiology, one that deals with problems of synthesis as well as those of analysis. Frederic Bass Frederic Bass ... You get down to basic considerations... On January 12th, Dr. John E. Gordon, Professor Emeri¬ tus of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, spoke informally about a lifetime of work in epidemiology. Excerpts from his talk are printed below. W e speak oftentimes of the epidemiologic method. I don’t know much about what the epidemiologic method is. It has no particular indi¬ viduality. I think it is nothing but the scientific method turned to a special purpose: the study of disease and injury in groups of people in its natu¬ ral environment. It is based, like scientific method in general, on Baconian principles as they were refined by Claude Bernard, and little else. What it is, of course, is the attempt to develop a sophisti¬ cated understanding of disease under a variety of conditions. But it is more than geographic pathol¬ ogy ... It is more than provincialism in approach to disease, based so many times on the idea that most great secrets about disease are found in mod¬ ern metropolitan cities. I have a great liking—I have for all my life— for the study of disease in rural populations. I like particularly the studies we made in the Arctic be¬ cause the flora is simple, the fauna is simple, and the people are simple. You get down to basic con¬ siderations. I also believe that a goodly part of the advantage of epidemiology is in the fact that there is a futility to studying the behavior of man in 20 Seated —Eva Salber, Kathleen Shreeve, Maureen Molloy. Standing —Ascher Segall, Theodor Abelin, Brian MacMahon, George Hutchison, Manning Feinleib, Thomas Pugh. health or disease without a consideration of the environment in which he operates, whether that be biological or physical or social environment . . . Of course, one of the fascinating things about study¬ ing disease under the various conditions it occurs is serendipity . . . We had spent several months studying an epidemic of measles. And there was this August morning, a goodly reason for a certain amount of scientific satisfaction. We were inter¬ ested in diarrheal diseases and found that it was an important contribution to a death rate from mea¬ sles which, in this village, amounted to better than eight per cent compared with the minor fraction to which one is accustomed in Boston, for exam¬ ple. Also, I had a certain amount of satisfaction be¬ cause we had been working on a procedure which I had long practiced. Namely, that if one really wants to know about health in an underdeveloped country, there is one pretty sure way to find out and that’s to go into medical history and look into what happened in the present-day developed coun¬ tries a hundred years ago... John E. Gordon After the epidemiology exam. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 21 MT CROC OS M dedicated to rhe Lomlm Water Comb P11 i S ) UVD H AS A.NO COMDK8 ANJ3 Cmim C rf J MONSTEH SOUP (umm.-nljf catipcl TH A 1KS WATER , u CoTfect Te Tf.cfr ttoM ©( th jt lorfcious .sTujp doU J out to US Smith, Kline, and French— Philadelphia Museum of Art ... The surface has hem scratched... Tn the next decade the School plans to broaden the Department of Microbiology both in its teaching and research, to include new programs in investigation of microbiologic factors in the eti¬ ology of infant mortality, congenital malforma¬ tions, cancer, mental illness and other degenerative diseases characteristic of aging. The Department will be an integral part of the Center for Preven¬ tion of Infectious Disease under the Directorship of Dr. Thomas H. Weller. Some of the reasons for the emphasis on infectious disease are indicated by the following excerpts from the Delta Omega address: Infectious agents have become prime suspects among possible causes of several serious diseases previously assumed to be non-infectious, diseases of major public health importance in the highly industrialized nations. That certain forms of cancer, mental illness and diseases of old age may prove to be preventable has been under-scored by recent discoveries. One can cite evidence such as the sim¬ ian virus which can alter human cells in tissue cul¬ ture and produce neoplasms in animals, the role of the cytomegaloviruses in causing mental retarda¬ tion, and the fatty degeneration induced by the lipovirus in human cells in continuous culture . . . the surface has been scratched, but new vistas of knowledge await the skilled scientists who are in¬ vestigating the role of infectious agents in the chronic, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases of 22 man. Emphasis on infectious diseases has other justi¬ fications. The public pronouncements by eminent people to the effect that infectious diseases have been conquered are, unfortunately, quite inaccurate and misleading. The process of evolution has not stopped. The generation times of microorganisms are measured in minutes not in decades. The rapid emergence of genetically altered drug-resistant strains of microbial pathogens and of pesticide- resistant disease-transmitting arthropods can be cited to illustrate this important point. More than one hundred viruses hitherto unknown have been recognized in the past few years as pathogenic for man. Furthermore, the Cleveland family study strik¬ ingly emphasizes the importance of infectious dis¬ ease in technologically advanced urban societies to¬ day. . . . Infectious disease accounted for more than half of the considerable amount of illness that took place in this cross section of American city dwellers receiving medical care of high quality by contem¬ porary standards . . . A further reason for renewing the emphasis on prevention of infectious diseases lies in the fact that as a consequence of the flood of new knowledge, the responsibility for preparing skilled people in this field is shifting from the professional schools of medicine, veterinary medicine and nursing to the graduate schools of public health. While stu¬ dents in the basic courses of the professional schools are being familiarized with more and more of the newer subjects such as molecular biology and bio¬ physics, they are receiving less and less instruction in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Our nation must increasingly depend on its schools of public health to provide the post¬ graduate instruction to physicians and other mem¬ bers of the health professions so that they will acquire a thorough understanding of infectious dis¬ ease in man and will be able to deal intelligently with community and national programs for reduc¬ ing this major cause of human suffering, disability and death.” John C. Snyder The Education of Health Experts for the 197O ' s by John C. Snyder, M.D., LL.D., F.A.P.H.A. American Journal of Public Health, Part II, Vol. 56, Number 1, 67-73, January 1966. John C. Snyder, A.B., M.D., LL.D. Dr. Herbert Ley and friend 23 Robert Chang, Edward Murray, John Snyder, William Vinson, Herbert Ley, John Peters, and Samuel Bell. ... What is the next horizon... ? nphe prediction made in 1965 that infectious dis- eases would retain their importance has rung true. It is now 1975. Having demonstrated the viral etiology of leukemia and developed a specific vac¬ cine the old question of cost-benefit has arisen. Will the cost of vaccination be worth the benefit achieved? This question can be faced with some assurance now that five years of experience with broad spectrum vaccines against the common en¬ teric and respiratory viruses is behind us. The con¬ cept of geographical vaccination is well established. For instance, this year the 200 members of the 1976 class of the school of Public Health each re¬ ceived sufficient Boston Mix” vaccine for them¬ selves and families in the summer. They arrive here protected from faculty and employees. An attempt is being made to determine wild (that is non- Boston) strains they carry in order to protect the faculty from them. The School of Public Health has now been using its new building for five years. The place of the Microbiology department has been permanently established. No one enters the building without an awareness of this importance. This stems from an event in 1971 which occurred during the trial of vaccines against one of the so-called atypical” mycobacteria. A large aerosol of viable organisms was inadvertently exhausted into the recirculating heating-cooling system. Despite every effort to filter W. Paul Reagan them out or kill them with ultra-violet a few of these hardy organisms still persist. Therefore no one can enter the building without specific chemo¬ therapy or prior vaccination using the new non- cellular hypersensitivity transfer antigen. So it goes. Although man has reached the moon and looks beyond he is still constrained by the tiniest of organisms here at home. What is the next horizon? There is some evidence that the homely amoeba produces a substance protecting arteries from the aging process. Who can predict the future anyway? W. Paul Reagan 24 ... The Image of “Prevention .. nphe major challenge for the worker in public health in the next decade is to crystallize the image of prevention” and by so doing to compel the reasoned acceptance of public health as an in¬ tegral component of programs designed to better the welfare of man. That health often is not recog¬ nized as an essential component in economic and social development must in part be attributed to the failure of the health professions to provide a dynamic and informative leadership. While the curative image is sharply defined, that of preven¬ tion remains a nebulous concept in comparison. A visionary leadership in the health field, possessing multidisciplinary human ecology, will, by logic, and deeds, channel a major proportion of limited health resources into preventive services. The time is particularly propitious for the as¬ sumption of leadership. In the affluent as well as in the developing areas of the world, good health is ever more regarded as an inherent right of each citizen. Natural aspirations in the health field are in receipt of increasing political and financial sup¬ port. Plans and programs—or schemes, in the British terminology—appear in profusion and are funded with more enthusiasm than critical assess¬ ment. Consciously or subconsciously, society, like a Ponce de Leon, seeks the objective so aptly labelled by Rene Dubos as the mirage of health.” The pro¬ fessional worker in the health field appreciates that Thomas H. Weller, A.B., S.M., M.D., LL.D. man, a biological entity, will be ever plagued with the problem of disease as modified by a constantly changing human ecology. The health professional must direct the social forces that are groping for the unrealistic goal of total health, into realistic channels that will permit the maximum improve¬ ment in the general health status of the society of man. Further, he must selectively seek new knowl¬ edge pertinent to the solution of the changing problems of human health. Political support for health can be expected to increase. Your challenge in the next decade, there¬ fore, is to provide the leadership that will crystal¬ lize the image of prevention,” so that public health will become an accepted component of programs designed to better the welfare of man. Thomas H. Weller 25 Seated —Thelma Dalmus, Catherine Sears, Claire Butler. Standing —Thomas Weller, Eli Chernin, Steve Pan, Thomas Frothingham, Edward Michelson, Andrew Spielman. .. .Health is the Pillar ... aw ith dreams begins responsibility” is a ▼ ▼ theme of this Yearbook. If we are con¬ vinced that ill health breeds poverty and poverty breeds ill health, then the good health of people is the pillar supporting the edifice of economic and social well being. If we are convinced that the ill health of mankind everywhere potentially makes us less able, then we are obliged to alleviate the situa¬ tion by our participation. Since the majority of that half of the world’s population who inhabit the tropics are thus plagued, people in Tropical Public Health everywhere should acknowledge their commitment. Tropical medicine is not simply the purging of worms but the total process of revitalizing persons and nations by the prevention and control of dis¬ ease and pestilence. I should hope that there will be more opportunities for experience and training in the tropics under well tutored programs pro¬ vided by schools of public health. Myrtle Caton To be effective, we must be practical. The needs of the tropics will not be met by absentee experts. In our ever shrinking world, the people in the tropics are our neighbors. Until they are able to produce the health forces they need, it is our task to offer assistance. Myrtle Caton 26 Worm burden Franklin Neva 27 Fredrick J. Stare, S.B., S.M., Ph.D., M.D., A.M. (hon.), S.D. (hon.) Nutrition... 