Cumberland University - Phoenix Yearbook (Lebanon, TN)

Text from Pages 1 - 68 of the 1956 volume:

THE PHOENIX CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY ' S LAW SCHOOL YEARBOOK ' m. fS:iu FOR 1956 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY LEBANON, TENNESSEE CARUTHERS HALL ■ ' , ' - i : : ' ■■Kk--;iS . .- V ■■•■ ■ ; ' ' ' ' THE 1956 PHOENIX RECORDS THE RETURN TO CARUTHERS This is a special edition of the Phoenix; special in the sense that it records more than just a few of the highlights of the school year or various organiza- tions to which members of the student body belong: The 1956 Phoenix records the return of the law school of Cumberland University to its home, Caruthers Hall. Seventy-nine years ago, a group of men began their study of law in the proud new Caruthers Hall. Caruthers, patterned after the stately and his- toric Independence Hall, was named in honor of Cumberland ' s first law professor, Abraham Caruthers. Pride in their new school named for such a deserving man, and designed after so noble a structure, must have been high in the hearts of these students as they entered its doors for the first time. Some four or five years ago, the law school was moved from Caruthers Hall to Memorial Hall on the main campus due to the lack of adequate office facili- ties in Caruthers. This need was alleviated with the recent purchase of the Green house on property adjacent to that on which Caruthers stands. The Green house contains the offices of the law faculty thus making Caruthers Hall very useful once more. A return was made to Caruthers on January 3, 1956, and the 1956 Phoenix, with a great amount of pride, records for posterity this return. CARUTHERS HALL HOUSING, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE CORDELL HULL BULLDLNG THE LAW SCHOOL AND FACULTY OFFICES —fVi . 1 ' %! .-ra ? c f - ' ■■ - ' v ■ MEMORIAL HALL This impressive, historic building contains the offices of Cumberland Univers ity ' s Administration: President, Registrar, Bursar and Dean of Cumberland ' s Junior College, Dr. Jack Howard. Law classes were held here from June of 1951 until December 16, 1955. Cumberland ' s junior college will be reinstated here in September, 1956, with a complete junior college curriculum leading toward degrees in various professional and business channels. C. U. SCHOOL O F L A W ' fJi; ' mt ' M t. - ;. 5a I S ' . ;■, ,.,,,r . , .; ■ ' . ' i i v vj?- -■- S t J ff¥ f .iOSH t j2 W f fy m ' f •j JS- - rfeV W . % %, m jt s B M ' SiiiUJ ' ' M mummm JR.. : ' .-. w — .fiA wr —  r - : ' . ' TENNESSEE COLLEGE HALL Built in 1938, and located on the main campus, Tennessee College Hall, a comfortable, brick structure, contains rooming and boarding facilities for the bachelor law students. Operated by Mrs. Herschel Bradshaw, dietitian. C. U. SCHOOL O F L A W THE PHOENIX In behalf of the Law School, says a grateful thanks to MEMORIAL HALL for housing its law classes — it ' s back to Caruthers now, but we couldn ' t leave without some expression of gratitude — and so to Memorial Hall, our appreciation, and best of luck in your new assignment, Cumberland University ' s Junior College. C. U. SCHOOL O F L A W To the Memory of CORDELL HULL Born: 1871 Attended Cumberland University: Jan. -June, 1891 United States Congressman : 1907 Secretary of State: 1933-44 Died: 1955 1 BOARD OF TRUSTEES W. J.Baird Lebanon S. B. Gilreath Lebanon William S. Baird Lebanon Jqun j Hooker Nashville S-S.BONE Lebanon y j . Lebanon WiNSTEAD P. Bone, Jr Lebanon Roy 0. Crips Lebanon 0. F. Darwin Lebanon C. 0. DoDSON Lebanon „ r „ „„ Lebanon Homer E. Shannon Lebanon Howard Edgerton i eudiiou Neal McClain Lebanon Edward Potter, Jr Nashville Athens Clay Pullias Nashville THE CHAIRMAN SPEAKS One of the most rewarding experiences I have enjoyed in my lifetime has been my association with Cumberland University, an institution which has produced some of the outstanding leaders of our nation. I am no educator, and I accepted this responsi- bility with