Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery - Dental Columbian Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 120 of the 1941 volume:

THE DENTAL COLUMBIAN ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE STUDENT BOD Y SCHOOL OF DENTAL AND ORAL SURGERY Qolumbia University • 1941 The School of DENTAL AND ORAL SURGERY Qolumbia University NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER LL.D. (Cantab.) , D.Litt. (Oxon.) , Hon.D. (Pari ' .) President of lite University WILLIAM BAILEY DUNNING, d.d.s. Professor of Dentistry We dedicate this yearbook to Dr. William Bailev Dunning, a man admired by his students for his youthful spirit, kindliness and delightful homespun wit; and respected by his confreres for his leadership, professional integrity and steadfast ideals. CLASS OF 1941 iA Message TO THE CLASS OF 11 Never before in our professional history has a graduating class faced greater opportunities and more sober realities and responsibilities than fall to your share in this Spring of 1941. In a few more weeks the grind of college work will be a memory which will grow sweeter with distance. The actualities of life, closing down upon us all, will pre-empt your waking hours, and as trained men, it will be expected of you to possess knowledge and certain skills which are above the level of un- trained citizenry. Therefore more will be expected of you than of average men, at the outset. If my memory serves, the moment of facing the world on one ' s own is not an easy one, — under the best con- ditions. Conditions today are not only diffi- cult : they mark something never seen before on this planet. Man. through sheer mastery over nature, has reduced this habitable globe from a world of vast continents and different peoples, separated by thousands of miles of sea, to something which may be compared to a small-town community. Aviation and radio have cancelled physical distance; movies and the forces of propaganda have ironed away the barriers of speech and culture between races and nations. Today, the whole world is a small place, and human ants are swarming in two camps, to decide how this new kind of a town is to be run. The totalitarians have set out to show us, and we of the democracies have decided it shall not be so, come what may. Since every civilized man, woman and child takes part in this drama, casting his or her shadow one way or the other, it follows that on those of superior abilities and training will fall the burden of leadership. But let no man groan that his time is out of joint. His burden is at the same moment a privilege, which should stir the imagination and gratitude of any normal person. It is no small matter to feel that one ' s life and influence are important, at a critical moment in the world ' s history. As dentists, you are trained in a division of health service which is fundamental in the great healing art. You have to do with the health and therefore the happiness of human beings. That is your life ' s work. You could not well ask for a nobler pur- pose. The measure of the man himself will unfold, with the coming years. You may begin your professional career as a soldier or as a civilian, — but remember, each one of you, that you will serve your country in its great need well or ill, if you perform your duties in devotion to the welfare of others. — or, on the other hand, as a bread-and-butter man. with an eye to the practical return from your dav ' s work. It is just as simple as that. Tom Paine said at Trenton: These are the times that try men ' s souls. The same is true to- day, but the stage is set for a much larger story than in his time. The Spring of 1941 brings to each of you its responsibility and its opportunity. Now is the time for a cheerful courage, and a steadfast faith that the goodness of human nature will prevail in the end. My very best wishes to you all in life ' s adventure. WILLIAM B. DUNNING WILLARD COLE RAPPLEYE, a.m., m.d.. sc.d. Dean HOUGHTON HOLLIDAY. a.b., d.d.s. Associate Dean ORAL SURGERT Dentistry has been marked by notable advances during this generation. Unmeasured advantages have been effected in the educational system with the elimination of the proprietary schools and their affiliation with universities; improvements and in- novations have been made in materials and tech- nical procedures; research and scientific study of the pathological conditions of the teeth and the oral region have become more intensive; a closer co- operation with medicine is being progressively de- veloped in a formal and informal way. The tempo of these advancements during the past three decades were accelerated by the vaguely but long recognized fact, that the teeth from the standpoint of function and their diseases, present important health problems which are social in im- plication and national in scope. This recognition is rapidly leading to reorientation and a truer eval- uation of the services rendered by the dental pro- fession. We are impressed with the rise in our educational standards, the new approaches in research, and the new vistas in social and medical relationships. It is also gratifying that in recent years dentistry has been the recipient of philanthropic benefactions in an unprecented measure. We are justly proud of the perfection of tech- nique achieved which may be regarded as an es- sential prelude to a maturer development of den- tistry. This was probably overemphasized, so that we grew inured to the concept that biological er- rors may be remedied or cured with technical and surgical means alone. The fallacy is advanced repeatedly that the bio- logical approach may have a stunting influence upon technique. The truth is that in minister- ing to ailments, when biological laws and physio- logical needs are ignored, the best technical or surgical procedures alone will fail. Ampler medical training and knowledge should prove beneficial in dental practice. In all profes- sions some activities require more of a certain type of knowledge than do others and individuals will utilize the knowledge derived from the same teach- ing, in keeping with their needs and capacities. Furthermore, we must not assume that dental prac- tice will remain static or fixed. Trends in research, in educational preparation, in dental and medical literature reasonably suggest that changes will come. Research has introduced more rationalized meth- ods in dental education and practice. Research is not confined, however, essentially to the microscope. Clinical research and its scientific interpretation plays a most important part in the treatment of the ill. Oral surgery has been devoted through the years to this form of usefulness and activity. This spe- cialty and the individuals therein have done con- siderable spade work in the integration of dentistry into medical institutions and medical conscious- ness. One of the important stepi in advancement which resulted, is the introduction of dental in- ternes and dental departments in the best healing institutions. Such early missionary work led to a better mutual understanding, cooperation, recog- nition and respect between the two professions. You gentlemen of the graduating class are enter- ing upon the practice of your profession at the threshold of a new era. Opportunities are open to you in abundance, to choose where you will. All of dentistry offers fertile fields for improvement, investigation, research and service. I have merely struck some keynotes, leaving it to you to work out the melody. I hope that you will learn to view your profes- sion in its infinite amplitude; that you will foster and maintain an unswerving allegiance and devo- tion to the profession which assures you a coveted standing in society; gives you the means of earning a respectable livelihood and competence and while so doing, the opportunity to dispense benefactions to your fellow man; of rendering service which makes the recipient healthier, happier and better fitted to meet the world and life ' s problems. I hope that you will enjoy and realize all this good, through a higher, a professional life in dentistry. ADOl.PH BERCER. D.D.S. HENR SACK DUNNING, D.D.S., M.D., U.S. Professor of Dentistry ADOLI ' H BERGER. D.D.S. William Carr Professor of Dentistry JOSEl ' H SCHROFF DOUGLAS B. PARKER FRANCIS S. McCAFFREY SAMUEL BIRENBACH R.s . M.D.. D.D.S. M.D.. D.D.S. B.S.. D.D.S. D.D.S. Assoc. Prof, of Dentistry Assoc. Prof, of Dentistry Assoc. Prof, of Dentistry Asst. Prof, of Dentistry KENNETH F. CHASE JOSEPH L. McSWEENEV ALBIN R. SEIDEL D.M.D. D.D.S. D.M.D. Instructor in Dentistry Assistant in Dentistry Instructor in Dentistry V. A. STEWART, |l ROM R I H . NORTHROP A.B.. D.D.S. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry Instructor itt Dentistry LEROV L. HARTMAX, D.D.S.. Sc.D. Professor of Dentistry It is inevitable that the preponderance of the work performed by the dentist, and particularly the young graduate, is Operative Dentistry. It is in this field that he must be capable from the very outset. With this idea fully in mind the operative division has endeavored to ensure in the graduating student a complete familiarity with the technical problems, and an understanding of the rationale and philosophy of this phase of dental practice. The student begins his course in operative den- tistry in the second year. At this time he is fully versed in dental anatomy and histology and has had small experience with hand instruments. It is the first aim of this division to begin the real de- velopment of that essential digital dexterity. This same nimbleness of finger and ability to coordinate will be each man ' s priceless tool throughout his practice. Gold foil restorative work is then the first tech- nique taught and practiced. This is presented first not simply because of the profound belief in the utility of that material but because of the exacting technical skill required in its management. A man who is capable of working with gold foil is dis- ciplined technically to the highest degree and is ready to learn to work with other materials. At the same time the sophomore is made familiar with dental nomenclature, instruments, materials and procedures. He is introduced to the dental disease known as caries, its recognition and the best means of dealing with it. He is instructed in the essentials of cavity preparation and the appli- cation of these principles on large and small scale models. OPERs TIFE DENTISTRY With the coming of the junior vear the student is coached in actual dental work in the clinic. He is first taught the use of the rubber dam in a rigor- ous practice period while he becomes familiar with work at the chair. He begins in the actual that ever fascinating art of restoring lost parts of vital teeth. He accustoms himself to working in a confined area, where accessibility becomes an important fac- tor and where he must be able to use the mouth mirror with skill. The lectures during this year are of a different nature. The theories of oper- ative practice, its philosophy, its guiding rationale are emphasized so that no act is performed which is not understood. With the senior year the student approaches the time when he will practice dentistry on his own responsibility. Every effort is made to simulate the conditions of his future practice. He is given work of all sorts to do; anything that lie might be con- fronted with in his own office. He is taught root canal therapy. His lectures are in the nature of a discussion, an interchange of ideas, with the final aim the development of the ultimate requisite. judgment. What do we hope to have accomplished in you who are graduating? We feel that you are able technically, that you can perform the acts which your understanding and intelligence dictate. We feel that you will weigh your deeds maturely. Finally we hope that you will have pride in Your achievements, a striving towards the highest qualit) . We hope and feel that these things are so. LF.ROY L. HARTMAN, D.D.S. CARL R. OMAN. D.D.S. I ssociate Prof, of Dentistry GEORGE F. LINDIG, D.D.S. .fssistanl Prof, of Dentistry IRVIN L. HUNT. Jr. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry RICHARD CARSON B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry EDWARD H. KOCH A.B.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry HERBERT P. FRITZ B.S.. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry MILTON R. MILLER B.S.. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry V WILLIAM MILLER B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry PROSTHETICS EARLE B. HOYT, D.D.S. At certain periods some specific fields of any pro- fession become static. This occurs in many ways; but basically because of a widespread acceptance throughout the profession of an accumulation of fundamental facts. Until new facts are unearthed, or those which had previously been regarded as true are proven false, this condition of stasis continues. In the division of restorative dentistry, that part which is known as crown and fixed bridge prosthe- sis assumes currently such a role. It cannot be said though that the foregoing ap- plies to either full or partial denture prosthesis. Here we have a condition of active unrest and in- vestigation which is an outgrowth of dissatisfac- tion with pre-existing professional and educational standards. In addition to a general attitude of skepticism, there has occurred within the past five or more years an influx of new materials for den- ture purposes as well as a hitherto unthought of impression material. Specific reference is made to the acrylics; to the substitutes for precious metals, which are used under the trade names of Vitallium, Ticonium, and others; and the impression material group known as hydrocolloids. Coincidentally with the introduction of these materials, the horizon of restorative possibilities has been tremendously widened but not without increased problems for the practitioner and the educator. Both the acrylics and the metal substi- tutes have been evolved commercially and not from within the profession. The resultant dependency of the profession therefore on outside groups is increased, and the responsibility thus created is not being squarely met. The processing of the precious metal substitutes, because of the need for extensive equipment and the time factor involved. has placed the commercial dental laboratory in a commanding position. This is especially true when the practitioner is more than willing to delegate his. sole prerogative of diagnosis and prescription to such hands. Obviously this creates a condition in which a university trained dentist accepts and passes along to his patient, as his own, the diagnosis and prescription of those totally unprepared by education or clinical observation to give. The sole bulwark against such a situation is the university itself. It alone can accumulate, corre- late, and distribute accurate knowledge and ac- cepted truth. This department has inaugurated a ten-year study of the chaotic partial denture field to the end of evaluating and comparing the results of varying diagnoses and technical procedures. There is much in the full denture technique that requires clarification and simplification from an educational standpoint. As contributing factors, the current year will see the introduction of a new syllabus on full denture technique as well as a con- cise statement of denture problems for lav informa- tion. Two staff members have contributed note- worthy studies — one in the field of the acrylic resins and the other on the resultant factors of bite closure as related to impaired hearing. The latter study- was carried out in conjunction with the Ear. Nose, and Throat Department of Presbyterian Hospital and brings new light on the biologic factor in den- tal prosthesis. A further experimental study is under way in which restorative mouth procedures are reproduced in experimental animals. The biologic application of all restorative measures through mechanical means is of supreme impor- tance and presents a field inadequately explored. EARLE B. HOYT. D.D.S. H. RR A. VOL ' NG DJJ.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry |()HN F. RALSTON D.D.S. Issistant Prof, of Dentistry DONALD |. W. McLAUGH] IN D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry GILBERT P. SMITH D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry MORELL D. McKENZIE D D.S. Instructor in Dentistry HENRY J IN EM ANN A.B.. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry HAROLD S. WOODRUFF D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry NORMAN W. BOYD B.S., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry WILLIAM C. WOHLFARTH Ph.B.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry GERARD L. COIRTADE A.B.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry HAROLD J. ZERR A.I!.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry LEWIS R. STOWE D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry SOLOMON N. ROSENSTEIN B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry fT V- •  .•: EDWARD V. ZEGARELLI M.S., D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry ORAL DIAGNOSIS DANIEL E. ZISKIN, D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry HAROLD J. LEONARD D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry Under the auspices of this department much interesting research work has been carried on. The effect of early thyro-parathyroidectomy on dental and skeletal development of rats was studied. It was found that there was a severe and general retardation of growth and development. Specifically there occurred a reduction of about one-half in the weights of the mandibles of new born and 7th day operated animals. The area of the dental arch was reduced about one-half in these animals. Eruption time, dentin and root development were retarded in the thyro-parathyroidectomized animals. The effects of castration and hypophysectomy on the gingivae and oral mucous membranes of Rhesus monkeys were also studied. It was found that castration of female rhesus monkeys causes, chiefly, alteration of the arrangement of the prickle cell layer of the alveolar and areolar gingivae, and tissue degeneration. Castration of male rhesus monkeys causes changes in the gingivae and oral mucous membranes resembling the effects of injec- tions with the estrogenic hormones; namely, hyperkeratinization. At present the members of the department are engaged in studies on hyperplasia of the gingivae associated with the use of dilantin in the treat- ment of epileptics. DANIEL E. ZISKIN, D.D.S. (ESSE L. LEFC.OURT U.S.. D.D.S. Clinical Assistant [AMES ■. CUNNINGHAM B.S., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry JOSEPH A. C ' .l ' T ' I ITA A.B., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry OR THODONTICS It lias been established by previous investigations that the influence of orthodontic treatment is not confined to the alveolar process but ex- tends to other parts of the skull, e.g. the mandibular condyle, the glenoid fossa, the ramus and the body and the angle of the mandible. Judicious control of such bone changes which are produced by different orthodontic means seems essential to the obtaining of favorable esthetic results from the treatment of many malocclusions. Thus, Orthodontic procedure develops into orthopedics or, more specifically, orthognatics. Clinical observation and the experimental findings of several authors justify the assumption that the vertical dimension cannot be increased permanently by ordinary orthodontic procedure but is constant in a given individual at a certain stage of development. This distance is probably the result of a balance between the length of the masticatory muscles and the bone. (Since the length of muscles is orthodontically practically unalterable, permanent increase of the vertical dimension cannot be attained by such means.) Proceeding from this basic knowl- edge we may attempt to produce permanent changes in the bony parts of the masticatory apparatus via intermediate changes in the vertical dimension. If we, for instance, raise the bite in one region or another, corresponding bone changes will take place, demonstrating nature ' s intention eventually to reestablish the original vertical dimension. While the depression of the teeth alone would be of slight benefit, and then only in a limited number of cases, the other bone changes leading to the final reestablishment of the original vertical dimension may be of great desirability in the correction of malocclusions and abnormal facial contours. It is the ability to control conscientiously these described bone changes which we hope to attain. LEUMAN M. WAUCH, D.D.S. LEUMAN M. WATCH, D.D.S. Professor oj Dentistry (t toi GEORGE S. CALLOWAY DOS. Associate Prof, of Dentistry m jA HARRY A. GALTON D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry LEWIS E [ACKSON HENRY U. BARBER, Jr. EDWARD G. MURPHY ARTHUR C. TOTTEN DONALD B. WAI (.11 D.D.S. D.D.S. D.D.S. D.D.S. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Instructor in Dentistry HOUGHTON HOLLIDAV A.B., D.D.S. Associate Dean and Professor of Dentistry RADIOLOGIC EVALD LIXDER Technician HARRY M. Ml ' LHAL ' S Technician The Radiology Division has been interested during the present year in designing, constructing, and testing a Laminograph. A Laminograph (lamina: thin layer) is a device by which plane sections of solid objects may be projected roentgenographical- ly; in other words, the roentgenographic shadow of a selected plane in a body remains stationary on a moving film, while the shadows of all other planes have a relative displacement on the film, and are therefore blurred according to their distance from the selected plane. This result is obtained by moving the point of origin of the x-rays and the recording medium or film. The x-ray tube and the film carriage move in synchronism in parallel planes and the patient is placed on a table over the film carriage. The principle of the Laminograph was worked out and a device patented bv Mr. Jean Kieffer of Norwich, Conn., in 1929. However, the device is complicated and expensive, and for many years no clinical use was made of it. In recent years it has been used extensively in pulmonary studies and it is thought that it may make it possible to detect active tuberculosis much earlier. Workers in some other fields have felt that they were unsuccessful in accomplishing anything clinically that could not be equally well done with the standard roentgeno- graphic procedures. It seemed possible that the principle might be successfully applied in studying the temporomandibular articulation. Accordingly the construction of an experimental apparatus was undertaken in the school machine shop. In brief, the apparatus consists of an oil im- mersed x-ray tube and transformer head and a film holder mounted about three feet apart, revolving in horizontal planes while the film is being exposed to the x-rays. The patient ' s head is interposed slightly above the film carrier on an adjustable table, bringing the temporomandibular articula- tion into the plane which remains stationary on the moving film. Limitations of space and time have interfered with the testing of the apparatus, and we are not vet prepared to say whether or not it will give diagnostic information of any greater import than that obtained bv ordinary methods. It is hoped that it may be possible to secure a clear image of structures which would otherwise be obscured by dense overlying or un- derlying tissue because the superimposed shadows would be blurred bv motion of the film and the x-ray tube. HOLGHTON HOLLIDAV, D.D.S. CHARLES F. BODECK.ER DTJ.S. Professor of Dentistry EDMUND APPLEBAUM D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry The importance of the application of the knowl- edge of oral histology to the clinical branches of dentistry is increasing, as is evidenced by the re- sults of recent experimentation in operative den- tistry. Studies of the dental lymph have shown that the presence or absence of this fluid affects the marginal areas of cavities, particularly if the fillings had been placed early in life. The varying per- meability of the teeth of young and old persons is also related to the dental lymph. Permeability is a factor in the activity of dental caries; in older persons the low permeability of the tooth crowns retards the penetration of the destructive process, while high permeability of the permanent teeth of children and adolescents permits rapid destruction. Vital staining of teeth of dogs shows that the enamel as well as the dentin is completely permea- ble to dyes placed in the pulp. Human deciduous teeth treated similarly show that the dental lymph carries dyes through the dentin to the inner zone of the enamel. A two way diffusion in the dentin has been demonstrated. These observations sug- gest that the lymph serves some definite purpose tik Ltin WILLIAM LEFK.OWITZ D.D.S. Assl. Prof, of Dentistry KFRNERD THOU S D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry ORAL HISTOLOGT in the recently erupted tooth and studies concern- ing the possible physiological activity of this fluid are being continued. The permeability of freshly cut. non-carious den- tin in relation to phenol has been studied. It was observed that this drug penetrates from a shallow cavity to the pulp in 18 hours. The present state of the experiments does not indicate that phenol is contraindicated for cavity sterilization because the permeability of the dentin is usually reduced under caries by a blocking of the tubules through metamorphosis of the dental lymph. The use of phenol may be harmful because of its rapid, easy penetration of the open, lymph-filled tubules. Studies in the Division of Dentistry for Children suggest that apparently phenol does not permanent- ly harm the dental pulp of deciduous teeth: in fact, it seems beneficial in stimulating the formation of secondary dentin. The effects on rats of a disturbed acid-base bal- ance as a possible factor in dental caries is also be- ing studied. CHARLES F. BODECKER, D.D.S. ORAL ANATOMT MOSES DIAMOND D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry JACOB ERDREICH D.M.D. Assistant in Dentistry ROBERT N. HOFFMAN D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry PEDODONTIA A EWIX ' G C. McBEATH D.D.S.. B.S., B.M.. M.D. Professor of Dentistry LEWIS R. STOWE D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry SOLOMON X. ROSENSTEIN B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Physical examinations of candidates for military and naval service are revealing an astonishingly high number of disqualifications, among which is a high percentage of dental defects. This appalling impair- ment of dental health in robust bodies emphasizes dentistry ' s enormous responsibility. These young men are representative of generations arising from about 1905 to 1920. As a dental practitioner during this period, I distinctly recall the derogatory and discouraginglv patronizing attitude of dentistry at large toward the few then interested in practic- ing dentistry for children. The task of caring for child patients was doubly difficult because of the lack of professional interest, and the traditional attitude of parents against the performance of any dental service for their children, except for immediate relief by the removal of the temporary teeth which would fall out in a few years anyway. Fortunately, dentistry began to consider seriously the efforts of those comparatively few crusaders. Amazing progress has been made from both preventive and reparative standpoints. Dentistry is now a well established and recognized health service and deserves the recognition it is receiving for the increasing universal education of parents and children as to dental health needs. Dental colleges are rapidly organ- izing and establishing departments for the teaching of dentistry for children. The young child of today is becoming a well-seasoned patient long before the disappearance of his deciduous teeth. The desire for attractive and comfortable mouths is fast transcending the unjustified fear of dental operations. It seems not too optimistic to predict that a much greater percentage of young adults from generations of the last decade or so will present a dental picture very different from those of preceding generations. Certainly there are many of today ' s children not receiving dental care. A thorough canvass of the profession must elicit means for absorbing a great percentage of these. Dentistry must feel obligated to muster its own forces for this increased service and thereby prevent the adoption of proposed drastic measures advocating outside inter- vention which would threaten the integrity of our proud and dignified profession. e. c. mcbeath. d.d.s.. m.d. ORAL PATHOLOGY LESTER R. CAHN D.D.S. Associate Prof, ot Dentistry 1 1 1 XR-i V B R 1 1-1 s B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, ot D ' ntistry •PERIODONTIA HOI l.HTON HOLLIDAY HAROLD J. LEONARD FRANK E. BEIBE WILLIAM B. DUNNING ISADOR HIRSC HFELD A.B., D.D.S. A B . D.D.S. L.D.S., D.D.S. D.D.S. D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry Professor of Dentistry Instructor in Dentistry Professor of Dentistry Associate Prof. f Dentistry E THICS JURISPRUDENCE DENTAL MATERIALS HTGIENE PROPHYLAXIS HENRY W.GILLETT D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry WILLIAM B. DINNING D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry HERBERT D. AVERS. JR. A.B.. