Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery - Dental Columbian Yearbook (New York, NY)

Text from Pages 1 - 152 of the 1940 volume:

h I : [ I il 1 ' 1 r; ■HI : ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE STUDENT BODY SCHOOL OF DENTAL AND ORAL SURGERY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY • NEW YORK CITY u y)enkl (jMumoh ii « J XA o i t THE SCHDDL DF Rental and VMt Surety COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY EARLE BANKS HOYT, D.D.S. STUDENT ' S IDEAL OF A PROFESSIONAL GENTLEMAN, WHOSE ABILITY TO COMBINE EVERYDAY PRACTICALITY WITH THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF IDEALS, HAS IMPRESSED HIS PERSONALITY INDELIBLY UPON OUR MEMORIES. The time of the appearance of the volume contain- ing this message will approach the twenty-second anniversary of my own graduation. This in itself is hardly unique or worthy of second thought. There is, however, a connection. I remember that as the time neared for me to leave the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, as an undergraduate, I expressed regret and voiced a small quiet hope without the most remote thought of its fulfill- ment. This silently communed wish was: If it were possible. I should like to spend all my life on or near a university campus, partaking in whatever manner I could afford of the liberties and cultural richness it had taught me to associate with it. The wish was and remained sincere, no matter how it may have been fostered by an approaching nostalgia, common to all students once their undergraduate worries have been dispelled. In retrospect, it seems strange indeed that this wish which was then subordinate to more pressing needs should have been thus far so signally fulfilled, as it has been in my valued position as a teacher. These years of life have conferred a fullness that is but the reflection of the contact with hundreds, yes, thousands of undergraduate young men, pre- paring as I had, with the same ideals, the same hopes and aspirations and with perhaps some one in the background silently sharing all these and the hardships and sometimes bitter disappointment as well. The horizon, then, was great indeed for the young practitioner of Dentistry but it is even wider and more enriched to-day, a day which marks the Cen- tenary of the organized beginnings of Deniistry. It is most appropriate that the teachers and their schools be accorded this recognition and associated memories. The teaching of Dentistry is at last coming into its own and only good will result. Each of us has a moral right to be a part of the teaching profession if the light so shines in each as to be an unfailing beacon to all who will see. Were we all to take part in this doctrine, new graduates and old, if the bounds of our faith were beyond measure, if its burning intensity were un- quenchable, who could hope to measure the future or foretell its qreatness. Spread the gospel of good dentistry and not one can escape the good he has cre- ated. It isn ' t the problem of whether you serve human- ity through its teeth or do it in some more heroic fashion. It is simply that you serve. This is true even in the low state the world finds itself in to-day. As I have noted, my contact with the profession is not far short of a quarter of the centennial period. The miracles of advance that have passed before me so intimately that I could have reached out and touched them, make me certain of the high destiny of the profession you have chosen and which will be a part of you forever from the day of your graduation forward. Embrace it, cherish it and protect it proudly. By the lives of its past defenders it is worthy. EARLE B. HOYT President of the University Nicholas iMurray BuIIet LL.D. (Cantab. I, D.Litt. (Oxoni, Hon. D. (Paris) WILLARD C. RAPPLEYE A.M., M.D. Dean HOUGHTON HOLLIDAY A.B.. D.D.S. Associaie Dean HENRY SAGE DUNNING, D.D.S., M.D., B.S. Professor of Dentistry ADOLPH BERGER, D.D.S. William Cam Professor of Dentistry JOSEPH SCHROFF DOUGLAS B. PARKER FRANCIS S. McCAFFREY SAMUEL BIRENBACH B.S., M.D., D.D.S. M.D., D.D.S. B.S.. D.D.S. D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry Associate Prof, of Dentistry Associate Prof, of Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry KENNETH F. CHASE D.M.D. Instructor in Dentistry DRAL SURGERY Despite the fact that Oral Surgery is generally considered to be a rather select specialty of Den- tistry, it is still, of necessity, an extremely important part of any dental curriculum. The dental graduate is expected to be able at least to recognize and understand if not treat all pathology existing in his field of operation, which is the oral cav- ity, and its investing structures and tissues. It is no more reasonable to expect a dental student to be im- mediately qualified for a specialized practice of Oral Surgery than it is to expect a medical student to be proficient in surgery of the brain or gynecology even after a hospital internship. The reason for this is, the lack of time in a four year course and the large num- ber of specialties in both medicine and dentistry. However, the complete dental curriculum does include a relatively intensive training in broad surgical prin- ciples as well as general and regional pathology. In this consideration, it is more important and more practical for the student to be given a complete training in fundamentals and principles rather than in experience through sheer volume of work done in school. The field of Oral Surgery as a whole is a large one but is as yet quite obscure and undefined. It is one of the oldest specialties of Dentistry and as a matter of fact is so far advanced in scope that it is now being split into two separate subdivisions; those of Oral Surgery proper and Exodontia. Exodontia is gen- erally conceded to be within the natural domain of the Dentist. However, parts of Oral Surgery have been variously claimed by: the general surgeon, the rhinologist, the orthopedic surgeon and the otolaryn- gologist as well as the dentist. It is difficult to define the function or logical field of each one of these specialists in Oral Surgery. How- ever, if the dental curriculum does include an ade- quate training in fundamentals, principles and theory, it should be sufficient to train the dental neophyte to be able to diagnose all oral pathology, treat most surgical problems which present in the general prac- tice and at the same time provide him with a solid basic foundation of Oral Surgery upon which to build a superstructure of specialized practice after suitable post-graduate training. msrm JOSEPH L. McSWEENEY D.D.S. Assistant In D ALBIN R. SEIDEL D.M.D. Instructor in Dentistry F. A. STEWART A.B., D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry ROBERT NORTHROP D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry OPERATIVE DENTISTRY LEROY L. HARTMAN. D.D.S., Sc.D. Professor of Dentisfry It has been said the loss of a single tooth from one dental arch affects, almost immediately, all the teeth and contiguous tissues of both dental arches. Opera- tive dentistry aims to prevent the loss of teeth through proper treatment of carious areas. The infected mate- rial is removed, a cavity prepared, and the tooth restored to proper