reluctance as I felt that there are others more deserving and better equipped to fill a place on this board. As a business man, however, I know the value to my field of endeavor of well-trained minds and the development ot character. I came in as a pinch-hitter because Cumberland University has hung on tenaciously to the educational creed which has fostered the spirit of free enterprise. It has a character m it- self well worth preserving. It follows that good schools produce people equipped with a good supply of factual mforma- tion, ability to live and work with people ot all types, potential capacity to apply these two factors, sound reasoning ability, and a solid sense of values. All of these prerequisites Cumberland fulfills plus training in character-building. It instills into the minds of its students an apprecia- tion for the requirement of moral law as well as for statute laws, and implants in them the fact that one g oes to school for the purpose of fatting himself for living up to the responsibilities ol ' Cumberland University has been time-tried and tested, and can be judged by the products it has turned out. Cumberland alumni may well be proud of their Alma Mater, and the entire community should give this great institution its staunch support. r. t„ Edward Potter, Jr. 10 D E D I C A T I O N THE 1956 PHOENIX IS TO DR. CHARLES W. DEDICATED LEAPHART This year ' s dedicatee was selected as the resuU of a secret ballot by the students of the law school and since this is the student ' s yearbook, this is only proper. Congratula- tions, Dr. C. W. Leaphart. Dr. Leaphart received his A.B. and A.M. from the University of Missouri and earned his LL.B. and S.J.D. from the law school at Harvard. He was professor of law at the University of Montana from 1913 till 1916: at the University of Missouri from 1916 till 1917; Tulane University from 1918 till 1919: was Thayer Teaching Fellow at Harvard Law School, 1928-1929. He was Dean and professor of law at Montana State University from 1919 till 1954 and visiting professor of law at John B. Stetson University from 1954 till 1955. In 1955, Dr. Leaphart started teaching at Cumberland University. In addition to the preceding, he has held the position of Acting President, Montana State University in 1941 and 1943-1944 and was in the Department of Justice from 1937 till 1939. He is a member of the Montana State Bar Association and the American Bar Association. DR. CHARLES B. HAVENS FROM THE NEW PRESIDENT To the Students, Faculty, Alumni, and Friends of the School of Law: Many interesting new developments have made my first year at Cumberland a very thrilling time. The acquisition of the Cordell Hull Building, the healthy up-swing in enrollment in the Law School, the marked increase in giving by alumni and friends, the return of Law classes to Caruthers Hall, and the occupation of the Hiill Building by the Law faculty have all been exciting steps along the way to recovery and to the re-opening of the College of Arts and Science in September. The loyal and friendly spirit of you Law students has been a major factor in the high morale that is present in our school, and I am glad that you graduates can leave us this year with a new sense of optimism and hope. I am glad, too, that you underclassmen will be with us during the 110th Session to encourage us to do bigger and better things for the University. Sincerely, Moxks ft.4U lncK3S Charles B. Havens President 12 DEAN OF THE LAW SCHOOL GRISSIM H WALKER Dean Walker received his A.B. from Cumberland University and his LL.B. from Harvard School of Law. He was admitted to practice in Tennessee in 1942 and in 1947, to the District of Columbia. He is a member of the Ameri- can and Tennessee Bar Associations. U.S. Naval Reserve 1942-46. 13 A.B., Ouachita College; A.M., J.D., University of Chi- cago. Admitted to practice in Kentucky, 1921; Florida, 1925; District of Columbia. 