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry ANNA V. HLGHEN D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry |i  SJ I ' HINE E. LUHAN D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry SAMUEL R. DETWILER Ph.B.. A.M., Ph.D., M.Sc. Professor of Anatomy his to Log r PHILIP E. SMITH B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy A. E. SEVERIXGHAUS B.S.. A.M.. Ph.D. Assoc. Prof, of Anatomy ANATOMT HENRY MILCH A.B., M.D. Instructor in Anatomy ELIAS L. STERN JULIUS K. LITTMAN B.S., M.D. M.D. Instructor in Anatomy Instructor in Anatomy HARRY H. SHAPIRO WILLIAM M. ROGERS D.M.D. D.M.D. Asst. Prof, of Anatomy Asst. Prof, of Anatomy PHTSIOLOGT HORATIO B. WILLIAMS A.B.. M.D.. Sc.D. Datton Prof, of Physiology ERNEST L. SCOTT B.S., M.S.. Ph.D. Assoc. Prof, of Physiology 11 VRRY G. KING A.B., A.M.. Ph.D. 4sst. Prof, of Physiology NE URO-ANATOMT OLIVER S. STRONG A.B.. A.M.. Ph.D. Professor of Neurology L. VOSBLRGH LYONS UlOLPH ELWYN R. M. BRICKNER, B.S.. M.D. M.D. B.S.. A.M. Assistant Professor Associate in Neurology Assoc. Prof, of Neuro-Anatomy of Clinical Neurology PATHOLOGT D. H. ANDERSEN A.B.. M.D. Instructor in Pathology JAMES W. JOBLING M.D. Professor of Pathology M. N. RICHTER B.S., M.D. Assl. Prof, of Pathology BACTERIOLOGT BIOCHEMIST RT GENEVIEVE FOLEY THEODOR ROSEBURY A.B.. A.M. D.D.S. Assistant in Bacteriology Asst. Prof, of Bacteriology MAXWELL KARSHAN B.S., A.M., Ph.D. Assoc. Prof, of Biochemistry PHARMACOL OGT CHARLES C. LIEB MELVILLE HUMBERT WALTER R. BEAVEN A.B., M.D. A.B.. B.S.. D.D.S. D.D.S. Hosack Professor Instructor in Pharmacology Instructor in Pharmacology of Pharmacology ADMINISTRATIl r E CLINICAL STAFFS MRS. M. G. McKENZIE MRS. A. L. FITZGERALD Assistant to the Dean Secretary to the Dean MRS. F. MOORE MRS. R. 1 . AMY C. SCHULTZ M. HITCHC ()( K MADELINE E. DIGNUS MRS. E. RICHARDSON Assistant to Registrar in Charge of Social Service M. FINNER -- s M. TSOIRAS X. WALKE J. BERMONT M. MULHAL ' S MRS. . N 1K MRS. E. TIMM E. R. BOYD. R.N. HOWARD ROGERS JOHN C. FREEMAN ROBERT WRONG MORRIS SECHTER Technician Technician Tet hnician WITH THE FACULTY IN THE J 4B CLASSES CLASS OFFICERS president: Selig Finkelstein vice-president: John Jacobson si cretary-treasurer: Wesley R. Burl STUDENT COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES: Irving Kill ay ■ AlvinMund Laxurerwe Doughtily • Albert H. Weisenfeld CLASS OF 1941 I WONDER what they ' ll ask me? What a big place! Gush. I ' ll never get in here. Good morn- ing, young man. Win do vou want to study Den- tistry? Why, ah — because it ' s very nice — er — Do you expect to make a lot of money? Xo. 1 — er — not more than len thou — What books have vou read? — Cone with the — Well, mv bov. your rec- ord and the caliber of your answers indicate that you ' re the type we want. Freshman Year They look sort of ghastly under those yellow sheets — the first incision is down the center of the abdomen — feels kinda cold — that ' s all right boys, just get a general ideah — If Milch practices another operation on my cadaver ' s foot I ' ll let him have it — the water fights in the wash room — The daisy chain of intes- tines — The famous cadaver on table five — Shapiro ' s rotten puns — The bone room at midnight. Ligamentum Nuchae — Whispering Smith — Elas- tic fibers. Beer party — There once was an Indian maid — Spengeman. the human tank — Ring-dang-doo — Physiology — Rafkin. the surgeon — Feldman ' s al- lergy to cats — Cole ' s illuminating lectures — Pike ' s finger dissections — Plasma clearance. You ' re just a millimeter under, after Dr. Erdreich has finished massacring your wax tooth — Dr. Dia- mond ' s demonstrations: a few cuts here and there and then polish it on our nose — In caries-free groups we have found — Karshan to Hubbell to Bunting — Xo spits, no runs, no errors — The nurses across the way from the lab — Where are all the boys this morning? — Dr. Karshan. they ' re studying Physiology — Boiling water and old cigar- ette butts while you ' re out of the lab — Madam But- terfly — Asleep in the deep — In Neuro — Mithter Xaidorf, tell me anything, just your right name, have you got a cigarette? — The dust storm arising from the plaster in Pros- thetics — Capuozzo watching his retainer plate float gently to the parking space below — How the sun shone through them after polishing — The Freshman dinner — When good fellows get to- gether — Hackenbush and Gottlieb make their first appearance. Sophomore 1 ear What books do I read? — Boyd, Gay, etc. — The fatal shoulder taps in Path. — The difference between acute and chronic glomerulonephritis — Dark and sleepy — Jarcho ' s biting sarcasm — The great is- sue of whether Columbus gave it to the Indians or vice versa: Will Mr. Berl please wake up occasion- ally? — Carcinoma — Idontoma — oh. well — The giggly graduate student giving demonstrations in Bacteriology — Becoming human pin-cushion with t phoid and Tuberculin tests — That unknown is still a mystery — It was gram positive on alternative Wed- nesdays, negative on Thursdays, and motile when it fell like it — The late Dr. Gay, an omnipotent spirit, with Dr. Jungeblut his prophet — In Radiology we discover Coolidge was also a tube — And Melnick discovers the prepared mind — The references in our class text-book — Surgery — Ah! Sepsis — In Pharmacology we experimented on the dear little bunnies — Becker, more oxygen — We make toothpaste and copy prescriptions of Dr. I. X. Ternist — Marijuanah. Mary Warner. Mariwooner. dope! — Knishko counts the drops — Now. young man, practice conversation with the mannikin — I don ' t know why you boys can ' t learn this, the hygienists do much better — We study lunch hours in die library — By a coinci- dence the hygienists are also there — The plot for a future Junior show begins — Prosthetics — Dish yere wants to go dish dere — The House Technique, a madman ' s dream — An articulator with synchronized gears, air-cooled twin Wasp motors, with slight modifications might even be used to set up teeth — Xeedham putting a casting ring with sprue base in the oven — Weinberg trying to fit a bur on a handpiece arm without the handpiece — Operative — Sharpen that line angle — Where are the instructors? — More plot for a Junior show — Five o ' clock prayers to Mecca — Kali! Physical Properties — Dr. Crawford, a dental Bob Burns — Tensile strength, crushing power — My aunt ' s inlays — 1.4 and 1.1 — Oral Hygiene, our first experience with dental re- search (?) — We discover caries, calculus and — A friend of mine from Winnepesaukee is doing some 2 J research in his cellar and — He savs vitamin D has peroxides — And furthermore, who discovered Ameri- ca? Box — Who said, one if by land, two if by sea? Box — What do fighters do in the ring? Box — What do tomatoes come packed in? Box — What do you do to impressions before you pour them up? Box — Who said sticky starch? Box — The people ' s choice, Box— Yes, I said Box— BOX. Junior Year What books do I read? Superman, Dick Tracy, etc. A general ideah once again — Maybe we ' ll finally see that lingual nerve. Oral Bacteriology — A super-feature movie produc- tion with spirocheta pallidum in the stellar role. (A •k-kit-k picture.) We reach the clinic floor, this time for good (or worse) — We eat plaster, compound, and rubber dams for a month before we make the patients eat them. Will Messing ever learn to handle plaster? Prosthetics — We make dentures for real people — Relax! Relax! — Then push the mandible through the sella turcica and what have you got — centric! Operative — Still sharpening that line angle — bi- beveled hatchets acquire new angles — resisting the temptation to blow the debris out of the cavity as we did in technique — the first exposure, the second exposure, why go on — Crown and Bridge — We learn the meaning of un- dercuts and do it over — Koenig invests his Richmond Crown with his dentoform tooth — Hypoplasias in porcelain jacket crowns; some call it porosities — Oral Path. — Back where we started from, in H207 — leucocytes once again — Perio — We scaled the heights and the depths — glorified prophy — What, Box again? — Surgery — Good morning, gentlemen, what books did you read to prepare for this course? — Gone With the — No, 1 mean Dr. Berger ' s excellent books on Exodontia and Oral Surgery — Calling all Juniors to surgery. Retraction! — Axelroad injecting die wrong Chinaman. When 1 began teaching in 1885. my successor, who led the charge at Vicksburg — — Morris pickles his Gillette partial in nitric acid, and dissolves it — Who snitched about the investment models? X-Ray — Berman and Kamen taking full mouths of full dentures — Mulhaus ' laugh — Lander ' s poetry — Melnick loses his pants. Dental Follicles — A galaxy of singing and danc- ing stars — Parnassus Hall immortalized. Un.4-5280 — Bov meets girl, loses girl, and gets girl again — The wonderful drunk ' in the audience — The cast be- came smaller at each succeeding rehearsal until each one took about five parts — Hackenbush back again. Diagnosis — More red crosses than a battlefield — Heat? Cold? Percussion? Take it out! — Xo heat? No cold? No percussion? Take it out! We ' ve got to be consistent, you know. Orthodontics — Ten weeks to tell us that it is a graduate course — Those lovely travelogues — It was in Darkest Alaska, near Lake Ipecacuanha, the dread- ed Eskimo country, that I made my way — carving a trail through a wall of solid human flesh. As we approached a little village, one of the natives came to meet us, and said, ' Oggle woggle woops ' (English translation, ' Doctor Waugh, I presume) , and forth- with dropped his upper plate to the ground. And so, after feeding O ' Henrys, and giving all those healthy Eskimos caries, periodontoclasia, and malocclusion, we said farewell while the grateful inhabitants showed their appreciation for what we had done for them by showering us with buckshot and flaming arrows, mean- awhile chanting ' Woops woggle woggle ' (English trans- lation. ' We ' re nuts about good old Dr. Waugh — bless his little heart ' ) . Senior Year Senior — Who reads books? Back for the last year, appointments, requirements, thesis, state boards, etc. — Mrs. Ann ' s conversation with a patient — It ' s four dollars for the amalgam, five for the inlay, and no charge for the exposure. From our experience, a set of rules has been as- sembled to help future classes pass i heir require- ments. They are as follows: 1. Take an hour off for lunch, then a walk around the block, it will clear your head — and put you in con- dition for the summer course. L ' . Take all your x-rays at that angle that won ' t show overhangs. 3. Dont take your C. and B. widi Dr. You-know- who. -I. Put your child patients near open windows. One of them is bound to catch pneumonia, and you can cast that crown when you get the disappointment. 5. Get quick negative Root Canal cultures by drop- ping sterile points in the culture tube. If you still get positives, put them in the icebox instead of the incubator. If you ' re still in trouble, drop creosote and iodine in. 6. Try to get that instructor to check your work before he suddenly goes through the trap door which must be near Mrs. Van Slyke ' s desk. 7. If you are beyond hope, anyway, stop plugging that foil at 4:30 — find that other dope — and go down to the evening lecture together. Oral Surgerv — Still doing retractions — Beware of infactions and impactions — the Blitz ortho- dontist — Boil them, gentlemen — boil everything but the office cat. Mv back teeth were floating. Practice (il Medicine — From the Greek meaning Practice I Medicine— Symptoms, syndromes, and — unannounced quizzes — Perio — Pockets again — and. believe it or not, Box again, what a man! — At long last. Dr. Hirschfeld — stereoscopes, but no pictures of Niagara Falls. Who cast a crown with buccal cusps on the lingual? Operative — Still trying to sharpen that line angle — Class III foils, now they are in, now they are out — Senior Theses — Injecting animals — Feeding vita- mins — Casting inlays — Testing dental materials — Weaseling has lost its stigma — It ' s not weaseling until after 9:30 P.M., after which it is considered un- ethical. How do you do, madame? Did you breast-feed your baby? — Now, no need to lose your temper, that ' s what it says on the chart — How many windows have vou in your bedroom? What is the baby ' s draft num- ber? — He ' s been exempted? Because of dependents? Precocious thing — Now, sonny, open your mouth a little more please, a little more, just enough so I can take mv thumb out — Well, it wasn ' t much of a thumb. And so ends a chronicle of four years ' work — and fun — with an everlasting debt to the helping hands of the faculty and the office, clinical and and labora- torv staffs. SAUL AXELROAD Axie, our genial gentleman from Georgia, speaks with the genuine accent of a Georgian, so much so that no one could guess he was born a New Yorker in April, 1914. Since then, time and a long residency in Decatur and Atlanta have played havoc with his New York accent, as yuh-all can plainly heah, suh. Saul attended both Emory University and C.C.N .Y. In 1934, the latter granted him a B.S. degree. His hobbies and interests are all centered in just taking things easy. At the present time, the army seems to have a considerable interest in him and he ' s characteris- tically waiting and taking things easy. Ax declares, in his truly modest manner that he hasn ' t accom- plished anything of public note, but we will always remember him as one of the friendliest, gentlest and most congenial of our col- leagues. His pathologic ability to laugh at almost any form of humor, good or otherwise, is perhaps his most outstanding charac- teristic. Injecting a certain Chinaman in Surgery and working on his enfant terrible are among his most vivid experiences. $ OSCAR EDWARD BEDER Terse and concise, quiet and efficient, Oscar is bound to leave one with the impression that he is a capable fellow with far reaching potentialities. Born in New York City some 26 years ago. he has also resided in Binghamton, N. Y., and Chicago, 111. Being an earnest student, he obtained his B.S. in 1936 from Rutgers Univer- sity, where he majored in biology. He came to Columbia Dental School in 1938. At the earliest opportunity, he achieved an appoint- ment to the William Jarvie Society of which he is now the vice- president. Oscar led an active extra-curricular life by interesting himself in several dental research problems and contributing to the Columbia Dental Review. Like so many of us, his first patient constituted his most thrilling adventure. His hobbies and interests include photography, fishing and boating. As for the future, he doesn ' t know exactlv what ' s in store for him; but if the past is any indication it is probablv safe to predict that his name will be associated with some scientific achievements in dentistry. 32 M A X M ORION BERGHOLZ Statistician extraordinary, Brittanica Bergholz was born in 1916, with the- sanction l Consumers Union. Ever since thai first, fate- ful day. Max has recognized New York as home. Maxie ' s phenom- enal, photographic memory (x-rays reveal his brain to have the conformity of a huge filing cabinet) stood him in good stead throughout an academic education resulting in a B.S. at C.C.N. Y (1935) and an M.A. at Columbia (1936). Systematizing and recording left him little time for extra-curricular activity; but the one time he did participate, he not only was an integral part but an outstanding feature of die now famous Dental Follicles of 1941. For the immediate future. Max is relying on an internship. Exemplifying his orderly nature are his hobbies and interests: Consumers Union reports. Collections of Dental Catalogues, and as he puts it mental filings of general information. From the first. Max was an exponent of speed in operation. For this reason, he ' ll never forget the record-breaking time in which he assembled his first prosthetic denture — begun in October 1939 and finished in April 1940. f JESSE BERL Berl ' s a baby-faced Bronxite. Born in New York City in February, 1918, Jesse can be definitely classified as one of the class ' s younger set. He attended the Washington Square College of N.Y.U. where he received an A.B. degree. He fondly recollects that he started to shave in his senior year at college. At Columbia, he busied himself. in his spare time, with his fraternity (S.E.D.) . the Dental Review (3 years) and the Dental Columbian (3 years) . Jesse is planning on an internship. Jesse insists he has only one special interest, and that is graduat- ing. However, he dabbles a bit in photography and music. Throughout his dental course, he suffered from a chronic case of lecturitis lethargicus, and has been more rudely startled out of his reveries by a lecturer ' s pointer or a fellow-student ' s nudge than an other member of the class. 33 DAVID PETER BERMAN Dave represents a composite of the adventurer, the politician and the strong, silent he-man, if one can conceive of such a conglomera- tion. He bravely ventured forth into this world in September, 1917. Starting from New York, he traveled extensively and has resided in St. Navaire, France; College Park, Md.; and finally wound up in that garden spot of America — Hoboken, N. J. With all his seafar- ing experiences, Dave will undoubtedly be a seaworthy dentist. He received his B.S. in 1937 from the U. of Maryland. A quick, sure worker he was one of the select few to make Jarvie. He was, be- sides, a loyal, active Alpha Omegan. This very year book owes much of its success to Dave for his vital activities as business man- ager — a position he graduate d into from his last year ' s status as assistant business manager. Having spent considerable time on them, it is only natural that Dave ' s special interests include boats. But perhaps his boldest ad- venture occurred on our clinic floor, in his freshman year, when he courageously withstood the battering of 26 ropes of gold into an M O D cavity in one of his teeth. The filling required 8 straight hours of plugging and to this day, Dave goes about with a peculiar bobbing of the head which has since been classified as the foil syndrome — a new neurological condition in medical annals. ■ CARL BREITNER Dr. Breitner joined us at school as an accomplished and well recog- nized dentist. Born some 40 years ago in Trieste, at that time a part of Austria-Hungary, he studied at the University of Vienna, where he obtained his medical degree — M.U.D. He also has an M.D. degree granted by the state of New York. Dr. Breitner is a well known orthodontist, the author of numer- ous articles and a textbook entitled Practical Orthodontia. He is, as well, the recipient of any number of honors, the preponderance of which overwhelms the imagination and defies recording. During his dental course, he became a member of the William Jarvie Society and has carried on an active research and lecturing program. All in all, Carl is unquestionably one of the more dis- tinguished members of the class. His intentions are to continue with research and private practice alter graduation. He includes photography and skiing among his hobbies, both of which he com- bines to excellent advantage as those who have seen his color photography will readily attest. 34 HER I R A M E LIAS B R O M BERG To Dappei Dan Bert the four years of his denial education have been a continuous string of pleasant, gratifying experiences replete with repeated rewards. As a member of the youngei set in our i las die was born in New York on February 15, 1918). Bert lost little time in endearing himself to his more matured elders with his pre- cocious preparedness in scholastic and social mysteries. The fre- quent use of that staccato serenade which passes for a laugh is ample evidence that Bert has been having a jolly good time. Always a resident of New York. Bert received his early education in the public high schools followed by a course in higher educa- tion at the Long Island University. Entering Columbia in 1937. it took Bert two years to realize that he needed the privileges and rights of membership in A.O. to round out a completely engrossing social program. Similarly, it took the Jarvie Society two years to appreciate Bert ' s inherent scholastic aptitudes. His desire for an internship and service in the army constitute matters for imme- diate concern. And now that his eternal quest for Dr. Lung has met with success, Bert can wax enthusiastic over a balanced future.  WESLEY R E P P E R T BURT Wes is a quiet young young man of 25 who was born in New York City and now lives in Larchmont, N. Y. He attended the Mamar- oneck High School and then went to Columbia College where lie secured his A.B. Here, at Dental School, he joined Psi Omega and in his senior year was elected secretary-treasurer of our class. His future plans, besides the army, include private practice, beginning with an associateship. Among his hobbies are included photography and philately. What will be recalled, in the years to come, as the most important incident to Wes will be the receipt of a man-sized close of mumps from the ungrateful children on whom he researched for his senior thesis. 35 ARMAND ROSARIO C A P U O Z Z O Cappy ' s surname is one of the reasons lecturers called attendance so infrequently. He was born in New York City in 1917 and has remained strictly a city boy, except for a brief sojourn to Philadel- phia. He ' s a Boys High School (Brooklyn) graduate, and he took his pre-dental education leading to a B.S. degree at C.C.N. Y. Among his future plans he includes an internship and the army. Cappy is a well-built, athletic fellow who has spent many an in- teresting hour with his hobbies, basketball and boxing. Onlv the necessity for preserving his dainty hands intact prevents him from boxing today. In years to come, Cappy will always cherish most the memory of the historic cavalcade to Baltimore, and the national convention in commemoration of the dental centenary. In years to come, the class will cherish most the memory of Cappy ' s incomparable Milch strut. ■ charles Mackenzie chaves Charlie has borne up like a Spartan under the strain of the pester- ing he has received concerning repairs, replacements and informa- tion on the instruments which bear the family name. Born in New York City in 1915, he now resides in New Rochelle. N. Y. He at- tended school in Lakemont, N. Y. and Monroe. N. Y.. and obtained an A.B. degree at Washington Square College of N.Y.U. Among the extra-curricular activities which have kept him busy are the Alpha Omega Fraternity and his positions on the photography staffs of the year book for the past two years. Woodwork serves as a natural outlet for his mechanical aptitude. Photography also interests him, and his love for sailing and sailboats has yielded a wonderful collection of sketches in places where his prosthetics, operative, pharmacology and other lecture notes should have been. He ' s awfully proud of the upper full denture that he- made which required two hands and a foot to break the seal. EDMUND MARTIN COLLINS Despite a conspicuous paucity in his hirsute adornment, Ltl is really a youngster, having been born in New York City in 1915. He lived for a while in Ridgefield, Connecticut, bin studied in New York where he was graduated from All Hallows High School in 1933 and Columbia College (A.B.) in 1937. At Columbia, he was a member of the Delta Phi fraternity and became a frequent visitor of the handball courts in the gym, so that, today, h? is quite expert at the game. His quiet, self-effacing character leads one to believe that he is apparently disinterested in the things that happen all about him. But, this is not truly the case. Actually, he lakes a keen interest in everything he sees and hears. If it pertains to dentistry, he is all eves and ears. N ORMAN DIMOND Normie stands out from the rest of the class by virtue of his prominent, protruding upper denture which is really the closest ap- proach to a natural dentition that dentistry has ever seen. The con- slant conspicuous display of his upper anteriors gives Normie the appearance of being thoroughly happy and satisfied with his lot even though his class 3 foil has just fallen out, his upper denture needs rebasing and that bridge he just set met him only half way and then stopped seating. Born on July 14, 1917, Norm has always made his residence in New York. He took his pre-dental training at C.C.N. Y. His com- plete enlightenment didn ' t come until his second year when at a class beer fest, Normie saw a most scientific exhibit. It was then, Norm realized his place in respect to life, the world at large and dentistry. From that time on. his work has perked up. his ap- plication at school has become meticulous and painstaking and he- has succeeded in being elected to Jarvie. Normie will content him- self with service in the army. 37 LAWRENCE EDWARD DOUGHERTY Genial Larry was born in the Bronx in 1914 and has remained strictly a New York City boy. He came to Columbia following a science course of study at Fordham University, of which school he is a most loyal aluirmus. Universally liked and respected, he was chosen secretary-treasurer of our class in ' 38, ' 39 and ' 40. This year he was elected to the presidency of the Student Council. He is a member of Psi Omega as well as secretary of the interfraternity council. Immediately upon graduation he plans an associateship with an older man and it ' s easy to see that whoever gets Larr will indeed fall heir to a fine acquisition. Larry ' s talent with a golf club matches his gift with a handpiece. His enjoyment of the sport equals his satisfaction from his profes- sional endeavors. It ' s not surprising then, to find that his time is divided, during the golf season, equally between the two. He remembers most vividly his first sadistic incision on the abdomen of his cadaver, when the scalpel slipped a wee bit and Larry passed clear through to the vertebral column. P ULYSSES ERDREICH . A tall bespectacled scholarly-looking young man with a slightly c oncerned expression on his face entered Columbia 4 years ago. Today, upon his exit, he presents pretty much of the same picture. This is Uly, born in Brooklyn in 1916. He received his pre-dental training at Columbia University where he obtained a B.S. degree. Besides being a busy member of A.O.. Uly ' s literary bent of mind kept him occupied in writing for the Dental Review and the Columbian. In addition, Uly has been carrying on an active barter trade in instruments belonging to himself and classmates. It ' s no wonder he wears a perennial frown. Of course, the fact that world conditions are putting his future plans into the category of interminable conditions may have some- thing to do with it. Uly is an excellent conversationalist, being well-informed on current drama, music, literature and science. For him as for so many of us, every minute at school constituted a memorable ex- perience. But, if any one minute were to exceed in importance its fellows, that minute would be the one during which Uly receives a hard earned diploma. 