anatomy and function. At Columbia, the Operative Division makes every attempt to help the student construct for himself a technique built upon scientific knowledge and upon the experience of successful operators. It is only natural, therefore, that the cavity preparations used are based upon the fundamental research of S. V. Black. Because caries, like neoplasms, may assume no given form but tends to run wild, modifications in the Black technique are made whenever indicated. Application of the rubber dam is routine in the clinical procedure; it is to be used wherever possible. With better vision and a clean field in which to work — to mention but two of the many advantages — the operator is amply rewarded for the few minutes spent in placing the dam. Another feature is emphasis upon the use of hand instruments. To prevent recurrent decay margins should be sharp and definite; sharp hand instruments are often indispensable for this reason. In addition they are valuable in planing the dentin and in joining sharp line and point angles. While operative dentistry does not have the general disagreement upon fundamentals that obtains in cer- tain other branches of dentistry, it is by no means perfect. Nor can it afford to be static. Our operative dentistry faculty has been working hand in hand with other departments, exploring with its finest instruments for catches in each component of this division of den- tal science and art. The closest collaboration with the Prosthetic Division is always maintained; as a conse- quence we have today better materials, used to better advantage. Included on the faculty are persons of wide experi- ence in the entire operative field. But it is significant that several of these men have given special consid- eration to the properties and uses of particular filling materials. This is of great benefit to the student body. MAURICE BUCHBINDER, B.S.. D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry WILLIAM MILLER. B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in Der 1RVIN L. HUNT, Jr., D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry MILTON R. MILLER. B.S., D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry £fe CARL R. OMAN, D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry GEORGE F. LINDIG. D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry HERBERT P. FRITZ. B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry EDWARD H. KOCH. A. 8.. D.D.S. Assistant in Der ' ' • 11 PROSTHETICS EARLE BANKS HOYT, D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry As in the other divisions of the School, the Pros- thetic Division attempts to teach and practice ideal dentistry. No other lost organ of the body can be replaced with a substitute having the efficiency of a replaced tooth or set of teeth. It is up to us as dentists to give to our patients the most efficient restorations possible. Only through consideration of all the problems of function, retention, comfort and esthetics can this be accomplished. In constructing full dentures, the first step is the talcing of the patient ' s history, special attention being paid to conditions of the oral cavity. A special out- line of procedure for this purpose has been very ade- quately prepared by the Division. The aid obtained therefrom in bringing the restoration to its ideal com- pletion is invaluable. Many technics have been developed for the con- struction of a full denture case. These vary in their mode of attack mainly on the problems of function and retention, the two greatest problems. After years of study and experience with many of these technics, the members of the Division have found one which in their opinion, best solves these problems — the House Technic. Here, by means of a special articu- lator, all the movements of the patient ' s jaw can be quite accurately duplicated. No longer is there the fear of the finished denture not fitting or of it kicking loose when the patient goes through the normal move- ments of the jaw. The excellent results obtained with a House case are well worth the additional time and energy. Unfortunately, due to the fact that the technic has not received enough space in the dental journals, it has not yet reached the profession at large. In the field of Crown and Bridge, the Division is undoubtedly considered by many, extreme in its pro- cedure; and at first glance this might appear so. But after careful consideration, its procedure can truly be called conservative. For it is the inlay abutment, fallaciously called conservative, which in the long run breaks down more often than the full or J4 crown. The crown, on the other hand, while involving more tooth structure proves its conservatism by outlasting the latter. This is explained on the basis that the greater the marginal area the greater the chance of recurrent decay. Can this be called radical if it insures health? The careful pre-operative consideration of all fac- tors involved in the construction of a bridge is another reason why so few patients are ever troubled with one made in our infirmary. It is this type of true conservatism which underlies the teaching of Crown and Bridge at Columbia. 12 HARRY A. YOUNG JOHN F. RALSTON D.D.S. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry d. j. w. Mclaughlin D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of D-l I c tfl HENRY JUNEMANN A.B., D.D.S. . -. Dentistrs GILBERT P. SMITH D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry HAROLD S. WOODRUFF D.D.S. Instructor in De MORELL D. McKENZIE D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry 4Tk NORMAN W. BOYD B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in D 13 DANIEL E. ZISKIN, D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry ORAL DIAGNOSIS Since 1927-28, Columbia has been a leader in teach- ing oral diagnosis and treatment planning. It was at that time that a course in Oral Diagnosis was instituted. In 1929 students were first allowed to take an active part in the Oral Diagnosis clinic. Columbia was one Of the first and few schools to do this. A good course in oral diagnosis and treatment plan- ning is the basis upon which the young dental graduate should build his practice. This is what the course in oral diagnosis tries to instill in its students. First and foremost, the means of diagnosing oral disease are taught. With this is given the rationale which neces- sarily lies behind logical diagnosis. Following the trend of modern up-to-date dentistry, oral manifestations of systemic diseases are emphasized. Before attempting to cure or remedy any oral or dental lesion the dental student is taught to look for the cause of the lesion. The effect of systemic disorders upon the organs of Ihe oral cavity are becoming better known and should be considered before making a final diagnosis. Treatment planning calls upon the dentist to exert all his care and skill in drawing together the facts in any given case and formulating a plan of treatment which will give the patient the best possible dental health service. A logical system of treatment planning is presented which meets both the demands and re- quirements of each patient. In this planning the patient ' s welfare is considered as far into the future as possible; stop-gap