1931. A former instructor at Ouachita College, Dr. Bailey was also a lecturer at the University of Louisville Law School, and was Acting Dean at Cumberland University School of Law. He was on the legal staff of the New York Title and Mortgage Company from 1926 till 1932. and on legal staff of Home Owners ' Loan Corporation from 1934 till 1945, and is a member of the American Bar Assc ciation. LL.B. — Cumberland; Hon. LL.D. Cumberland A Green Professor of Law and a former judge in Wilson County, Tennessee, Judge Gilreath is the author of the sixth and seventh editions of Caruthers ' History of a Lawsuit. He is a former acting Dean and Acting Presi- dent of Cumberland University and a member of the Tennessee and American Bar Associations; he was Chair- man of Committee on Amending and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of the State of Tennessee in 1953. Judge Gilreath was Editorial Consultant and An- notator of the 1955 Tennessee Code and is a member of the Judicial Council. He served as Major in the U.S. Army from 1943 till 1945. DR. BERNARD B. BAILEY Professor of Laic JUDGE SAM B. GILREATH Green Professor of Late 14 MISS SARA HARDISON Librarian Miss Hardison has seen the coming and going of more students at Cumberland University than any other pro- fessor. Having received her L.L.B. Degree in 1923, she has been Law Librarian for thirty-three years. She teaches Legal Bibliography and is well-liked by all. It has been said that if Miss Sara can ' t find the law, on any subject, it probably doesn ' t exist. The Chancellor received his LL.B. at Cumberland Uni- versity. He is a former Chancellor for the Ninth Chan- cery Division of Tennessee and a member of the Ten- nessee and American Bar Associations. He belongs to the American Judicature Society and was a Colonel in the U.S. Army from 1943 till 1946. CHANCELLOR W. W. HERRON Professor of Law 15 ADMINISTRA T I O N MISS IMOGENE BRADLEY Registrar; A.B., Cumberland Upiversity MR. RAY G. ROBERTS Bursar-Bookkeeper; A.B., M.A., Bowlin- Green College of Commerce 16 c U ' MI BERLAND UNIVERSITY CHOOL OF 1 Dr. Charles B. Havens, President, and Ray G. Roberts, bur- sar, examine the books of Cordell Hull Library at its new location, Caruthers Hall. SENIOR S 17 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR WILLIAM S. BRANDOM A.B.; Liberty, Missouri; William Jewell College; Phi Alpha Delta. 18 SCHOOL OF LAW SENIOR JAMES ROBERT COPE LAND Dyersburg, Tennessee; University of Tennessee, Junior College, Cumberland University. 19 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR CHARLES R. DICKINSON Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee; Delta Theta Pi. 20 SCHOOL OF LAW SENIOR LOUIS FRED FOSTER, JR. Camdenton, Missouri; University of Missouri; Delta Theta Phi. 21 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR CHARLIE FRANK HICKERSON Winchester, Tennessee; Tennessee Polytechnic Institute; Alpha Tau Omega; Delta Theta Phi. 22 SCHOOL OF LAW SEN LOR JOE JACOBSON A.B.; Los Angeles, California; University of California; Phi Alpha Delta. 23 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR WILLIAM JOSEPH B.A., M.A.; Pakistan; Gordon College, Wayne University. 24 SCHOOL OF LAW SENIOR PHILLIP L. ' KIELY Evansville, Indiana; Indiana University; Delta Theta Phi. 25 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR JIMMY L. McINTYRE B.S.; Memphis, Tennessee; Memphis State College. 26 SCHOOL OF LAW SENIOR RICHARD H PEEK Dycusburg, Kentucky ; Murray State College. 27 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR WILLIAM A. PRINCE Cleveland, Tennessee; Cumberland University. 28 SCHOOL OF LAW SENIOR HEE WON SUHR Seoul, Korea; Chosun Christian College; Phi Alpha Delta. 