1984 r T 1 wenty or so years from now it would please me ■ - as a Professor of Nutrition, Emeritus for ten years, to see that nutrition finally has been accepted as an important part of public health, preventive medicine, and medicine. There are few schools of public health today, and fewer than half have any instruction in nutri¬ tion. Yet our government’s foreign assistance pro¬ gram AID has, during the past year, announced that nutrition is to be given primary emphasis in our foreign health programs. In our own country the American Heart Association for the past year, and currently, is emphasizing changes in the American diet as the most effective way for the public to lessen the chances of developing coronary artery disease. Food and nutrition are an important part of our biggest social problem, the expanding popu¬ lation. Who is to train health personnel in modern nutrition? Even at Harvard where we have a very active and large department of nutrition, our teach¬ ing opportunities are quite limited in both the School of Public Health and the School of Medi¬ cine. Nutrition is an important part of modern public health. The foods we eat or do not eat are impor¬ tant to the health of the public and to you. I hope that at least by 1984 this will be understood by those responsible for guiding education in public health and appropriate action instituted. I hope that long before I have been Emeritus for ten years our School of Public Health will have be¬ come .active in operating a series of short courses and summer courses for refresher training of pro¬ fessional and para-health personnel. Such training is essential if we are going to provide sufficient personnel to meet our expanding needs for com¬ munity health services. And in research, I am confident that through im¬ proved diets and foods, better nutrition will have lessened the incidence of, and postponed the onset of, coronary heart disease, strokes,” essential hyper¬ tension, osteoporosis, renal and bladder stones, and a host of the enzymatic-defect diseases frequently referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. By 1984 we may even have fluoridated all com¬ munity waters in Massachusetts! Fredrick J. Stare 28 L. to r .—Jeanette Forsythe, Carl Seltzer, Michael Latham, Jean Mayer, Clifford Baile, Fredrick Stare, Madge Myers, Sheila Cronin, Stanley Gershoff, Agnes Huber, Mark Hegsted, Robert Geyer. ...Food For Thought... A T i he word nutrition” is deceptive, with many meanings for many people. This field is expand¬ ing so rapidly that no one dares to retard its growth by subjecting it to definition. Consequently, the word will probably remain vague for years to come. Nutrition can be thought of as an endless saga; the excitement of its past only enhances our en¬ thusiasm for its future. As more is learned, more must be comprehended. As the past mechanisms are understood, an infinity of new directions beck¬ ons. Once we spoke of nutritionists as farmers, then as dietitians, then as biochemists. In twenty years, we shall speak of biophysicists, statisticians, and psychologists. Now we talk of the Krebs cycle. Then our computer will talk of pi mesons and elec¬ tron spin. In twenty years our psychologists will be able to tell us why Americans eat too much. Perhaps we will universally conclude that atherosclerosis is a nutritional disease after all. Maybe the hungry bil¬ lions will be fed then; they could be fed even now. mankind. We need the help of other disciplines to put them to work. Nutrition does not exist for itself; it exists in order to enrich human life. This is its greatest challenge. This is its highest hope. Shall we start with fluorides? Richard Brown Richard Brown makes a point. My desire for our field is that it be put to use. The laboratories and surveys can produce the knowledge and techniques for the betterment of 29 ?;- •. - tfgsK TA hungry could he fed even now . . . WHO . . . as past mechanisms are understood ... . . . an infinity of new directions beckons . . . 30 Demography and Human Ecology r T 1 he real question is not population size in the ■ - future but the rate of increase today. How shall we provide decent conditions of life for the living generation, conditions in which men and women can live, and children can grow up, free of the desoerate want experienced by the majority of hu¬ man beings in this century? This is the urgent thrust of the population problem. Bringing down rates of population growth to a manageably low level will require far more knowl¬ edge and experience than we now possess. Eco¬ nomic, sociological, medical, and educational re¬ search on a large scale and a wide front are urgently required. The problem may well be the most diffi¬ cult mankind has ever faced, for its solution lies in controlling one of the basic drives of all living things—to reproduce. The need to reduce rates of population growth is so urgent in many countries that immediate ac¬ tion on a large scale should be undertaken. Yet we in the University must try at the same time to deepen our understanding and improve our prac¬ tice. We need to work in real societies with all their environmental and cultural differences, not only to discover underlying generalities, but also to learn how to adapt our actions to fit the range of human conditions. Most of the needed understand¬ ing will come from experience gained in birth con¬ trol and family planning programs; members of the University should participate in these programs if they are to learn as much as possible from them. Because of its long experience and broad involve¬ ment in field projects throughout the world, the School of Public Health is uniquely fitted to work out appropriate means of participation. In essence, we are dealing with qualitative and not quantitative questions, with the quality of hu¬ man life, and only incidentally with the quantity of people. In the long run, the Harvard Center for Population Studies will focus on the drama of living human beings, rather than on their entrances and their exits on the stage of life. We will be con¬ cerned with the physical health of human popula¬ tions, with improvement of nutrition, reduction of vitality-sapping disease, and amelioration of genetic burdens. We will be concerned with relating the education of human populations to the changing needs of individuals and their societies. We will want to find better ways to fit environments to hu¬ man beings—not only the earthly environment of air, water, and land, but also the social environ¬ ment created by interactions among men. Roger Revelle Roger Revelle, A.B., Ph.D., Sc.D. (hon.), Rich¬ ard Saltonstall Professor of Population Policy and Director of the Center for Population Studies. 31 Tv- ... The ability to synthesize... Richard Seder A broad but exact understanding of man’s inter- action with his total environment—both phys¬ ical and social—-must be the goal of human ecol¬ ogy. The grand scope of such a discipline will re¬ quire its students and teachers to possess both a rich supply of specific knowledge from a multitude of diverse fields, and also the ability to synthesize such knowledge, with imagination and due cau¬ tion, into general principles which describe the unique ecology of homo sapiens. Quantification must come not only from tradi¬ tional demographic techniques, but also from the laws of thermodynamics, the findings of experi- Seated —Marguerite Fee, Margaret Bermingham, Wilma Winters, Tillyruth Teixeira, Linda Sayegh, Dorothy Greenidge. Standing —John Wyon, Dieter Koch-Weser, David Heer. Missing —Patricia Brown, Stephen Plank, Joan Reid, Roger Revelle, Hilton Salhanick, John C. Snyder (Acting Chairman). mental ecology and psychology, the regularities of genetic transmission, and mathematical formula¬ tions of evolutionary processes. Ecological equa¬ tions, however, will succeed only when they mini¬ mize the number of simplifying assumptions, and maximize the number of phenomena they simulta¬ neously consider. The complexity of ecology will reflect the complexity of nature; the multiplicity of qualifications required for each statement about human ecology will do justice to the richness and intertwining of factors relevant to man’s various responses to the environment. Yet despite its precision and complexity, the hu¬ man ecology of the future will present summariz¬ ing statements concerning both human behavior and environmental response which order volumes and libraries full of information into a few pages of symbols, and will allow substantively correct prediction of individual decision-making and an outline of world history for the next few centuries in large outline. Though many of the ecologist’s conclusions will have the strangely familiar sound of philosophy and poetry written many millennia ago, their quantitative nature and their simulta¬ neous specification of many significant variables will provide infinitely more powerful concepts for understanding and influencing the course of human affairs. Richard Seder ... We are dealing . . . with the quality of human life, and only incidentally with the quantity of people . . . WHO 33 ; I H he objectives of environmental health are the control of hazards and improvement of the environment by political action, engineering, and other means for a host of reasons, including the threat to human health. Here we recognize the greatest need—to develop the methods for assess¬ ing whether these threats” are more than po¬ tential. In one way or another, many methods of biological research may prove helpful. The en¬ vironmental toxicologist has the opportunity of joining the experimental pharmacologist in ex¬ ploiting the techniques and new knowledge of cell biology to determine the effects of environmental chemicals and drugs on biological systems. Limited ecologic studies of animal and plant communities have already shown that environmental pollution disturbs natural communities at much lower con¬ centrations than those known to affect man; such studies are becoming urgent as population and pol¬ lution pressures threaten the extinction of natu¬ ral ' ’ communities in even the remotest parts of the earth. Whole animal studies must also take on new dimensions. While extremely useful in the past, James L. Whittenberger, S.B., M.D., A.M. (hon.) particularly with regard to new drugs, food addi¬ tives, and the like, animal studies have not been sufficiently informative with respect to chronic effects of realistic exposures. Better information will probably come from broader selection of ani¬ mal species, improved animal care, and wider ap¬ plication of the techniques of biochemistry, sys¬ temic physiology, genetics, and cell physiology. Kneeling —Joseph Brain, N. Robert Frank. Seated —Mar¬ garet Hitchcock, Jaruna Venc- kauskas, Luisa C. Stigol, Mary Christopher. Standing — Ed¬ ward J. Burger, Rowena Mus- senden, Gunnar L. Grimby, Sheldon D. Murphy, David E. Leith, James L. Whittenber¬ ger, Jere Mead. The problems of extrapolation to man’’ will re¬ main with us, and are particularly difficult in the range of low toxicity—long-term chronic expo¬ sures, in which the end result may be shortening of the life span or tumor induction. Hence, epide¬ miology will continue to be an essential tool of environmental health research. Here also the de¬ velopment of methodology is of major concern. If urban health problems are primary today and for the future, how do we study them with present methods? To study the effects of chemical pollu¬ tion of air, water, and food is difficult but simple compared to the study of effects of social pathology in our urban environments. To organize the skills of many professional and academic disciplines for sound research in these areas is probably the greatest challenge in environmental health today. James L. Whittenberger ...An environment... less and less natural... JV Tan is radically and rapidly altering his envi- ronment. Urbanization, increasing popula¬ tion density, industrialization, and scientific re¬ search and discovery create our modern, sophisti¬ cated environment, but one less and less natural.” Although we enjoy our new and easy urban way of life, and marvel at the advances that science brings, we have until recently given but little thought to the concomitant health hazards that threaten not only industrial workers but the popu¬ lation as a whole. Toxic chemicals and radioactive substances contaminate air, water, and soil, and eventually enter the food chain of man. Industrial wastes, automobile exhausts, atomic energy in medicine, industry, research, and power produc¬ tion, and the enormous array of chemicals used as food additives, pesticides, and inse cticides will in¬ evitably be associated with new and as yet little understood