38 BERNARD LEO N A R D F E L D M A N Canadian by birth (Montreal, 1911), Bernie has also lived in the State of New Jersey. At the present time, however, he is a resident f Jackson Heights, L. I. Bernie, like the rest of us, is a well-educated fellow having obtained a B.S. at N.Y.U. and an M.S. at the De Lamar Institute of Public Health. Although both sociable and social-minded, he found little time for extra-curricular activity. For the future, he plans to enter first the army and later private practice. If you talk to Bernie about history, you ' ll find him informative and enlightening. If you talk to him about music and photography, you ' ll find him very interesting, indeed. These are his chief hobbies. Among Bernie ' s more vivid dental school experiences have been a dramatic introduction to the caustic properties of phenol, his sanguinary senior research, and his first cleft palate operation, per- formed with both hands tied behind his back and with only the aid of a fertile imagination. SF SELIG FINKELSTEIN Sic epitomizes the gentleman and the scholar. He is the very antithesis of that which his birthplace, Sing Sing Ossining (class of 1915) , implies. All his life he has lived at Ossining. He attended Cornell University for four years acquiring an A.B. in 1937. After that Columbia welcomed him to itself. Despite his long voyages to and from school. Sig has contributed liberally to Columbia ' s extra-curricular activities. He was a mem- ber of the Student Council in his first two years and did a remark- able job in co-ordinating and directing the Junior Show. His executive abilities were rewarded by his election to the senior class presidency. After an internship at Montefiore Hospital he plans to devote himself to private practice as well as to that certain be- witching, beauteous Brooklynite. Quite the esthete, his hobbies include sculpturing and movie- making. Sig will always recall with pleasure and satisfaction his first session in the operative clinic when he prepared and filled a Class I in an upper third molar at one sitting. The patient received a grade A amalgam and Sig received a terrific kyphosis. 39 JOHN JACOBSON Papa John, godfather of our class, was born in New York City. He can ' t remember his earlier education but he does recall a Ph.G. received from the Fordham University, School of Pharmacy in 1926 and a B.S. from N.Y.U. in 1932. In spite of his protestations, he was elected vice-president of our class in his second, third and fourth years. It is pleasing to report that John, in his official capacity, mothered and cared for us as a proud hen might stand vigil over its prize brood. Unfortunately though, the arduous strains of his posi- tion have produced a slight pathological recession of the hairline. In addition to his duties as vice-president, he lent his mature assist- ance to the Dental Columbian and was our chief consultant phar- macist in all problems pharmacological. John plans on a private practice. John includes music, particularly opera, and amateur radio among his most satisfying forms of relaxation. $ W ALTER JAMES JAGARD As Walt puts it, he is a native of Brooklyn where he was born in April 1917. He came to us as a shy, quiet boy and he leaves as a justifiably self-confident, extremely sociable man. He is a gradu- ate of Boys High School, and Columbia College, from which he re- ceived his A.B. degree in 193S. Walt ' s crackerjack mechanical and academic aptitude placed him into the Jarvie Society at the earliest possible opportunity. Active in the affairs of Psi Omega, he also took a leading role in the Junior show. His love for things mechanical, a fixation from childhood days, landed him a job as Handy Andy around school. Some of his red-letter experiences at dental school include participation in the Dental Follicles, his first day on the clinic floor, and his firsl exposure — carious, of course. 10 P A I. M ER HOLDERBV J E N KINS Earnest, hard-working Jenk was born in New York City in 1910. For a time, he resided at Spuyten Duyvil. N. Y. but, at present, he calls Yonkers his home town. He attended Colgate University, where he majored in zoology and chemistry while studying for his A.B. degree. Both of these courses are now obscured, to a great extent, by his intensive concentration on dentistry. For his leisure moments at Colgate, Palmer utilized the Phi kappa Tau fraternity. As far as his future plans are concerned, they were partially solved for him when he received the fine internship at Presbyterian Hos- pital. This he intends to follow with private practice. Unknown to most of us, Jenk has some fine hidden talents as artist and golfer. Not being much of an exhibitionist, we were never afforded an op- portunity to view some of Jenk ' s handiwork. One of his fondest memories of his life at Columbia was his experience at the Dental Follicles of 1941. S|? PAUL KAMEX Stoutso is one of the solid bulwarks of the class and will be re- membered as the man who inspired Melnick ' s classical oration on the body beautiful. Of the charter members of our class, Paul was the first to fall into the abyss of matrimony — a leap which was a result of his junior year. Paul was born in January, 1916 in Brooklyn and alas and alack, Brooklyn has ever remained his residence. At N.Y.U. in 1937 he was awarded an A.B. degree. Aside from his studies, Paul has con- tributed to Columbia ' s extra-curricular activities. He put forth a Spartan effort in behalf of the abortive American Association of Dental Students. His literary talents were utilized in contributing to the Review and Columbian. Music, drama, literature and his wife have served to lighten the burden of four years of dental train- ing. When Paul graduates, he expects to enter private practice. In order that he may keep in touch with modern developments, Paul intends to serve an externship. Although he has experienced a thrill from each of his extra-curricular adventures, his greatest satisfaction came in helping to write sketches of his colleagues for the Columbian. IRVING KITTAY If that Biblical injuction For the meek and the kind shall inherit the earth, has any validity Irv will undoubtedly pay an enormous inheritance tax some day. He was born in 1918 in New York Citv and has been strictly a local boy coming to Columbia from C.C.N.Y. His conscientious application to school work brought him earlv honor and reward when he was elected to Jarvie as a sophomore. He has been a loyal., devoted frater at S.E.D. for three years. In his last two years, he was elected a student council representative. His journalistic tendencies manifested themselves by his contribu- tions to the Review, of which he is at present associate editor, and to the Columbian, of whose editorial board he is likewise a member. He has been accepted into the American Association of Dental Edi- tors. In stirring, climactic fashion Kitty has acquired a coveted in- ternship at the Hospital for Joint Diseases where he will be asso- ciated with Dr. Berger. With what little time Irv found for himself, he was entertained b music and drama. Characteristic of his own quiet, retiring, easy-going nature was that memorable occasion when his operative patient slipped gracefully off into profound slumber under the in- fluence of Kitty ' s rhythmic, nostalgic pneumatic plugger. JACK SEYMOUR KLATELL The important fact that Jack has been a leading scholar at school has at times obscured the equally important fact that his forceful, aggressive personality has made him a leader in extra-curricular activity as well. A past master at A.O., he has for the most part been its most ardent organizer and solicitor. For three years, he has con- tributed to the Dental Review and Columbian. This year, he is on the Columbian staff of editors. His rise in Jarvie has been gradual but sure, having progressed from member to secretar - treasurer to president. He has also served on the Inter-fraternitv Council for the past three years. To complete this gloriously suc- cessful picture, Jack has been appointed the senior interne at Mt. Sinai. After his term there, he expects to be summoned to duty by the army. Born about 23 years ago, Jack has maintained a steadfast resi- dence in Brooklyn. Whatever induced him to come into New York Citv for a collegiate training at C.C.N.Y. and dental training at Columbia will have to remain a deep, dark secret. Be that as it may, he received a B.S. degree in June, 1938. While social activi- ties have not been excluded from his regimen, his daily activities are almost exclusively devoted to dentistry. Thev say he eats and dreams dentistry. B ER1 R A M R LA IS R 1 N Bert is a specimen of the class forgotten man. ' ' After a wild and wool) first year as class president and Don Juan. Bert retired to the quiet, sober solitude of school work and courtship of fiancee Ruth. Born in New York City, on February 11. 1916. Bert spent a spell of four years at Ithaca, N. V.. attending Cornell University. In 1937. he was awarded an A.B. degree. In addition to his extraordinary extra-curricular activities as a freshman, Bert has been a member of Alpha Omega for three years and is also on the contributing staff of the Columbian. Besides his special interest in Ruth, nothing gives Bert more pleasure than to slip on his army britches. some Saturday afternoon, and hie him- self off on a horseback hop. For the next year, Bert has accepted an internship at the Morrisania Hospital. Bert will always recall with infuriated intensity that 10 year old trapeze artist who, in preparation for a prophylaxis, swung himself from the engine arm. drank water from the cuspidor and yelled to the world at large. Help, he ' s (Bert) killing me. All this in anticipation of a simple prophylaxis. EMANUEL SAUL R N I S H R O W Y Terpsichore, the muse of choral dance and song, came to Columbia in 1937 in the person of one Manny Rnishkowy. In his infancy he was accustomed to singing himself to sleep with the Gilbert and Sullivan patter songs, a pleasantry which he indulges in to this day. He was born in New York in 1916 but has since spent many years in Stamford and South Norwalk, Conn. A hard worker and a good one. he completed a rigorous course at Yale which culminated with a B.A. in 1937. His warm, affable nature endeared him to his classmates but it was really his musical talents that brought him to the fore. His musical gifts tend especially toward the voice and the violin. This knowledge served him in good stead in his capacity of music director and member of the cast of the famous Dental Follicles. Male members of the audience swooned when they saw his shapely legs and hypocritical curls, while Manny himself will never forget the light fantastic he tripped, and we do mean tripped, alongside of Morty Messing. Manny ' s future plans include an internship, private practice, and an attempt to keep the remaining hairs on his head. LEONARD ELI KOENIG That pleasant tenor voice constantly ringing through the locker room and laboratory belongs to Lennie, born in New York City in 1914. Len has always been a city boy except for the time he spent out at Indiana University acquiring an A.B. degree (1937) . An industrious worker, he found time for considerable extra-curricular activity, including S.E.D., Dental Review, Dental Columbian and the Dental Follicles in which he was the show ' s leading bow- legged actress. Len expects to be associated with the armv or a private practitioner in the future. Music is one of his great loves, and he is an accomplished violinist, pianist and vocalist with a bit of a tap dancer included. Len will ever remember the Dental Follicles in which he was so active and important, and his first dental patient where he was so inactive and unimportant. f HARRY LAMBERT Beneath Harry ' s loud, gruff exterior lies a more mellifluous in- terior. Always willing to lend a hand, it is said that when he was born in Glen Cove in 1915, he was continually barking instructions to the obstetrician who brought him into the world. With charac- teristic precocity, Harry obtained his A.B. at N.Y.U. by commuting from Glen Cove. Now, after four more years of commuting from Glen Cove he is about to receive his D.D.S. As a result, Harry is certain he possesses the secret of the royal road to success which reads Commute from Glen Cove and get yourself a degree. For the immediate future, however, he is considering an internship. Harry has a new-found interest in photography to supplement his keen appreciation of music and baseball. As for the former, his morning concert which commences with the now famous Ta-Ta- Ta-Ta has become a regular feature of that new locker room game — What is it? As for baseball, suffice it to sav that Harry ' s prodi- gious accumulation of facts enables him to make his annual reckless, albeit accurate prediction that the Yanks will outstrip the St. Louis Browns. He considers Spengeman ' s gyrations with an intestinal rope and his (Spengeman ' s) macabre pose with a cadaver as one of his more memorable dental school experiences, even outclassing his own Edith Cavell scene in the Follicles. S T A XLEV L A W R E N C E LANE Stan represents one of the three members of the medical fraternity who has spent the past two years with our class. Born and bred in New York City, he has likewise spent all of his scholastic and collegi- ate years here. A graduate of the De Witt Clinton High School, he received both his B.S. and M.D. degrees at New York University. In the short space of time that he has spent with our class, Dr. Lane has shown himself to be an energetic worker as attested to by his election to [arvie and his participation in the activities of the Co- lumbia staff. He expects to specialize, at a later date, in the use of a Caeserian section in the extraction of exfoliating deciduous teeth. tf ALEXANDER LEFF Ai. is a product of Manhattan ' s East Side. Even as early as his high school days at Stuyvesant, Al showed his bent for things mechanical. This mechanical-mindedness has been fostered and nurtured through his City College days and his professional career at Columbia. His aptitude for the mechanical arts has found its natural outlet in his hobbies which include the construction of miniature motors, wood- turning, new types of pneumatic pluggers and various articulator gadgets. As his just due for a consistently fine record as a student and as a man, he was elected to the Jarvie Society for Dental Re- search. And speaking of research, Al plans to spend at least part of his professional life in research in the problems of dentistry; the remainder of the time will be spent in private practice. RAYMOND LEVAO In Ray, the senior class presents its version of a diminutive Pack- rewski. His performance at the Dental Follicles of 1941. in spite of a late appearance for the third act more than drove that fact home. In addition, Ray ' s talents as an amateur photographer have kept him busy acquiring suitable shots for the year book. Despite these time-consuming avocations, Ray has been able to carrv on an active collegiate and professional life. He acquired a B.S. degree from C.C.N. Y. in 1938, was an ardent fraternity brother at S. E. D. and contributed lavishly to the Dental Columbian. With these activities as a background, Ray has outlined an equally active future for himself. This includes service in the army, marriage, and a private practice. tf BENJAMIN FENTON LEVENE, JR. Bill, as he is affectionately called by his confreres, is the class cos- mopolite. Although born a New Yorker, Bill has also lived in Lausanne, Switzerland. His background is one of the finest in the class; his studies having carried him to the Lycee Jaccard. Franklin School and Columbia University. From the latter, he received his A.B. degree in 1938. Bill spends a great deal of his spare lime per- fecting his game of chess. At that rate, he ought to become a chess expert in his first year after graduation, for he intends to spend it in a short internship and in private practice. In addition, his wide experience in the ways of the world stand him in good stead when he cultivates his most fascinating hobby — the development of the social graces. M ORTON A . LORIN C, Without much doubt or argument, ihe distinction of being the class ' s most highly geared sponsor of speed, must go to Morty. His boundless energy and continuous drive have been a source of amazement and envy for many of his classmates. With characteristic speed and efficiency, Morty made a grand entrance on [tine 13, 191(3. At that time and ever since, he has been a thorough going New Yorker. As a preliminary course of study, Morty attended the arts and science division of N.Y.U. from which he received the A.B. in 1938. At school. Morty has come to be known by his intimates as a lover of music and a specialist in the field of arts and crafts. Notwithstanding his desire to com- plete his training rapidly that he might sooner enjoy the raptures of private practice, the urgency of national defense will necessitate a suspension of his personal preferences. In other words, he ' s prac- tically in the army now. Sf MAURICE EDWARD LOW Maurice is one of the small army of men in our class who now travel around under the disguise of a pseudonym. He attended New York University, receiving the B.S. degree in 1937. Through- out his career, Maurice has been a fellow who knew how to make good use of his spare time. This he has spent in the appreciation of pure art, the theatre, current literature, and in the practice of photography. In these latter pursuits, Maurice has enhanced his cultural background, a little matter which has been wont to slip with many of us. For the most part, his plans for the future arc concerned with an internship, either in or outside of the army. Here he can well reminisce about his thrilling experience at the second freshman beer party where his natural reserve was dissolved. GEORGE HENRY MARTIN, JR. George is the gentleman from New York City and Canaan, New- Hampshire; he was born in May, 1915. He received his earlv educa- tion at Trinity School and Bard College. From this latter branch of Columbia University, he graduated in 1938 with the degree A.B. While at school here, George spent most of his time attending to the business of his professional training. It was during this period that George went through at once his most annoying yet most memorable experience. About a week or so before the deadline for turning in the crown and bridge technic models. George dissolved his anterior bridge. In the true spirit of the Crown and Bridge department, however, he smilingly did it over and produced an anterior bridge in a photo finish race to the wire. Private practice will certainlv be a lark for him with such an experience under his belt. In passing we might also note that George is a member in good standing of the Jarvie Societv as well as a member of the editorial board of the Columbian. !f SIDNEY MELNICk To each class, there presents that rare species of the human intellect, the philosopher. His well-known classical orations on the bodv beautiful and the prepared mind need no further elucidation at this time. His interest in philosophy has led to a noteworthy ac- complishment at school, namelv the organization of the Philosophi- cal Society. His other extra-curricular activity has been concen- trated in the S. E. D. fraternity. Sid has manifested a wanderlust from time to time. A resident of New York City since his birth in September. 1913. he has made frequent holiday trips to Baltimore for relaxation. His B.A. degree was bestowed by the University of Iowa in 1936. His interests include, among others, music, photography and graduation. His future plans are indeed interesting and unique — his hopes are all wrapped in a fellowship in Bacteriology at the University of Maryland. is MORTIMER MESSING Born in New York City on January 22, 1918. Morty is a member of the Philadelphia and New York clan of Messings. His is die personality and the physical entity that for four long years has been sandwiched between the philosophical Melnick on the one hand and the spectacular Morris on the other. On one occasion, how- ever. Morty stepped out from between the shadows of these giants and revealed, in a world premiere, his terpsichorean abilities. What a Floradorian! Since that night in the Dental Follicles. Morty has been back in line. He received his early education at Long Island University, and expects to use the training obtained at Dental School for the purpose of entering into an associateship with an older man, at first, and then entering into private practice. ?f MELVIN L E W I S MORRIS Mel was born in New York City about 26 years ago. During his earlier years, he resided in Paterson, N. J., but finally came home to roost in the Metropolitan area. Mel continued his primarv and secondarv education by attending C.C.N.Y. where in 1934 he got a B.S. Upon graduation. Mel spent a beleaguered year at law r school where he realized that his talents were scientific rather than legal. He entered dental school after obtaining an M.A. degree in 1937 at Columbia University. At school, Mel ' s witty command of the written and spoken work has dominated his activities. He worked his way up from contribu- tor to assistant editor in his third year, and finally, editor of the Dental Review. Because of this connection, Mel is also a member of the Association of Dental Editors. He contributed class news to the Columbian for the past three years and his efforts in behalf of the now-famous Dental Follicles as playwright and star were note- worthy indeed. He has been a leading Alpha Omegan. and a Jarvie Society member for three years. Mel has accepted an internship at Mt. Sinai Hospital where he will spend the next year. Mel likes to remember most how he weathered the nightmare of dissolving his Gillett partial in aqua regia. •19 ALVIN MUND Al was born in New York City and received all his schooling therein. After obtaining his B.S. at C.C.N. Y. in 1936 he came to Columbia. Here at Columbia Al has piled up an amazing scholastic and social record. Besides a top scholastic rating (to wit the Van Woert Scholarship) , his extra-curricular activity reads like a Sears-Roebuck catalogue. Thus: Student Council — 2; secretary 3; 4. Dental Review — 2; 3; editorial board 4. Dental Columbian — 3; editorial board 4. Jarvie Society — 2; 3: 4. Dental Follicles — associate playwright and performer. More important than such activity has been his participation in dental research problems since his first year. It is easy to see that Al ' s future points towards research and teaching and these, indeed, are his eventual ambitions. Al cherishes many fond memories of incidents in Columbia, but he is especially proud of having been able to engineer the first financially and socially successful school dance in the college ' s his- tory — his succe ss must have gone to his head for at the affair his customary reticence gave way to a bravado resulting in his retorting Hi ya. Don to a greeting by Dr. McLaughlin. ?■ IRVING JOSEPH XA1DORF From the very moment Irv was born in October. 191 3. he was destined to go far and high. Little was it suspected, then, that he would reach the heights as student, music lover and pilot. As a student, he has left his mark, having been a member of the school honor society, Jarvie, for the past two years. His love of music, Wagnerian particularly, defies description except as it expresses it- self in the most ecstatic exclamations of joy and appreciation at operatic performances. Besides, he is an artist in his own right, hav- ing mastered several types of wind instruments. Finding that his musical adventures did not fulfill his desire for excitement, Irv took to piloting a plane and also to amateur sleight-of-hand. At both of these, he is quite adroit and adept. Irv came to us from N.Y.U. with a B.A. received in 1937. While with us, he found the camaraderie which lie desired at S.E.D. He expects to leave us for the army at the conclusion of the school ear. OH N OSlil ' H NEED HAM Jack has been a member of that quiet, unassuming group that forms die backbone of every university class. Born in Brooklyn on February 21. 1916, lack received his basic education at the Brook- lyn Preparatory School and Fordham University. He graduated from the latter in 1937 with the degree A.B. In his own retiring- sort of way, Jack has had his share of experiences at school. A member of Psi Omega, he came into the limelight long enoug h to be editor of his fraternity for the years 1938-40. This year he is serving in the all-important capacity of circulation manager of ihe Denial Review. His greatest source of entertainment and enjoyment during his few leisure hours, comes from books and music. But neither of these could have provided adequate relaxation to his restless, quak- ing soul that eventful day in Oral Anatomy when Dr. Diamond, our faculty adviser, was informing us of the results in General Histology. With his successful hurdling of this first professional obstacle and with similar success in handling subsequent ones, Jack feels certain that his year following graduation will be quietly spent in the army. Thereafter, he expects to be associated with an older dentist for several years. Jf JOHN ERNES! P R I 1 Z John has long been an avid believer in the mystic powers possessed by Buddha and Buddha, Jr., two little luck charms which have been his inseparable companions throughout his four years here. But had John kept a closer inventory on his hirsute stock, he cer- tainly would have soon recognized Buddha and Son to be just another of the frequent filial frauds. For the most part a native of Brooklyn. John generally spends his summers at camp in Wurts- boro, N. Y. Occasionally, during holiday seasons, he goes on vaca- tion to New Brunswick, N. J. Preceding his entrance into Colum- bia. John spent lour years at Long Island University occupying him- self with a favorite collegiate pastime. Lhe acquisition of a degree, in this case B.S. (1937) . At dental school, his activities were con- fined to membership in S.E.D. and to fleeting flashes of photography. Undismayed and unhesitant, John goes out to face his future with a clear head. IRVING DAVID RAFKIN It is a matter of common knowledge that when Irv first opened his eyes to the light of day on February 22, 1915, he was already blessed with his slick, highly waxed mustache. This only served to forecast a picture of the Irv we ' ve known for the past four years. Always, he is the impeccable, the neat, the stvlish professional man. Can it be that his parents foresaw Irv ' s ability as a surgeon when they initialed him ncision and Drainage? Irv has always been a Brooklyn boy, although he spent several years at Lincoln, Nebraska where he acquired a B.A. in Biology and Chemistry from the University of Nebraska. He spends his spare time at carving and drawing, his first loves. This year, realizing his assets as a front man, he contributed his service as advertising manager of the Dental Columbian. Although his complete career at dental school has been a series of memorable experiences, it seems that in years to come the one experience which he will vividlv recall will be his name on Dr. Hoyt ' s list in the senior year. But should his plans to enter the army or an associateship materialize, all these recollections will undoubtedly be thrown into the limbo of the forgotten as Irv will take his impressions and send them to the lab. Jf FRED KALIL RASSI Fred officially claims to have been born on August 1. 