29 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY SENIOR FRED DYER THOMPSON B.S.; GDokeville, Tennessee; Tennessee Tech; Delta Theta Phi. 30 SCHOOL OF LAW J U N I O R S Listing those who will graduate from Cuniherland during the Fall, Winter and Spring auarters of the 1956-57 school vear -Not FiCTiiKKi): William Hall, Tikeville. Kentucky; Billy Ray Martin, Longview, Texas. Bill Pipkin and Mike Earney put the last books into place at the Cordell Hull Library. The Library, consisting of more than 20,600 vol- umes, is one of the most valuable assets a Cumberland Student has. It affords access to all of the pub- lished opinions of the courts of last resort of all the States of the United States besides the endless reference books and leading legal periodicals. The library has the English Reprint and later cases as published and the Statutes Revised to date. 31 JUNIORS CHARLES E. CARTER Greenbrier, Tennessee; Middle Tennessee State College; Delta Theta Phi. CLARENCE ULAS COCHRAN, JR. B.S.; Tiptonville, Tennessee; University of Tennessee: Phi Sigma Kappa, Delta Theta Phi. ■ ■■■pi 1 E ' 1 1 Mnw y } mt ■ W i BSf i« f 1 M iiL - . -ii- -i ■• f. i HUBERT L. DAVIDSON Thayer, Missouri; Arkansas College, Univer- sity of Arkansas, St. Louis University; Blue Key National Fraternitv. Delta Theta Phi. JOHN V. DUCK Bay Minette, Alabama; University of Alabama, State Teacher ' s College; Delta Theta Phi. 32 SCHOOL OF LAW MICHAEL D. EARNEY B.A., M.A.; Breckenridge, Texas; North Texas State Teacher ' s College, Michigan State Col- lege; Phi Alpha Delta. FLOYD D. HARRIS B.A. ; Lorain, Ohio; Miami University; Delta Theta Phi. SHELBY L. HAYWOOD Cornersville, Tennessee; David Lipscomb Col- lege; Phi Alpha Delta. 33 WILLIAM V. JONES, JR. Waynesboro, Mississippi; Jones County Junior College, University of Mississippi; Alpha Tau Omega, Phi Alpha Delta. JUNIORS WILLIAM C. KNOTT Bumpus Mills, Tennessee; Austin Peay State College. SAMUEL L. LEWIS Middlesboro, Kentucky; Middle Tennessee State College; Delta Theta Phi. , DWAYNE D. MADDOX Huntingdon, Tennessee; University of Tennes- see, Memphis State College; Lambda Chi ? S7; !fl5 Alpha, Phi Alpha Delta. ROBERT T. McGOWAN Nashville, Tennessee ; National Forensic Asso- ciation; David Lipscomb College. 34 SCHOOL OF LAW JAMES J. MYNATT Alcoa, Tennessee; University of Tennessee, Martin College. Lincoln Memorial University; Delta Theta Phi. ERNEST B. PELLEGRIN Gallatin, Tennessee; Middle Tennessee State College, San Antonio College; Delta Theta Phi. WILLIAM A. PIPKIN Seminole, Oklahoma; Seminola Junior Col- lege, Oklahoma Baptist University, University of Oklahoma, East Central State College. 35 EDWARD G. ROBINSON Nashville, Tennessee; Peabody College, Uni- versity of Tennessee; Delta Theta Phi. JUNIORS ARTHUR L. RODRIGUEZ Statesville, North Carolina; University of Florida ; Delta Theta Phi. SIDNEY G. SURRATT, JR. Memphis, Tennessee ; University of Tennessee, Union University; Alpha Tau Omega, Delta Theta Phi. JUNIOR R. WEBB Charlestown, Indiana; Lincoln Memorial Uni- versity; Phi Alpha Delta. DENNIS C. WRIGHT Madison, Tennessee; David Lipscomb College; Phi Alpha Delta. 36 SCHOOL OF LAW PRE SHME N Students who entered Cumberland after the Spring Quarter in 1955 Briefing a case during a class in Criminal Law, L. H. (Bud) Wil- burs addresses his remarks to the Professor. In the foreground is W. R. Lundy; behind him is R. H. Rowe. 37 CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY F R E S H M E N REED D. ANDERSON Pikeville, Kentucky; Centre Col- lege, Pikeville College, University of Kentucky. CHARLES O. BRIZIUS A.B.; Evansville, Indiana; Indiana University; Delta Theta Phi. ROBERT M. FARGARSON Dallas, Texas; Southern Method- ist University, Nortl Texas State College; Delta Theta Phi. JOE N. HOPPER Sardis, Tennessee; Freed-Harde- man College, Union University, Austin Peay State College. EARL LELEGREN B.S.; Burbank, California; Brig- ham Young University; Delta Theta Phi. SCHOOL OF LAW F R E S H M E N WILLIAM R. LUNDY Pineville, Kentucky; Lincoln Me- morial University. TOMMIE SUE MITCHELL Jonesboro, Tennessee; East Ten- nessee State College. WILLIAM CAP ORR A.B.; Tecumseh, Michigan; Adrian College; Alpha Tau Omega. RANDALL H. ROWE, JR. B.S.; Madison, Florida; University of Florida; Kappa Sigma, Delta Theta Phi. JOSEPH L. THOMSON Cornwall, New York; University of