measures are not condoned. The young dentist will stand or fall with his success in treatment plannjng and hence the Columbia graduate should be well-prepared. HAROLD J. LEONARD D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry SOLOMON N. ROSENSTEIN B.S., D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry LEWIS R. STOWE D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistrv HENRY J. POWELL U.S., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry JESSE L. LEFCOURT 6.S.. D.D.S. Clinical Assistant 11 DRTHDDDNTICS The general practitioner ' s primary function is to care for the oral health of his patients, and this in- cludes future as well as present care. He must be able to foresee and correct threatening defects as well as apparent, immediate imperfections, and most im- portant in this prophylactic consideration is a thor- ough basic knowledge and understanding of general orthodontics and in particular preventive orthodontics. The problem of when to interfere orthodontically and when not to interfere is often a very difficult one. However, if the general dentist is equipped on grad- uation with an adequate knowledge of growth and development, especially as applied to the teeth, jaws and face, and if he has a clear understanding of the changes occuring in the transition from the deciduous to the permanent dentition, he will be able to co- operate with the orthodontic specialist for the best interests of the dental and general health of his patient. The present day graduate is made to realize that Orthodontics does not always concern itself with the construction of elaborate mechanical appliances and the wholesale, long-distance shifting of teeth. At least one third of the cases which reach the specialist can be prevented by the general practitioner who has a complete understanding of the basic factors mention- ed above. Treatment in most cases consists prin- cipally of the exercising of good judgment in the simple problem of the time of extraction of decidu- ous teeth, interpretation of x-rays, the practice of space retention, the preparation of proper fillings in deciduous and early permanent teeth and the cor- rection of minor mouth habits .... all of which belong in the domain of General Dentistry. The patient certainly has the right to expect his dentist to be able to recognize the need for and prescribe treatment when necessary and also to be able to exercise certain preventive measures when in- dicated. It is the dentist ' s duty therefore to prepare himself adequately for this function. LEUMAN M. WAUGH, D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry GEORGE S. CALLOWAY Associate Prof, of D HARRY A. GALTON D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry LEWIS E. JACKSON D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry HENRY U. BARBER, Jr. D.D.S. - : ant Prof, of C : EDWARD G. MURPHY ARTHUR C. T0T7EN D.D.S. D.D.S. Assistant Prol Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry WILLIAM R. JOULE D.D.S. lor in Dentistry 15 HOUGHTON HOLLIDAY A.B.. D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry EVALD UNDER Technician HARRY H. MULHAUS Technician RADIDLDGY In 1916, the first course in Radiography was given by Prof. Gillett and his assistants in the fourth and fifth years (the dental course then was 5 years long). The fourth year course was devoted to a study of the theory and technique, while the fifth year in- cluded in addition to further technique a study and interpretation of radiographs. It is to be noted that this was the concluding year of the dental curriculum. With the growing realization that Radiography is a science which gives to the dentist an insight, a sixth sense, in the diagnosis and treatment of all den- tal ills, the Radiology course was offered to men in the second and third years, i.e. before clinical prac- tice was started. The interpretation of x-rays is now given early in the junior year in the Oral Diagnosis lectures. It is the radiogram, more than any other single factor, that has made preventive dentistry the key- note of the profession. The use of x-rays in all fields of dentistry is indispensable and their value as a diagnostic aid is incalculable. The taking of a full set of x-rays is a routine procedure in the dental in- firmary before a patient is to be treated. This even applies to edentulous cases so that we are sure root fragments, cysts, tumors and bone diseases are ab- sent before the case is undertaken. At the same time we can see the amount of bone resorption and thick- ness of the cortical plate which serve as an indication of the duration of service that can be expected of the dentures. If a field of dentistry has to be singled out as one which gained the most by the innovation of the x-ray, it would probably be operative dentistry. In- terproximal and recurrent decay can be seen in the x-ray. This one factor has probably saved more teeth than all others combined. The number of mechanical pulp exposures has been reduced to a minimum be- cause the operator can see the proximity of the decay to the pulp. The vitality of a tooth can be judged and the degree of degenerative processes in the pulp, if present, can usually be accurately estimated by a careful study of the x-ray. Necrosis of the pulp is not necessarily indicated in the x-ray. Although pulp stones, impossible to detect otherwise, can also be demonstrated. Mention should be made of the fact that in the Orthodontic Clinic it is considered foolhardy to treat a patient before x-rays have been taken. The x-ray is the only possible method of knowing beforehand the position and number of the incoming permanent dentition. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the corre- lation between dental and systemic conditions. This is shown quite clearly in many cases in which arthritic conditions were cleared up after removal of abscessed teeth. Periapical abscesses and, incidentally, the con- dition of the peridental membrane show quite cleany in the x-ray. 16 I 3 WILLIAM LEFKOWITZ D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry CHARLES F. BODECKER D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry EDMUND APPLEBAUM D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry DRAL HISTOLOGY A thorough knowledge of Dental Histology is the foundation upon which is built one ' s understanding of most of the fundamentals of dentistry. There is no dental field in which a careful consideration of the histological aspect is not a factor before treatment is undertaken. The interrelations between oral his- tology and oral pathology or oral physiology are quite obvious to all. The alleviation of pain during operative procedure is a problem concerning all members of the dental profession, but it is to the histologist that we are indebted for our basic knowledge. According to Prof. C. F. Bodecker of Columbia, the most sensitive areas of the tooth are I) the pulp, 2) the dentino- enamel junction, 3) the granular layer of Tomes, 4) the inter-globular spaces. Most of the pain occurs when these areas are being impinged upon. The histological explanation for this is that the pulp con- tains delicate nerves; the dentino-enamel junction is saturated with peripheral sense organs which are minute