1914 in Buf- falo, N. Y. For two years, however, he had the devil ' s own time trying to convince the boys of the veracity of this statement. Most of them still believe he found root elsewhere. Besides Buffalo, he claims to have been a resident of Detroit for some time, but like all good Americans he finally gravitated to Brooklyn. It was here that he received all of this training prior to entrance into Columbia Dental. Brooklvn Technical High School provided his secondary training and Brooklyn College provided his B.S. degree in 1936. Following the course taken by mam of his classmates. Fred awoke to the possibilities of his various talents in his senior vear. So. we find him serving in a dual capacitv; that of associate circulation manager of the Dental Review and in a position on the Dental Columbian. Although his future plans seem to be a matter for conjecture, his spare-time avocations are not. The latter include photography and social welfare work lor which he expects to find plenty of time during his initial vears following graduation. GEORGE 1.1 1) WIG REICH EX STEIN It may sound trite to sav so but in George ' s case ii is true that ever) cloud has its silver lining. To our wa) ol thinking, George repre- sents the silver lining ol die clouds that have gathered over Europe. A true gentleman, George was not always beset by the difficulties which overtook him in recent years. He was born in Vienna on December 13. 1894. His schooling was obtained at the Imperial Royal Maximilian Gymnasium in Vienna and he received his M.D. at the University of Vienna in 1920. He. then, chose to specialize in dentistry. Alter marrying, he settled down to private practice in dentistry. All went well till war clouds befogged the European horizon. With their advent, the United States began to profit bv the migration of refugees of George ' s calibre to these shores. During his years in Vienna, George became very fond of modern literature and bridge tournaments. This fondness is still retained h him. To George his finest experience in this country has been, becoming accustomed to a new environment and feeling at home- in it. This is George ' s tribute to the hospitality of the U.S.A. Here ' s hoping he finds private practice in America as pleasant as it was in gav Vienna. P ROSS JOSEPH RILEY Through all of his dental career at Columbia, Ross has been running Jesse Berl a close second for the honor of being the sleepin ' est man in class. There ' s really only one difference. While Jesse snores through most of the lectures, Ross just never finds the time to attend. The amazing paradox of the whole situation is that Ross has been active in extra-curricular activity as well as being a scholas- tic leader of his class. For three years he contributed to the Review, being a member of its editorial board this year. He is also a mem- ber of the editorial staff of the Columbian, fn his second year, he was honored by election to Jarvie. In his junior vear, Ross plaved a poker-faced comedian in that laugh-riot success. Dental Follicles of 1941. Next to sleeping, he finds golf a restful retreat from world- ly woes. Born on December 2, 1914 in Kearnev, N. J.. Ross was raised to manhood in the same town. He attended school in Kearnev but came to N.Y.U. for his collegiate training. In 1937, he received his A.B. degree. When he leaves Columbia, he has decided to limit his activities to army service. He will carry with him the memory of the time he was to present a finished denture to a patient only to find that he had misplaced it — the result of his daylight dol- drums, no doubt. ARTHUR SCHRAGER Artie has come a long way since that April fool ' s clay in 191(3 when be bawled his delight to an unappreciative world. Belying his date of birth, Artie has proven hims elf to be nobody ' s fool. An able mechanic, he is generally accepted by popular acclaim of his class- mates, to be the class electrical engineer. His college training consisted of studies taken in the Columbia University Extension ' Courses. Although he has always made his residence in New York City, Arthur ' s love for travel has taken him out of the city in the most bizarre contraptions imaginable. Two such trips come to mind immediately. The first came during our freshman year when Artie and two classmates gave a modernized version of Three Men on a Horse in a rousing rocky race to Ithaca aboard a marantic motorcycle. The second of Artie ' s memorable trips, taken during the Junior year, included a jaunt to the Balti- more Centennial Convention in the latest model A Ford-a car which antedated the antiquated Mr. Ford himself. He likes to recall the time his effervescence exploded in anatomy, under the effects of benzedrine sulfate, when he summoned his in- structor with an authoritative. Hev G. . . k! Com ' ere! PHILIP SILVERSTEIN Probably the greatest pride and joy of Phil ' s life is experienced from his artistic drawings. Everybody conceded him a ranking place with the masters. But would Drs. Lefkowitz and Applebaum concur in this opinion? No! Phil was the Oral Histology depart- ment ' s pet peeve. Why, he couldn ' t even draw a human hair, let alone a complete enamel rod, so they declared. Overcoming this rude awakening concerning his art, Phil amused himself with other hobbies. These included excellent amateur photography, grinding of lenses and mirrors, and microscopy. During all of his 25 years Phil has been a resident of New York. In 1938, he was awarded a B.A. degree by N.Y.U. Coming to Co- lumbia in 1937, his first extra-curricular act was to join S.E.D. Next, he devoted himself to artistically adorning the beer mugs for our freshman dinner, notwithstanding Oral Histolgy ' s dissent. His con- tribution to the Dental Follicles was a touching performance of Nurse Edith Cavell. Lastly, he is serving this year on the Co- lumbian in the capacity of staff photographer. Phil ' s future plans fall into a category which seems to be uni- versal for our class. These are service in the army, associateship with an older man, and private practice. V A LTER GERHARD S P E N G E M A N Walt has been die most colorful and most likeable character in the class. Born on June 13, 1915. Walt, for main years, lived in New York Citv. But in 1921, he moved to Pelham Manor. N. V.. where he now resides with his family. In 1938, Columbia College awarded him the A.B. degree. More than anything else, however, his un- selfish devotion to class problems has endeared him to the class and lias won for him the esteem of his fellows. This directness and singleness of purpose was more than evident in the thousand and one little chores lie performed as sophomore and junior (lass presi- dent. His read) wit and quaint expressions enlivened his two years in the Student Council ami his wise supervision of the Dental Follicles, both as performer and associate playwright, enabled this production to succeed. As if these activities were not enough, Walt has been a beacon light at Psi Omega, shaping its policy these pasi lour vears and this year is serving notably, as is his wont, on the Intel-fraternity Council. In spite of this wealth of experiences, it remained lor his senior ihesis io provide Walt with his most memorable encounter. If it weren ' t lor his noble, innocent countenance, he might even now be paying a kidnapping penalty for luring children awav from home for the purpose of taking mouth measurements. Xf ARTHUR SEYMOUR THOMAS. R . Tommie is of that strong, silent group of men who prefers to let his actions and his work speak for him. And how eloquently they say what words very often fail to express. Tommie is one of the finest gentlemen in our class; reserved in attitude, he is ever polite and obliging. An artist at heart, he has thrown his meticulous nature and character into his work with ever gratifying results to himself and his instructors. His technical skill has already gained lor him recognition at school and will undoubtedly continue to attract attention to him from the profession. He was born in Beacon, N. Y, on February 10. 1914. He has. in the interim, changed his residence to Brooklyn, N. Y. He came to dental school in 1937, fresh from his college training at Bard Col- lege. Columbia University, where he received an A.B. degree. His spare time is spent puttering around the house with odds and ends or listening to music. During the summer, he enjoys the freedom and naturalness of camp life. His plans for the future are. as yet. tentative and whollv unclear but. vaguely, they include a hospital internship or an army appointment. Jb MORTON ALEXANDER WALDMAN Morty is one of those who loves a good practical joke and exercises his privilege of heckling his classmates with reckless abandon. This constitutes the full extent of his extra-curricular activity at school. At one of his three-star special performances during a lecture given by Dr. Crawford, he managed to attract the unwelcome attention of the lecturer, much to his dismay and discomfort. His ability to have his school work appear simple and have it rapidly completed has led to the impression that Morty is occupying himself with some special avocation or avocations. This notion Morty has de- nied by stating that, it isn ' t true that I specialize in making imita- tion teeth and jewelry; I actually had a patient once in the junior year and I may take another sometime in the spring of this year. ' ' On the historical side, it may be reported that Morty was born on May 7, 1917 in New York City, which has been his permanent home. He received his B.S. in 1939 from C.C.N.V. Although he probably did not evaluate it as such, he turned in a very creditable perform- ance of Dr. Bafkin in the Dental Follicles. With army and private practice beckoning, Morty anticipates a pleasant future. PF- IRVING GEORGE W E I N B E R G An outstanding figure in extra-curricular school activities, Irv ' s as- sorted interests make excellent reading matter. He confesses to al- most 25 years ' of age. Although born in New York City, Irv for many years resided in Sea Cliff, where he had his secondary educa- tion. Upon receipt of his diploma, he entered N.Y.U. where in 1 937 he was awarded a B.S. degree. That year he entered Columbia. The mighty mite immediately got busy. As an opening salvo, he was elected vice-president of the freshman class and also con- tributed witty observations about his new-found friends and en- vironment to the Review and Columbian. Facing a hectic sopho- more year, Irv confined his activity to some serious journalism for both the Review and Columbian. Then rising above personal hardship, he lent valuably of his services not only to the Review and Dental Columbian but to the Junior show, American Asso- ciation of Dental Editors and the Philosophy Club as well. This year he reached the apex of a banner career of service by his assump- tion of the associate editorship of the Review and membership in the American Association of Dental Editors. Irv most vividly recalls with a shudder the time he dropped a vei) essential lower anterior facing down a drain just before submitting a finished technic partial for grading. ALBERT HAROLD WEISENFELD At. has resided both in the Metropolitan area and in Nanuet, N. Y. After completing his preliminary education, he. at first, attended Columbia University where he received his B.S. in 1934. Still un- decided about his future, he embarked upon a course in Economics leading toward the M.A. degree at Columbia. This he completed in 1937. when he finally decided to enter dental school, where he showed undeniable ability. At school he has slowly but inevitably acquired more and more duties. At first, he was concerned with the affairs of S.E.D. as its member, then chaplain, and finally master. These past two years, his interest in student affairs have placed him in the Student Coun- cil. He has served on the Inter-fraternity Council: and was active as stage manager and performed in the Dental Follicles. Finally, this year he achieved a position worthy of his executive capacities — chairman of Board of Editors of the Dental Columbian. Al ' s work at school lias never been a source of concern to him but he couldn ' t help feeling a qualm or two about his first set of full dentures. Imagine the thrill and satisfaction he experienced when the upper staved in place (What ' s that? The lowers. Oh. forget it) . Among his special interests, he includes cabinet making, gardening, photography and music. tP R A V M O X D DAVID WOLF Brooklyn has been in Rav ' s blood since the dav he was born on November 7, 1915. It ' s no wonder, then, that for the greater part of last summer, Ray ' s blood pressure hovered at the arteriosclerotic level. A fanatical Brooklyn baseball fan (he ' s always waiting till next year ) , Ray had a chance to bellow loud and long last year for the first time in many a moon. A jovial sort of fellow, except for his ulcers, Ray is always ready with a quip of one sort or an- other. Nevertheless, he has a serious side to his Jekvll-Hvde per- sonality which enables him to get good results where his schoolwork is concerned. His collegiate training was achieved at N.Y.U., resulting in a B.S. in 1936. At Columbia, he divided his time between his frater- nity. S.E.D. . and his love of photography. On one or two occasions during the summer he availed himself of the opportunity of camp- ing in the great outdoors so that he might commune with nature after eight arduous months at school. According to Rav. the fondest recollection, the one which he most cherishes, is the spirit which prevailed at Freshman Beer Party No. I. He hopes to fulfill his plans in the following order: internship, army, and private prac- tice. eooQQ ftOai 5 ft Q Q ? ft JUNIOR CLASS president: Hurry Barrel vice-president: Anthony Skarka secretary-treasurer: Joseph Gibson jr. STUDENT COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES: Joseph De Rose • Mortimer P moff • Victor Gromel 58 CLASS OF 1942 If all t lie unusual situations were added up as one ■will do in reminiscing — the typical junior year . . . We came, we saw and we conquered or were conquered. For . . . our first patients of note in the clinic for taking dentacoll impressions and ap- plying rubber dams were our fellow students. And what could be more aggravating than to rip a rub- ber dam 5 sees, after finishing its complete appli- cation which took no less than 60 minutes. It shouldn ' t happen to a dog. would be Winter ' s first exasperating cry followed by tri-svllabled epithets and tongue twisting expletives. In Orthodontics lab we watched instructors wrap expensive hairpins around carabelli-cusped teeth for which thev received our effusive thanks and flattering compliments. Labial arches were coaxed into place at the expense of our sensitive epidermis. Students could be talking about lip-lines and how difficult their first chew-in was in contrast to their third case chew-in, but that didn ' t disturb Daily Bailv Rosner and Infectious Mono Ross. They could often be seen playing casino between two full denture setups awaiting their first Prost het- ic cases . . . Relax! . . . could be heard across the clinic floor. And so Daily Baily and Infectious Mono used that awe inspiring cry as their theme for the rest of the junior prosthetic days. In Oral Diagnosis it was always a matter of choos- ing from partial pulpitis, complete gangrene and acute pulpitis and then finding out that the tooth was extracted . . . oops! pardon me. that was last •.ear ' s diagnosis history. Our course in Ethics pointed out many significant and vital statistics — Did you know that there are 104 dentists and 81 dental hygienists in the Dental Division of the Public Health Department in the city of New York . . . poverty is what crime is made of . . . 4,965,452 burs were used in the whole state of I ' tali during the last 30 years? Once a week for two months we peregrinated to the land of the Eskimos where we met ladies and gentlemen who could oulbite any football hero in this land of ours, of Poupart nipples and all sons of sissy stuff. In Radiodontia or reray-dintcha we were called upon to do things from different angles, and perio showed us how to relieve many a pocket of its hard earned concretions. As if we had to be taught that! With all our theoretical and technic courses we also got our culture. Morning symphonic varieties were held practically every day on G floor. Pieces by Stravinsky were usually heard except for minor instrumental substitutions like banging doors and clanging flasks for cymbals, falling instrument kits for trumpet crescendos, and those classical vocal outbursts as interpreted by various members of this, our unusual junior class. As the year drew to its successful conclusion in the shadow of tumultuous world skies we felt and recognized that it was one of the most interesting in our student careers. May we all be able to come back next year to finish our dental student davs. 59 ft g 9 oo 9 1 T ' j ffHJ t J : ?i_ ft ft Q, 99 a ft g Q ft ft ft o O f ? ■ j mm mMi EL K ■■ i . SOPHOMORE CLASS OFFICERS president: James Coyle vice-president: Raymond Mosey secretary-treasurer: Joseph Sarubbi student council: Joseph Medaglia en CLASS OF 1943 The tommy-gun staccato of the pneumatic con- densers in H lab lias ceased, only to be replaced by a new din — the clap trap created by the falling of laboratory pliers and worn and shoddy campaign buttons. With many audible sounds of relief, the sophomore entered the third trimester looking forward to such pleasantries as are to be found when one is not completely bound to the pursuits of that genus of small, elongated, reddish-brown, carnivo- rous quadrupedal mammal. In other words, having weasled on such things as minutiae, psvchiatric imponderables, tsutsugamushi, pappatachi, Maoris, and Eskimos, the future G. V. Blacks have begun the study of partial dentures, amalgams, crowns, and many other important subjects which every dentist should know. The year has been any- thing but uneventful. There are several luminaries who rate the very fitting title of Bright-Lights. Among those who stand out glaringly are: Bob Wolfram, the spar- kling human equation; Jack Yates, who is always happier than thou ; Paul Wagreich, the satiricist with the vain but avalanchlike attempts at sublety; Lee Yarteressian, the inventor of the inkless mimeo- graph; Ray Mozzer, the author of that delightful narrative Travelling up the Amazon or Lost in the Jungle ; Paul Tascher, the angel voiced tenor who is auditioning for the job of air raid siren; Norman Menken, who raves about Bengue and the Condyloma orchestra; foe Markowitz, who simply can ' t lose that thick southern drawl; Chet Schept. the Fiendy with the Light Brown Bald Spot ; George Heathcluiffe Hindels, who never stops reiterating Leesten, Jeffee, I keel you ; Mrs. Lana Gordon, whose emulations of Naomi Turn- er have met with universal horror: Scharbit, who really has made a name for himself; Dit Dittmar, a combination of the ' Wright brothers, young Tom Edison, Cab Calloway, and Jerry Colonna. The class is anxiously awaiting the third year at which time it can demonstrate its adroitness in ministering to the dental needs of those who un- awaringly and helplessly await us. Someone has suggested that the class motto be Show Us the Light ; but Through Rain. Sleet, or Snow, etc., ... has proven most apropos. CLASS OF 1944 president: Hat old Bell vice-president: Leo Berk secretary-treasurer: Stanley Nief student council representative: Frank Devlin 62 « ft g H Q 9 ft ■ t f t t AIM g. ■ ■ ■ - ■,;-•- rif - ■ ft ft ft ft o ft v ft J5 £L IS aft ■tPf ft t t t CLASS OF 1944 Genesis For fifty-eight students the year One of their Dental lives began in September 1940. Their Eden was Columbia University. From that point on however. Eden was not a Paradise: for Eden had its forbidden Fruit. Of Studies These fifty-eight students lost little time in ad- justing themselves to their new environment. Six- teen cadavers stretched out on cold, cold slabs are not a common sight, but after a moment of philo- sophic contemplation on Life and Death, fifty-eight scalpels slashed simultaneously. Microscopic Anatomv dealt with the little things in light — truly a subject that made mountains out of molehills. The students, however, were reward- ed with more than strained eves at the completion of the course. Through a studv of its microscopic components, a greater appreciation of the com- plexitv of life was inculcated in them. The work was not easv and at times many felt that the pace was too taxing. Fortunatelv how- ever, the mortalitv rate was at a minimum. The purpose of this education, you see. was to cultivate men. — not to destrov them. Fraternity One day during a very serious group discussion, a figure clad in gay, flowing robes and surrounded by an aura of warmth and friendliness presented himself to us. Gentlemen, he said in a booming good na- tured voice, your life is not one of ease. Your tutors are serious men whose task it is to teach you all that you are able to learn. And many are the books that they have written. I am here to teach you another side of life. So follow me and I will open the door to Humanity. As we walked, he spoke. One of your first duties is toward your fellow man. You are all brothers. — and sisters. he added laughingly, casting significant glances at the Lady Eve. Man is a gregarious animal fortunately — or should I say unfortunately? He tends to live col- lectively. Since you are to become members of groups, acquaint vourselves with their ways and habits. From them you will choose your future friends and colleagues. And with the wave of his hand he pointed the way to what he termed Fraternity Life. Social Life Our instructor in the Art of Living once said to us that a well rounded individual, fit to serve humanity, must partake in relaxing activities. His mind and body need rest from constant work and study, in order that thev may function efficiently. The class sponsored a beer party to which many of our instructors were invited. The atmosphere was friendly and fraternal, for what warms the heart and loosens the tongue more so than a mug of beer? We also enthusiastically supported the affair sponsored by the Student Council. The success of the dance was assured. The peak of our social activities however was the Dormitory Dance spon- sored by the class. President Bell made the very thoughtful proposal that the proceeds from the affair should go toward the establishment of a Dental Students ' Dormitory Fund. The affair was a huge success. Gaiety and Beauty were king and queen of the ball: and a wonderful time was had by all. Thus ends this brief historical review. 03 ACTIVITIES DENTAL COLUMBIAN A year book is constrained to follow certain fixed patterns if it is to serve its purpose. It is expected of it that it commit to permanent form experiences and associations that are now part of our past but which we want never to forget. The little drol- leries, the comradery, the familiar faces, the school and its parts all must be fixed in their present form against time and forgetfulness. We of the staff have endeavored to do this for our Class of 1 94 1 ; for a class that was on occasion spoken of as the most socially minded to graduate from the school. In addition to the regular year book fare we secured a rare tidbit of vocational guidance. Our graduates of today unlike those of previous years are not all turning directly to private practice. The hospital, the army, the navy, the lure of re- search, each are attracting well trained, ambitious youths to their ranks. We have therefore felt it to be opportune at this time to secure authentic descriptions of these ever widening fields of inter- est. For the fulfillment of this endeavor of ours, we are greatly indebted to the distinguished au- thors who have generously contributed to this edi- tion. The year book is the product of many willing hands and minds: and to all who have given of their time and energies we extend our sincerest thanks. Dr. S. N. Rosenstein was always ready to give us unsparingly the benefit of his mature judg- ment. David Berman, Irving Rafkin and Leonard Koenig did much to carry the book successfully through its financial tribulations. To Raymond Levao and Philip Silverstein go the credit for the praiseworthy photography and artwork that is con- tained in this book. Miss Rosen. Mr. Zimet and Miss Mosler deserve mention for their invaluable aid and unstinted cooperation. Finally, many, many thanks to all the others who contributed to the creation of this book. 6G DENTAL COLUMBIAN STAFF editor: Albert H. Weisenfeld BUSINESS MANAGER: David P. Berman VDVERTISING MANAGER: Irving D. Rafkin staff photographers: Raymond Levao Philip Silverstein CIRCULATION MANAGER: Leonard E. Koenig FACULTY ADVISER: Dr. Solomon N. Rosenslein EDITORIAL BOARD Alvin Mund, George Martin Jr., Emanuel Knishkowy, Ross J. Riley. Jack S. Klalell, Xaomi Gordon, Irving Kittay, Paul Kamen. CON I RIBUTING BOARD Melvin L. Morris. Mortimer Messing, Harold H. Blank, John Jacob- son, Ulysses Erdreich, Richard Pasternack, Hans Freivogel, Stanley IT. Vogel, Fieri K. Rassi, Stanley L. Lane, Benjamin F. Levene Jr. 67 EDITORIAL STAFF editorial board: Paul Kamen ' 41, Alvin Mund ' 41, Ross Riley ' 41, Harry G. Barter ' 12, Louis Fisher 42, Joshua F. Ross ' -12. Norinan Tanz, 42. Lester Zackeim, 12. managing hoard: Arthur D. Kafka ' -10. Alumni; Ewing C. Melieath. D.D.S.. MX)., F.A.C.D.. Faculty. CONTRIBUTING STAFF contributing board: O. lieder ' 41, . A7r; r ' -II. .1. Lefl II. H. B anA ' 42, 7?. Weber ' 42. £. Gottlieb 13. R. Gottsegen ' 13. .V. Menken ' 43, S. FogW ' 43. y. Flashner ' 4 1. .. Hirschjeld ' 44. .). Mufson 44. i. Plolniek ' 44, M. Ri Ain ' 44, . Zane ' 44. circulation board: lo m y. Need- ham ' 41. -Yea A . Raj5 ' ' 41. MELVIN L. MORRIS ' 41. £ttooj-. IRVING KITTAY ' 41, IRVING G. WEINBERG ' 41, Associate Editors. THE DENTAL REFIEfV The Columbia Dental Review is published entirely by the students of the School of Dental and Oral Surgery. Its standards of journalism conform with those of the Association of Dental Editors of which it is a member. This year the editorial board has followed with few exceptions the policies of last year. Three large issues were again published rather than four shorter ones. Since the Review is essentially a publication of dental research, more emphasis was placed on scientific work, especially the feature articles on original student research, with less stress on social news. Besides research in its theoretical aspects, rightful space was allotted to the practical restora- tive phases. A With the Faculty article reviewed the research being done by the faculty; either work in progress or papers which were read. Through editorials, student opinions regarding matters of importance to general dental and local school prob- lems were freely expressed. Our Review is sent to dental schools and dental societies throughout the world. Naturally the staff and the school desire its favorable reception where ever it is read. Therefore both faculty and student criticisms and suggestions are important and wel- come always. In the past they have not been numerous enough. Continuous improvement of the journal is constantly sought. To publish even a good journal requires much work: writing, re- writing ' , editing, proofreading, arranging material, and conferences with the printer. Thus more stu- dent participation is necessary in the future to pre- vent the over burdening of a few students, and to make and keep the Review a liner dental journal. PRESIDli I ... 1 1 nee E. Douglu rty 11 l I LUISIM 1 Joseph De Rose ' 42 SE ki i m - 1 hi ISI i;i k Mm Inner Panofj ' VI 51 iiik REPRES1 NTATIVE : Sf lg Finkelstein, Alvin Maud, Irving Kittay, Albert H. IVeisenfeld, Lawrence F. Dougherty. |i NIOR REPRESEN1 VTIVES: Many Banc) ' , I ' id or M . Gromet, Jo- seph M. Medaglia, fames G, sophomore representatives: Jos- eph M. Medaglia, lames G. Coyle, Charles J. MeKeori. FRESHMAN REPR1 SENTATH l S: Mar old M. Bell. Francis P. Devlin. STUDENT COUNCIL Under the guidance of Drs. Gillett and McLaugh- lin, as faculty advisers, the council has initiated many long-needed reforms at the suggestion of student and faculty alike, and has sponsored pro- jects both curricular and extra-curricular. It is all-important to keep the student body in- formed of the activities and discussions of the council, and this has been accomplished through the posting of its minutes on the school bulletin boards as well as through the reports of repre- sentatives at all class meetings. Among the more publicized doings of this year ' s council, were the dance which it sponsored at the Hotel Edison on February first; the approval of the Murray Bill; the promotion of effective student- faculty cooperation: and other activities significant in the life of our school. faculty adviser: Dr. D. McLaughlm secretary: L. Dougherty ALPHA OMEGA J. Klatell R. Pasternak ALTERNATES N. Tanz R. Weber PSI OMEGA L. Dougherty W. Spengeman ALTERNATES A. Hagstrom ]. Gibson SIGMA EPSILON DELTA A. Weisenfeld W. Berrnan J. Bed ALTERNATES J. Topolsky INTERFRATERNITT COUNCIL The Interfraternity Council is composed of two members from each of the three dental fraternities, and is under the guidance of its faculty adviser, Dr. McLaughlin. The Interfraternitv Council usuallv meets at the beginning of the school year and has as its main objective to set the date of and regulate the conduct of the rushing period. The Council acts as governing body for the fraternities and seeks to pro- mote friendly relations and cooperation among them. fiU IVilliam Jarvie Society n r A n - n .