Harry Yarnell (CG 17) - Naval Cruise Book

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Egypt, or the Arab Republic of Egypt, as it has been known since 1971, consists of a rec- tangle of territory occupying the northeastern corner of the African continent. lt has always been a nodal point for routes-westward along the coast of North Africa, northwest to Europe, northeast to the Levant, south along the Nile to Africa, and southeast to the indian Ocean and the Far East. This natural advantage was en- hanced in 1869 by the opening of the Suez Canal. The concern of the European powers to safeguard this link for strategic and commercial reasons is probably the most important single factor influencing the history of Egypt since the 19th century. The increasing presence of the United States and the Soviet Union in the Medi- terranean since World War ll has kept Egypt in the spotlight of world concern. Alexandria iArabic al-lskandarijakj, capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great in 332 BC to AD 642, when it was sub- dued by the Arabs, is Egypt's second largest city and chief seaport. The city's built up area - 133 square miles - in the early 1970s contained most of the more than 2,000,000 residents of its larger Muhafayah lgovernate 1 1, 03511. lt lies on the Mediterranean Sea at the western edge of the Nile Delta, 129 miles north- west of Cairo. Alexandria is built on the strip of land separating a low salt lake lMaryut, or Mar- eotis, eight feet below sea level and now partly drained and cultiva tedj from the Mediterranean and on a T-shaped promontory. The stem of the T was originally a male 1 the Heptastadiumj leading to the island of Pharos, which formed the crosspiece of the T ln the course of centur- ies the mole was widened by the accumulation of silt until it became an isthmus half of a mile wide, on which a part of the city is built. The isthmus forms two harbors, the old or great, harbor on the east and the present harbor on the west. On the eastern tip of the original island stood the great lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World known as the Pharos of Alexandria. lt was begun by the first Ptolemy and completed by his successor about 280 BC. The prototype of all the lighthouses in the world, it was reputed to be 400 feet high. lt was still standing in the 12th century but in 1477 the sultan O5 'it Bay, build a fort and mosque from its ruins. The eastern tip, or cape, is still known as Pharos or as Oa'itb5 y, from the fort and mosque while at the western end is the cape of Ra 's at-Tin 1Cape of Figsj. Na 0 573' L A 5 A ml In r I r l v W 1