Miami, Tusculum. CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY PR E S H M E N TOMMY S. VANCE Johnson City, Tennessee; East Ten- nessee State College. SAMUEL E. WALLACE Nashville. Tennessee: Peabody; Delta Theta Phi. JAS. L. WEATHERFORD Columbia, Tennessee; Northwest- ern University, Middle Tennessee State College. NOT PICTURED Edwin H. Arnold, Issa Y. Azat. Ralph W. Emerson, Mrs. Frances T. Young, Vaughn Miller, Jr. LEROY H. WILBURS Jefferson City, Missouri; Jefferson City Junior College, University of Missouri. N CLASS OFFICERS SENIOR S (Not pictured) J U N O R President Samuel L. Lewis, not pictured; from left to right: S. G. Surratt, Jr., Secretary; John V. Duck, Vice-President; Dwayne D. Maddox, Treasur- er; Ernest B. Pellegrin, Junior Class Representative to the Student Bar Association. F R E S H M E N grY ifiji i i?; mmmim Left to right: William Randall Lundy, Freshman Representa- tive to the Student Bar Associa- tion; Reed D. Anderson, Sec- retary; Charles Oscar Brizius, President ; Earl Lelegren, Vice- President; James L. Weather- ford, Treasurer. 42 From left to right: Copeland, Cochran, Bailey, Robinson, Haywood, Pellegrin, Lundy, Mynatt. THE STUDENT BAR ASSOCIATION The Student Bar Association is comprised of officers annually selected by vote of the student body. The representatives are appointed by the members of their class. The purpose of the Stu- dent Bar Association is to promote student and school activities which will establish a closer bond between members of the student body and faculty and to conduct student affairs for the advancement of Cumberland University. OFFICERS E. Gale Robinson President Shelby L. Haywood Vice-President James J. Mynatt Secretary Clarence U. Cochran Treasurer James R. Copeland Senior Representative Ernest B. Pellegrin Junior Representative William R. Lundy Freshman Representaiive Dr. Bernard B. Bailey Faculty Advisor 43 THE ' 56 PHOENIX STAFF ,j • 1 m fi Left to right: William R. Lundy, Wm. Vol Jones, Jtr,, Dennis C. Wright. Wm. Vol Jones, Jr Editor-in-Chief Dennis C. Wright Associate Editor William R. Lundy Business Manager The ' 56 Phoenix, all of it, goes to the printing com- pany today, April 3, 1956. This is the culmination of over three months of worry and work. The task of collecting material to go in the ' 56 Phoenix was gar- gantuan but it would have been doubled had I not had the superb cooperation rendered me by every- one concerned. To the students and faculty, Dr. Havens, W. A. Ben- son, Jr., of Benson Printing Company, and to Seat ' s Studio go my sincere thanks. I can only hope that this year ' s Phoenix will restore, in ensuing years, as each of you look through it, some of the feeling of fellowship and camaraderie which Cumberland University engendered. If it does, then the 1956 Phoenix will have served its purpose. Sincerely, WM. VOL JONES, JR. Editor 44 MOOT COURT Cumberland Moot Court, Judge Sam B. Gilreath presiding, is more or less a testing ground for the Senior Law Student; by this means can he determine to some extent his ability and limitations in a court room. Conducted according to actual court room practice, moot court brings all of the student lawyer ' s knowledge of law and procedure and ability to persuade into actual use. Freshmen and Junior law students serve as jurors and court officers. SUNDAY SCHOOL The spiritual life of the law student is not forgotten; the Sunday School Class, taught by Judge Sam B. Gilreath, fills this need. A scholar of the Bible, Judge Gilreath teaches this class each Sunday morning. His lectures are interesting and informative as well as inspiring and he presents, week by week, a chronological study of Bible history. 46 DAME C U B W The Dames Club of Cumberland University, com- posed of student and faculty wives, is for the purpose of creating a closer relationship between the student and faculty families. The club holds monthly meetings, two of the wives acting as hostesses. Seated, left to right: Mrs. Charles B. Havens, Mrs. Michael D. Earney, Mrs. William C. Knott, Mrs. E. Gale Robinson, Mrs. Sam B. Gilreath. Standing: Mrs. W. W. Herron, Mrs. Herschel Bradshaw, Mrs. Grissim H. Walker, Mrs. James R. Copeland, Mrs. Dwayne D. Maddox, Mrs. Sairmel L. Lewis. 