- ff fjftf ?? ? ' IIP W P ' mX ' M 1 ' M Dr. Josepli Schrofi president: Jack Klalell vice-president: Oscar E. Bedcr secretary-treasurer: Richard Pasternack faculty adviser: Dr. Joseph Schrofj SENIOR CLASS Oscar E. Bedcr, David P. Berman, Carl Breilner, M.D., Bertram E. Bromberg, Norman Dimond, Waller Jagard, Irving Kittay, Jack S. Klatell, Stanley Lane, M.D., Alexander Leff, George H. Martin. Jr.. Melvin L. Morris, Alvin Aland, Irving J. Xaidorf, Ross J. Riley, Lawrence E. Dougherty, Albert H. Weisenfeld, Mortimer Messing, Arthur S. Thomas Jr., Benjamin F. Levene Jr. JUNIOR CLASS Harry G. Barrcr, Martin Blumenfeld, Louis Drucker, Joseph A. Gib- son, Jr., John J. Meany. Alvin Mooney, Josepli Shoham. Richard Pasternak, Anthony Skarka. Norman P. Tanz. SOPHOMORE CLASS Edmund W. Burke, Albert K. Goltsegen, Alexandei B. Smith. Ensel, Eugene Gottleib. Robert 70 OMICRON KAPPA UPSILON president: William B. Dunning vice-president: Leroy L. Hartman sec-treasurer: Ewing C. McBeath Omicron Kappa Upsilon. the national honorary dental fraternity, was organized in 1914 by the faculty of the Dental School of Northwestern Uni- versity. The purpose of the organization was to set a standard of achievement toward which the dental students would aspire. Omicron Kappa Upsilon has inspired good schol- arship in students, good teaching in our universi- ties, research by our outstanding dentists, and high clinical and ethical standards in the practitioners. These good results have grown from the original objective of the fraternity, which was encouraging and developing a spirit of emulation among stu- dents in dentistry and to recognize in an appropri- ate manner those who shall distinguish themselves by a high grade of scholarship. The Columbia School of Dental and Oral Surgery was granted its charter as the Epsilon Epsi- lon Chapter of Omicron Kappa Upsilon in 1934, with eleven members of the faculty as charter mem- bers. The first president of the chapter was Wil- liam B. Dunning:. Adolph Berger Charles F. Bodecker Henrv S. Dunning William B. Dunning Lerov L. Hartman Charier Members Henry W. Gillett Milo Hellman Anna V. Hughes Harold J. Leonard Arthur J. Rowe Leuman M. Waugh •Deceased. Each year new members are selected from among the graduating students on the basis of scholarship, character and interest in school affairs. Members of the faculty and alumni of the School of Dental and Oral Surgery who distinguish themselves in the profession are also eligible for membership in the fraternity. At the last convocation exercises held in June 1940. the following men were inducted into the Epsilon Epsilon chapter of Omicron Kappa Upsi- lon. Associates — Class of 1940 G. L. Courtade L. Cohen A. R. Buckelew R. G. Carson M. C. Weinrib A. D. Kafka The members of the class of 1941 who will be honored by being elected to join Omicron Kappa Upsilon will be chosen after the school year is completed. We take this opportunity to congratu- late those future members. SIGMA EPSILON DELTA OFFICERS master: William Berman chaplain: Harold Diner scribe: Alvin Mooney treasurer: Jerome Kl iif inner guard: Raymond Levao outer guard: Albert Weisenfeld historian: Jack Topolsky CLASS OF 1941 Jesse Bed, Irving Kittay, Leonard Koenig, Raymond Levao, Sid- ney Melnick, Irving Naidorf, John E. Fritz, Philip Silverstein, Albert Weisenfeld, Raymond Wolf. CLASS OF 1942 William Berman, Joseph Blumcnlhal, Jerome Klaif, Alvin Mooney, Jack Topolsky. CLASS OF 1943 George Cohner, Harry D iner, Joseph Markoxuitz, Robert Wellward. 72 SIGMA EPSILON DELTA (, A.MM A CHAPTER The Sigma Epsilon Delta Fraternity was organized forty years ago at the New York College of Den- tistry. Its founders pledged themselves to the fos- tering of good fellowship, the maintenance of high scholastic standards, and a spirit of helpfulness in the dental profession. During the ensuing years the Fraternity continued to serve as a stimulating force in the creation and maintenance of these ideals. We ' ve come a long way since those early days and are exceedingly proud of the national scope of the present organization. Sigma Epsilon Delta maintains undergraduate chapters in the outstand- ing dental schools of the United States. The grad- uate chapters of New York. New Jersey. Connecti- cut, Pennsylvania and Maryland are noted for their activities in the interest of the dental profession. To assure the perpetuation of the ideas and ideals upon which the fraternity was conceived, Sigma Epsilon Delta selects its new members from those whose interests most closely resemble its own. In this way the spirit of cooperation and fraternalism is carried over each year to the graduate body. Our members are encouraged to attend the meetings of the New York Graduate Chapter, which are held every month at the Hotel Pennsylvania. These meetings serve to bring about a cooperative rela- tionship between the students and the profession. The presentation of papers, lectures, exhibits and clinics tends to augment the knowledge gained from our formal schooling. This stimulating contact with the graduate members is continued when our house is visited by the men who have become prom- inent in their fields. Dr. Leon Singer and Dr. Theodore Katz, two of our recent graduates are. at present, members of the Division of Abnormal Prosthesis at our school, the first such clinic held at any school in the United States. We were fortunate to have Dr. Singer as one of a group of lecturers during the year, whose talks were of immeasurable delight to our members. With the object of encouraging the maintenance of a high scholastic standing among the dental student body, Sigma Epsilon Delta has provided for an award to be given to the outstanding stu- dent of each senior class, the recipient to be chosen by the Dean. This year all our fraters are looking forward to the pleasant prospect of celebrating the fortieth an- niversary of the founding of Sigma Epsilon Delta. The site of this gala occasion will be the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, during the early part of April. The Alpha and Gamma chapters will be hosts to the out-of-town undergraduates at an af- fair in their honor, to be followed by a tour throu gh New York hospitals and colleges the next day. The Sigma Epsilon Delta Grand 40 Banquet will be a fitting climax to the festivities of the day. Wind- ing up the affairs of this special convention, there will be lectures, table clinics and discussions. This should prove of great interest and be most informa- tive. With these pleasant expectations in mind, the fraternity wishes to take this opportunity to ex- tend sincere wishes to its graduating members for their future success and happiness. PSI OMEGA OFFICERS grand master: Lawrence E. Dougherty junior master: Waller G. Spengeman secretary: Joseph A. Gibson, Jr. treasurer: Albin R. Hagstrotn editor: John J. Needham chaplain: Walter J. Jagard CLASS OF 1941 Wesley R. Burt, Armand R. Capuozzo, Lawrence E. Dougherty, Walter J. Jagard, John J. Needham, Walter G. Spcngeman. CLASS OF 1942 Joseph A. Gibson, Jr., Salvatore P. Gulli, Albin R. Hagstron Henry DeL. Hartman. CLASS OF 1943 Louis F. Brignole, Edmund W. Burke, Joseph P. Farrell, Glenwood Hersey, Guido M. Lometti, Matthew C. McCue, Stephen V. Man- dracchia, Joseph M. Medaglia, Raymond R. Mozzer, Joseph F. Sarubbi, Laurence F. Shesler, Alexander B. Smith, Robert S. Wolfram, John B. Yates. PLEDGEES lano, Nicholas Georgeade, Francis Keneally, Edward May. William Thomas Bevelaque, Alfred Bongiano, Joseph Carlucci. Philip Cain- Miller, Henry Norian, Henry Rendich, Charles Acquisita ' 43. 74 PSI OMEGA GAMMA LAMBDA CHAPTER The Psi Omega Fraternity, third in order of es- tablishment of American Dental Fraternities, was Founded in the Spring of 1892. at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Now the largest dental fraternity, over 20,000 members have been initiated into Psi Omega, with 32 active chapters in various dental schools of the United States and Canada, about fifty Alumni Chapters located in the prin- cipal cities of this country, and a very active Eu- ropean Chapter, made up of leaders of the pro- fession throughout Europe. The fraternity also is a charter member in the Professional Interfrater- nity Conference, composed of more than thirty outstanding professional fraternities of America. The aim of the fraternity is to bring together men who share common interests, and its stated purpose is: The object of the fraternity shall be to cultivate the social qualities of its members; to surround each member with friends to whom he can turn for advice and assistance when needed: to secure by cooperation benefits and advantages out of individual reach: bv means of a journal to keep its members in touch with other members in all parts of the world; to assist its members in all their laudable undertakings; and to exert its in- fluence untiringly for the advancement of the Den- tal Profession in methods of teaching, of practice, and of jurisprudence. The expression of this is demonstrated by the manv leaders in dental or- ganizations and in scientific and educational fields, who are members of our fraternity. The history of Gamma Lambda Chapter has al- most been a miniature of that of the national fra- ternity. After rising above the usual establishment hardships, it was plunged into the more recent de- pression doldrums. The fine work of the officers and leaders of the chapter in the last few years has rescued it from these troubles, and we are now stronger than ever before, on all counts. We are larger in number of undergraduate members, sounder, and are participating in more widespread activities because of these factors. Psi Omega men are active in all of the extr a-curricular activities at school, hold important class and school offices and honorary positions. Typical of these Psi Omegans are our members of the senior class, Wes Burt, Armand Capuozzo, Larry Dougherty, Walt Jagard, Jack Needham, and Walt Spengeman. These men have shared in the highest honors at school, as well as in the frater- nity, and we feel sure that they will continue the same standard in their future endeavors. Our chapter has been very active during the last vear, in social, academic, and alumni affairs. On the more serious side, our custom of having speak- ers, motion pictures, and demonstrations about various dental subjects twice a month has been continued, and is a most valuable adjunct to a dental education. Among the men who have addressed us were outstanding dentists from school, as Dr. Leroy Hartman, and outstanding specialists like Dr. Meyer, surgeon at the Fifth Avenue Hos- pital. Our relationship s with the fraternity alumni are unusually close and cooperative, and many fine associations can be made with these older, more ex- perienced men. The members of Psi Omega have several opportunities to attend dinners, outings, and other social functions with members of the Alumni Chapter. The social life of Psi Omega has been very suc- cessful during the past year, with the Winter and Spring Formals at an outside hotel and club and the Thanksgiving. Oral Hygiene, Christmas, and ew Year ' s parties, attended by faculty members and younger alumni. There have also been less formal gatherings of members at the house on Riverside Drive for more private parties on sev- eral Saturday evenings between these large parties. We hope this resume will serve as a reminder of Psi Omega for our graduating Seniors, and we wish them the best of luck in their future undertakings. 75 ALPHA OMEGA chancellor: Robert Weber vice-chancellor: Robert Gottsegen scribe: Norman Mencken quaestor: Harry Barter historian: Harold Blank praetor: Dr. Frank Beube CLASS OF 1941 Daind Berman, Bert Bromberg, Charles Chayes, Ulysses Erdreich, Bert Klatskin, Jack Klatell, Melvin Morris. CLASS OF 1942 CLASS OF 1943 Harry Barter, Harold Blank, Louis Drucker, Louis Fisher, Victor Gromet, Joseph Luban, Richard Pasternak, Joshua Ross, Norman Tanz, Joseph Wolf, Robert Weber, Lester Zackheim. Jack Budowsky, Alvin Feldman, Robert Gottsegen, George Hindels, Sol Hopengarten, Alfred Jaffe, Jacob Kaplan, Norman Mencken, John Stern, Paul Tasher, Stanley Vogel, Paul Wagreich, Jack Yellen, Emanuel Gottlieb, Chester Shept. PLEDGEES Jerome Zone, Meyer Rafkin, Leonard Hirshfeld, Paul Mostofsky, Arthur Bushel, Alfred Isaacson, Harold Bell, In ' ing Friedman. Louis Lipson, Irwin Heidenreich, Simon Lipshitz, Sam Plotnik. Abe Mufson, Jesse Flasner, Ralph Rosenberg. Max Mendelson. ALPHA OMEGA ETA CHAPTER The first few paragraphs of a fraternity history for the year book are always by custom written in a very formal and prodigiously informative style, thus: At the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, in 1907, a small group of young men decided to band together for mutual aid, self-improvement and the furthering of ideals that are found within a voting profession such as ours. In thirty-four years Alpha Omega has grown to thirty-three chap- ters and fifteen alumni clubs with five thousand men spread throughout this wide country of ours and Canada. Eta Chapter was founded in 1910. Our pledgee group, this year, which is the largest in the history of our chapter, has had a very stim- ulating effect on our alreadv large but close-knit group. U ' eeklv business and entertainment meetings, study sessions and social functions are held at our chapter rooms facing the Hudson at 910 Riverside Drive. Guest speakers from our faculty and other schools are invited to speak to us on dental and general subjects at regular intervals during the school year. During the past year, the New York Alumni group invited Eta and Iota chapters to participate in a clinic held at the Hotel Pennsylvania. Dr. Frank Beube. our respected and amiable praetor, was chairman of that affair. Eta Chapter offered demonstrations of school techniques in operative and prosthetics to our Iota fraters and they in turn displayed their techniques. All of this provided a very interesting evening. Each year, banquets are held in honor of the rushees, the pledgees, the graduating fraters; and as a climax to these social events there is a formal supper dance with Iota undergraduates and New York Alumni. The affairs are usually held at such restaurants as Nikkos, Mary Kirbys, Bonats and the St. Moritz. Our annual national Alpha Omega Convention was held in the fair, old city of Balti- more during Christmas week. Following graduation, the friendships made while in dental school may be perpetuated in the Alumni Chapters of Alpha Omega. As a matter of fact, our most recent graduating class is still as intact as they were during their undergraduate days, through study group meetings which are held at the different fraters ' homes each week. Many of the undergraduate fraters visit our former school- day fraters at the hospitals where they are interning and at their offices for advice and good counsel. We offer our most sincere and fond wishes for happiness and success to the seniors who are now graduating and our grateful thanks and apprecia- tion to our praetor, Dr. Frank Beube. To us, the above cold, enlightening statistics are as magnificent and beautiful as a well-cut, sparkling gem set off on its own on a pedestal draped with black velvet in the store window of Tiffany ' s. We are proud of our fraternity and its history! . . . but this year we are not going to bore you with our vital statistics. No. Instead, we would like to dissertate awhile on camaradarie, good fel- lowship and the true, sincere and glowing frater- nalism which is found within Eta through . . . the . . . years . . . 77 IN THE CLINIC lift FEATURES United States Army Dental Service by Brigadier General Fairbank and Captain Ellsworth Kelly The Dental Corps of the Army is a component part of the Medical Department and is under control of the Surgeon General. The Dental Corps has its own division with a senior officer, holding the rank of brigadier general, in charge of the admin- istration of the corps. The grades open to the dental officer begin with that of first lieutenant upon entering the service and extend through the grades of captain, major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel to brigadier general. Officers for the Den- tal Corps are obtained through competitive ex- aminations, held whenever a number of vacancies occur; these examinations, in the past few years, have been held semi-annually. Graduates of rec- ognized dental schools between the ages of twenty- three and thirty-two years of age. having two years experience in the practice of dentistry subsequent to graduation, may apply to the Adjutant General for permission to take this examination which consists of a thorough physical and a rigid profes- sional test. The professional examination consists of three parts: written, oral, and clinical. Recently, to attract the interest of the outstand- ing graduates of dental schools each year, dental internships in the Army General Hospitals were created. This method provides for the careful se- lection and appointment of a number of graduates annually. After successful completion of their hospital year, internes are commissioned as first lieutenants in the Dental Corps without the usual professional examinations. This training course has excited the interest and admiration of a great many people in the dental profession, particularly the Council on Dental Education and the Hospital Committee of the American College of Dentists. Applications for army internships are submitted through the respective deans of the dental colleges and a transcript of the applicant ' s scholastic record is required. The internes receive S60.00 per month and maintenance. Their training is a complete cross-section of clinical dentistry and oral surgery. They must spend some time in our dental labora- tories and in the clinical laboratories of the hospital as well. They receive an excellent course in roent- genographical technique and interpretation. The internes spend a certain amount of time with the consulting services, both surgical and medical, so that during the internship they have a most unusual training for the first year following graduation. The dental officer on entering the service finds that his duties are principally the professional care of the personnel of the Military Establishment. In addition, however, he has some duties of a military and administrative character which devolve upon him as an officer of the Army. The dental officer practices his profession in close cooperation with the medical services as in all cases the dental clinic is in, or associated with, a hospital. From this as- sociation the dental service obtains all the benefits of medical consultation, operating room facilities, hospitalization of patients, and clinical and x-ray laboratory diagnostic aids. In civil life the prac- titioner, unless possessing ample means, specializes only after many years of general practice. In the Army he begins to specialize while a student at the Army Dental School, Washington. D. C. and the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where special duties of the dental officer as differing from practice in civil life are taught. At the Armv Dental School the officer 82 has the advantage of working for many months in i linics and laboratories equipped with the best and most modern apparatus under instructors who are themselves specialists in the various branches of their profession. The Medical Department takes a deep interest in its officers encouraging and aid- ing them to the utmost extent in their study of a selected specialtv. The operating rooms and x-ray and research laboratories are thoroughly equipped. Adequate medical and dental libraries are main tained in the hospitals at all military stations. These libraries are kept up to date by the addition from time to time of volumes of recognized merit. Dental journals and periodicals are supplied by circulation and as permanent additions to the hos- pital libraries. Leaves for study are granted to officers when possible, and arrangements made with certain den- tal schools and foundations for special privileges to dental officers to further their professional educa- tion. Officers selected for these assignments enjoy opportunities which come to few of the profes- sion in civil life. The amendment of the National Defense Act, approved June 4, 1920. authorizes the detail of not to exceed two percent of the commissioned dental officers of the Regular Army in any fiscal year as students at hospitals and schools to acquire knowl- edge of. and experience in. the specialties. Under this authority officers of the Dental Corps may be assigned each year to duty at our foremost dental schools as students pursuing graduate or postgrad- uate courses of instruction. The law provides that officers so detailed will, in addition to the pay and allowances of their grade, have their tuition paid ' from Government funds. Also, the Army dental officer is afforded oppor- tunity for travel not generally enjoyed by the civilian practitioner, as his duties may carry him not only to every part of the United States but also into Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philip- pine Islands, the Canal Zone, and Puerto Rico. This usually permits travel in adjacent foreign lands with attendant opportunities for sight seeing and observation of the peoples and their customs. The annual pay. including rental and subsistence allowances, of officers of the Dental Corps upon entry into the service as a first lieutenant is 53,152 for an officer who has dependents, and S2.696 if the officer has no dependents. These amounts are in- creased with each three years service thereafter and upon each promotion to a higher grade until the maximum of S7.200 for the grade of colonel with 26 years of service is reached. The rental al- lowance is given only when quarters are not fur- nished by the Government. In addition to his pay, the officer receives travel allowance when traveling under orders, thirty days ' leave a year with full pay. payment to dependents of half a year ' s pay at the time of death, retire- ment on three-fourths pay in case of permanent in- jury or illness, and retirement after 30 years ' serv- ice with three-fourths pay. At the present time the Dental Corps of the Regular Army numbers 267 officers. The Regular Corps is now supplemented by approximately 700 officers of the Reserve Corps and National Guard to care for the great increase in the Army during the present National Emergency. Unfortunately, for the problems since arising in connection with the Selective Service Act, the General Staff stopped appointments in the Dental Reserve Corps last year when the Dental Reserve Corps reached its peace-time quota. s:s Dentistry in the United States 3 avy by Captain Albert Knox Dentistry now, as never before, has a place in pre- ventive medicine, and is recognized as an indispen- sable health service in the United States Navy. The personnel of the Navy, in common with the civilian population, has grown dentally conscious, there- fore dental treatment has assumed an important place in the health of officers and men. It is worthy of comment that the Commanding Officer of a naval vessel now insists that a dental officer be as- signed as a permanent member of the ship ' s roster. The Senior Officers of the Fleet appreciate the im- portance, from a military efficiency standpoint, of safeguarding the health of Navy personnel through adequate dental service. In 1912 the Navy ' s need for dental fitness was the prime reason that led to the establishment of the Dental Corps of the Navy. By an Act of Con- gress thirty dental officers were appointed and were commissioned with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade) . The Navy Dental Corps has expanded from the original number of thirty to 304 dental officers, dis- tributed in the following ranks: Captains, 13, Com- manders, 49, Lieutenant Commanders, 56, Lieu- tenants, 71, and Lieutenants (jg) , 115. Naval Service for dental officers is active profes- sionally and attractive in shore duty, sea and for- eign billet assignment. The Surgeon General is anxious to recruit young and vigorous graduates for the Naval Dental Service, and with that object in view examinations are held at yearly intervals. A candidate for appointment in the Dental Corps of the Navy as an assistant dental surgeon must be a citizen of the United States, between 21 and 32 years of age at the time of appointment, a grad- uate of a standard dental college, and trained in the several branches of dentistry. The applicant must be of good moral character and of unques- tionable professional repute. He is required to qualify for appointment by a thorough physical examination and a rigid competitive professional examination. It is evident, therefore, that the Navy Dental Corps is of necessity made up of den- tal officers of high professional ability who are qualified to represent ably and ethically the high standards of American dentistry. The Surgeon General of the Navy maintains a keen interest in the dental treatment of the per- sonnel and in the problems of the Dental Corps. In this connection there is established in Washing- ton, D. C. the Naval Medical Center, of which a Dental School is an important adjunct. In the Naval Dental School postgraduate instruction is offered to Navy Dental Corps Officers and instruc- tion is provided for selected enlisted men of the Naval Medical Hospital Corps in the duties of den- tal assistants. Every possible means is taken to encourage professional advancement. Officers who show exceptional ability may be authorized to at- tend special courses of instruction at leading uni- versities and clinics. The varied conditions under which dental officers are required to serve on board ships and in naval base activities offer opportuni- ties for special study and investigation along pro- fessional lines. The Naval Medical Bulletin is is- sued quarterly and Navy Dental Officers are en- couraged to contribute articles of special interest for the information of the Medical Department of the Service. In the Navy special attention and emphasis are accorded to the necessity of such dental service as might be termed preventive dentistry. With the prevention of dental disease in view every effort is made to concentrate at recruit depots sufficient Dental Corps personnel to insure the embryo sailor during his training period such dental treatment, oral prophylaxis, and instruction in oral hygiene 84 as will permit his transfer to sea duty in a state of dental fitness. Morale and health are materially benefited by this program of preventive dentistr . Realizing that repair and replacement are the present dav problems of the Navy Dental Corps. the future problems of prevention and the cause of dental caries are not without interest to the Corps. In this connection the investigations of Navy Den- tal Officers, on ships and stations, as to the preva- lence of caries incident to geographical localities of the country are of special interest. The survey of the mouth at recruit depots and on ships, with the correlation of all these factors and the digest of their meaning may lead to the goal which is the