physiological and psychological stresses. Epidemiologic studies suggest that causal rela¬ tionships may exist between such environmental changes and sharp rises in the incidence of various chronic diseases. Levels of certain environmental contaminants are now being reached at which toxic symptoms begin to appear. Although no acute ill- Melva Vives nesses or excess mortality from such causes have yet been reported, aside from the fog episodes as in London and Donora, we must nonetheless be aware of the accumulation over the years of pol¬ lutants, and of the chronic exposure of whole populations to them. As our population itself ages, it presumably becomes more susceptible to such hazards. Epidemiologic interpretations will be difficult in many cases, however, since the symptoms of exposure may be identical with those resulting from other causes, and because so many environmental factors are changing simul¬ taneously. With this picture in mind, one can foresee what lies ahead in the field of environmental health. As a newcomer in this field, I consider the prob¬ lem of hazardous man-made environmental fac¬ tors most challenging. The ultimate goals are prevention and control. More acute concern for health must stimulate state and local control pro¬ grams. Greatly accelerated research into the sources, nature, and effects of the problems must provide better methods and instrumentation for more effective control. Qualified personnel will also be needed. I would like to see more people interested in this field— not only farsighted engineers, meteorologists, and chemists with their creative new designs, predic¬ tive meteorologic equations, and catalytic new solutions, but also doctors, epidemiologists, and statisticians. Such variously skilled people will have to work side by side, and with the full co¬ operation of government and public, to devise new ways of maintaining a clean and healthy environ¬ ment. Then the penalties of progress will not outweigh the rewards. Melva V. Vives 35 r view the air pollution problem and its potential health aspects as the major problem area facing the environmental health specialist during the next two decades. The last decade has seen rec¬ ognition of the problem, starting with the pas¬ sage of Public Law 159 in 1955. The next decade or two must see major improvements in air pol¬ lution control with the development of engineer¬ ing solutions. Two problems requiring early attention are the need for low cost methods of abating air pollution due to sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants and hydrocarbon emissions from automobile exhausts. These are fashionable and indeed significant problems; however, our engi¬ neering research in air pollution control during the next two decades must be broadly based, pro¬ viding answers not only to the power plant and motor vehicle problems but devoting increased effort to the following specific areas: 1. New methods for handling fine metallurgical process fumes at high temperatures. 2. Methods for controlling acid mists and com¬ plex high vapor-pressure organic suspensoids. 3. New methods for recovering large-volume chemical effluents which are difficult to ab¬ sorb or remove by contact washing. 4. New devices for combustion of low levels of gases which create odor problems. 5. Continued studies on fundamental particle dynamics as applied to inertial separation, filtration, and electrostatic properties of par¬ ticulates. 6. Continued investigations of the photochemi¬ cal stability and physical chemistry of aerosols. 7. Fundamental studies on fixed and dynamic filters with a wide variety of aerosols. 8. Further studies o n graded filter media for low loadings of air contaminants. 9. The development of temperature resistant fabrics able to withstand 500° to 1,000°F and still perform effectively as filter media. 10. Development of relationships from particle and equipment parameters which will enable the reliable prediction of performance from primary dimensions and rapidly evaluated properties of the particulate material. Estimates of the cost of air pollution in the United States based on property damage, damage to crops, and disability and health losses range from 3 to 12 billion dollars per year. I am hopeful that with increased research and development in the areas listed above the next decade will see major advances in air pollution control. Leslie Silverman 1914-1966 Seated ' —Joyce Archambeault, Jean Cudde, Rae Covey, Delia Croteau, Mary Corrigan. Standing — William Burgess, Peter Himot, Mihran Nalbandian, Eli Bulba, Frederick Viles, Jr., John Sullivan, Douglas Smith, Melvin First, Thomas Lynch, Parker Reist, Jacob Shapiro, Walter Herzig, Janet Walkley, Peter Schwartz, Robert Wecker, Lynne Champion. npo a visitor, perhaps the most impressive aspect of America is the evidence of our productive power. From twenty fabulous years of techno¬ logical development, the results are seen in the abundance and diversity of goods in the stores, the new buildings, the long lines of automobiles, and the highly developed community services such as schools, hospitals and highways. We have experienced an escalation of economic develop¬ ment tha t is unique by any standard in economic history. At the same time, however, another remarkable development is occurring—a development so sig¬ nificant that it may be said to mark a new direc¬ tion in the evolution of social philosophy in the United States. As a nation we have become aware that the concomitant of industrialization is pollu¬ tion, and that pollution affects health adversely— physical health, mental health, and economic health. From factories, farms, and homes huge amounts of wastes are being dispersed into the environ¬ ment. These unwanted products damage our econ¬ omy and debase the quality of life. Some wastes persist for long times in the biosphere and may be carried great distances in air and water. The pervasiveness of pollution is due to sus¬ tained and accelerated industrialization and to sustained and accelerated population growth. This is true not only in the United States and other rich nations, but also in poor nations with emerg¬ ing economies and high aspirations. The problem of pollution has become almost unmanageable in some communities where the revolution of rising expectations is being frustrated by surging popu¬ lation growth. What achievements of research are needed and can be anticipated in the next ten years? Each year thousands of new chemicals, drugs and ma¬ terials are produced. Some of these will be used for better technology, for waste treatment, for reclamation of land, and for purifying air and water. Burgeoning industry has produced an astonishing range of new materials such as syn¬ thetic metals, extremely strong reinforcing fibers, conducting polymers, bendable glass, artificial leather, high temperature plastics and corrosion resistant coatings. A promising area for research in pollution control is being created by the alli¬ ance of the paper and plastics industries. New products from this union may be used to improve dev ices and techniques for the control and con¬ servation of the environment and the elimination of disease. New materials for pipes, aqueducts, filters, reactors, diffusers, and building construc¬ tion can mean, for example, better water supply, less expensive drainage and more effective air conditioning. With these new materials we may be able to solve one of the most challenging prob¬ lems of water resource development—how to inject large quantities of waste water including flood water into the soil for purification, storage, and subsequent use. Continuing notable advances may be expected in the power field with economic nuclear plants, more efficient fossil fuels, practical fuel cells, better rechargeable batteries and the development of geothermal steam as a primary resource. Hydrogen bombs are not conventional tools for digging canals, reservoirs and ports, but nuclear excava¬ tion looms large on the technological horizon as the cheapest way to move huge masses of earth. The coupling of nuclear power generators with desalination processes will open exciting frontiers in environmental engineering. The novel ways of deploying energy, the new synthetic com¬ pounds, the new products of materials science together with a better understanding of geo¬ physical processes will make possible in the next ten years a better degree of regulation of the environment and, hopefully, will contribute to a higher level of health and well-being for man. Harold A. Thomas, Jr. Harold A. Thomas, Jr., S.B., S.M., S.D. ... Water is paramount... A supply of good quality water is as essential ■ - for our health and well-being as it was for our ancestors. Over the past few generations, be¬ cause of rapid industrial expansion, technological change, and the growth and concentration of popu¬ lation, the demand for good water has soared, often outstripping the supply. Yet the factors increasing the demand have frequently contributed simul¬ taneously to diminishing the supply by contribut¬ ing to pollution. The old problem of water pollution has inten¬ sified at an alarming rate, and new factors are con¬ tinually increasing the overall complexity. Water¬ borne viruses, especially hepatitis, pesticides, and detergents pollute nearly every major river system in the United States. Technology has failed to keep pace with the activities responsible for the new pollutants. Today, as advanced treatment processes such as adsorption and foam separation are proved feasible and economical, engineers must consider the potential re-use of treated water. Lack of prudent water resource management has resulted in what President Johnson has called a reckless devastation of our national heritage.” We cannot pass on such a situation to the next generation. Adequate water is needed for the public and industry, for the propagation of aquatic life, for recreation as well as navigation, for agriculture, as well as power production. For many purposes, water quality is of paramount importance. Indices for measuring pollution costs must be developed for comparison with the costs of abatement. The tradition of water planning at the munici¬ pal level must give way to basin-wide and re¬ gional planning. Such cooperation will lead to an increase in the inter-basin transfer of surface water, resulting in more dependable supplies for all areas involved. The sanitary engineering pro¬ fession must recognize and implement its respon¬ sibility to speak out publicly on water problems. Today’s public is ready to listen. Perhaps the greatest future challenges are to be found in the developing nations. Such nations are just beginning to develop their water re¬ sources, which are sometimes a significant pro¬ portion o f total natural resources. Therefore, they must make decisions between conflicting alterna¬ tive uses, often without being able to predict long- range economic and social consequences. Hence, existing techniques for evaluating multipurpose proposals have to be perfected. Planning engi¬ neers should profit from past experience and mistakes, consciously providing for prevention of pollution. Then the developing nations would avoid a tragically expensive waste of an irre¬ placeable natural resource. Russell J. DeLucia Seated —Hanukah Geiwitz, Sandra Robinson, Lynn Anderson, Nina Sharik. Standing —Myron Fiering, Ralph Mitchell, Richard Woodward, Harold Thomas, Kenneth Young, John Schaake, Edward Moore. Problems-Current and Future nphe program in aerospace medicine at the Gug- genheim Center for Aerospace Health and Safety provides physicians, biologists and engi¬ neers with the specialized training which will enable them to help resolve the complex human problems encountered in air transportation and in the exploration of space. This interdisciplinary teaching program coordinates the work of spe¬ cialists in medicine, experimental psychology, physiology, anthropology, and engineering. Em¬ phasis is placed on current and future problems from the safety of flight both within and outside the earth’s atmosphere. Also, an attempt is being made to translate the findings in areospace fields to other forms of transportation, especially in relation to safety on the highways. Since 1950 approximately 150 physicians have specialized in aerospace health and safety at this school, and they are now playing important roles in the military services, in the areospace indus¬ tries, and in the man-in-space program. There are fifteen physicians in the aviation program in the current year. Plans are being initiated to ex- Ross A. McFarland, A.B., Ph.D., S.D. (hon.) pand the academic program so that a larger num¬ ber of students will spend two or three years here for advanced training and research in this specialty. Although there