47 OFFICERS Mrs. E. Gale Robinson President Mrs. Michael D. Earney Vice-President Mrs. William R. Lundy Secretary and Treasurer WHO ' S WHO IN AMERICAN PHILLIP LOUIS KIELY President of Sunday School Class, 1954-55; Clerk of Exchequer. Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity. The most distinctive honor to be received at college is the coveted Who ' s Who in American Colleges and Uni- versities. Based on scholarship, leadership and character, appointments to Who ' s Who are made by members of the faculty and the number of men or women appointed de- pends upon the enrollment of the particular college or university which they attend. The biography of each appointee to Who ' s Who app ' ars in a bound volume, entitled Wlio ' s Who in American Col- leges and Universities. 48 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES JAMES JOSEPH MYNATT Secretary of Student Bar Associa- tion; Tribune of Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity; Vice-President of Gilreath ' s Sunday School Class; Director of Cumberland News Bureau; Delegate to Little United Nations Assembly. ' ' I:! . I EDWARD GALE ROBINSON President of Student Bar Asso- ciation; Vice-Dean of Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity; National Chairman of Committee on Nomi: nations and Elections of American Law Student ' s Association ; Dele- gate to Little United Nations Assembly. .y-. DELTA Left to right: Harris, Carter, Mynatt, Pellegrin, Robinson, Lewis, Surrat. OFFICERS Ernest B. Pellegrin Bean Edward G. Robinson Vice-Dean James J. Mynatt Tribune Charles E. Carter Master of Ritual Sidney G. Surratt, Jr Clerk of Rolls Samuel E. Lewis Clerk of Exchequer Floyd D. Harris Bailiff It is one of the purposes of the Grafton Green Senate to lead its members and its fellow students to high scholarship and legal learning, and to surround them with an environment such that the tradition of the law and of the profession may descend upon them; to develop ability to work with others and increase capacity for work; to become dependable, honest, adaptable, to think straight and develop self-control; to become in- terested in good government, the honest adminis- tration of justice a nd oppose every activity which would underpin the principles of our Repub- lic. 50 THETAPHI LAW FRATERNITY C. 0. Brizius C. E. Carter C. U. Cochran H. L. Davidson C. R. Dickinson J. V. Duck R. M. Fargarson L. F. Foster F. D. Harris P. L. KlELY E. Lelegren S. E. Lewis J. J. Mynatt E. B. Pellegrin E. G. Robinson A. L. Rodriguez R. H. RowE S. G. Surratt S. E. Wallace PHI Left to right: Jones, Webb, Earney, Wright, Maddox. OFFICERS Michael D. Earney Justice Dennis C. Wright Vice-Justice William V. Jones, Jr Clerk DwAYNE D. Maddox Treasurer Junior R. Webb Marshall The purpose of this Fraternity shall be to form a strong bond among the members of the different classes at t he various law schools; to form a strong link between the schools and their former students; to establish a wide-spread ex- change for the interchange of business; informa- tion, and matters of common interest to the mem- bers, of the fraternal and brotherly sentiments; to cultivate a closer bond of friendship and the attainment of a higher and broader culture than that afforded by the regular college course; and to foster, under the influence of intimate friend- ships, those principles that tend to form a higher type of manhood. 52 ALPHA DELTA LAW FRATERNITY W. S. Brandom M. D. Earney S. L. Haywood J. Jacobson W. V. Jones, Jr. D. D. Maddox H. W. SUHR J. R. Webb D. C. Wright N A SHOTS N A P S H O T S FALL DANCE AT C U. HELD AT COUNTR Y CLUB s ; .;- •■ «? ;.•?. . ,:■ ' -m |- ; ' .M. ' - m m . r ' HH ■w r N  z i 1 4- „j...r - w — — J )- _ S ' l .; : -,!!,!; _ 1 -; W 7 ■i f lS t :. ' - - a I ■■■■I ' , : ; ' ' .