unity of purpose of the entire dental profession: that is. to find the cause of dental caries. Abundant clinical material is always available in the dental and oral surgical wards in the Naval Hospitals. All fractures, surgical pyorrhea cases, and patients with such conditions as cellulitis, ab- scesses, impactions. al colectomies, and other oral diseases are treated in these wards. A large number of strictly dental patients, which are always pres- ent in Naval Hospitals, assures a supply of clinical material at all times. The development of dentistry in the Navy fol- lows the pattern of dental science as practiced in civilian life. The duties of a Navy Dental Officer require the rendition of all types of dental service to the personnel of the Navy. The Navy Dental Officer today, as in our past history, is serving with distinction in the Marine Corps Expeditionary Forces and with our Naval Forces in many parts of the world. His interest in his profession and his position as a Naval Officer keep him on the alert in regard to recent advances in the profession. He may well be called an am- bassador of American dentistry to the world at large. S5 Hospital Dentistry by J ' . H. Kazanjian, d.m.d., m.d. In the last twenty-five years many advances have been made in dentistry. In the education of the dental student the pe riod of study has been lengthened and the standard of pre-dental educa- tion has been raised. The improved methods of teaching have stimulated interest in research work and there has been a realization of the unlimited possibilities of hospital dentistry. In this respect both the medical and dental professions were slow to appreciate the fact that the dentist, with his knowledge of dental disease, could contribute a great deal to the care of hospital patients. In the meantime, close association with his medical col- leagues in such institutions gave the dentist con- siderable knowledge and clinical experience that he could not otherwise acquire. At present a great many large hospitals have well established dental clinics with a wide variation in the nature of their work. As this is a comparatively new department, it has not yet reached its maxi- mum efficiency. However, even at this stage it is possible to make a survey and to enumerate the various activities of the dental staff and its contribu- tion to the care of the sick and injured. In general, the dental staff comprises a Chief Oral Surgeon, a number of visiting dental surgeons and one or more dental internes. The Chief with his extensive knowledge of surgery of the mouth and jaws is naturally looked upon as an authority in cases referred for consultation or operative treat- ment. He also has the responsibility of coordinating and supervising the various dental services. The visiting dentists direct the work in the Out-Patient Department on their respective days of service and they are responsible for the house cases in their respective months of service. The full-time or resident dental interne acts as an understudy to the visiting men and carries out his various duties under direction of the chief of the day. Activities of the Out-Patient Department The physical equipment as well as the scope of the work varies with the different hospitals. An efficient dental clinic should have facilities for surgical operations, such as the extraction of teeth and other minor operations within the mouth: be equipped for diagnostic service; and render emer- gency service for the relief of pain, the control of hemorrhage and so forth. In addition the dental clinic should have equipment available for the treatment of fractured jaw cases and peridental dis- eases, and some hospitals have established means for orthodontic and prosthetic work. From this short outline it is evident that a variety of cases can be treated daily in an out-patient dental clinic. When a patient is discharged from the hospital he is usual- ly referred to the dental clinic for follow-up and post-operative treatment. This is especially neces- sary in fractured jaw cases, osteomyelitis of the jaw, alveolar abscesses and for treatment following vari- ous operations for non-malignant tumors of the mouth and jaws. Many patients who are operated upon for malignant tumors require the services of a dentist when pre-operative splints have to be constructed, or if post-operative prosthesis is neces- sary. This is all work which can be successfully carried out in the out-patient dental clinic. Activities in the Main Hospital An efficient dental staff has an equally important position in the main hospital where medical and surgical patients are received. In the medical de- partment the main duty of the dental staff usually consists of consultation service. Here there is an extensive field, and the dental man with sufficient background and experience is of great value. He should be able to express an intelligent opinion on oral sepsis in relation to various systemic dis- eases: recognize oral symptoms originating from sys- temic disease: and evalua te the importance of effi- cient masticatory apparatus in relation to mal-nutri- tion, especially when associated with gastric disease. In the field of surgery the dental staff acts as consultant and as actual participant in the surgical treatment of patients with diseases of the buccal cavity. It should be the responsibility of the dental staff to outline the treatment of inflammatory dis- eases of dental origin and to operate and carry out the postoperative treatment for such cases. In this respect there are many operations which the dental surgeon can perform: the extraction of teeth: the preparation of the mouth for the con- struction of dentures; the management of alveolar and submaxillary abscesses: the management of fractured jaws and non-malignant tumors. In addition, the dentist can be of assistance to the general surgeon by putting the mouth of the patient who is to undergo a major operation in a more hygienic condition. The benefits of this pro- cedure are gradually being appreciated by the general surgeon. The dentist may assist the gen- eral surgeon in major operations of the mouth and jaws which require construction of special dental appliances before or after the operation. Such ap- pliances require the constant supervision and ad- justments which only a dentally trained surgeon can carry out. Educational Aspect of the Hospital The hospital is primarily an institution for the care of the sick but at the same time it is a great educational center. Here are assembled medical men and laboratory workers, with pathological, x-ray and bacteriological laboratories constantly producing research work for the advancement of science. For a dental interne in such an institution the daily contact with medical and surgical col- leagues is stimulating and of great educational value to him. A dental graduate has acquired suf- ficient training in restorative dentistry to practice his specialty soon after graduation, but his medical and surgical know ledge- ol dentistry is mostly based mi classroom instruction and what he has absorbed in the dental school clinics. In student days his contact with patients suffering from constitutional disorders, is slight. In this respect the dental grad- uate is less fortunate than the medical graduate, who after finishing his lour year course in medicine is able to serve in a hospital for an additional year or two and to have a practical application of what he has learned in school. Hospital dentistry, therefore, affords an excellent opportunity for post-graduate study in oral surgery and oral medicine — and a one year service gives the dental interne a broad, fundamental training. On the other hand, it may be argued that the dental interne will not have an opportunity to improve his dental operative and prosthetic knowledge while in service, but the experience of former dental in- ternes has shown that a year ' s service in a hospital will not seriously affect his dental technique. The daily contact with patients, emergency calls, study of case histories and association with the medical and surgical staff all tend to give the dental interne a different outlook on dentistry and to broaden his general knowledge. While he is in hospital service he receives special training and an opportunity to administer a general anaesthetic. He also increases his experience in the extraction of teeth, in the management of fractured jaws, and the treatment of various acute diseases of dental origin. There are many extra dental activities in the hospital such as conferences, plastic and tumor clinics, surgical, medical and pediatric rounds, all giving the dental interne a wide experience. During his course of instruction he can observe surgical technique, oper- ating room behavior and general surgical aseptic methods, all of which can be applied in dental prac- tice. The conduct of the dental staff and the associa- tion with the surgical and medical members of the hospital tend to bring about a pleasant and closer relation of the medical and dental departments for the scientific advancement of the profession as a whole. Problems in Dental Research and Dental Education by Isaac Schour, d.d.s., ph.d. The celebration of the Dental Centenary gave ample evidence of the progress made by dentistry during the last hundred years. Dentistry has grown up as a virile branch of the art and science of heal- ing and is keeping vigorously abreast of the ad- vances that are being made in medical science. The number of dental contributions in leading publica- tions in the fields of anatomy, pathology, experi- mental biology and medicine is steadily increasing. The number of dental students who continue to study on a graduate level is also increasing. The time is rapidly approaching when a holder of both the degrees of doctor of dental surgery and doctor of philosophy will no longer be a rare phenomenon. The growth of the dental profession and the promise it holds for greater usefulness in health service are evidenced by the fact that meetings in dental research are attended by a large proportion of new and young men. This was clearly evident at the recent annual meeting of the International Association for Dental Research in St. Louis. The International Association for Dental Research, which was organized in New York City in 1920 has now more than 500 members scattered over the world and belonging for the most part to thirty sections. However, with the expansion of the activities in dental research there has arisen a new problem and challenge — to integrate the various special fields of dental research. Most of our research efforts have been directed to analysis within highly specialized fields, and insufficient attention has been paid to the synthesis of our new findings toward the pro- motion of dentistry. The challenge for integration and correlation applies with equal force to dental education. In a report in the Journal of Dental Research pub- lished in 1929 I tried to point out that one of the common problems in teaching preclinical subjects is that of correlation. The responsibility for cor- relating the subjects of a given curriculum must be shared equally by all departments. Preclinical teaching should anticipate clinical instruction. Clinical teaching, in turn, should be based on facts observed and studied in the preclinical courses. In- telligent association of two subjects affords recipro- cal value to both. The efficacy of correlation is definitely limited by the time allotted to the course, by the scope of the student ' s knowledge, by the amount of c ooperation among the departments concerned, and by the extent to which the instruc- tor has mastered not only his own subject, but also the subjects with which his course is associated. For the sake of simplicity, correlation may be clas- sified into three types: (a) correlation among pre- clinical subjects; (b) correlation among clinical subjects; and (c) correlation between the pre-clini- cal subjects on the one hand and clinical subjects on the other. The need for correlation in the dental curricu- lum is even greater today than it was ten years ago, because in many instances new courses have been added. Fortunately some of these new courses are correlation courses which coordinate the knowledge obtained from the basic sciences with the problems of clinical practice. There is a trend in dental education toward experimentation in the dental curriculum with a view to reducing the total num- ber of teaching hours and at the same time increas- ing their effectiveness. The curriculum should provide a diet that is balanced and palatable, and one that can be as- similated. It should permit both variety and free- dom of choice. There should be some time out between meals. A chemical analysis of the den- tal curriculum would indicate overfeeding of cer- tain elements and deficiency of other nutriments, especially the minerals and vitamins. These ac- cessory catalytic factors promote and integrate the utilization of the bulk of facts. It seems that a number of our courses give sufficient or even ex- cessive factual material but suffer from avitamin- osis, so that the facts do not become vitalized and incorporated in the student ' s mind. The three foundations upon which the future of dentistry rests are Research, Teaching and Clinical Practice. While progress in each of these bulwarks is essential, only through the coordination and in- tegration of these foundations will dentistry be able to reach its greatest heights as a health service. 88 A !( 1 SENIOR THESES Further Investigations of Bone Changes Resulting from Experimental Orthodontic Treatment by Carl Breitner, M.D. sponsor: Dr. Leuman M. Waugh Previous histologic investigations of experimentally treated ani- mals have furnished evidence that the influence of orthodontic treatment is not confined to the alveolar processes, hut extends to other parts of the skull, causing bone changes in the tem- poromandibular articulation, the mandibular ramus and angle. In an effort to determine the exact relation of extra-alveolar bone changes to changes in the occlusion, a new series of experi- ments has been conducted with the cooperation of the ortho- dontic and histologic divisions of the school. In a number of adult Macaccus Rhesus monkeys, artificial changes in the occlusion were induced. Various bite raising appliances were cemented in different regions of the mouth. In one case, all upper posterior teeth were extracted to study the effects of the expected closure of the bite on joint and angle. By different bite raising appliances even macroscopic visible shifting of the position of the mandible could be pro- duced in two months. The histologic examination of the parts involved showed characteristic transformations. Thus, pressure phenomena could be demonstrated in the temporomandibular joint as early as four weeks after extraction of molar teeth. The importance of such findings for orthodontic and prosthetic treatment is obvious. Generally, all experiments seem to demonstrate that tem- porary changes in the vertical dimension cause marked trans- formations in parts other than the alveolar processes. These changes together with changes in the alveolar process prob- ably tend to reestablish the original vertical dimension. This correlation, if judiciously exploited, might widen the field of orthodontics to orthognatics and. in addition, promises success- ful treatment of hitherto stubborn anomalies such as open bite and receding chin. The fact that all changes were produced in adult animals within a few weeks opens a promising prospect for the application of similar treatment in humans. Further experimental investigations are being conducted. A Summary of a Study Made on Breast versus Artificial Feeding as Related to the Develop- ment of the Palate and Dental Arches by Wesley R. Burt and Walter G. Spengeman sponsor: Dr. Leuman M. Waugh Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to find the value, if any, of breast feeding over artificial feeding as related to the develop- ment of the palate and dental arches. It has always been maintained that breast feeding, by its physiologic action, tends to produce a better masticatory appara- tus than does artificial feeding. Method: In this research, our data was taken from 200 boys and girls between the ages of 8 and 14. 100 of whom were cases of malocclusion and 100 of whom were cases of approximately normal occlusion. In order to obtain intra-oral measurements, special instru- ments were devised by the authors (the palatal height gauge and the inter molar arch gauge ) . Measurements were taken of palate heights and widths of upper and lower arches in the 1st permanent moiar region. In addition, palates and arches were classified as to shape. In each case, questionnaires were filled in by the parents relative to length and type of feeding. habits, and diseases. Feeding was divided into seven groups according to the number of months the children had been fed. and charts and graphs were compiled accordingly Our findings are as follows: 1. In the two hundred cases studied, out of even four chil- dren, one is entirely artificially fed, two are breast fed up to six months, and one is breast fed from six months to one year and over. 2. Slightly more than half the children have norma! occlu- sion. 3. There is no difference between breast and artificially fed children with regard to size of arches or height of palates in normal or malocclusion, in either males or females. 4. There is no difference between breast and artificially fed children with regard to the shapes of palates and arches in normal or malocclusion cases. 5. The shapes of the palates and arches of the normal occlu- sion cases tend to be more ovoid than those of the malocclusion cases. 6. The breast fed group does not seem to have more or fewer habits than the artificially fed group. 7. Far fewer children with normal occlusion have bad habits than those with malocclusion. 8. Mouth breathing is more prevalent in the malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group. 9. There is no difference in the incidence of the childhood diseases studied between the breast fed group and. the arti- ficially fed group. 10. Measles is the most prevalent of the childhood diseases studied. 11. Class I (Angle) malocclusion is the most prevalent type of malocclusion in the cases studied. 12. Class III (Angle) malocclusion is the least prevalent type of malocclusion in the cases studied. Conclusion: Breast feeding has no considerable value over artificial feed- ing, as related to these studies. However, further work along these lines should be done with children of a considerably younger age, as these results, alone, are not conclusive. Bactericidal Action of Sulfanilamide at 53° Centigrade by B. F. Levene y Jr. sponsor: Dr. Theodor Qosebury 0. ) cc. portions of streptococcus ihenioh licus culture were exposed to sulfanilamide solutions at 53°C, distilled water at 53°C, sulfanilamide solution at 27 C. and plain broth. The exposure time in all cases was 45 seconds. The solubility ot sulfanilamide at 15°C. is .4%: at 53°C., it is approximately 5%. Cultures so treated were diluted to 10-6 and 0.1 cc. amounts used to pour blood agar plates. no The averages in number of colonies per plate were as fol- lows: broth control, 34.4; sulfanilamide at 27°C -10.7; water .11 :.;t C, 3S; sulfanilamide at 53°C, 4.0. Of 23 plates treated with sulfanilamide at 53°C, 17 were sterile. Sulfanilamide at )3 D C. for 4j seconds is bactericidal to cultures of hemolytic streptococci. Use of other sulfonamide drugs, sulfathiazole in particular, on this and other organisms, using this method. ma produce new means of local therapy. A Study of the Accuracy of Various Materials Used in the Making of Model Dies by Mortimer Messing and John Ernest Pritz sponsor: Dr. Donald J. McLaughlin li-.is were performed on various die materials submitted by manufacturers and the school, with the aim of determining which made the most accurate model. The Bureau of Standards steel model of an M-O-D inlay preparation with an accurately fitting casting was used as a control. The inlay was waxed directly on the steel model and was cast using Kerr ' s Cristo- balite investment. Having obtained this master casting, com- pound impressions of the steel model were taken, and dies packed with the various materials. The amalgam dies were packed in the usual manner; the stone and krvptex dies were packed with a centrifugal machine. The master casting w as tried back on each die, and photographs were taken. The materials used were: 1. Caulks model amalgam. 2. Coe ' s model amalgam. 3. Goldsmith Bros. Diestone. 4. Kerr ' s Diolitc. 5. S. S. White Kxyptex. G. School artificial stone. 7. School filling amalgam, y. School model amalgam. Results show that all of the dies have varying degrees of expansion. Onlv one of all the dies made was accurate, and all the materials gave inconsistent results. Effects of Mandibular Nerve Section by Morton Loring and Morton Waldman sponsor: Dr. Lester R. Cahn Mandibular nerve section, though not common in ordinary practice, presents an unexplored and interesting field to those interested in dental theory. The mandibular nerve may be severed in fractures, extensive necrosis and osteomyelitis, ex- tensive surgical procedures and in gunshot and shrapnel ac- cidents. The question arises: What happens to the pulps of the teeth distal to the point of sectioning? Associated prob- lems arising concern themselves with the rate of formation of primary and secondary dentin of these teeth, as this function seems to be reasonablv associated with pulp irritation. It was thought that this experiment would answer the question of whether sccondarv dentin was purely a phvsiological process of the odontoblasts, or whether it was also influenced by the central nervous system. In the experiment, white (albino) rats were chosen as sub- jects. Alizarin was used to mark dentin formation. The rats were injected at the beginning and end of a two weeks control period and then the left mandibular nerves were cut. Another alizarin injection was given a lew days before sacrificing the animal. The animals were sacrificed at intervals. The right side of the mandible (unoperated) acted as a control for the leli (operated) side. Thus, the dentin formation during a normal two week period could be compared to an experimental period and control period in the same animal. Secondary dentin could not be measured because of the extreme irregularity of the alizarin lines. As a result of micro measurements, the following results were obtained: 1. There is no significant difference in primary dentin forma- tion in denervated incisors. 2. There is no apparent constant pulp change following mandibular nerve section as observed with H and E slain. Growth in the Dental Arch of the Human by Norman Dimond and Maurice E. Low sponsor: Dr. Harry Shapiro In a study made by Dr. H. Shapiro in 1938 on the growth in the dental arches of the cat. it was concluded that dimensional growth values vary during different age periods. It was further pointed out that the dentition of the cat follows the human curve very closely, and that the growth of the dental arches may be taken as an indication of growth in the jaws. In this study, the relative growth values of the human mandibular dental arch during its development, from the lime of the completion of the deciduous dentition (age 5) to the completion of the permanent dentition (age 25) were deter- mined from measurements on plaster models. In J44 cases, measurements were made with a vernier caliper antero-poster- iorly from the distal surface of the last molar tooth to the medial surface of the first incisor tooth, and laterally, in the regions of the cuspid teeth and the last molar teeth. Compila- tion of the growth measurements and calculations of percent- age growth based on maturity and earliest dimensions were made and graphs were drawn. It was concluded that: 1. The dimensional growth values in the human mandible vary with different age periods, and this fact is comparable with that found in the cat. The cat can therefore serve as a favor- able comparison for the human dentition in further studies. 