are many problems spe¬ cifically related to aerospace medicine, the major portion of the work has its roots in the various disciplines basic to preventive medicine and pub¬ lic health. During the year each student selects a field of interest in which he does specialized research. A large number of significant papers have been written, and it is of interest to note that in sub¬ sequent years original work has been reported stemming from the research initiated here. The major research studies being carried out at the present time fall within the following areas: (1) the development of physiological and psychological standards for the performance of astronauts in the Apollo project; (2) the effects of adverse environments, especially high altitude and variations in temperature, on human per¬ formance; (3) studies of the basic visual proc¬ esses in the perception of computer-generated patterns and textures; (4) an analysis of the safety aspect of vehicular equipment from the point of view of anthropometry and biotech¬ nology; (5) an epidemiological analysis of the most important contributing factors to accidental injuries and fatalities on the highway. Ross McFarland 39 Leonard Johnson Prognostications for the next two decades in the ■ field of aerospace medicine are best made in the perspective of historical accomplishments. In the public health context, not only is the specific func¬ tion of an advance significant, but also its cost and feasibility, as history clearly shows. Medical science as applied to the problems of aviation and space exploration has exemplified the rapid application of pure” research to very practical goals. The gains in knowledge obtained in the various investigations of aviation medicine have actually contributed not only to the field itself, but in many ways to expediting and im¬ proving such diverse activities as commerce, finance, nutrition, politics, communications, and international affairs. ... To Extend Man’s Capacities... The phenomenal growth of air transportation and travel in just over a half century promises to continue at an equally impressive rate with expansion into the realm of space exploration and conquest. Advances in knowledge at times occur more rapidly than their implementation can follow, and lags occur. A continuing challenge to aviation medicine scientists will be to mini¬ mize the gaps. The public health worker in the field will be particularly concerned with the need to extend requisite protection to all participants both in routine programs and in experimental projects. Aerospace medicine will continue to support aerospace progress by learning more about man’s capacities, limits, and abilities to adapt to new environments. Aerospace medicine must extend man’s natural capacities, and make a friend of the currently hostile” world of outer space. On this planet and in its atmosphere, there must be maximal application of new knowledge to in¬ crease aviation safety. If, optimistically, space exploration does be¬ come the moral equivalent of war,” I would hope that space medicine would faithfully sup¬ port the endeavor, toward the furtherance of health and peace for all earth-dwellers. Leonard W. Johnson, Jr. 40 From earth to space: Unidentified, Daniel Spoor, Leonard Johnson, Richard Leet, Samuel Young- man, John Fahrni, Unidentified, Ronald Green, Alfred Cheng, Elmer Hermann, Eric Lindstrom, Douglas Adamson, Guthrie Turner, Alan Harter, Unidentified, Ross McFarland, Unidentified. 41 • • • We need... Utopian thinking... An Overview And Some Suggestions I hope that when we finally reach 1984, we shall use the Orwellian landmark to decide where we want to go from there. In general, it seems to me that what we most need in Public Health is utopian thinking, i.e.. an elucidation of what the good life is. We can then decide on the form of our institutions and on our research priorities so as to achieve it. What we have at present is the because it is there approach: we almost auto¬ matically undertake what is technologically feasible whether or not it is, in fact, improving the qual¬ ity of life. At best, we recognize a problem—i.e., overpopulation—and we seek for means of miti¬ gating it; but we are unwilling or unable to go the last and essential step and discuss optimum population whether for the United States or for the world; we could then discuss how we shall approach this level and how we can stay there. When looking back in 1984 on the Public Health of the 60’s, I think we will be appalled by the lack of definition of our goals, the disre¬ gard of the social problems causing disease an d caused by disease, the toleration of profound in¬ equality before death and sickness, the indifference to obvious trends until the problems become almost out of hand, the ridiculous belief that the cure to all diseases is a magic bullet” or a gadget and the fact that so much more effort is expended to cure disease than to prevent it. Jean Mayer Jean Mayer, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc. 42 ...And the balanced integration of many disciplines... poday’s graduate in public health enters the community ignorant of how to cope with dis¬ aster. It is as if disaster were either an outdated topic or one unworthy of academic attention. Paradoxically, this head-in-the-sand perspective co¬ exists with an increasing risk of disaster. The individual in public health is trained to be cognizant of the numerous factors that pose a threat to man’s health and survival. He is pre¬ sumed to be capable of executing-an appropriate plan of action upon confrontation of such threats. Under ordinary circumstances this entails evalua¬ tion of whatever assistance is required. In the face of disaster this may mean provision of leader¬ ship in isolation from the expertise of others. To instill general principles vaguely related to dis¬ aster does not constitute preparation of the in¬ dividual for such an onerous task. It is obvious that a subject as complex as disaster requires specific treatment—a synthesis of the many disciplines which bear on disaster pre¬ sented in such a manner that the individual knows what to do. It is equally important that he be trained in how to effect his educated decisions. There are a number of essential ingredients for such a course. A case study book compiled to pro¬ vide illustrative examples of disasters of various types and magnitude would serve as an excellent foundation. Harvard’s interdepartmental course, The Human Community,” has aptly demon¬ strated the effectiveness of case studies combined with seminar teaching. Audiovisual supplemen¬ tation would be mandatory. The teaching challenge would lie in the balanced integration of many dis¬ ciplines. This course would necessitate inclusion of more departments than have been encompassed by any previous interdepartmental course—no de¬ partment could be excluded and, indeed, consulta¬ tion beyond the confines of the school would be required. The individual must be taught not only the necessary information but the means for making appropriate decisions. He must be given the op¬ portunity to evaluate, to establish priorities, to act. In clinical medicine these are the essential components of effective action. Since there can be no apprenticeship in disaster, emphasis must rest on interpretation of the problems raised by the case studies. As in the clinical situation the chosen course of action must be subjected to scru¬ tiny and constructive criticism. The course will have accomplished nothing if evaluation is based on ability to parrot facts. William MacPherson Leaning on the Broad Street pump will not inspire effective leadership in the event of dis¬ aster. Nor will a deluge of words. Nor will the gleanings from present modes of training—and one cannot take refuge in his being a specialist. William J. MacPherson 43 And There Has To Be Mutual Respect In January, Dr. N. R. E. Eendall, formerly Director of Health Services in Kenya, and now with the Rockefeller Foun¬ dation, spoke at a seminar in the Department of Tropical Public Health. His remarks admirably summarized the con¬ cepts that should underly a successful program for using auxiliary personnel—in Kenya or Boston. A condensed version of his remarks appears below. T Tealth services must attempt to achieve a total outreach as rapidly as possible if they are to have any significant impact on standards of health. The individual wants succour when sick and the design of any health service must take cognizance of this felt want if it is to succeed. Community health services should develop out of the attempt to provide total medical care to the individual in his home environment. If this is accepted, then within the limits of economic potential, educational resources, demo¬ graphic trends and the disease pattern, auxiliary medical and health personnel are essential in the less privileged countries. These factors form the common pattern for a situation which may be described as acute or chronic. Realistic planning must needs accept that the cure is a long-term one: that there is no easy or quick solution. The terms professional, para-medical, sub¬ professional, and auxiliary should be clearly de¬ fined. Professional is restricted to the physician of full secondary schooling and university educa¬ tion: para-medical is used to describe personnel who are of equal educational standard but sup¬ portive to the physican, for example the nurse. Sub-professional describes the near doctor, near nurse, or near sanitary engineer. Educationally they have an incomplete secondary education and an abridged technical education. The term auxil¬ iary should be used for a ' category of worker of middle school education and a technical educa- N. R. E. Fend all, M.D. tion limited in breadth, depth, and time. There is a clear and wide gap between the auxiliary on the one hand and the professional and para¬ medical on the other. Terminology of auxiliaries is important to status, self-respect and identity. The word sub-professional is psychologically dam¬ aging and derogatory and should not be used in a generic fashion. Auxiliaries may properly be used in two ways, as assistants to” and substitutes for” more highly trained personnel. Their function is to deal with routine situations, provide emergency medical care and to recognize major abnormali¬ ties as such. They must be trained for applied memory and limited vocational skills. In conse¬ quence proper supervision of a supportive and continuing education nature, is essential. Given the support of properly trained and properly utilized auxiliary the professional and para-medical personnel can then use their train¬ ing in scientific medicine to full advantage. Fail¬ ure to provide an auxiliary cadre of workers, and inability to provide a setting to which the pro¬ fessional has been trained leads to waste, frustra¬ tion and mal-distribution. If one accepts that the physician is trained to scientific medicine, then he should be provided with the tools for the job. He should be reserved for the qualitative aspects of medicine, leaving the auxiliary, under supervision, to cope with the quantitative. In this manner the professional discharges both his consultative and leadership roles, and obtains a measure of satisfaction. The proper utilization of the medical and health auxiliary requires a defining of the need, the purpose, the role and the function. It is then necessary to fit the man to the job and the tools available, and to fit the job to the man. This means that the organization of the service has to be designed to admit of the auxiliary; and his training has to be tailored to the specific job requirements. There has to be an understanding by both the professional and the para-medical worker on the one hand, and the auxiliary on the oth er of their respective roles. And there has to be mutual respect. N. R. E. Fendall 44 A Series of Listening Posts Cities and their problems are fast becoming the problems of public health. The editors feel that Professor Rene Dubos’ Delta Omega address in January brilliantly defined this new challenge. Below are some excerpts from Professor Dubos’ address. . . . The most important problems of the day . . . are the problems of the city. They are the problems of the city because as you well know there are only two possibilities for the future of man. Either all of us will be blown out of existence by nuclear warfare, or if we are not, most of us within three or four decades will be living in cities extending over a hundred miles or more . . . First let me express my faith in mankind. I have enough faith in the human condi¬ tion to believe that we are going to survive. Moreover, I have enough faith in the human condition to believe that we will eventually achieve some adaptation to the conditions of life