branches of the dentinal fibrils; the granular layer of Tomes is composed of non-calcified organic material and dental lymph which is directly connected with the pulp through the dentinal fibrils; the inter- globu.ar spaces are filled with non-calcified dentinal matrix permeated with dental lymph. Another source of pain is the expansion of the dental lymph with sub- sequent pressure on the pulp during operating pro- cedure. G. V. Black ' s principles oF cavity preparation are all histologically sound. One of the main causes of recurrent decay can be traced to those operators who do not flare and bevel the enamel to make cer- tain that the enamel rods at the cavo-surface angle rest on sound dentin. If the cavity preparation has unsupported enamel rods these will chip off under stress of mastication and secondary decay is a surety. It is the study of dental histology that correlates the embryologic formation of the teeth, the calcifi- cation of the various oral tissues, and their changes during the life of the dentition to the various ab- normal conditions of tooth structure and occlusion. DRAL ANATDMY 4Xt JACOB ERDREICH D.M.D. Assistant in Dentistry MOSES DIAMOND D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dr HERBERT D. AYERS A.B., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry 17 LESTER R. CAHN D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry HENRY A. BARTELS B.S., D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry DRAL PATHDLDGY Modern dental students receive a thorough training in the basic medical sciences. For the first two years the curriculum is almost identical with that ot the medical schools. Too many students consider this an obstruction, a requirement that must be met before the last two years of Dentistry can be reached. The conception of Dentistry here consists solely ot the restorative phases such as Crown and Bridge and Prosthetics. These latter subjects are methods of treatment the success of which justifies our existence as practitioners of the healing arts. The success or failure of any treatment depends on an accurate recognition of the factors which caused the necessity for treatment. Conditions similar to the one in question must be ruled out by certain diagnostic features and confirmed by whatever scientific tests are at our disposal. This correct diagnosis depends on a thorough knowledge oF the underlying pathology. Herein lies the value of the medical background. Many have felt the futility of studying metastases of cancer and the migration of leukocytes in an inflam- mation of the kidney, but it is this type of knowledge that helps the alert dentist to diagnose oral conditions and apply the correct curative and restorative measures. To restate briefly, success depends on efficiency of treatment which depends on correct diagnosis which in turn depends on a thorough knowledge of pathology. The most beautiful bridge may fail because the abutments reside in areas of diseased bone. An ap- parently chronic infectious swellinq of a salivary gland may really be an epithelioma. A local gingival swelling may indicate a blood dyscrasia. A periosteal gumma may be mistaken for an acute alveolar abscess and lead to needle ss extractions. Further examples are un- necessary to pursue the point. The dentist cannot repair, replace, and restore the health of teeth and ignore the remainder of the com- plex mechanism of the body. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases should be recognized and referred for proper treatment, blood tests should be used more often in cases of profuse hemorrhage, radiographs should be consulted before any restorative measures are taken, and suspicious swellings should be biopsied before any decision is reached. Thus, pathology trains us to be mouth physicians and stomatologists. It has been said that pathology is the basis of all Medicine; truly it is also the basis of Dentistry. PEDDDDNTIA SOLOMON N. ROSENSTEIN B.S., D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry EWING C McBEATH D.D.S., B.S., B.M., M.D. Professor of Dentistry LEWIS R. STOWE D.D.S. Associate Prof, of Dentistry 18 HENRY W. GILLEIT D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry WILLIAM B. DUNNING D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry JURISPRUDENCE AND ETHICS The history of dentistry is interesting and should be fascinating to the dental student. Manifest knowledge in this field may easily lead to increased respect from one ' s patients and respect begets confidence. Lack of it may easily result in a low estimate of a practition- er ' s intelligence. This however is not necessarily fatal to one ' s hope of success. Knowledge of one ' s legal responsibilities is essential for the safe practice of any profession. Every dental service is rendered under contract, either expressed or implied, to do certain things and not to do others. Since these contracts are mostly implied it is necessary for the young practitioner to know what responsibilities he automatically assumes and under what conditions the courts may im pose penalties if a complaining patient drags him into court. Malpractice is a terrify- ing word to a dentist and predatory patients and greedy attorneys abound. Ignorance here may blast a young man ' s hopes. Because of this contract, unpleasantness in one case and possible ruin in the other the major emphasis in the course is placed on Jurisprudence. PERIODONTIA HOUGHTON HOLLIDAY A.B., D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry HAROLD J. LEONARD D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry FRANK E. BEUBE L.D.S., D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry WILLIAM B. DUNNING ISADOR HIRSCHFELD D.D.S. D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry Associate Prof, of Dentistry HYGIENE AND PROPHYLAXIS ANNA V. HUGHES D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry (CATHERINE F. HOLLIS Instructor in Dentistry 13 SAMUEL R. DETWILER Ph.B., A.M., Ph.D., M.Sc. Professor of Anatomy PHILIP E. SMITH B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy A. E. SEVERINGHAUS E.S., A.M., Ph.D. Assistant Prof, of Anatom R. LE G. CARPENTER B.S., Ph.D. Assistant Prof, of Anatomy wtCQ WILLIAM M. ROGERS HARRY H. SHAPIRO A. FIRESTONE B.S.. Ph.D. D.M.D. A.B., M.D. Assistant Prof, of Anatomy Instructor in Anatomy Instructor in Anatomy THEODOR ROSEBURY D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Bacteriology D. H. ANDERSEN MAXWELL KARSHAN A. 8., M.D. B.S., A.M., Ph.D. Instructor in Pathology Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry JAMES W. JOBLING M.D. Professor of Pathology M. N. RICHTER B.S.. M.D. Assistant Prof, of Pathology 20 OLIVER S. STRONG A.B., A.M., Ph.D. prof, of Neurology ADOLPH ELWYN RICHARD M. BRICKNER L. VOSBURGH LYONS B.S.. A.M. B.S.. M.D. M.D. ■ Prof, of Neurology Assistant prof, of Neurology Instructor in Neurology GENEVIEVE FOLEY A.B.. A.M. Assistant in Bacteriology HENRY MILCH A.B.. M.D. ...... ELIAS L. STERN JULIUS K. LITTMAN B.S.. M.D. M.D. nsfructor in Anatomy Instructor in Anatomy CHARLES C. LIEB MELVILLE HUMBERT WALTER R. BEAVEN SOLON N. BLACKBERG A.B., M.D. A.B., B.S., D.D.S. D.D.S. D.V.M.. B.S.. Ph.D. Hosac- : -macolog ........ . pnarmacc zj r.structcr - : ictor lolog, 21 Administrative and Clinical Staffs MRS. M. G. McKENZIE MRS. A. L FITZGERALD Assistant to the Dean Secretary to the Dean MADELINE E. DIGNUS MRS. E. RICHARDSON Assistant to Registrar In Charge of Social Service MRS. F. MOORE MRS. R. P. AMY MISS M. HITCHCOCK 22 M. FINNERAN M. TSOURAS N. WALKE MRS. E. TIMM •rS E. R. BOYD, R.N. AnestRetist J. BERMONT M. MULHAUS MRS. V. NADON K. KAVANAGH HOWARD ROGERS Technician JOHN C. FREEMAN Technician ROBERT WRONG Technician MORRIS SECHTER 23 For out of oldes feldcs, as men seith, Cometh al this newe corn fro yeer to yere. — G. Chaucer. FRESHMAN— Dental School! When will people begin to call us Doctor — or when do we start extracting teeth — or even filling them? But first we had to chop our way through the orbicularis oris. We looked like air raid wardens in our anatomy lab coats and the air raids were right across the court . . . that near interception by Dr. Rogers of a liver which flew 40 yards on a Fordham pass . . . May Day in December and intestines were hung from the ceiling with care . . . those late Saturday morning lectures by Dr. Milch . . . the anticipation that preceded Dr. Firestone ' s lecture on the perineum. In Histology if you didn ' t know the answer it was ligamentum nuchae . . . O ' Connell began his four- year monologue pep-talks to himself . . . Cohen began to worry . . . Courtade spent his time in the hall celling the O.H. ' s . . . Kupperman dragged out Loewenhoek ' s original microscope ... we got 100 ' s on the quizzes we gave each other and flunked the real ones. — Wax blocks again — we thought we ' d demonstrated our abilities on the dexterity tests, but the awakening was rude . . . frayed tempers . . . geometric forms . . . curves . . . 120° angles . . : This tooth is no good anyhow; guess I ' ll show it to Dr. Erdreich . . . Leavitt handed in Dr. Diamond ' s demonstration tooth and it was rejected . . . those sighs of relief when none of the roots fractured with the last cut ... at demonstrations, Grauer began his four years of peeping through Geraghty ' s legs . . . we carved watch charms and nudes and tons of chips . . . the mesio-buccal cusp of the upper first molar. Clune acquired the name of Sweet Pea in Physi- ology ... I wanna be surgeon ... Dr. Ehrenhaus delivered sextuplets . . . phooey on Dr. Dafoe . . . cats, frogs, turtles — when will they give us patients? . . . was that shellac sticky! . . . the mysteries of kimography. We spat for Dr. Karshan . . . Ehrenhaus was caries free . . . Reznick became a temporary 26 diabetic ... Dr. Shaman ' s American ballet at the blackboard ... the question was how could twelve 150 lb. men get into one little centrifuge ... a 5cc. pipette threw water further than a spray bottle. Art reared its ugly head ... the idea was to draw an invisible line ... the wind blew, the dental lymph flew, and the walrus used his teeth for locomotion — . Pyramidal tract vs. the sensory root of the 5th nerve ... we learned to sleep without snoring . . . Har-umphl! Death Valley in a dust storm and an edentulous patient with an iron jaw and a wooden head (oil before using) . . . I ' m forever flowing bubbles . . . ' Go back and do it over . . . retainer plates take off from the polishing wheels like aeroplanes . . . But only a pinpoint of light shows through! . . . Now this yere Christopher Columbus discovered that thar caoutchouc . . . that elongated carnivorous red quadruped, the weasel, became a biped. During the year we wrestled spaghetti with the faculty at Caruso ' s and staged a very swanky dinner dance at the Lincoln. SOPHOMORE— Please pass the plague in the No. 4 test tube ... we found that having spirochetes was no dis- grace . . . the exquisite aroma of hot agar and gas bacilli tubes . . . Meyers was allergic to animals . . . a crash of glass, a mad scramble, a long distance throw with a bucket of carbolic, and back to work . Don ' t! That ' s my sore arm! . . . brushing vs. rinsing — an d the count went up anyway ... we were typed. — Path writeups ... the new lexicon . . . the patient went rapidly down hill and died with puss in his cappewlerys ... our one and, thankfully, our only autopsy (phew) ... we fight for bleachers next to the lantern . . . Inflammation!!!!! . . . put on your coat, Nordstrom, you ' re not in a pool room . . . Sweetbreads, liver and onions, kidney pie, tumors a la mode . . . Clune won the pool on the number of exemptions from the final. Charter ' s method of brushing (hold the brush steady and wiggle your head) . . . massage . . . wrist motion — a patient with a rubber tongue and an aluminum head . . . then, someone called us Doctor — at last! blood letting was an art that didn ' t die out in the Middle Ages . . . was that an inlay I removed, or only some calculus? . . . Meyers chained his patient to the head rest and a necktie party nearly ensued . . . Carson took them in two ' s . . . the diagnosis department will tell you how many cavities you have . . . toothpowder vs. toothpaste. 6-2-5, 3-1-28, 15-80-9-12; shift to the left— signals off — the gold foil fell out ... a straight line angle between 2 point angles was the shortest distance to a I . . . the patient ' s jaw was like a vise . . . pumice was not the fastest setting investment . . . let me cast it for you . . . Our House articulators will have to do until we own castles in Spain . . . the words set ' em up again are heard so often that it sounds like the Astor bar . . . balance was im- portant, but our mental equilibrium suffered . . . Do 2? CLASS OFFICERS SENIOR CLASS President JOSEPH LEAVITT Vice-President RICHARD CARSON Secy.-Treas . ' . THOMAS SWEENY STUDENT COUNCIL JOHN KANYA ALBERT BUCKELEW PAUL SEXAUER ARTHUR KAFKA you know any good prayers? I ' m casting my partial . . . Dr. Young, my plate just bit the sink and broke a tooth . . . which can jump the furthest? a rest, a facing, or a flea — our money was on the rest — Dental anatomy days came back to haunt us . . . how many cusps has a lower first molar? . . . finishing lines . . . Death, where is thy sting? . . . C B, or B C — those were our grades . . . Trifles make perfection, but perfection is no trifle . . . the Cardinals were no longer a baseball team — merely principles of soldering. Shadows and substance . . . go back and do it over means reray . . . two years of pent-up hot air was released against our fellow students. — We treated the bunnies gently (mustard) . . . So you went to Fordham — your Latin is atrocious . . . if you had a ton of acetyl salicylic acid, how many 5mg. tablets could you make? . . . and a rat was too quick for Kafka, who subsequently found out about hospital administration — Psychiatry . . . Oh, Nuts! — The Bureau of Standards was ' way off, according to our results . . . Grauer slept in class once too often . . . our friends, the advertisers . . . the best filling material . . . Wait a minute, the ' phone ' s ringing . . . The Maoris became our bosom com- panions . . . names, dates, faces, — Kafka compiled an index to the J. A. D. A. The social crystal is rather hazy, for we were too busy to be very sociable. There was a testimonial dinner to that grand old man, Dr. Gillett . . . When I went to dental school the only entrance requirement was to be able to ' dig down