2. The rate of growth in the human jaw in an antero- posterior direction and in a lateral direction varies with dif- ferent age periods; a fact which should be of interest to the orthodontist in that he may work with the natural growth tendencies of the human jaw rather than against them. 3. There seems to be a difference in the rate of growth of the mandible between the sexes, the indication being that the female jaw increases in si e more rapidly and reaches its maturity before the male. However, a further study of these sex differ- ences would be necessary to confirm this observation. Mandibular Movements and Their Role in Balanced Occlusion by Alexander Leff sponsor: Dr. Earle B. Hoyt This discussion is an attempt to present the basic concepts of mandibular movements and the application of these concepts 91 to the problems of balanced occlusion. Balanced occlusion is defined and discussed in its wider physiologic scope rather than in its restricted mechanical sense. The reasons for the necessity of balanced occlusion are presented and the component factors of such an ideal occlusion are resolved into individual entities which can be brought under our direct control. Mechanical factors and engineering principles are considered insofar as they affect the physiology of living tissues. The detailed nature of mandibular movements and their reproduction on adjustable articulators is culled from the vast sea of literature written on the subject. This is only a brief outline, and represents, in general, the viewpoints of accredited authorities in the field. Simple schematic drawings are pre- sented which show how it is possible to obtain balanced occlusion in a practical way. The importance of proper vertical dimension and correct centric relation is stressed. The use and value of the facebow are discussed, and in this connection, there is a discussion of the inconsistency of geometrical versus anatomical centers of jaw movements. Various methods of obtaining and recording mandibular movements are mentioned, and there is a detailed discussion of the intra-oral method of recording used in the House full denture technic. The principles of selective sur- face spot grinding as applied to both full and partial denture restorations are analyzed. Finally, there is a discussion of the principles of spherical occlusion as evolved by Monson. This discussion is preceded by a history of events which occurred prior to Monson ' s time and which set the stage for Monson ' s ingenious discovery. The conclusion expresses a desire for further thought and research on the problems of mandibular movements and balanced occlusion. The Effect of Diets Deficient in Various Components of the Vitamin B Complex on the Formation of Oral Lesions in Rats by Dr. Stanley L. Lane sponsor: Dr. Lester R. Cahn Because of the recent interest concerning the Vitamin B complex, and the many clinical claims of curing various ab- normal oral manifestations, an attempt was made to ascertain what resulted, particularly in the mouth, in cases with diets that were deficient in certain components of this group of vitamins. The laboratory animals used in the experiment were of the Sherman strain of albino rats. The deficiencies investigated were thiamin chloride (vitmain Bj) , riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) , and nicotinic acid (P.P.) . The rats were divided into four groups of six animals each, one group acting as a control. Intake was controlled by allowing the animals access to a basic diet consisting of vitamin free casein, sugar, mineral salt mixture and water, and by daily feedings, using a tuberculin syringe, of the vitamins and other necessary substances. Inasmuch as no natural food substances were used, absolute control over inges- tion was attained. Gross examination of the results showed no apparent changes in the nicotinic acid free gro up: retardation of weight, but no apparent gross oral lesions in the thiamin deficient group; and marked gross lesions about the nose and mouth, photophobia and eve lesions, retardation of growth, weakness and death in the riboflavin free group. X-Ray Studies of the Temporo-Mandibular Articulation by hiring D. Rajkin, George L. Reichenstein and ArthurS. Thomas sponsor: Dr. Houghton Holliday By means of x-ray pictures of the Temporo-Mandibular Articu- lation (TMA) , taken in the mastoid apparatus which guar- antees identical skull positions, the path of the head of the condyle and the shifting of the axis of the mandibular ramus were controlled in several cases. Tracings of the roentgenographic outlines of the head of the condyle in all its excursions, superimposed in one drawing, offered an interesting comparison in cases of Angle class I. II and III, malocclusions with full complements of teeth. The x-ray anatomical changes in the TMA were furt hermore compared by the same technique of superimposed tracings before and after prosthetic treatment of patients, where un- satisfactory lull upper and lower dentures were replaced by those set up according to the House technique. Clinical as well as anatomical satisfactory results were found. In two patients with closed bile conditions x-ray plates were made while natural teeth were still present. A second series of pic- tures in all mandibular excursions was obtained after the ex- traction of all teeth and the insertion of a House made F F. Here the comparison revealed striking differences after the restoration of lost vertical dimension and the freeing of the condylar head from its functional incarceration. The conviction developed from these investigations that not only the condylar path influences the alignment of the teeth and the inclination of their planes in artificial dentures, but that also vice versa, the excursions of t he condvlar head depend widely upon the alignment and anatomy of the teeth. The previous findings of other authors as to microscopical rearrange- ment of osseous and cartilaginous structures thru apposition and resorption, brought about by orthodontic forces, seem to be underlined by roentgenographic changes in the condvlar movements and altered function of the TMA brought forward by prosthetic forces. Bacteremia Following Tooth Extraction by Jesse Berl and Bernard Feldman sponsor: Dr. Theodor Rosebury Investigations during the past decade have indicated that there is a bacterial invasion of the blood stream following certain dental operations. This tvpe of bacteremia is transient, usually disappearing in 10 minutes. Inasmuch as the present means of sterilizing the gingival tissues around a tooth have been ineffective, the topical utilization of sulfanilamide compounds was considered. A series of control cases of transient bacteremia following dental extraction was made using Okell ' s and Elliot ' s saponin citrate broth. In our series, only 13% of the patients showed a transient bactemia following dental extraction. The low percentage of positive cultures induced us to suspect the efficao 92 ol cm medium to grow the organisms rcanered from the blood following dental operations. Recovery tests, using stock strains ol streptococcus viridans, indicated that the saponin -citrate medium was more sensitive than neopeptone broth. I he experiments should be continued using a higher pro- portion of broth and containing a lower concentration of saponin. This, in the opinion of the authors, will provide a more sensitive method. The lower percentage of positive cultures in our series ma be due to: (1) the low number of cases of multiple extrac- tions used; (2) the absence of marked gingival infection in many of our cases; or (3) the ischemic action of novocaine and the resultant limitation of the bacterial shower into the blood stream. A Statistical Study of Extracted Teeth by Bert Klatskin and Palmer Jenkins sponsor: Dr. Earle B. Hoxt Problem: The purpose of this research was to investigate: 1. The loss of teeth in relation to age. 2. Reasons for extraction in relation to age. Procedure: The procedure followed was to examine the diagnosis charts of patients who attended the Columbia Dental School Clinic during the years 1938 and 1939. Only those permanent teeth marked for extraction by the Diagnosis department were con- sidered. 2500 charts were examined of which 1081 had one or more teeth marked for removal. In all. 3500 teeth were included in the study. A record was kept of age, sex. race, tooth extracted, reason for extraction. Subsequently, how- ever, sex and race were disregarded because of the lack of a sufficient number of teeth for a significant sample. Conclusions: 1. 13 more upper than lower teeth are lost. 2. Y c more teeth are lost on the left side than the right. 3. The period of greatest loss is between 31-40 years of age. 30.5$ of all teeth being lost at this age. 4. The order of frequency of extraction is: lower 6. upper G, upper 5. lower 8, upper 1, lower 4. upper 3, upper 7. upper 4. upper 2. lower 7, lower 5. lower 2. upper 8. lower 3 and lower 1. 5. The incidence of caries and pulp death is greatest up to 20 years of age. tending to decrease afterwards. 6. As caries decreases, pyorrhea and the number of useless teeth increase. 7. On the average, caries is the most common cause for extraction, pyorrhea is second, useless teeth is third, and pulp- less teeth is last. These four main reasons account for 96.5$ of all extractions. Pericoronitis, teeth out of arch, impacted, and supernumerary teeth account for the remaining 3.5%. Community Health Dentistry for Children by Ulysses Erdreich sponsor: Dr. Ewing C. McBeath Tin purpose of this thesis is to survey primarily the extent of children ' s dental services offered to the public in New York Cii In the Board of Health, by the School of Dental and Oral Surgery of Columbia University, the College ol Dentistry of Mew York University, and the Murra) and Leonie Guggen- heim Dental Clinic. It also aims to demonstrate the need for pedodontia by presenting facts on the incidence of caries, the loss in school work due to oral diseases, and the benefits of an oral hygiene program. It presents proposed plans to further community health dentistry. Finally, it oilers methods to edu- cate the public on the need for child oral hygiene through the efforts of the parents, the dentist, the physician, the nurse, the hygienist, and the teacher. At the present lime, when the health of the nation is so vitally important, it is extremely unfortunate that national and local health programs arc being curtailed rather than increased. Some of the health statistics presented arc startling in view of the fact that this country is considered to be the most advanced in public health activities. Ot the forty-seven million children in the United States, thirty to thirty-five millions have dental defects; ninety-five per cent of the pre- school children have dental defects with only ten per cent ever having had any dental attention. The gross sickness and death rates of the poor in our large cities are as high today as they were fifty years ago. Fifty million Americans are of families having less than 1 .000 dollars a year income. These fifty million people can afford little if an) private dentistry. Two-thirds of the rural sections of America have no child centers or clinics. New York City ' s child population, old enough to receive dental treatment, amounts to a little less than 1,250.000. Of this amount, ap- proximately 7 per cent received dental treatment from the dental division of the Department of Health during 1940. This low percentage speaks for itself. Description of a Pneumatic Gold Foil Plugger by Arthur Schrager sponsor: Dr. H. Gillelt A device has been developed by the author, by means of which, alternate compression and suction impulses are delivered to the Hollcnback plugger, without the necessity of using a pump. Tin ' s device uses the compressed air supply of the unit and the water-current ejector for the suction impulses. The device is a rotating valve, consisting of a solid brass cylinder rotating in an accurately fitting hollow cylinder. Two inlet tubes are attached to the hollow cylinder, one supplying pressure and the other supplying suction. By means of channels bored through the solid cylinder, the suction and pressure impulses are alternately transmitted to a third outlet on the hoIHw cylinder leading to the Hollenback gold foil plugger. The valve is driven by a one-fiftieth horse-power electric motor, the speed of which is regulated by a potentiometer. The rate at which the motor turns the solid cylinder in the hollow cylinder determines the rate of plugging. The valve, motor and potentiometer are compactly mounted on a small bakelite board. The current to the motor is obtained from an outlet on the unit. The strength of the plugging blow is adjusted by turning the valve at the end of the gold foil plugger. The advantages of this valve over the Hollenback pump are numerous. 1. The valve is inexpensive. It coidd be put on the market 93 lor as little as live dollars. This price compares favorably with the price of the Hollenback pump which is about fifteen dollars. 2. This valve is practically free from any noise as compared with the Hollenback pump which, after very short use, develops a piston slap. 3. This valve requires no attention. The Hollenback pump requires dismantling and greasing at frequent intervals. 4. Being so simple in design, there are no parts to wear so as to require replacement; whereas in the Hollenback pump there are bearings and a piston which may wear and require frequent replacement. 5. The valve mounted on a board with a motor and poten- tiometer requires no time to set up. With the Hollenback pump, several minutes are spent clamping the pump onto the arm, adjusting the belt, and later removing the pump and again connecting the regular dental cord to the handpiece. 6. The controlling of the rate of plugging by a turn of the hand may be considered more convenient than having to keep one ' s foot constantly on the foot control. The Effect of Aerobiosis on Strict Anaerobes by Saul Axelroad and Sidney Melnick sponsor: Dr. Theodor Rosebury A series of seven strict oral anaerobes were subjected to aerobic conditions for varying intervals of time, varying from three hours up to 96 hours, and then cultivated under optimum anaerobic conditions. Three organisms lost their viability within three hours after exposure to air : while the remaining lour were viable after 96 hours of exposure. This suggests that one of the difficulties in attempting to cultivate the oral anaerobes may be due to the effect of the aerobic environment in which the organisms are placed between the time of study and transfer. Normal Responses to the Electric Pulp-Tester by Armand R. Capuozzo sponsors: Dr. Daniel Ziskin and Dr. Edward Zegarelli The purpose of the investigation was to find some standard for the electric pulp test of normal teeth. In a survey of the literature concerning electric pulp testing, it was found that the device most frequently used to measure pulp vitality and pulp health was a voltmeter. In the present investigation we used the pulp tester which is employed routinely in the Diagnosis division at the Columbia University, School of Dental and Oral Surgery. This tester has a very sensitive microam- meter in addition to a voltmeter. The ammeter has some advantages over the voltmeter. A short-circuit of the current because of the presence of excessive moisture will be detected by a swift upward swing of the needle. It also serves as a measure of the current which reaches the pulp. This current should be constant on the same tooth, regardless of tooth resistance or thickness of the enamel. The tests were made on male dental students. Each tooth on one side of the mouth, from the central incisor to second molar was tested on three surfaces, i.e. the incisal or occlusal, labial or buccal, and lingual. Records were made of the micro- amperage and voltage at the point of stimulation. From these, averages were computed for each surface of each tooth and the extent of the variation was noted. A chart was made showing the average and maximum and minimum microam- perage and voltage. Also included were the readings of a typical case illustrating the comparative difference between voltage and microamperage. Conclusions: 1. Microamperage readings seem to be better indicators of pulp vitality and pulp health than voltage readings because they are the measures of a constant — the irritabilitv of the pulp. 2. The- incisal and occlusal surfaces seem to be the more reliable surfaces because of their greater constancy of response and easier accessibility. 3. The microamperage increases from the incisors back, with an average of 4 for incisors to an average of 15 for molars. The Salivary Factor in Relation to Solubility of Silicate Cements by Raymond Wolf, Haiiy Lambert and Albert Weisenfeld sponsors: Dr. Maxwell Karshan and Dr. Herbert Ayers It is a common clinical observation that silicate cement fillings will tend to discolor, become deficient at the margins, and even wash out completely on the average of two years after their insertion. In some cases, however, thev have been known to last over twenty years. It is the purpose of this investigation to attempt to determine whether there is any relation between the pH, calcium, and inorganic phosphate values of the saliva, and the degree of solubilitv of silicates. The plan of study involved an analysis of the saliva of various individuals for pH, calcium, and inorganic phosphate, followed by the treatment of discs of silicate cement with a definite amount of an individual ' s saliva sample. This was followed, after a period of one week, by a re-analysis to deter- mine any changes in the pH, calcium, and phosphate concen- trations of the saliva. An attempt was made to correlate these findings with clinical picture in the mouths of the same in- dividuals. Results: The pH remained approximatelv the same in 9 cases, increased in six cases, and fell in six cases. In the three control cases where no silicates w r ere immersed in the saliva the pH did not change more than 0.1. The change in pH may have been occasioned by the pH of the silicate itself, or by the disintegra- tion of the organic matter of the saliva. In nineteen cases, the calcium was lower after immersion of the silicate. This seems to indicate that the silicate re- moved calcium from the saliva. In the three control cases where the silicate discs were not added to the saliva, the calcium of the saliva was practicallv unchanged. The phosphate was increased 1.2 mg. in one of the controls and decreased 1.0 mg., and 1.5 mg. in the other controls. In fourteen cases there was a decrease of greater magnitude than that noted in the controls. In six cases there was a change within 1.5 mg. This indicates that phosphate was also removed by the silicates in the majority of the cases. When silicate discs were treated with distilled water, they were found to lose calcium and phosphate. It was not possible at this lime to correlate the experimental 94 findings with the clinical data available so as to indicate any clear cut causal connection and the degree to which this ob- tained. However, the fact that changes in saliva do occur after the immersion of a silicate sample, and that these changes vary in each case, indicates thai the pH and the calcium and phosphate content ol saliva may be important factors in the silicate solubility problem. The Maturization of the Dentition in Cases Exhibiting Abnormal Gonadal Development by Edward Collins and George Martin sponsor: Dr. D. E. Ziskin The purposes of this particular study have been to determine whether there are am measureable differences between the dentitions of normal individuals and those of individuals ex- hibiting abnormalities of gonadal development; and to deter- mine whether tooth development can be used as an aid in early diagnosis and prognosis of gonadal abnormalities. Our control group consisted of 208 cases obtained through the courtesy of Dr. L. M. Waugh and the Division of Orthodontics. By means of recording from radiographs the stage of development of the crowns and roots of the teeth, a dental age was obtained for each chronological age group be- tween six and twenty-one years. The endocrine group consisted of 32 cases obtained through the cooperation of Dr. William Schoenfeld and Dr. Daniel E. Ziskin. The dental ages were obtained for these cases and were compared with the normal by constructing bar graphs showing the correlation between chronological age. bone age. dental age, major pelvic type, basal metabolic rate, genital grouping and Stanford-Binct and Arthur intelligence test re- sults. The results show a general tendencv toward retardation in dentition maturation which, however, is statistically insignificant due to the relatively small number of cases studied. A tendency for the other factors to be below normal can also be noted. A general trend toward malocclusion can be seen from study models of the endocrine cases. Ovarian Hormone Influence on Keratinization of the Oral Mucosa as Determined by Corre- lation with the Menstrual Cycle by Irving Kittay and Paul Kamen sponsor: Dr. D. E. Ziskin The influence on the oral structures of the endocrine secretions has long been observed. Of late, the problem of the ovarian hormones and their influence on the oral mucous membranes has attracted considerable attention. The role of the estrogenic hormone in the etiology and therapy of various physiological and pathological conditions of the oral mucosa has been investi- gated by Ziskin and others. Estrogen has been shown to cause hyperplasia and hyperkeratinization of the oral epithelium. These facts suggested that keratinization of the oral mucosa might be correlated with different estrogenic levels occurring during the menstrual cycle. A method of testing this hypothesis presented itself through the work of Papanicolaou and Weinmann. The latter developed a technic for the study of the degree of keratinization of oral epithelial cells. The mucosa was scraped with a small cement spatula, and the scrapings were smeared on slides and fixed by drying. A modified Gram stain was used. This method oilers definite advantages besides its simplicity. It obviates the necessity for biopsy and affords ready examination of single isolated cells and their differentiation into six degrees of keratinization. In a stud) with this method, Weinmann has shown that keratinization in different areas of the mouth varies, being greatest in the palate and decreasing, in order, in the gingivae, tongue and cheek. Furthermore, the number of leucocytes in the smears decrease with an increase in the degree of kera- tinization. Six normal menstruating human females were chosen for the study. Smears from six different areas of the mouth, namely the cheek, alveolar gingivae, mucobuccal fold, palate, tongue and gingival crevice, were taken weekly for two months. The stains used were the modified Gram, the Wright stain for leucocytes, and the Masson Trichrome. The latter was discontinued early in the study, because it offered no advantages over the Gram stain. The smears were examined and kera- tinization evaluated according to an arbitrary scale. The find- ings were graphed in relation to the menstrual cycle and pre- vailing estrogenic levels. Variations in keratinization during the test period were ob- served, but the changes could not be definitely related to the menstrual cycle. Two explanations suggest themselves. The interval between the smears may have been too great, or the oral tissues are not so sensitive a barometer to changes in estro- genic levels as are other tissues, such as the vagina. The authors are loath to accept these results as conclusive, and feel that this technic may yet prove valuable in diagnosis. Further study is indicated. The Pneumatic Mallet Condensation of Amalgams by John Jacobson and Walter Jagard sponsor: Dr. H. Ay res A series of experiments was conducted to determine the differ- ences in crushing strength, flow, and dimensional change between hand packed and pneumatically malleted amalgam dies. The pneumatic mallet condensation, of amalgams resulted in increased crushing strengths. The average crushing strength for hand packed amalgams was 41.976 lbs. sq. inch, while for the pneumatically packed the average was 45,705 lbs. sq. inch, an increase of approximately 9%. Sweeney and Skinner reported an increase of 43% in crush- ing strength when using the pneumatic mallet. Our results cor- roborate the increase but differ as to its magnitude. With hand packing, we obtained an average flow of 2.3% and with pneumatic packing an average of 1.67%. This rep- resents an average decrease in flow of 30%. It is worthy of note that the percentage flow obtained with both procedures is lower than the 4% maximum requirements of A.D.A. speci- fications. Again our results with flow follow the same pattern of Sweenev and Skinner, who obtained a 50% d ecrease in flow. 95 In the determination of dimensional changes by the inter- ferometer, hand packed specimens showed an average expan- sion of 4.38 microns per centimeter. The pneumatically packed dies, on the other hand, were slightly contracting, with an average contraction of .87 microns per centimeter. Our results are in direct variance with those of Sweeney who reported normal expansion. To obtain a tightly fitting amalgam clinically, it would be ideal if the material underwent no dimensional change. Some authorities feel that a slightly expanding amalgam results in better adaptation to cavity walls. W. H. Crawford has shown by air pressure tests that a slightly contracting amalgam gives better adaptability and reduced marginal leakage. We feel that a better amalgam filling can be obtained by pneumatic mallet condensation. These laboratory findings cor- roborate the clinical findings of Sweeney. Because of its plasticity, amalgam spreads under the blow of the pneumatic mallet. However there is the clinical danger of chipping or fracturing cavity margins. We found this to be true in the packing of steel molds. Clinically, a rigid, stable matrix must be adapted and maintained in position because of the rapid succession of thrusts of the mallet. All areas may not be accessible to pneumatic mallet condensation. Conclusions: Amalgam dies condensed by means of a pneumatic mallet are superior to hand packed dies. The slight dimensional change of pneumatically packed speci- ments approaches closelv the ideal for amalgams. Specimens appeared drier, presented a higher degree of hard- ness and a smoother surface when condensed by the Hollenback mallet. Clinically, the danger of fracturing margins must not be overlooked, since the plasticitv of amalgam does not allow it lo be laid over margins as in the case of gold foil. The Effect of jaundice upon the Teeth by Oscar Edward Beder sponsor: D r. William Lefkozvitz Investigation shows that jaundice produces an effect on the teeth in the form of a discoloration that varies from yellow to green; that this color is due to bile pigments that are de- posited in the dentin and probably in the enamel; and thai there is some process going on in the tooth that removes the color, if not the pigment. This disappearance of color may be due to either a physiological process, involving the circulation of dental lymph ; it may be brought about by electrophoretic action; or it may be the result of the forces of capillarity. The effects are similar to those produced bv other diseases, namely, changes in the structure of the tooth. These changes can be seen under the microscope in the form of definite pat- terns, as shown by Dr. Schour. The molecular structure of the bile pigments is an important factor in these changes. The Relation of Diet to Dental Caries in Children by Max Morton Bergholz sponsor: Dr. Eiving C. McBeath A recent nation-wide survey in which over 1.400,000 children from f to 11 vears of age were examined, revealed that 50 to 75 per cent had carious teeth, with an average of at least two to three cavities per child in the worst sections. The ef- fect of diet on the development of dental tissues and the lia- bility of such tissues to disease were studied extensively and it was found that susceptibility to dental caries in man was primarily dependent upon the structure of the teeth — the more perfect their structure the less their liability to decay. Since the hard structures of teeth consist largely of calcium and phosphorus, it is obvious that the building of good tooth structures requires adequate supplies of these inorganic ele- ments. An adequate supply of vi tarn in D is of v ery special importance in the development of sound tooth structures; and diets high in cereal content may be conducive to caries unless adequate supplies of vitamin D are provided. A deficiency of vitamin A has been reported to cause degenerative changes in the dental nerves and may for this reason he partly responsible for dental caries in some cases. A deficiency of vitamins A and D in the diets of experimental animals causes a disordered cal- cification of the hard tissues of the teeth. Detailed studies of the effects of vitamin C deficiency upon the tooth structures were made and it was found that within a very few days after experimental animals were deprived of vitamin C, the layer of specialized cells between the tooth pulp and the hard tissues of their teeth, which is essential for the maintenance of the hard tissues, failed to function. The normal function of this layer of cells could be reestablished by the administration of vitamin C, but the normal strength of such teeth is presumablv never fullv regained. Many authorities are convinced that a sound tooth structure which will withstand the ordinary pressures involved in masti- cation is the best possible insurance against mechanical injuries that would render the teeth susceptible to decay. In order, then, that good tooth structures may develop and be main- tained, it is highlv important that the diet contain adequate quantities of calcium and phosphorus, and of vitamins A. C. and D. Vitamin A is especially important for the proper forma- tion of the framework of the teeth before any extensive calcifi- cation takes place. Since this framework is being developed in the fetus several months before birth, the mother should be provided liberally with vitamin A. In order that the teeth may continue to develop properly, adequate amounts of cal- cium, phosphorus, and vitamins C and D are very important. There is some difference of opinion as to whether or not the occurrence of denial caries is increased during pregnancv and lactation. Many of the observations on the occurrence of caries during pregnancv and lactation have not been correlated with the mother ' s diet, frcquencv of childbearing, and general state of health. As a safeguard, therefore, the mother should certainly be provided with liberal amounts of protective foods, especially those containing calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A. C. and D. Certain diseases, notablv rickets and prolonged fevers, arc often associated with inadequate intake of protective foods and are as a consequence predisposing causes of dental caries. The widespread use of diets containing large proportions of highlv refined foods which consist of chieflv starches and sugars may, by reason of excluding an adequate intake of protective foods, be a predisposing factor in the prevalence of dental caries in our modern civilization. Other factors., such as inherited ! i physical constitution and Fermentation ol carbohydrate food residues around the teeth, ma} be contributory 10 dental caries. Whatever the causes, the results of observations on children are unanimous in showing that an improved diet in general increases resistance to tooth decay. The Effect of Extremes of Temperature on Physical Properties of Amalgams by Ross Ritey and Fred Rossi sponsor: Dr. H. Ayres By extremes of temperature is meant the highest and lowest temperatures to which amalgam fillings are subjected during the process of ingestion and mastication of foods. The lowest extreme of temperature