as we will experience them in the large cities . . . But I also believe that this adaptation will be achieved at the cost of much human suffering, and at the cost of huge economic and social problems . . . ... we as students of Public Health are concerned not only with economic produc¬ tion, not only with reproduction of the species, but also with the whole life of individual persons. We have to recast the concept of biological adaptation to introduce into it elements that are very different from those of the biologist; namely, the welfare and happiness of the individual after he is no longer an essential part of the economic structure. . . . What I believe is likely to happen, what I fear is most certain to happen is that we shall become adapted biologically to all forms of environmental pollution which are accumulating throughout our lives; we will accept them because they do not interfere in an obvious manner tvith the only aspects of life that we know how to measure, namely the gross national product and the number of children. Because of this we will deny that environmental pollution is a problem, and yet it is plainly obvious that if we knew how to state this more accurately, the questions related to happiness, and to the ability of man to function throughout his life span, we would discover that social adaptation may be extremely destructive to the higher functions of man. . . . Man is of course a gregarious animal, man needs association with others; in fact man searches association with others. Witness the fact that the most crowded and the most traumatic cities are also the ones that have the greatest appeal for human beings. I think there is little doubt that a certain density is essential for the develop¬ ment of human cultures . . . But it is also true that man can become all too readily adapted to intense crowding. And no one has clearly measured the consequences of such adaptation ... I have no doubt that children can become adapted and indeed are becoming adapted to crowding to such an extent that it has become to them almost a biological necessity, but this is no evidence that this is a useful type of adaptation . . . We have to learn to recognize what is the amount of stimulation that is optimum for social functioning, but also learn to recognize at what level stimulation becomes dan¬ gerous for the future. What impresses me, is that man can become adapted to almost anything. So the fact that human beings are surviving and functioning in the heart of New York City is no evidence that this is compatible with the survival of human so¬ cieties or at least compatible with the survival of human values . . . this problem of adaptation to an environment which is compatible with organic life but incompatible with human values is probably the largest single problem of our cities . . . 45 . . . Since adaptation can be evaluated only by taking into account the whole life span of the individual, techniques of experimental study in medical schools, in research institutes, in your own laboratories, are not well suited for answering the most important problems of human life, especially of urban life. We have developed a whole biological knowledge through experiments dealing with acute situations, whereas what we must concern ourselves with is the effect of situations that do not appear at first sight to be traumatic, and yet in the long run can become destructive . . . This by the way applies not only to technological innovations, but I believe also to social innovations. ... I believe the prospective study of the damaging effects of ionizing radiation will in the future be considered a turning point in our whole social approach to the problem of environmental pollution: that anyone who introduces a new technology, a social innovation must present evidence extending over the whole life span of the species concerning the likely biological consequences of that innovation. ... I would hope that our societies would also develop a series of listening posts, which would constantly sample throughout the population evidence of physiological disturbances that might be the effect of changes in the social order ... We must be bold enough to imagine the future, not to drift along with the progress of technology, not to let technology become an independent force, as it is becoming at the present time. We must develop some kind of vision, and in particular, we should try to imagine what our cities should be. . . . Few scientists concern themselves with the problem of how man functions biologically and psychologically ivithin our cities. And how should the environment be constructed so that man functions in a way compatible with the quality of human life? The fact that there is so little scientific discussion of these problems points to the enormous area of ignorance for which I believe medical schools and schools of public health are largely responsible, since it should be their responsibility to study these prob¬ lems . . . this points to the need for developing a study of man, a study of his biological needs, of his true deep biological needs as well as a study of his aspirations, a kind of human biology which would be different from animal biology .... . . . Even though man has not changed genetically, his potentialities are still much larger than what has been exploited so far. We can start with the conviction that by manipulating the environment, we can make man become better than what he is; cer¬ tainly develop a larger variety of phenotypic expressions. It is out of the immense diversities of human environment and out of the wide range of genetic potentialities of human beings that the richness of our civilizations has emerged. . . . the potentiali¬ ties of man are still so great that we can with all our imagination and our heart prepare for an even greater future. Rene Dubos 46 % 5 -U MflIlfc Konfi- v To Be or nettop. l TrwU Canadian ov ix ' fmek Zmb ' aMj yfa - qitehM . X Vo dhu ' nt mu ftwtiva luede aHruisHc, Mr nsw Tm sure, it ' s money Lkit op peak} to me etemPsvmx k eke- s rtX d nf, ' J illy oMi -to love. I Ltmexiri ? tittle traJj xkckf ‘Three hum X km Irnned (hr U esuMz Liriik it 1 Marcus Av iOis “kUuuillt ' hi,nyLcluf fa in 0£f t prinfad Tiuk lj X OOM- OSL aydenfc efiulXcouv] . lyitfv. 1 phiUxcfik UUidi kwk ] WtUJuHOl poUUcS Altfl-lUH lO.C- y-j . .. Uaupc island ed XgfAou . 6 osh rua t UuX eu dyj swa-Hon • y l Vesi UdKNWJd MmkT , we Hen u fi.i? w nut in du Ldrw, Mv nesssrru 1 Cuid p L o } J uw ' tl oVjntees mp ' CA ' j XM. i-tki (ooks v ib will Mutr H t) LiWwi A tiy-fivej lAjftft imii main ? Three hundred and Si ti- foup Of lcluul. 7 looted u ,n j ' “ ' dtherlt rha.tr done On poMr, hi scud. ' Tfatujh d Looting 6lm ' i m Oja ewoTc j P tfkoUtfiSx ' ' iuhv XLVi% fAberrant to ieciY [stmM CX OJkd p I INDEX (Photo appears on page shown.) G. Douglas Adamson .57, 58 Darrell E. Anderson .50 Frederic Bass .57 Gretchen M. Berggren .54 Joseph D. Brain Andrew G. Braun .52 Adolph J. Brink Richard C. Brown .54, 56 Max J. Bulian .60 C. Ralph Buncher .60 Edward J. Burger, Jr. Thomas R. Byrd Myrtle U. Caton .57 Paul C. Y. Chen . 60 Siew T. Chen .52 Yuan P. Chen .49, 52 Alfred K. Cheng .57 Harvey Collins .61 Nancy B. Colson .52 Roger R. Connelly George P. Contis .54 Donald A. Creasia . 60 Allen L. Cudworth Babalola A. Dada.49, 53 Fritz Daguillard .53, 59 John W. Davies .52 Michael A. Davis John R. Davy.55, 60 Stanley V. Dawson Selma R. Deitch .54, 56 Shashi D. Desai .51 John D. Dougherty Thomas S. Durant .52 Johanna T. Dwyer .53 Halmond C. Dyer.49 Jacqueline J. Fabia . 52 John H. Fahrni .53 Manning Feinleib Jean Marc Fredette .55 Dorothy J. Ganick .61 Stephen J. Garza .51, 58 Hossein Ghassemi . 58 Robert F. Gloor .55, 56 Judith D. Goldberg .61 Donald E. Goldstone ...50, 57 Marise S. Gottlieb .52 Ronald S. Green.56, 58 Rodrigo Guerrero .55 Vincent F. Guinee .58 Virginia B. Guzman .49, 54 Alan C. Harter .56 Elmer R. Hermann, Jr.59 Marion E. Highriter Tomio Hirohata .59 Alice M. Hosack .55 G. Hottle .55 Clarence A. Jernigan .56 William R. Jobin Leonard W. Johnson, Jr.58 Anthony Jong.53 Edward N. Kassira .58 Won C. Kay .58 Albert J. Kazis A. Kay Keiser.51 Leon E. Kruger Claude A. Lanctot .56 Philip LaTorre Robert R. Lauwerys .59 Robert K. Leet .59 Gary S. Leske .50, 57 Yuling Li .61 David J. Lieberman .56 Lionel M. Lieberman .51 Eric E. Lindstrom .53 Robert D. Lynch Judith A. Mabel .51 William J. MacPherson .57, 60 Fergus S. McCullough .50, 56 Arthur H. McIntosh .56 Phyllis B. Michelsen .55 Ralph E. Miller William M. Moore.50, 53, 57 Margot L. Morris .58 Debhanom Muangman Gretel S. Munroe .60 Raymond L. H. Murphy, Jr. Lechaim Naggan .55, 56 Charles Neave Raymond K. Neff Shirley A. Nelson .60 David M. Nitzberg.53 Gerald S. Parker Niles L. Perkins . 58 John M. Peters .49 Ann H. Pettigrew .54 Celso M. Pugliese.50, 53 William P. Reag an .55 Parker C. Reist Elihu D. Richter .60 Thora C. Runyan William S. Runyan Vitura Sangsingkeo .54, 56 Richard H. Seder .56 Sister Anne Sharratt.54, 55 Reinhard Sidor .50 Jeannette J. Simmons .56 Lee G. Slocum .51 Daniel H. Spoor .59 Judith S. Stern .60 Doris H. Thompson .53 Guthrie L. Turner, Jr.53 Maria C. Vera.49, 57 Melva V. Vives.54, 59 Joseph K. Wagoner . 55 James H. Warram .56 Elizabeth L. Watkins .61 Charles W. Wight .59 Charles T. Wilson .52, 56 Dorothy Wilson .60 John J. Witte . 59 Dorothy J. Worth Hsin-Ying Wu .50 Stella B. Yen .53 John D. Yoder Samuel A. Youngman .57 ‘Picture not taken. ‘Deceased. 48 Halmond C. Dyer, Babalola A. Dada, John M. Peters Maria C. Vera, Paul Levy (Instructor), Yuan P. Chen, Virginia B. Guzman, Siew T. Chen Fergus S. McCullough, Celso M. Pugliese, Gary S. Leske, William M. Moore Reinhard Sidor Unidentified, Donald E. Goldstone, Darrell E. Anderson, Hsin-Ying Wu 50 Judith A. Mabel, A. Kay Keiser Lee G. Slocum Stephen J. Garza, Shashi D. Desai 51 Yuan P. Chen John W. Davies, Jacqueline J. Fabia, Charles T. Wilson Marise S. Gottlieb, Thomas S. Durant, Nancy B. Colson Andrew G. Braun 52 David M. Nitzberg Doris H. Thompson, Babalola A. Dada, Anthony Jong, Celso M. Pugliese, Stella B. Yen Eric E. Lindstrom, Guthrie L. Turner, Jr., John H. Fahrni William M. Moore, Johanna T. Dwyer, Fritz Daguillard Sister Anne Sharratt, Virginia B. Guzman, Vitura Sangsingkeo Gretchen M. Berggren Selma R. Deitch, Richard C. Brown, Melva V. Vives George P. Contis, Ann H. Pettigrew William P. Reagan, Rodrigo-Guerrero, Jean Fredette __tAs NSfc Kess Hottle, Alice M. Hosack John R. Davy, Lechaim Nag- gan, Sister Anne Sharratt, Robert F. Gloor Phyllis R. Michelsen, Jacob J. Feldman (Staff), Joseph K. Wagoner Robert F. Gloor, Charles T. Wilson, David J. Lieberman, Lechaim Naggan Richard H. Seder, Clarence A. Jernigan, Richard C. Brown, Alan C. Harter Ronald S. Green, Claude A. Lanctot, James H. Warram, Vitura Sangsingkeo Selma R. Deitch, Arthur H. McIntosh, Jeannette J. Simmons Samuel A. Youngman, Alfred K. Cheng Frederic Bass, G. Douglas Adamson Maria C. Vera, William M. Moore, Donald E. Goldstone Gary S. Leske, Myrtle U. Caron, William J. MacPherson Leonard W. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Garza, G. Douglas Adamson Margot L. Morris, Edward N. Kassira, Hossein Ghassemi Ronald S. Green, Won C. Kay Vincent F. Guinee, Niles L. Perkins v Tomio Hirohata, Fritz Daguillard John J. Witte Daniel H. Spoor, Robert K. Leet, Elmer R. Hermann, Jr. Robert R. Lauwerys, Melva V. Vives, Charles W. Wight William J. MacPherson, Shirley A. Nelson, John R. Davy Max J. Bulian, Paul C. Y. Chen Elihu D. Richter, Dorothy Wilson Donald A. Creasia, Gretel S. Munroe, C. Ralph Buncher, Judith S. Stern Yuling Li, Judith D. Goldberg, Elizabeth L. Watkins Stephen P. Garza, Dorothy J. Ganick, Marise S. Gottlieb His bonhommie, brilliance and good will were manifest to those of us privileged to know him. E. D. R. Harvey Collins 1914-1966 61 Class of 1966...Names... Addresses... Biog ra phi es... ADAMSON, GODFREY DOUGLAS JR.