in your jeans ' and pro- duce $200. JUNIOR— We became Mohammedans — a 1ooth for a tooth, a dam for a dam . . . why not use atropine? . . . clamps — separators — Wow! ... a patient at last! . . . two days to get ihrough the enamel and two seconds to reach the pulp (the apex, must be some- where close by) . . . But Doctor, I want ' silver, ' not amalgam . . . If I could have made a small incision in the neck, it would have been simple to fill that one . . . that melodious sound when a kit was dropped — 2 gross of burs scattered over 20 square feet of floor . . . how insulted we felt when they took patients with nice class III foils away from us Pai don me, Joe, while I ram this red-hot Dentacoll down your throat . . . What a big mouth you have, Grandma . . . Carson ' s ridgeless patient — Dr. Young hung the plate from the epiglottis . . . Sure you ' ll have the teeth by Christmas — (but the year was unspecified) ... I don ' t know how they ' ll work; I ' ve never worn full dentures . . . Who managed to turn in his original C B casts??? ... we melted our previous year ' s inlays to finish our crowns . . . If I could get my ' bands ' around Dr. Richmond ' s neck ... a check is not necessarily a completed step in your work; it may mean just starting over again. Eskimos . . . the sperm and the egg again . . . third degree burns . . . the solder kept getting in the half-round tubes . . . the appliance moved the teeth off the models . . . tabiespoonfuls of ' whipped cream ' for the little kiddies ' ... Acute chronic open closed partial total pulpitis is my diagnosis . . . and it ' s a cyst because it ' s on page 5 in the large gray book ... we held the power of life and death — over teeth . Oh, glorified prophylaxis! . . . pyorrhea means periodontoclasia . . . Gottlieb rides again . . . scaling, scaling, over those endless roots. — Porcelain (straight) jackets . . . Can I go in with you? — Gillett partials — the wire goes round and round, and it comes out here — maybe!! . . . the new motors in H lab sounded like Yankee Clippers. We began to correlate and apply what we had reputedly learned in our first two years . . . i took 1 4 pictures and the occipital bone showed up in every one . . . Lights!!! — No, the other way ' round — the beaks grasp the tooth . . . Let me try it for a second (i. e. Let me do it ) . . . It ' s only a little prick. — We met our old friends, Anatomy, Bacteriology, and Pharmacology again and our teach- ers flattered us by assuming that we had remembered something of their subjects . . . We played with crayons in Oral Path and stamped our own drawings, passed . . . We joined the Seniors in exploring the possibilities of improper housing vs. mental dullness vs. sleepy students . . . the annual inefficiency due to sickness in Milwaukee is appalling . . . How many dull round burs were resharpened in I9I3? . . . billions for defense, but not one cent for dentistry . . . We became conscious of Ethics, then ethical. — Having moved down from H. floor we found that we had actually moved up in the world and Dr. Gillett introduced us to spotlessly clean equipment and jackets — gone were our cherished, plaster-spattered lab coats . . . your pans should be clean enough to cook soup. We got our first taste of requirements 28 rs rs Q a r r ■ m ttiB ■ ■ -■ [ . f4| So H ' V 41 m l v — M ? A H H H U with a minimum of two full dentures decreed by the Prosthetics department. Plans were made for staying at the school for the summer clinic and some paraded proudly with real honest-to-goodness externships . . . the Senior year was just around the corner — 16 or 18 (so it seemed) final exams. For relaxation we dis- embarked on the S. S. Sylph . . . with Commodore Kanya and Admiral Leavitt at the wheel, the craft went around in circles. Almost everybody was sea- sick, and the Admiral is still in the red. SENIOR— Gone was our callow youth — we were Senior G-men. We had survived the first three years, passed our medico-dental state board subjects, mastered seem- ingly innumerable technics, and had our baptism of fire on the clinic floor. Now, seasoned veterans, we prepared for the last big push, the effort that would see us all safely graduated and through our state boards. We were face to face with the bugaboo of pre- ceding Senior classes — Requirements!!! . . . ' nough said ... we met the new simplified appointment system and became expert at sending gently chiding postcards to patients who failed to show up . . . class Ill ' s by class IV . . . living dentistry . . . polished enamel walls . . . worn out angle formers . . . Where is the instructor? . . . the shades of Homer rose again and voyaged with Ulysses and Dr. McBeath ... we met inflammation again and acquired a class motto — Get in quick; get out quicker . . . Surgery, diagnosis, perio, and practice of medicine, all took their toll of possible regular clinic hours . . . incom- prehensible comprehensives . . . Relax, Rela-ax, Re- laaaax!! (or I ' ll dislocate your mandible) . . . late classes and the expense of suppers away from home ... it was announced that Dr. Crawford was leaving — no more free movies . . . History, ( and 1 ,000,000,- 000,000,000 years ago a dinosaur had a toothache ) jurisprudence, and office management . . . the serious side of dentistry . . . What ' s your senior thesis about? ' 1 . . . What can I work on that won ' t take any time? . . . Mrs. Nadon and Mrs. Amy did their best to aid and comfort us . . . Who needs a complex repair? ... I have a nice 5-tooth bridge . . . Have you enough class III patients? . . . Here ' s a beauti- ful class II for Dr. Hartman ' s exam — We marched bravely up to floor H, impressed our wills on the little darlings, and slunk down again sadder and wiser men . . . the towel method . . . submarine amalgams . . . Where does all the water come from; a dike must have broken! . . . Underclassmen scornfully pointed out that the last year was a bree;.e — a breeze? — a tornado!! . . . Weiss was commonly understood to spend the night on the lab bench in front of his locker ... I ran out oF alcohol and it ' s expensive to heat a No. 7 on the kitchen stove ... we practiced 3-hour setups . . . personally I always took 3 months with Dr. Smith . . . Richmond crowns again and checks and double checks . . . graduation at last!!! ... I only had one handful of hair left (and 7 cents) . . . The 4 year little world war was over, with its thrusts and sallies, little battles and big pushes; we suffered heavy losses in killed and wounded, especially when we were green and failed to recognize the whine of H. E. examinations; and every man who went in emerged forever changed — but for the better — it was a con- structive war. We all feel very, very grateful to our allies, the faculty, the nurses, and to Roge, who have all done so much to make us better men and finer dentists and we will remember that we owe to them much of what we hope to be in the future. . . . 