was arbitrarily taken at 0° C. B means of a partial appliance bearing a tooth containing an amalgam filling in which ws embedded a thermocouple, it was determined that the amalgam attained a temperature ol 65° C. when sub- jected to the hottest tolerable foods. Control dies were- packed, stored for five days at room tem- perature, and then were tested for crushing strength and ex- pansion-contraction. Other control dies were tested for flow after storage for three hours at room temperature. Dies I mm. by S mm. in dimension, that had been subjected to the extremes of temperature for five days were also tested for these physical properties except for flow tests which were made three hours after packing the dies, in accordance with A.D.A. specifications. For crushing strength and expansion- contraction tests, the dies used were the standard 5 mm. by 10 mm. The expansion-contraction dies were measured to one- thousandth of a millimeter by means of micrometer calipers. Results: Amalgam dies, as heated in this experiment, show a marked decrease in crushing strength of 10.7 per cent as com- pared with the control dies. The heated dies also show a striking and permanent expansion of 1.29 per cent, which is an expansion of 35. S times that of the control dies. Heating the dies, however, showed no appreciable change in flow. Cooling the dies to 0° C. for five days showed a very slight decrease in crushing strength and no significant change in relation to expansion-contraction. The flow dies kept foi three hours at 0° C. however, showed an appreciable increase in flow. Practical Dental Illustrating by Philip Silverstein sponsor: Dr. Houghton Holliday Modern educational procedures have placed increasing em- phasis on visual methods. This has come about because of the difficulty frequently encountered in forming correct mental images from verbal descriptions. This difficulty may arise either from a lack of familiarity with the subject on the part of the reader, or from a poor word picture painted by the author. At its best, an adequate word picture in order to be accurate and complete, mu st be verbose. On the other hand, a well executed drawing or photograph conveys the thought imme- diately and effectively. It is the authors observation that simple line drawing, bv the use of stencils especially, is a very effective method of pre- sentation of any technique. The use of stencils is especially adapted to any procedure showing a series of steps on either a model or structure of any kind. Its applications to dental illustrating is obvious. Stencils are outlines of teeth, arches, or dental accessories cut from 3 ply Bristol Board. Their use is simple, the outline is traced, necessary anatomy added, any necessary alterations are made, the drawing is inked .and pencil lines are erased. I Ins method is preferred to photography for illustrating technics in dentistry. The requisites of good illustrating method are several. It must be able to show everything that can be shown in a single illustration with maximum clarity and with a minimum number of lines and distracting features. The images should be easy to form and reproduce. It must be flexible, that is, capable of changes in anatomy, position, etc. and applicable to more advanced forms such as shading and phantom diagrams. Photography has a few drawbacks here. The equipment necessary may be somewhat costly and bulky. A complete set of models must be prepared, a time consuming procedure. A more than average knowledge of photography and its allied arts, lighting, developing and enlarging, is essential. Its in- flexibility becomes easily apparent unless one is master of a very fine retouching method, and then the results are reallv no longer photographs. Petty annoyances, such as distracting backgrounds, dust and fingerprints detract from the value of the picture. Stencils have a very definite advantage: (1) Quick, easy, simple method of dental illustrating. (2) Present objects to be shown with maximum clarity. (3) Flexibility. (4) Uniformity of results. (5) Teach, by repetition, how to draw. (6) Do not require half-tone method for reproduction. Disadvantages: (1) Cannot be used to show esthetic restorations or mouth con- ditions. (2) Can only be used for very extensive technics if author can draw in supplementary material. (3) Some may experience difficulty in producing images, even with stencils. As an example of this process, the construction of an upper posterior fixed bridge is illustrated as carried out in the Crown and Bridge Technic Syllabus. Visual Aids in Dental Education by Alvin Mund and Jack S. Klatell sponsors: Drs. C. F. Bodccker and Wm. Lefkowitz This thesis consisted of two projects which involved the con- struction of models illustrating different histological sections, made from simple, inexpensive materials. The two- fold pur- pose of this work was to help the student to learn by doing and als o to aid other students in visualizing histological prob- lems in a three-dimensional model, replacing the two-dimen- sional picture usually obtained by microscopic examination. Two such models were constructed. The first deals with the embryonic development of the dental follicle, and shows the relationship between the various histological tissues, as well as the dynamics of enamel and dentin formation. Vulcanized rubber inserts of different sizes can be inserted between the flexible layers represnting the ameloblast and odontoblast cells, the whole series serving to demonstrate how the enamel, dentin, and predentin zones form, increase in size, and assume ulti- mately the form of the tooth crown. The second model was designed to show the physiologic phenomena associated with the movement of a tooth in its alveolus and the resultant peridental membrane changes. A pair of upper central incisors were carved in solid plaster, using dimensions approximately ten times those given in Dr. Diamond ' s textbook on Dental Anatomy. These were positioned in rigid alveoli of plaster, with an intervening peridental membrane made of compressible sponge rubber, also made to the same scale. A labio-lingual section through one of the sockets can be seen by swinging open a hinged portion of the model. On this model can be demonstrated the physiologic limits of median ical separation of teeth for operative procedures, the manner of tipping of a tooth under stress about an imaginary axis, and the distribution of compressive and tensional forces upon the peridental membrane. With the comprehension of these factors comes a clearer understanding of techniques used in orthodontics wherein such temporary movements of a tooth within its alveolus are con- verted into more permanent dianges of position of teeth within the jaws. Vitamin C in Relation to Acute Vincent ' s Infection by Leonard Koenig and Raymond Levao sponsor: Dr. Maxwell Karshan The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether vitamin C deficiency is a predisposing factor in the occurrence of Vincent ' s infection. A discussion of the properties of Vitamin C, its occurrence, pathosis in avitaminosis, and different methods for analysis were given. The etiology and pathologv of Vincent ' s infection were re- viewed with stress placed upon predisposing factors, such as tissue resistance. Patients presenting with acute Vincent ' s infection were studied. Case histories were taken and chemical analysis for plasma vita- min C were performed. Of the nine values obtained (expressed as mg. per 100 cc.) , one was near the upper level of the normal range (1.7) , three were dose to the average found for normal individuals (1.2, 1.1, 1.0), four were near the lower level of the normal range (0.7. 0.7, 0.6, 0.6) , and one was below normal (0.4. Suggestions for further study were offered which would make it possible to ascertain definitely whether vitamin C deficiency is associated with Vincent ' s infection. A Study of the Effects of Vitamin D on Salivary Calcium and Phosphorous by Melvin Morris, Irving Weinberg and Emanuel Knishkowy sponsor: Dr. M. Karshan This stud) ' was made to seek a possible mechanism for the protective action of Vitamin D in relation to dental caries. Previous investigators have demonstrated higher calcium and phosphorous levels in the saliva of caries-free than of active- caries groups. Others found that the inclusion of Vitamin D in the diet effectively reduced the incidence of dental decay in children. Since the metabolism of Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorous are known to be interrelated, it was thought that the protective action of Vitamin D might be explained b changes it produced in the concentration of calcium and phosphorous in saliva. Specimens of paraffin-stimulated saliva were collected from subjects ranging in age from 22 to 26 years. Collections were made between 4 and 5 P.M. once a week for 9 weeks. The first few cubic centimeters of saliva were discarded to elim- inate debris and unstimulated saliva, and then 10 cc were expectorated into a test tube. The saliva collected during the first 3 weeks represented the normal calcium and phosphorous levels. During the second 3 weeks, approximately 4 cc of ir- radiated ergosterol in sesame oil were fed to each subject every afternoon except Sundays. The quantity in each feeding was equivalent to 6000 U.S. P. units of Vitamin D. No vitamin was fed during the final 3 weeks, the post-feeding or recovery period. Calcium showed a consistent and appreciable reduction dur- ing the feeding period. The post -feeding value indicated a partial return to normal. The results of the phosphorous determinations were less definite in their trend, but increased during feeding in 6 out of 10 cases, with little return toward the normal in the post-feeding period. These findings, if confirmed in children, would suggest that the mechanism of Vitamin D protection in children may lie elsewhere than in the saliva. The lag in a return to normal values in recovery was possibly caused bv the storage of Vitamin D in the bod v. An Indirect Method for Making Restorations Using a Hydrocolloid Impression Technique by Selig Finkelstein and Irving Naidorf sponsor: Dr. Earlc B. Hoyt Black type and slice-lock MOD preparations were cut in ivorine teeth on master models. Direct wax-ups were made and these cast until perfect fits were obtained. These castings served as master inlays with which the dies obtained by the hvdro- colloid impression technique were tested. The preparations were then impressed ■ by means of hydrocolloid seated in a modelling compound impression relieved in the preparation area to allow for hvdrocolloid bulk. The compound impres- sions served as stops and seating guides. A small syringe was used as an adjunct to fill inaccessible areas with the hvdrocolloid. The dies were then poured up in stone and tested with the master inlays for accuracy. The following are the most sig- nificant findings: 1 — Fairly consistent good results can be expected with the Black type of preparation. Due to the spring of the hvdro- colloid. the distortion attendant upon the compound impres- sions of bell-shaped or otherwise undercut teeth is eliminated. 2 — Results using the slice-lock type of preparation are not as consistentlv good, probablv due to lack of proximal hydro- colloid bulk. 3 — The technique can be used without a syringe, if Kerr ' s hvdrocolloid is employed. 1 — Setting under water is not an essential for an accurate die. . ) — A vibrator is necessary for pouring serviceable dies. 6 — Kerr. Caulk and S. S. While hvdrocolloid-. were found to be satisfactory, the school hvdrocolloid mediocre and Denial 98 Perfection useless for this technique. Of these, Kerr ' s was found to be most preferable. 1 his technique is not a panacea and will not supplant the direct wax pattern, but should serve as a valuable adjunct wherever an indirect technique is indicated. Body Section Roentgenography by Charles M. Chayes sponsor: Dr. Houghton Holliday Bonv section roentgenograph) is the roentgenograph ic projec- tion of plane sections of solid objects. This is accomplished b connecting the x-ray tube and film together bv a linkage, pivoted aL the plane to be recorded (plane of focus) . which im- parts reciprocal movements to them. The central ray of the beam passes through one point in the plane of focus and strikes one point on the film during the entire exposure. The design of an apparatus especially adapted for work about the head is an important part of the work undertaken in con- nection with this paper. Drawings arc included in the original paper. In order to facilitate interpretation of body set tion radio- graphs, known in the field as laminagiaphs, several heads were first examined with the KiefFer laminagraph. The sections were made in frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes. Radio- graphs were made of these sections with a conventional dental -ra machine. Some of the pictures arc reproduced in this paper. A comparison of laminagraphic pictures of the tem- poro-mandibular joint with pictures made with the mastoid apparatus is presented. CONCLUSIONS 1. The Kicfier machine incorporates all of the best available characteristics. 2. Modification of this machine to make it less complicated and less costlv. still maintaining satisfactory characteristics foi use about the head is both practicable and desirable. 3. Laminagraphs (body section roentgenographs) are useful in showing conditions and structures hidden to conventional -ra methods, particularly about the temporomandibular joint. 4. A definite standardized technique is essential. 5. Adequate penetration is a most important factor. 99 WITH THE APPRECIATION OF THE PURCHASING DEPARTMENT THE MEDICAL CENTER BOOKSTORE appreciates your cooperation during your stay at the Medical Center BUY EQUIPMENT IN TERMS OF TOMORROW When you invest in new equipment, don ' t forget to figure the dividends that come from years of trouble-free operation. A location carefully selected — an office properly planned, and an equip- ment efficiently installed, make the first cost the ultimate cost. Choose a Melrose installation — we are agents for all standard makes of equipment and supplies of quality. MELROSE DENTAL DEPOT, Inc. Grand Centra! Zone 4 1 EAST 42nd STREET NEW YORK CITY Dial VAnderbilt 6-4530 V A J f l PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS WEBER EQUIPMENT THE DENTAL EQUIPMENT OF DIGNITY AND HIGH UTILITY VALUE Forty-one years ago, the founder of our Company invented and originated the Fountain Water Spittoon, and later developed the first combination of unit equipment ever introduced for use by the dental profession. The policy of the Weber Company has always been that of constructive advancement and fair price maintenance. No greater value is to be found in dental equipment than is found in the Weber line of today. The following services are at the command of all dental students, free of charge — Office Planning and Office Decorating Location Analysis Practice Counselling Individual Helps and Instructions A complete set of 10 Counselling Brochures supplied each purchaser of Weber Equipment, delivered each month during the first year, when most needed. All Equipment sold on liberal terms and endorsed by first line dealers everywhere. Don ' t be satisfied until you have inspected the complete line Weber has to offer. The Weber Dental Manufacturing Company CRYSTAL PARK CANTON, OHIO -.• .- - ■ _ BLUE ISLAND SPECIALTY COMPANY, Inc. Manufacturers of BISCO PRODUCTS BURS BANDS SHELLS IMPRESSION TRAYS INSTRUMENTS MOUNTED POINT STONES ORTHODONTIA APPLIANCES SUPPLIES BLUE ISLAND SPECIALTY COMPANY, Inc. BLUE ISLAND, ILLINOIS X r - .UeAZuxtt How much does a CDX X-Ray Unit Cost? Hn Ut t Cost of any x-ray unit equals initial price plus re- pair bills minus probable trade- in value. 18 years of performance prove that CDX with a somewhat higher initial price, needs little or no repair and has a ' trade-in value higher than any other unit. . ' . Cost of a CDX = as little as or less than any other x-ray unit on the market. Q.E.D. I V GENERAL ff ELECTRIC X-RAY CORPORATION 2012 JACKSON BLVD. CHICAGO. ILL., U. S. A. NU-DENT A Progressive Porcelain Laboratory Worth Knowing! CT HE beauty and naturalness of Nu-Dent Porcelain Jackets and other porcelain creations are but a reflection of its constant efforts to make the finest porcelain restorations dentistry can obtain. This spirit is further shown in the many new types of restora- tions originated by Nu-Dent: Unit-Bilt Ceratex Porcelain Jacket Bridges Baked-on Porcelain Veneer Crowns DentAcryl (Acrylic Enamel) Jackets — Inlays — Veneers — Bridges Before selecting a porcelain laboratory, visit NU-DENT and see the type of Porcelain Service we offer you. NU-DENT, Inc. Porcelain Restorations Paramount Building, New York — Phone LAckawanna 4-3591-2-3 A NU-DENT Porcelain Jacket MASTER [TINT MOTofcKAfR • S-eZ ' a new zoom it FREE OFFICE PLANNING SERVICE Nothing will do more to- ward filling the appoint- ment hook of the new practice than good office impressions. Let us help you plan an office that will inspire your patients to refer their friends. The S.S.White Master Unit and Motor Chair surpass all previous levels of beauty, convenience and comfort in dental operating equipment. Every detail of their design and construction is a visible demonstration of these two maxims: (1) Simplicity is far more appealing to the eye than excess adornment (2) correct form enhances function. Only the S. S. White Master Unit and Motor Chair pro- vide the operating facilities demanded by dental prac- tice today in the stirring simplicity and beauty of modern styling. Every dental dealer who distributes S.S.White Equip- ment invites you to visit his showroom where you will find the S. S. White Master Unit and Motor Chair on display. After you have seen and tested each thoroughly let him tell you how easily you can own an S.S.White Master Unit and Motor Chair, and why these offer the greatest protection to your investment and give you the most for every dollar invested. THE S.S.WHITE DENTAL MFG STREET, PH c o NEW! Columbia Articulator Former for Inlay Dies A Time Saver - Easy to Use — Makes Neat Models A simple device for casting neat, self-articulating half-jaw stone or plaster models for inlays, crowns and bridges The sliding frames are adjustable to make models of any required length ■ Models of right or left side can bs made by reversing position of frames The T-lock, cast in heel of upper and lower models, keens them in correct centric relation ■ The frames, T-lock former and metal parts attached to Bakslire block are made of rustless steel. PRICE Cat. No. 90! Complete with illustrated directions $1.75 COLUMBIA DENTOFORM CORPORATION The House of a Thousand Models ' ' ' 131 EAST 23rd STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST . • IN ORAL SERVICE Total up the extras that Vitallium offers — see for yourself how vastly different a Vitallium restoration is from an ordinary case! How beautiful its permanent lustre — how smooth, strong and light — how easy to keep clean — how accurately it fits. Yet Vitallium is incon- spicuous in the mouth, compatible with tissue and will not stain, tarnish or corrode under any oral condition. AUSTENAL LABORATORIES, Inc 34 WEST THIRTY-THIRD STREET New York 5932 WENTWORTH AVENUE Chicago ♦Trademark Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. BRING YOUR PROBLEMS — TO US! — In its thirty-five years of service to the dental profession, GENERAL DENTAL has grown to the largest dental supply company in the Metro- politan Area. The GENERAL is big enough to have adequate facilities, but not too big to have become complacent . . . old enough to have a background of experience, but not too old for new ideas and methods. Numerous problems are facing you in launching your professional career; such as, . . . where shall I locate? . . . what kind of equipment will give me the most satisfaction? . . . how can I finance the purchase of my equipment? Our organization is in a position to tackle these problems for you. Come in and Be Convinced General Dental Supply Company, Inc. Main Office: 19 UNION SQUARE WEST, New York City Bronx Depot: 391 EAST 149th STREET, New York o It is the nation ' s leading port in foreign trade volume — with 187 piers and service on 75 steamship lines. Its 12 railroads and network of subways and buses afford excellent transportation facilities. It is the home of Fawcett ' s — the dental supply house which harbors — for your convenience — the largest and most complete stock in the Metropolitan area. We promise to deliver qualiry goods and service. Begin your practice in this progressive Borough of 2,660.000 inhabitants — a population second only to New York and Chicago — 32.800 persons to the square mile. The inducements are many — and your chances for success are ten to one. Brooklyn is one of the nation ' s greatest markets and one of eight cities leading in the nation ' s building activity. Its buying power in 1940 was approximately $2,130,504,000. It has 38,000 stores, 5,000 manufacturing plants, and in addi- tion, State factories and a Navy Yard handling 25% of N. Y. State ' s defense production orders. Brooklyn holds more than one-tenth of all Mutual Savings Banks deposits in the nation. 3Rhw g @tf ti? Jfiawas©itt Owe Dental Materials Equipment 408 Jaxj 3t.,BRlytY,TST.Y. At Fulton, Jay and Smith Stteets We invite you to visit and to consult with us on any porcelain problem. You will be welcome, and will find our long experience at your service. Come in and see the latest developments in our field. Che ICocIjIieab Xaboratories, $nc. 115 WEST FORTY-FIFTH STREET New York, N. Y. Porcelain Specialists Since 1907 You need the extra strength in FLECK ' S CEMENT When you consider the constant activity of destructive forces within the oral cavity, every extra pound of strength . . . every added degree of density should be carefully valued before choosing a cement. Flecks average crushing strength of 23.000 pounds per square inch assures an unmatched safety margin ' of many thousands of pounds. This added protection is in reserve as a permanent safeguard against disintegration and erosion in the mouth. Fleck ' s Cement Holds! Mizzy, Inc. Manufacturers ■ New York City A Free Location Survey by DENTSPLY Will Save You Money! A FREE consultation service, conducted by our experts, will make — a location survey for you. This survey includes the following: LOCATION A NEIGHBORHOOD POPULATION INCOME GROUPS LOCATION B An approximation of the financial level of people in various neighborhoods, as well as population. Selection of suitable site for an office. Blueprint of office space which will aid you in utilizing every foot of space to advantage. This service alone saves you hundreds of dollars. W Our equipment specialist will give you de- ailed specifications for a completely equip- ped office that will meet your budget. OR a display of all leading makes of equipment and all other dental requirements for your new office, visit DENTSPLY DEPOT THE DENTISTS ' SUPPLY COMPANY OF NEW YORK 220 West 42nd Street . New York, N. Y. se hard headed about your equipment investment • . invest your money where it will bring the greatest returns . . As you prepare to open your first office ask yourself just two questions: First, how good is the equipment I intend to buy; and, second, what will that equipment company do for me after I have made my initial investment? You have a right to know exactly what you are buying — and you should demand a frank answer from the dental supply company with which you will do business. For your own satisfaction, Ritter ans- wers your questions in this manner: For more than fifty years this company has manufactured equipment built up to a standard and not down to a price; it is recognized throughout the world as the Tiffany of dental equipment, for it gives years of lasting, satisfactory service. This company also recognizes the faci that it has a duty to perform in connection with your welfare as you begin practice. And to enable you to start right, it offers its Practice Building Service, its Office Planning Service, its Statistical Service and its deferred investment plan as means of aiding you on the road to suc- cess. Your Ritter dealer will gladly explai: all features of Ritter equipment — plus the services which have been used by more than 38,000 dentists. Or, if you prefer, write direct. n Ritter Dental Manufacturing Co., Inc. Ritter Park Rochester, N. Y. BUY ONCE . . . BUY BIGHT . . . BUY BITTEB Before You Begin to PLAN YOUR PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS S„ c RUBINSTEIN 3i„i Start right . . . Start light. Don ' t handicap yourself with a crushing financial burden that is apt to become unmanageable. It can be done— the RUBINSTEIN way. Sec the new X-R-M DENTAL X-RAYS with every per- formance and efficiency feature of high-priced machines, yet at a cost within your reach. See the new RUBY DENTAL CABINETS, brilliantly designed and sturdily constructed, yet priced amazingly low. See these new products as well as the famous money-saving RUBINSTEIN RE- BUILTS of every popular make of dental equip- ment. You owe it to your future to do so at once. Rubinstein Dental Equipment Co. 141 Fifth Ave. at 21st St. New York City SO MODERN with . imam AN IDEAL LABORATORY IjzirnC for Discriminating Dentists 423 FULTON STREET TRiangle 5-9850-1-2 Brooklyn. N. Y. DRIMMER ELECTRIC SERVICE FOR 16 YEARS ELECTRICAL WIRING for DENTISTS COMPLETE INSTALLATIONS I I6S BROADWAY MUrray Hill 4-3255 New York Ci ty Compliments of BLENHEIM CAFETERIA 1160 ST. NICHOLAS AVENUE Corner 168th Street Compliments of SHELDON STAR COAT and APRON SUPPLY CO. 555 WEST FORTY-SECOND STREET New York City WAshington Heights 7-5600 PRIMACK ' S FLOWERS HEIGHTS LEADING FLORIST We Telegraph Flowers Everywhere 3798 BROADWAY 1154 ST. NICHOLAS AVE. S.E. Cor. 158th St. Nr. 168th St. and B ' way Complime nts of R A N D ' S 168th STREET and ST. NICHOLAS AVENUE WlaL GUTERMAN Ulour srirsl S top on the wau to Success! We are ready and able to help you to a good start on your lifetime career. You ' ll approve of our credo which, briefly, is this: Not how much we can sell you — but how well we can satisfy your needs economically. Why not drop in soon? No other house can equal, much less exceed, our ability to serve you for your own best benefits. COMPLETE LINE OF EOUIPMENT: We have the complete line of every make equipment and x-ray in the latest models . . . Ritter — S. S. White — Castle — General Electric — and Weber. This permits us to offer unbiased recommendations . . . enables us to meet your individual economic requirements perfectly. COMPLETE STOCK SUPPLIES, GOLD and TEETH: Our Supply Depot is filled with complete, fresh stocks of all the famous-quality brands. In addition, there are the GOLDS of many reputable manufacturers and a full line of Teeth . . . EVERY mould in EVERY shade. Do all your comparing and buying in ONE visit to Guterman. PLANNING SERVICE: We will develop and submit plans that assure an ideal suite in appearance and efficiency. It will be custom-built to your requirements. Our shop men insiall the equipment. They have saved thousands of dollars for our patrons. Use our Planning Service. The Dental Show place of New York Gutermao Dental Supply Co. 515 MADISON AVENUE, Corner 53rd Street Phones: ELdorado 5 — I 885- 1 886- 1 887- 1 888 BRANCH: 201 East 23rd Street AMERICAN CABINETS £ 6 ;- 1 Any established dentist will tell you American Cabinets are best. The American Cabinet Co. Two Rivers - Wisconsin Compliments of THE ALPS TEA ROOM 4001 BROADWAY Corner 168th Street WAdswo -th 3-9722 ORIENT RESTAURANT and BAKERY at 169th CHINESE-AMERICAN FOOD Orders Put Up to Take Out 1172 ST. NICHOLAS AVENUE Street New York WAdsworth 3-5263 Howers-by-Wire MEDICAL CENTER FLOWER SHOP ARTISTIC DECORATIONS FOR ALL OCCASIONS The Flower Shop Nearest to the Medical Center 1 4003 BROADWAY at 168th Street New York CARDASIS, Inc. Say It with Flowers Printed at The Comet Press. Inc. One Junius Street Brooklyn. N Y. Engravings by Mercury Photo-Engravers Corp. 461 Eighth Avenue New York, N Y. Photography by Lucas and Monroe 17 East 48th Street New York. N. Y.