— 2725 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, Calif.; B.S., University of Kentucky, 1953; M.D., Vanderbilt University, 1957; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Rosemary; children: Mary, 8; Becky, 7; Kim, 5. Director, Medical Services and Squadron Flight Surgeon (USAF), Melbourne, Australia. ANDERSON, DARRELL EUGENE—Route 2, Box 215, Cambridge, Minn.; B.Ch.E., University of Minnesota, 1958; (Industrial Hygiene). Wife: Karin. Assoc. Public Health Engineer, Minnesota Dept, of Health, Minneapolis, Minn. BASS, FREDERIC—148 Lake Shore Drive, Dux- bury, Mass.; B.S., Antioch College, 1955; M.D., Western Reserve, 1959; (Epidemiology). Wife: Judith; child: Jenifer, 6 mos. Director, Newark Tuberculosis Project, New Jersey Dept, of Health. BERGGREN, GRETCHEN MARY GLODE— Aurora, Neb.; B.A., Nebraska State College, 1954; M.D., University of Nebraska, 1958; (Maternal and Child Health). Husband: Warren; children: Ruth Elizabeth, 3; Carol Jeanne, 6 mos. Medical Missionary, Evangelical Free Church of America, Republic of Congo (Leopoldville). BRAIN, JOSEPH DAVID—9 Bertrand Drive, Wayne, N.J.; B.A., Taylor University, 1961; S. M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1963; (Physiology and Radiological Hygiene). Wife: Judith. Student, HSPH. BRAUN, ANDREW GEORGE—1038 Beacon Street, Brookline, Mass. 02146; B.S., Mass. Institute of Technology, 1961; M.S., Harvard University, 1965; (Radiation). Wife: Helen. Div. of Spon¬ sored Research, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. BRINK, ADOLPH JOSEPH—71 Pearl Terrace, Elma, N.Y.; B.A., University of Buffalo, 1958; M.D., University of Buffalo, 1962; (Occupational Medicine—Cardioldgy). Wife: Barbara; children: Susan, 2; Adolph Joseph III, 1. Student, HSPH. BROWN, RICHARD COLEMAN—6009 Old Phillips Road, Norfolk, Va.; B.A., University of Richmond, 1958; M.D., University of Virginia, 1963; (Nutrition). Wife: Judith. Resident, Inter¬ nal Medicine, Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, Va. BULIAN, MAX JOSEPH—44 Valley Road, Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167; B.S., Tufts University, 1943; M.D., Tufts University, 1946; (Maternal and Child Health). Wife: Adele; children: John, 13, Joseph 10, Emily, 9- Asst. Prof, of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts and Boston University and Instructor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard. BUNCHER, CHARLES RALPH—44 Whitting- ham Terrace, Millburn, N.J. 07041; S.B., Mass. In¬ stitute of Technology, I960; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1964; (Biostatistics). Wife: Lois. Lt. jg., U.S.N., Ship Superintendent, San Francisco Na¬ val Shipyard. BURGER, EDWARD JAMES JR. — Dover, Mass., B.Sc., McGill University, 1954; M.D.C.M., McGill University, 1958; M.I.H., Harvard Univer¬ sity, I960; (Physiology). Wife: Sarah; children: Heidi, 4; Hilary, 2. Flight Surgeon, Group Medical Officer, U.S. Navy, Pensacola, Fla. BYRD, THOMAS RAYMOND—Route 4, Ker¬ shaw, S.C.; S.B., Clemson College, 1957; M.D., Medical College of South Carolina, 1961; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1964; (Epidemiology-Micro¬ biology). Health Practices Bureau, Prev. Med. Div., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Dept., Washington, D.C. CATON, MYRTLE URSULA—203 Park Drive, Boston, Mass.; A.B., Atlantic Union College, 1957; M.D., Loma Linda University, 1961; (Tropical Public Health). Resident, Internal Medicine, Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif. CHEN, PAUL CHIEH YEE—c o University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; M.B., B.S., Uni¬ versity of Malaya, I960; M.P.H., Harvard Univer¬ sity, 1965; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Siew Tin; child: Catherine J. A., 3. Medical Officer, Ma¬ laysia and Lecturer, University of Malaya. CHEN, SIEW TIN—Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; M.B., B.S., University of Ma¬ laya, I960; (Maternal and Child Health). Hus¬ band: Paul; child: Catherine J. A.., 3. Medical Of¬ ficer, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. CHEN, YUAN PING—128 Nan-Chang Street, Sec. 1, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; M.D., National Taiwan University, 1951; (Maternal and Child Health). Wife: Jau-Jau-Lin; children: Su- Hang, 8; In-Tsung, 6; Min-Fei, 5. Lecturer, Dept, of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan Univ. School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Repub¬ lic of China. CHENG, ALFRED K.—School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, San Antonio, Texas; B.S., Washburn University, 1954; M.D., University of Kansas, 1958; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Ma¬ bel; children: Sharon, 8; Glenn, 4; Terry, 1. Direc¬ tor, Base Medical Service, Shu Lin Kou Air Station, Taiwan, China, and Commander, 6212th USAF Dispensary. COLLINS, HARVEY SHIELDS—New York; B.S., University of California, 1935, M.A., Harvard University, 1940; M.D., Harvard University, 1943; (General Program). Chief, Dept, of Bacteriology, Memorial Hospital, N.Y. and Asst. Prof, of Medi¬ cine, Cornell Medical School. (Deceased) COLSON, NANCY BILLINGS—190 Conant Road, Weston, Mass.; B.S., Simmons College, 1953; (Nutrition). Children: Wendell, 11; Christian, 9; Emily, 7. Part-time teaching, Y.W.C.A., Boston and Crittenton Hastings House, Brighton. CONNELLY, ROGER RALPH — 34 Clover Lane, Mason City, Iowa; S.B., Iowa State Univer¬ sity, 1958; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1964; (Biostatistics and Epidemiology). Wife: Shirley; child: Lorraine, 3. Statistician, National Cancer In¬ stitute, NIH, Bethesda, Md. CONTIS, GEORGE PETER—747 S. Linden Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.; A.B., University of Pitts¬ burgh, 1954; M.D., George Washington Univer¬ sity, 1958; (Maternal and Child Health). Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School, Cardiology Fel¬ low, Children’s Hospital, Boston. CREASIA, DONALD ANTHONY—31 Brock Street, Brighton, Mass. 02135; A.B., University of Vermont, 1961; (Toxicology). Wife: Jean. Re¬ search Asst., HSPH, Boston. CUDWORTH, ALLEN L.—Framingham, Mass.; S.B., University of Alabama, 1949; S.M., Mass. In¬ stitute of Technology, 1952; (Industrial Hygiene). Wife: Cynthia; children: Ann, 10; Lindsay, 9; James, 5. Director of Research, Liberty Mutual In¬ surance Co., Boston, Mass. DADA, BABALOLA AYOOLA—11 Orogiri Street, Lagos, Nigeria; G.C.E., Northern Polytech¬ nic, London, 1954; M.D., Heidelberg University, 1963; (Demography and Human Ecology). Wife: Doris. Resident, Dept, of Internal Medicine, Hu¬ ron Road Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio. DAGUILLARD, FRITZ—Cayes, Haiti; M.D., University of Haiti, 1961; M.P.H., Harvard Uni¬ versity, 1965; (Microbiology). Intern, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. DAVIES, JOHN WYNFORD—7 3 Irving Place, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; M.B., B.S., London Hos¬ pital Medical College, 1950; D.P.H., Toronto Uni¬ versity, 1956; (Epidemiology). Medical Consult¬ ant, Epidemiology Division, Dept, of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada. DAVIS, MICHAEL ALLAN—14 Bishop Road, Quincy, Mass. 02170; B.S., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1962; M.S., Worcester Polytechnic Insti¬ tute, 1964; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1965; (Radiation Biology). Wife: Rona. Teaching Asst., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass. DAVY, JOHN ROBERT—253 Crafts Street, Newtonville, Mass. 02160; B.A., Yale University, 1954; M.D., Temple University, 1958; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Carmel; children: Sarah, 6; Vanessa, 5. Physician, U.S.P.H.S. Heart Disease Control Program. DAWSON, STANLEY VERNE—16 Queens- berry Street, Boston, Mass.; B.S., Stanford Univer¬ sity, 1953; M.S., Cal. Tech., 1957; (Filtration the¬ ory). Research Engineer, Dept, of Industrial Hygiene, HSPH. DEITCH, SELMA R.—300 No. Adams Street, Manchester, N.H.; B.S., Tufts University (Jack- son), 1944; M.D., Tufts University, 1949; (Mater¬ nal and Child Health). Husband: Saul; children: John, 12; Richard, 2. Physician-in-Charge, Chil¬ dren’s Clinic, Boston Dispensary, Boston, Mass. DESAI, SHASHI DHIROO—Bombay, Maha- rastra, India; M.B., B.S., University of Bombay, 1961; (Nutrition). Rotating Internship, King Ed¬ ward Memorial Hospital, Bombay. DOUGHERTY, JOHN DENNIS—191 Com¬ monwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass.; A.B., Kansas University, 1955; M.D., Kansas University, 1958; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1965; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Margery; children: John, 6; Andrew, 2. Chief, Accident Investigation Branch, Federal Aviation Agency, Washington, D.C. DURANT, THOMAS STEPHEN—28 Melville Avenue, Dorchester, Mass.; B.S., Boston College, 1951; M.D., Georgetown University, 1955; (Ma¬ ternal and Child Health). Wife: Fredericka; chil¬ dren: Stephen, 12; Joseph, 6; Sean, 5. Associate in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University, and private practice, Boston, Mass. DWYER, JOHANNA TODD — 241 Maple¬ wood Avenue, Syracuse, N.Y.; B.S., Cornell Uni¬ versity, I960; M.S., University of Wisconsin, 1962; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1964; (Nutri¬ tion). Instructor, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. DYER, HALMOND CHARLES—36 Monterey Drive, Kgu 6, Jamaica; M.B., B.S., University Col¬ lege of the West Indies, 1957; (Tropical Public Health). Wife: Alma Ashmeade; children: Charles, 5; Karen, 4; Angela, 2. Health Officer, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. FABIA, JACQUELINE JEAN—14 Avenue du General Mangin, Paris 16°, France; M.D., Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France, 1944; (Epidemiology). Child: Olivier, 29. Chief of Department, Inter¬ national Children ’s Centre, Paris, France. FAHRNI, JOHN HOWARD —Seneca, S. Da¬ kota; B.S., S. Dakota State College, 1959; M.D., University of Iowa, 1963; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Joanne; children: Janet, 10; Jeffrey, 8; Jenise, 6; Jina, 4. Flight Surgeon, Ft. Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas. FEINLEIB, MANNING — 248 Grove Street, Auburndale, Mass. 02166; A.B., Cornell Univer¬ sity, 1956; M.D., S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, 1961; (Cancer Epidemiology). Wife: Marcia; child: Richard, 1. Intern, Mt. Sinai Hos¬ pital, New York City. FREDETTE, JEAN MARC—1451, Savoie, Or- sainville, Quebec 7, Canada; B.A., Seminaire de Sherbrooke, 1952; M.D., Universite Laval, Quebec, I960; (Demography). Wife: Angeline; children: Mario, 5; Gerald, 4; Jacinte, 2. Director, Health Unit, Riviere-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada. GANICK, DOROTHY JOAN — 69 Clinton Road, Brookline, Mass.; B.A., Mt. Holyoke Col¬ lege, 1965; (Nutrition). Student, Mt. Holyoke College. GARZA, STEPHEN JAMES—505 No. 15th Street, McAllen, Texas; D.D.S., University of Texas, 1957; (Public Health Practice). Training Officer, Division of Dental Health, U.S.P.H.S., Dental Health Center, San Francisco, Calif. GHASSEMI, HOSSEIN — 28 Pahlavi Avenue, Teheran, Iran; Dr. of Pharmacy, Teheran Univer¬ sity, 1957; M.Sc., University of Wisconsin, I960; (Nutrition). Wife: Hayedeh. Deputy Director General, Ministry of Health, Teheran, Iran. GLOOR, ROBERT FRANK — 239 Sterling Road, S. Lancaster, Mass. 01561; A.B., Atlantic Union College, 1950; M.D., Loma Linda Univer¬ sity, 1954; (International Health). Wife: Theresa; children: Sharon, 15; Mark, 10; Martha, 13; Daniel, 9; David, 8; Rebecca, 5; Michele, 3. Health Super¬ visor, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Mariana Islands. GOLDBERG, JUDITH DORIS — 2260 Olin- ville Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10467; A.B., Bar¬ nard College, 1965; (Biostatistics). Student, Bar¬ nard College. GOLDSTONE, DONALD EDWARD — A.B., Johns Hopkins University, 1957; M.D., Univer¬ sity of Chicago, 1961; (General Program). Sur¬ geon, U.S.P.H.S., Washington, D.C. GOTTLIEB, MARISE SUSS — 357 Emerson Road, Lexington, Mass. 02173; A.B., Barnard Col¬ lege, 1958; M.D., New York University, 1962; (Epidemiology). Husband: Arthur; children: Mindy Cheryl, 3; Joanne Meredith, 1. Medical Officer, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. GREEN, RONALD STEPHEN — 10805 S. Eberhart Avenue, Chicago, Ill.; M.D., Loyola Medi¬ cal School, 1962; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Deanna; child: Barbara, 2. Director of Aeromedi- cal Services, 861 Medical Group (SAC), Glasgow AFB, Montana. 64 GUERRERO, RODRIGO—Carrera 5 No. 6-14, Cali, Colombia, S.A.; M.D., Del Valle University, 1962; (Demography and Human Ecology). Wife: Maria; child: Pablo Andres, 6 mos. Instructor, Public Health Dept., Del Valle University, Cali, Colombia. GUINEE, VINCENT FLORENCE—210 E. 68 Street, New York, N.Y. 10021; B.S., Fordham University, 1955; M.D., Cornell University, 1959; (Epidemiology). Medical Resident, II Division (Cornell), Bellevue Hospital, New York City. GUZMAN, VIRGINIA BALDERRAMA — Marimar Village, Paranaque, Rizal, Philippines; A.A., University of the Philippines, 1945; M.D., University of the Philippines, 1951; (Maternal and Child Health). Husband: Santiago; children: Roberto, 9; Cynthia, 5; Francisco, 3; Amelita, 2. Asst. Prof., Maternal and Child Health, Institute of Hygiene, Univ. of the Philippines, Manila. HARTER, ALAN CAMPBELL — Box 344, Stockbridge, Mass.; B.A., Williams College, 1949; M.D., University of Buffalo, 1955; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Ann; children: Frederick, 10; Elizabeth, 9; Thomas, 8. Private practice and Asso¬ ciate in Internal Medicine, Austen Riggs Psychi¬ atric Center, Stockbridge, Mass. HERMANN, ELMER RAYMOND JR.