29 7 lie COMMENTS ACCOMPANYING EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PICTURES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN IN AN AMICABLE MOOD. NO OFFENSE HAS BEEN INTENDED AND WE HOPE THAT THESE FEW WORDS WILL BE RECEIVED IN THE MANNER THAT THEY WERE WRITTEN. WE CONTINUE WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE. . . . MORTIMER AARON ALEXANDER A.B., New York University Alpha Omega Jarvie Society (2), (3). (4). Dental Columbian (3), (4), Advertising Manager (4) Deanie was the most profound source of information concerning the school ' s inner sanctums and intrigue. His keen sense of observation afforded him avenues of avoid- ing the other fellow ' s mistakes thereby contributing to his high scholastic standing. His constant production and consumption of morsels of food at odd moments during the day never failed to arouse the profound won- der of his classmates. Quiet, considerate and a consis- tently fine worker, Morty merits a successful professional life. ALBERT RHOADES BUCKELEW A.B., Columbia University Psi Omega Jarvie |2). (3), (4), Interfraternity Council (3), (4), Secretary (3 Student Council (3). (4), Vice-Pres. (3). Dental Columbian (3). Always near the top of the class, we ' re certain Al ' s natural ability and his determination to be the best will bring him the success he deserves. Rabidly certain of his convictions, a speed demon in a dental operation and worried about the Jersey State Boards since his freshman year, he managed to compile a fine scholastic record. His work for his fraternity and participation in numerous school activities constituted other achieve- ments which certainly will not retard him from becoming one of the better known alumni. 31 JAMES GERALD CLUNE, Jr. A.B., Pennsylvania University Psi Omega Dental Review (4), Dental Columbian (4). Of undeterminable mood, Jim never did things half- way. Zealously enthusiastic about whatever he was doing at the moment so that everything else was for- gotten, he took a keen delight in his work. A good man to have around, he could always be counted on in any venture. A hard worker, usually very flush or very broke, owning but one tie (Penn colors) Jim was a very fine person to know. His practicability, capacity for work, gentlemanliness and good scholastic record bode well for his future. RICHARD GREGORY CARSON B.S., Fordham University Class Vice-Pres. (2), (4), Class Sect-treas. (3). Dick represented the essence of neatness and tidiness. Capable, popular and a gentleman, he was outstanding in his dental studies. He possessed an even and gracious disposition which was attested to by the trail of kindness and favor-granting he left behind him. He apparently was a fugitive from a barber shop quartette, as he was ready to harmonize at the drop of a note. Dick possesses a goodly share of the desirable qualities sought for in professional men to attain great heights. 32 LEONARD COHEN B.S., Wagner College Alpha Omega Jarvie (4). Lenny should have been an aviator not only because of his high ideals in dentistry, but because of his fanatical attendance at air raids. A devotee of dark suits and white shirts, he was always impeccably attired. Although he was a pathological worrier, Lenny had probably the least reason for worry throughout his dental school career. His high scholastic standing and clinical per- formance merit a successful professional future. GERARD LOUIS COURTADE A.B., Columbia University Psi Omega Jarvie |2), |3), (4), Vice-Pres. (4), Interfraternity Council (2), (3). Unusually apt and able, Gerry ' s friendship has been well worth cultivating. A hard, fast, and accurate worker he is marked for well deserved prominence. Gerry ' s personality was rounded out by fruitful labors for his fraternity, and he will always be remembered for his fanaticism for skiing, his importance in a community sinq, and his rather singular laugh. 33 JESSE EHRENHAUS B.S., College of the City of New York Alpha Omega Jarvie Society (3), (4), Class Sec ' t-treas. (2), Dental Review (3), (4). Jesse was our illustrious, red-headed disciple of sophistry. Of a cold, scientific nature Jesse was always willing to argue a debatable point with anyone. Always having the courage of his convictions, Jesse has proven that he can capably carry the spear-head of any argumenta- tive attack. A meticulous note-taker and an excellent student, Jesse ' s undergraduate work in research gave him a headstart in professional recognition of his research attainments. SILVIO ANTHONY DEL REY B.S., New York University Psi Omega A diamond in the rough, Sil was the model of a man ' s man. Thoroughly dependable, tirelessly energetic, never one to shirk a job, ever practical, he always managed to find time for innumerable activities. Always on time, and never without his pipe, he was especially merciless on weasels. His capacity for work, keen mind and force- ful personality make for good professionalism.  LESTER ENTELIS A.B., New York University Sigma Epsilon Delta Jarvie (4), Student Council |2J. (3). Interfraterntty Council (4), Dental Columbian (4). Sharp as a whip would easily describe Les both as a fashion plate and as a student. Always the well-dressed man-about-town, Les did not let his knack of looking dapper interfere with his work. A good student, he made many friends with his quiet reserved manner and his good-natured sallies. Although he occasionally toots a saxophone Les will not have to blow his own horn after graduation for his personality and appearance will do that for him. JOHN ANTHONY ESPOSITO B.S., Fordham University Psi Omega loterfraterni-y Council Johnny lent the class a classical touch with his Greek profile and Latin temperament. Always effervescing in an enthusiastic manner, Johnny accepted all of his respon- sibilities wholeheartedly. Clean and neat, Johnny dressed a la mode collegiate. He was versatile, not only being a demon on the dance floor but also being able to supply good music as a pianist. Johnny showed promise of being an excellent operator in his student days which we are sure he ' ll fulfill in his professional life. 35 HERBERT GOODALL FELDMAN B.S., New York University A gentleman and a scholar, there are rumors that Herb was once an athlete. However, in school, he only at- tempted to break speed records in finishing his require- ments in prosthetics. A good student, he was disting- uished by his confidence and ability as a rapid worker. Unobtrusive and unassuming, Herb has nevertheless es- tablished his infectious confidence in his clinic patients — and should be able to spread its contagion in practice. IRVING FEINSTEIN B.S., Columbia University Sigma Epsilon Delta Irv, our fair-haired musician, had a Nero complex. He loved to fiddle while the instructors burned. An earnest, hard-worker, Irving conscientiously applied himself to his dental course, earned a goodly number of intimate friends and trained himself for the rigours of professional life. 36 SAUL LAWRENCE FLIEGEL A.B., New York University Sigma Epsilon Delta Dental Review (3). Sol belongs to the genus homo, species nomadus, a tribe found exclusively somewhere between Columbia Dental School and Spring Valley. His little black traveling bag was as characteristic as Chamberlain ' s umbrella. His sincerity, earnestness and conscientiousness coupled with an appreciation for the highest dental ideals are neces- sary ingredients for successful professionalism. THOMAS PATRICK GERASHTY A.B., New York University Psi Omega Jarvie (4). The typical map of Erin with a grin from ear to ear plus a plentiful head of hair that defied combing could never be anyone but Tom. Never satisfied with his work and always looking for improvement, he was a worrier since his freshman year — Moanin ' Low Geraghty. A hard worker with a practical flair for being in good with people, Tom should do well in his struggle with the world. 