—8718 W. Burleigh Street, Milwaukee, Wis.; B.S., Uni¬ versity of Wisconsin, 1956; M.D., University of Wisconsin, 1959; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Patricia. Flight Surgeon, USAF, Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico. HIGHRITER, MARION ELIZABETH — 409 W. Academy Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; B.A., Mt. Holyoke College, 1950; M.N., Yale University, 1953; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1958; (Public Health Nursing Administration). Public Health Nursing Supervisor, San Juan Basin Health Unit, Durango, Colorado. HIROHATA, TOMIO — 14-3, Honminami- Machi, Takamiya, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Ken, Japan; S.M., Kyushu University, Japan, 1956; M.D., Kyushu University, I960; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1965; (Epidemiology). Wife: Itsuyo. Instructor, Dept, of Public Health, Kyushu Univ. School of Medicine, Fukuoka City, Japan. HOSACK, ALICE MARIE — 22 Evans Way, Boston, Mass. 02115; B.S., University of Buffalo, 1945; M.A., University of Chicago, 1951; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1959; (Maternal and Child Health). Assoc. Prof, of Nursing, Boston University School of Nursing. JERNIGAN, CLARENCE A.—135 Longridge Drive, San Antonio, Texas; A.B., Oklahoma Bap¬ tist University, 1956; M.D., Baylor University; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Kathryn; children: Richard, 4; Leslie, 5. Medical Officer (Aerospace Medicine), NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas. JOBIN, WILLIAM ROGER — 7 Philip Lane, Foxboro, Mass.; S.B., S.M., Mass. Institute of Tech¬ nology, 1959, 1961; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard Uni¬ versity, 1964; (Tropical Public Health). Wife: Sara; children: Maria, 4; Andrew, 1. Public Health Engineer, U.S.P.H.S., San Juan, Puerto Rico. JOHNSON, LEONARD WILLIAM JR.—401 Park Avenue, Elkhart, Indiana; B.S., Howard Uni¬ versity, 1951; M.D., Howard University, 1956; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Evelyn; children: Karen, 7; Leonard III, 3. USAF Flight Surgeon and Chief, Flight Medicine Serevice, USAF Hos¬ pital Scott, Scott AFB, Illinois. JONG, ANTHONY—New York City; B.S., City College of New York, I960; D.D.S., New York University, 1964; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Bonnie Ellen. Intern, Jewish Memorial Hospital, New York City. KASSIRA, EDWARD NAIM — 95 1 Bustan Kubba, Baghdad, Iraq; M.B., Ch.B., Baghdad Medical College, 1959; M.P.H., Johns Hopkins University, 1965; (Microbiology). Wife: Nadira; child: Firas, 2. Instructor, Microbiology Dept., Baghdad University School of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq. KAY, WON CHUEL—San 5-39 Nogosandong, Mapo-Goo, Seoul, Korea; M.D., Severance Union Medical College, 1945; D.M.Sc., Yonsei Univer¬ sity, 1964; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Suk In; children: Hae-Sun, 11; Hag-Soon, 8; Shin-Oog, 4. Surgeon General, Rok Air Force, Hqs. Rok Air Force, Seoul, Korea. 65 KAZIS, ALBERT JACOB — 20 Levbert Road, Newton, Mass.; D.M.D., Tufts University, 1949; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Rose; children: Lewis, 15; Joel, 13; Ellen, 8. Asst. Prof., Dept, of Fixed, Partial, Denture Prostheses, Tufts Univ. School of Dental Medicine. REISER, A. KAY—Boston, Mass.; S.B, Seton Hall University, I960; M.P.H., Yale University, 1962; (Public Health Practice). Medical Care Re¬ search Asst., Yale University, New Haven, Conn. KRUGER, LEON EZAR — 50 Grafton Street, Newton Center, Mass., S.B., Harvard University, 1943; M.D., Boston University, 1951; (Maternal and Child Health). Wife: Aura; children: Con¬ stance, 18; Philip, 12; Charles, 10; Jo Ann, 9- Private practice, Pediatrics, Newton Center. LANCTOT, CLAUDE ANDRE—c o Dr. Paul Junger, 2 Merten Crescent, Montreal 29, P.Q., Canada; B.Sc. Ill, McGill University, 1953; M.D.,C.M., McGill University, 1957; (Demog¬ raphy and Human Ecology). Wife: Anne; child: Claire, 4 mos. Research Fellow, Dept, of Obs.-Gyn., Yale University, New Haven, Conn. LAUWERYS, ROBERT RODOLPHE—5, Av. Leopold, Ressaix (Hainaut), Belgium; M.D., Lou¬ vain University, 1962; M.I.H., Louvain University, 1965; (Industrial Toxicology). Wife: Frangoise; children: Christophe, 3; Xavier, 2. Resident, In¬ ternal Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St. Pierre, Louvain, Belgium. LEET, ROBERT KLINE — 37 Granby Road, Worcester, Mass.; A.B., Harvard University, 1957; M.D., Albany Medical College, 1963; (Aerospace Medicine). Wife: Helena; children: Gregory, 4; Gary, 2; Maria, 1. Surgical Resident, Beverly Hos¬ pital, Beverly, Mass. LESKE, GARY SELL—510 1st Avenue, South, New Rockford, N. Dakota; D.D.S., Creighton University 7 ; (Nutrition). Layman’s Overseas Serv¬ ice Missionary Dentist, Bolivia, South America. LI, YULING — 33 Egmont Street, Brookline, Mass.; B.A., Wellesley College, 1962; (Biostatis¬ tics). Research Asst., Biomathematics Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. LIEBERMAN, DAVID JOSEPH — 400 Street Road, Feasterville, Pa. 19048; M.D., Jefferson Medical College, 1950; (Public Health Practice). Public Health Resident, Philadelphia Dept, of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pa. LIEBERMAN, LIONEL MELVIN—483 Boyl- ston Street, Brookline, Mass. 02146; B.A., Univer¬ sity of Virginia, 1948; M.D., University of Vir¬ ginia, 1952; (Occupational Medicine). Wife: Mara; children: David, 11; Ruth, 8; Nina 5, Gay, 5. Private practice of medicine, Hampton, Virginia. LINDSTROM, ERIC EVERETT —635 North Ewing Street, Helena, Montana; B.S., Wheaton College, 1958; M.D., University of Maryland, 1963; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Nancy; chil¬ dren: Laura Ann, 4; Eric, Jr., 1. Flight Surgeon— Altitude Research Project Officer, U.S. Army Re¬ search Institute of Environmental Medicine, Na¬ tick, Mass. LYNCH, ROBERT DENNIS — 19 Whitman Street, Dorchester, Mass.; A.B., Northeastern Lfni- versity, 1964; (Nutrition). Wife: Mary; child: Richard, 2. Technician, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Mass. MABEL, JUDITH ANN—96 Sycamore Street, Albany 8, N.Y.; B.S., Cornell University, 1964; (Nutrition). Student, Cornell University. MacPHERSON, WILLIAM JAMES — Camp- bellton, New Brunswick, Canada; B.Sc., Dalhousie University, 1953; M.D., C.M., McGill University. 1958; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Kilby; children: Bryn, 3; James, 1. Resident in Cardiology. Asst, in Medicine (Harvard), Veterans Admini¬ stration Hospital, West Roxbury, Mass. McCullough, Fergus samuel— c o Mrs. D. Stevenson, 55 Rhanbuoy Park, Craigavad, County Down, Northern Ireland; B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1948, 1951, 1956; (Tropical Public Health). Wife: Elizabeth; children: Katherine, 3; Mary, 2. Team Leader, WHO Ghana, Bilharziasis Pilot Control Project. McIntosh, Arthur Herbert—398 ai- per Street, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; B.A., McMaster University, 1959; M.S.A., Guelph Agr. College, 1962; M.S., M.I.T., 1965; (Microbiology). Wife: Daniele; child: Scott, 1. Student, Mass. Institute of Technology. MICHELSEN, PHYLLIS BUCKLEY — c o John J. Buckley, 407 Chancery Street, New Bed¬ ford, Mass.; A.B., Barnard College, 1949; M.S., Columbia University, 1952; (Biostatistics). Child: Sarah, 10. Associate, Faculty of Medicine, Colum¬ bia University, New York City. MILLER, RALPH ENGLISH — 9 Downing Road, Hanover, N.H.; B.A., Dartmouth College, 1958; M.D., Harvard University, 1961; (Environ¬ mental Physiology). Wife: Pamela; child: Ralph. Physiologist, Dept, of Neuroendocrinology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. MOORE, WILLIAM MORLEY—23 Oakshade Avenue, Darien, Conn.; B.A., Williams College, 1958; M.D., Queen’s University (Canada), 1962; (Maternal and Child Health). Wife: Carole; child: Heather, 1. Program on Growth and Develop¬ ment, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland. MORRIS, MARGOT LYNN—112 Kingsdale Drive, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; B.A., University of Toronto, 1965; (Nutrition). Student, Univer¬ sity of Toronto. MUANGMAN, DEBHANOM — 489 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand; B.A., Grinnell College, 1958; M.D., Jefferson Medical College, 1962; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1965; (Virology). Wife: Chayaporn. Medical Resident, New Britain General Hospital, New Britain, Conn. MUNROE, GRETEL SPRAGUE—New York City; A.B., Smith College, 1958; (Demography and Human Ecology). Teacher, American School of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco. MURPHY, RAYMOND LEO H. JR. — 11 Conry Crescent, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; S.B., Holy Cross College, 1954; M.D., New York University, 1961; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1965; (Occu¬ pational Medicine). Wife: Margaret; children: Raymond, 7; Michael, 5; Ann, 5; Maureen, 2; Alice, 1. Medical Resident, St. Vincent’s Hospital, New York. NAGGAN, LECHAIM—207 Park Drive, Bos¬ ton, Mass. 02215; B.Med.Sc., University of Geneva, 1957; M.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem, I960; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Nancy; child: Laora, 10 mos. Resident, Dept, of Pediatrics. Tel-Hashomer Government Hospital, Ramat-Gan. Israel. NEAVE, CHARLES—115 Pilgrim Road, Welles¬ ley, Mass. 02181; B.A., Yale University, 1954; M.D., M.P.H., Columbia University, 1958, 1962; (Epidemiology — International Health). Wife: Mary; children: Joseph, 6; Andrew, 4; Betsy, 4; Kate, 2. LCDR, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy, Dept, of Microbiology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, Taiwan. NEFF, RAYMOND KENNETH — 192 Crab- apple Road, Flower Hill, Manhasset, N.Y.; A.B., Dartmouth College, 1964; (Biostatistics). Student, Dartmouth College. NELSON, SHIRLEY ANN — 1806 W. Mul¬ berry Street, Fort Collins, Colorado; A.B., Univer¬ sity of Nebraska, 1951; M.S.W., University of Nebraska, 1954; (Public Health Practice). Asst. Professor, Rutgers University. NITZBERG, DAVID MORRIS — 22 Stimson Avenue, Lexington, Mass.; A.B., Columbia College, 1956; M.Sc., Ohio State University, 1957; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1963; (Biostatistics). Wife: Roslyn; children: Michael, 8; Steven, 5; Susan, 4 mos. Systems Analyst, Institute of Naval Studies, Cambridge, Mass. PARKER, GERALD SAMUEL — 12 Lowell Road, Brookline, Mass.; S.B., Northeastern Uni¬ versity, 1953; S.M., Harvard University, 1955; 5. M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1965; (Physiol¬ ogy). Wife: Sandra; children: Jonathan, 10; Ruan, 6. Senior Sanitary Engineer, Mass. Dept, of Public Health, Boston, Mass. PERKINS, NILES LEE—Dept, of Health and Welfare, Augusta, Maine; A.B., Bowdoin College, 1946; M.D., Tufts University, 1950; (Public Health Practice). Wife: Pearl; children: Bernice, 24; Niles III, 22. Private practice; Research Assoc., Cardiology, Maine Medical Center; Medical Con¬ sultant, State Bureau of Family Services, Portland, Maine. PETERS, JOHN MILTON—B.S., University of Utah, 1957; M.D., University of Utah, I960; M.P.H., Harvard University, 1964; (Occupational Medicine). Wife: Carolyn; children: John, 7; Philip, 6; Susa, 3; Charles, 1. Nuclear Medical Officer, U.S. Army Engineer Reactor Group, Wash¬ ington, D.C. PETTIGREW, ANN HALLMAN — 17 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138; B.A., Radcliffe College, 1956; M.D., Boston University, I960; (Epidemiology). Husband: Thomas; child: Mark, 5 mos. Resident in Pathology, New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass. PUGLIESE, CELSO MARIO de ARAUJO — Conego Jose Loreta, 5, Apto. 3, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; M.D., University of Bahia, 1958; (Tropical Public Health). Wife: Celia; children: Patricia, 5; Paula, 1. Teaching Instructor, University of Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. REAGAN, WILLIAM PAUL—Route 3, Box 202, Little Rock, Ark.; A.B., Yale University, 1951; M.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1955; (Tuberculosis). Wife: Elspeth; children: Robyn, 9; Dan, 8; Wendy, 6; Heather, 3; Jennifer, 1. Director, Division of TB Control, Arkansas State Health Dept., Little Rock, Ark. REIST, PARKER CRAMER — State College, Pa.; S.B., Penn State University, 1955; S.M., Mass. Institute of Technology, 1957; S.M. in Hyg., Har¬ vard University, 1963; (Radiological Health). Wife: Janet. Engineer, Atomic Energy Commis¬ sion, Pittsburgh, Pa. RICHTER, ELIHU DANIEL—599 Broadway, Paterson, N.J.; A.B., Columbia University, 1959; M.D., New York University, 1963; (Epidemi¬ ology). Wife: Alma; child: Shira, 1. Resident in Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. RUNYAN, THOR A C—199 Park Drive, Bos¬ ton, Mass.; B.S., University of Idaho, 1961; (Nu¬ trition). Husband: William; child: Laura, 4. Re¬ search Asst., Harvard School of Public Health. RUNYAN, WILLIAM SCOTTIE — 199 Park Drive, Boston, Mass.; B.S., University of Idaho, I960; M.S., University of Idaho, 1962; (Nutri¬ tion). Wife: Thora; child: Laura, 4. Research Asst., Harvard School of Public Health. SANGSINGKEO, VITURA—Dept, of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Bangkok, Thailand; M.D. Siriraj Medical School, Thailand, 1961; (Demography and Human Ecology). Wife: Suchada. Director, Maehongsorn Govt. Hospital, Maehongsorn, Thailand. SEDER, RICHARD HENRY — 58 Brownell Street, Worcester, Mass.; A.B., Harvard Univer¬ sity, I960; M.D., Harvard University, 1965; (Demography and Human Ecology). Wife: Margery. Student, Harvard Medical School. SHARRATT, SISTER ANNE—Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, County Louth, Ire¬ land; M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O., National University of Ireland, 1959; (Tropical Public Health). Medical Officer, St. Mary’s Hospital, Urua Akpan, Ikot Ekpene, Eastern Nigeria. SIDOR, REINHARD—49 Pleasant Street, Ayer, Mass.; A.B., Northeastern University, 1965; (In¬ dustrial Hygiene). Student, Northeastern Univer¬ sity. SIMMONS, JEANNETTE JANE—4351 Beck Avenue, Studio City, Calif.; B.S. Iowa State Col¬ lege, 1943; M.P.H., University of Michigan, 1945; (Public Health Practice). Lecturer in Public Health, University of California at Berkeley. SLOCUM, LEE GARD—107 Glenhaven Lane, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15238; A.B., Dartmouth College, 1964; (Biostatistics). Teaching Fellow, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. SPOOR, DANIEL HARRY — North Street, Medfield, Mass.; B.A., University of Texas, 1954; M.D., University of Texas, 1958; (Aviation Medi¬ cine). Wife: Janice; children: Leslie, 8; Scott, 7; Tracy, 5; Mallory, 3; Shannon, 2. Director, Aero¬ space Medicine and OIC, Moron Dispensary, Moron Air Base, Seville, Spain. STERN, JUDITH SCHNEIDER—900 Memo¬ rial Drive, Apt. 1101 W., Cambridge, Mass.; B.S., Cornell University, 1964; (Nutrition). Husband: Richard. Graduate Research Asst., M.I.T., Cam¬ bridge, Mass. THOMPSON, DORIS HARRELL—2118 Sec¬ ond Street, Lake Charles, Louisiana; B.S., Louis¬ iana State University, 1951; M.D., University of Michigan, 1958; (Maternal and Child Health). Husband: John; children: Sarah, 11; John, Jr., 9; Benjamin, 3. Pediatrician, Collaborative Child De¬ velopment Program, Charity Hospital, New Or¬ leans, La. 68 TURNER, GUTHRIE LEWIS JR. — Route 3, Snow Hill, North Carolina; B.S., Shaw University, 1949; M.D., Howard University, 1953; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Ellaworth; children: Kimber¬ ley, 7; Kevin, 5; Karen, 1. Flight Surgeon, U.S. Army Aviation Center, Fort Rucker, Alabama. VERA, MARIA CRISTINA—Avenida Espejo 0515, Santiago, Chile; Bach. Biol., Universidad de Chile, 1956; M.D., Universidad de Chile, 1964; (Maternal and Child Health). Pediatrics Dept., Hospital Militar, Bogota, Colombia. VIVES, MELVA VILORIA—50 Harvard Street, Cubao, Quezon City, Philippines; B.S., Ch.E., Uni¬ versity of Santo Tomas, 1962; (Radiation Health Physics). Scientist I, Philippine Atomic Energy Com., Manila, Phil. WAGONER, JOSEPH KIRBY — National Cancer Institute, Epidemiology Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Md. 20014; B.S., College of St. Thomas, 1957; M.S., University of Minnesota, I960; (Epi¬ demiology and Biostatistics). Wife: Jeanne; chil¬ dren: Joseph, 4; John, 3; James, 18 mos. Statisti¬ cian, Nat’l. Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Md. WARRAM, JAMES HEBER JR.—705 North¬ east 14th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104; B.S., University of Oklahoma, 1957; M.D., Har¬ vard University, 1961; (Biostatistics). Wife: Susan; children: Margaret, 2; James, 1. Preventive Medicine Officer, Div. of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Wash¬ ington, D.C. WATKINS, ELIZABETH LAW — 5 Cutler Avenue, Cambridge, Mass.; A.B., Bryn Mawr Col¬ lege, 1944; M.S.S.A., Western Reserve University, 1950; S.M. in Hyg., Harvard University, 1958; (Maternal and Child Health). Asst. Professor of Social Work in Public Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health. WILSON, CHARLES TATE—c o L. E. Wilson, Roberta, Georgia; A.B., Mercer University, 1959; M.S.W., Florida State University, 1961; (Public Health Practice). Medical Social Consultant, Tri- County District Health, Aurora, Colorado. WITTE, JOHN JACOB—Communicable Dis¬ ease Center, Atlanta, Georgia. A.B., Hope College, 1954; M.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1959; (Tropical Public Health and Microbiology). Wife: Ann; child: Susan, 3. Deputy Chief, Sur¬ veillance Section, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga. WORTH, DOROTHY JANE—33 Washington Street, Newton, Mass. 02158; M.D., St. Louis Uni¬ versity, 1956; (Maternal and Child Health). Hus¬ band: Robert; children: Benjamin, 8; Joshua, 6; Rachel, 4; Isaac, 2; Nathaniel, 10 mos. Coordinator of Maternal and Child Health, Newton Health De¬ partment, Newton, Mass. YEN, STELLA B.—36 Mansfield Road, Wel¬ lesley, Mass.; Aurora University, 1949; St. Thomas University, Manila, 1954; (Maternal and Child Health). Husband: Ming Wong; children: Mary, 8; Robby; 6. Anesthesiologist, Boston Lying-in Hospital, Boston, Mass. YOUNGMAN, SAMUEL ANTES—2 Round Hill Road, Williamsport, Pa.; B.S., Franklin and Marshall College, 1946; M.D., University of Penn¬ sylvania, 1949; (Aviation Medicine). Wife: Phyl¬ lis; children: Samuel, III, 11; Linda, 8. Senior Medical Officer and Flight Surgeon, U.S.S. Wasp. i’lbJ 1 WILSON, DOROTHY — Box 4392, Panama. M.D., University of Panama, 1955; (Nutrition). Medical Officer, INCAP, Guatemala. 69 James Warram (Social Committee), Richard Brown (Student Forums), Gary Leske (Vice Presi¬ dent and Curriculum Committee), Elihu Richter (Yearbook), Robert Gloor (Treasurer), Maria Vera (Secretary) and Fergus McCullough (President). D’ou venons-nous? One sommes-nous? Ou allons-nous? B y the time this Yearbook has been printed, we, the students of the 1966 Class, will have completed a wide variety of highly specialized courses. We will have absorbed and regurgitated much knowledge and not a little nonsense. We will have been graded, like steer in the Chicago stock- yards, and found to be superb, mediocre or defi¬ cient. In June we will take up our next assignments better equipped, it is hoped, to contribute to the material well-being which is characteristic of this technological age or to control disease and diminish want in underprivileged communities. But although our training has been specialized, I suspect that it will have led us, paradoxically, to an even greater awareness of the versatility of public health work and its involvement in the scientific, social, politi¬ cal, economic and aesthetic spheres of man’s exist¬ ence. It is this broad scope which makes a career in public health fascinating, for it challenges to the full our unique power of imagination and tests our humanitarian qualities. Bearing this in mind, we may agree that if a public health program is to be effective, a purely technical approach will, in the long run, be inadequate unless complemented by a recognition of the concomitant humanitarian re¬ quirements. With the rapid and apparently inevit¬ able trend towards overcrowded urban life, bigger bureaucracies and lack of concern for the indi¬ vidual, it becomes increasingly important to reflect on Dubos’ statement which, though it referred to the art and compassion of medicine, is as apt in the public health sphere as in the consulting room— Of course one can manage without all that and still be a doctor, but in that case one should realize that the only thing that makes us different from the veterinarian is the clientele.” It seems un¬ fortunate, therefore, that most Schools of Public Health make little formal attempt to encourage reflection on the fundamental role which the humanities play; understandably, the emphasis i s on technical competence but, in view of the human behavioral problems which will accelerate as over¬ crowding increases, must this be accepted as suffi¬ cient? Fergus McCullough Courtesy, Boston Museum of Fine Arts . . . leading . . . . . . cajoling . . . . . . exhorting . . . . . . reminiscing . . . 71 International House Goldfish? Try this line Panamanians Scientifically prepared Cymru Am Byth Scxaal L .. Expectation Switches for Bobby l c SWT H6 CAf THE PUCKPOftJ DOG-YEAR Bebedine, Bebedine, where have you been? I ' ve been to Harvard to see the Dean. Bebedine, Bededine, what did you there? Fourfold tables under his chair. My name has plenty of a’s, b’s and even a d, But I never knew where, oh where, was my c. I sniffed and I searched under every tree And found it at last in Epi 1 ab So my eleven dog-years have not been in vain. What would I learn if I came here again? Bebedine Fabia The Vigilantes Scrimshaw on Food 75 Professional socialites Still life Parranda Latino Americano The Vanderbilts We’ve struggled through our Biostat. The mean, the mode, the skew. We’ve learned of t and p and n; Of letters not a few. We’ve studied all about the fog. We’ve learned of Dr. Snow. We’ve prevalenced” and incidenced” And searched for cause just so. We’ve learned about the ancient Greeks; The early healing art. Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine. Each nation played its part. We’ve talked about the vitamins; And endo-mesomorphs. Of food record, and food recall, Obesity and dwarfs. We’ve learned a lot about ague We’ve studied schistosomes. And kissing bugs, and tsetse flies; Mosquitos in the home. We’ve learned of the effect of heat And also that of cold. Of dust in air; improper light; Radioactive gold. We’ve talked about too many births. On Yap there are too few! We’ve gone from Yap to India And then down to Peru. We’ve talked about the world’s health needs; We’ve mentioned mental care. We’ve made field trips; we’ve seminared”. We’ve discussed Medicare. We faithfully have read each stack Of mimeographed quotes. We’ve learned how to conceptualize. (Just memorize the notes.) Happy New Year To Public Health Practice 1 ab K is for the Knowledge that was lacking. L is for the Light that didn’t dawn. A is for the Awful fear attacking. R for Reasons” from the memory gone. M is for the Many things unlearned. A for Answers that were left as blanks. N is for the New leaf that was turned. Still to all in PHP we give our Thanks. Robert Gloor Man from Mars That’s how! Fertile egg? Hippocrates Ouch! In Maine we . . . My line is fertility, etc. Budding statisticians Dermacentor Andersoni Ski reports here Normal deviates Saturday review ... We will remember... Leslie Silverman P ro fessor Leslie Silverman died at his home in Dover, Mass, on March 4, 1966, at the age of 51. He came to Harvard in 1937 as a Gordon McKay Scholar after receiving a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois and an M.S. from Rutgers University. He was awarded an M.S. in Engineering and a Doctor of Science degree in Industrial Hygiene by Harvard. Ap¬ pointed Instructor in the Department of Industrial Hygiene in 1939, Dr. Silverman became Professor of Engineering in Environmental Hygiene in 1958 and Head of the Department of Industrial Hygiene in 1961. For more than 25 years, Leslie Silverman’s career was distinguished by his teaching and his highly original research in the environmental health sciences. His innovations included contributions to the measurement of respiration, design of res¬ pirators, and measurement of air contaminants. He founded the pioneering Harvard Air Cleaning Laboratory and became its first director. In addition to authoring some 300 scientific and engineering papers, he was the patent holder for more than 20 inventions associated with the environmental health sciences. He held membership on many national and international scientific committees and com¬ missions, including the chairmanship of the Statu- tary Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards for the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Leslie Silverman will be remembered best by his students and colleagues for his extraordinary fund of scientific and engineering knowledge, which he shared with ' courtesy, patience, and generosity; for his inexhaustible vigor in scientific investigations; and for his keen wit, which made every association with him a delightful experience. He was an inspiration to generations of students; his career provided students and colleagues with a clear standard of professional excellence. M. W. F. 80 THE WORLD UNITED AGAINST MALARIA LI BERIA POSTAGE i iJkrx To AfigaR ' j yM R30 9-:v ,9S1 WttfM HflfB rrarr day or tarrs PAKISTAN Y nrf t- 4U� ' V UMmn agaIKP TF 0 HELVETIA