3 ARNOLD WILSON HARRISON A.B., Transylvania Sigma Epsilon Delta Dental Columbian (3), (4). Asst. Intertraternity Council (3), (4). Advt. Mgr. (3), (4) Red-hair usually signifies a fiery temperament. Un- doubtedly, Arnie was color-blind because his disposition violated the color of his hair. Easy-going, good-natured, a hard-worker both in school and out, Arnie earned a host of friends who will still admire him through his days in practice. WILLIAM STONE GRAUER A.B., Johns Hopkins University Alpha Omega Dental Review (2), (3), (4), Asst. Editor (4), Dental Columbian (2), (3), (4). Grauer has been the eternal cry of his classmates ever since Bill displayed his ability with the projection machine. A possessor of the remarkable ability of ask- ing paragraph questions, he was a perennial candidate for class vice-president. Bill will be remembered for his efficiency and conscientiousness in his undertakings, his spirited personality and an unfailing loyalty to his friends. ARTHUR DANIEL KAFKA B.S., Columbia University Alpha Omega Jarvie |3). |4). Student Council (4), Dental Review (2). (3|. (4), Assoc. Dental Columbian (4). Editor (3), Editor (4) No one else in the class could even hold a candle to Artie when it came to manufacturing humor from the lowest pun to the most subtle song lyrics. The school will remember him whenever the fellows sing the Etude of a Dent Stude or attempt to classify weasels. His humorous lecture notes have eased the burden of our more tedious courses when reviewed in the locker room after class. Artie has been one of our most conscientious and untiring workers in technic, clinic, and extracurricular activities and should have little trouble in making an equal success of his professional career. JOHN KANYA A.B., Columbia University Psi Omega Class President (I). Student Council (I). (2). (4). Pres. (4). Dental Review (3), 14). Dental Columbian (4). A keen sense of humor coupled with a consistently jovial manner earned for Johnny the affection of every person who learned to know him. His good-natured banter never failed to enliven a dull day in the lab. As if this were not enough, he also had the admirable traits of tactfulness and competency. The respect which his classmates held for him was attested to by the responsible positions which John held while at school. 33 JOSEPH MARCUS LEAVITT B.S., Oklahoma University Alpha Omega Jarvie (3), (4), Class President (2), (3), (4), Interfraternity Council (3), (4), Dental Review (2), (3), (4), Dental Columbian (2), (3), (4). The name Leavitt in four years of school became synonymous with leadership. Always engaged in a maze of extracurricular affairs, Joe probably held more responsible offices than any other individual. His im- posing stature, inspiring confidence, his levelheadedness, scholarship, cheerful disposition and ability to get things done contributed towards making him the logical choice. The only man in the class to make a Chayes bridge, Joe will undoubtedly have equal success in spanning the gap between school and professional life. CHESTER SIDNEY KUPPERMAN B.S., College of the City of New York Alpha Omega Jarvie (3), (4), Dental keview (I). (2), (3), Dental Columbian (3), (4), Editor (4). Chet was the answer to the proverbial Still waters run deep. Quiet, unassuming, smiling with an air of mystery, he successfully concealed a depth of character which revealed itself in all his undertakings. His notorious molecular bombardment approach to his technique work merely served to illustrate his cautious analytical approach to new problems. Chefs application of his sound slow but sure doctrine afforded him a high scholastic standing and enviable success in his extra- curricular activities. HOWARD PAUL LYNCH A.B., Fordham University Quiet, unassuming, able, gentlemanly and fine looking, Howie was the sort of person whose worth after a long association, you suddenly realize. He was one of the finest men in the class and was the possessor of in- numerable notable qualities and virtues. Destined to be a good dentist, we shall always envy his even, pleasant disposition. ISADOR COLEMAN MANDEL A.B., New York University Sigma Epsilon Delta Dental Columbian (4). Iz, our erstwhile cop and photographer has spent 1 ho last four years developing himself. His florid growth of hair undoubtedly has contributed to his success in Children ' s Dentistry as his tiny patients occupied them- selves in making braids while he worked. A conscientious student possessing inherent ability, Iz qualifies for a successful career. 41 RUDOLPH FRANK MARTINEK A.B., New York University Ps! Omega Seldom totally absent from lectures, Rudy managed to avoid coming in on time — another case of terrible com- muter service. Never wasting much time once in school, he always managed to turn out satisfactory work. In- dustrious and technically able, the continuance of his progress at school should find him a successful practi- tioner in the near future. GERALD WILLIAM MARCHAND A.B., Columbia University Psi Omega Quiet and modest but bringing in results, Gerry has been a fine fellow to have been associated with. His type has been quite a relief in an experience where pushing and over aggressiveness have not been uncom- mon at all. Always kind, always generous, we ' d hate to total up all the cigarettes he gave away. An efficient, steady, unobtrusive worker, he has the stuff that makes for good, sound dentists. tt JESSE MYERS A.B., Cornell University A refugee from far above Cayuga ' s waters, Jess es- tablished himself firmly in the hearts of his New York friends. Although a Phi Beta Kappa man — he never- theless concealed his key and let his ability alone speak for his aptitude. Harboring himself In Peekskill at night, by day Jess let himself be known as a congenial fellow possessing a quiet, unassuming manner — and displaying a subtle sense of humor. Peekskill will be proud when Jess establishes himself there along with his M.D. brother. NILS NORDSTROM, Jr. A.B., New York University Class vice-Pres. ! I . The class ' own purveyor of the Norse code, Nils rarely got his signals mixed. A smooth, debonair gentle- man, Nils managed to cover up an intense inner idealism with a sophisticated exterior. His singing voice will be remembered as the spark of cheer in the dark ages of the freshman and sophomore years. Renowned as an entertainer in summer resorts, Nils ' effervescent manner- isms and ability to spontaneously entertain, associated with dexterity as a dentist make for an ideal combina- tion in a practical world. 43 SIDNEY RABINOW B.S., Brooklyn College Sid was one of the most practical men in the class. His desire to derive as much practical knowledge as possible from his dental course prompted his ardent questioning in class. Scientifically curious, Sid ' s barbed questions have helped to clear many empirical points on dental theory and procedure. Sid has the qualifications upon which a research dentist is founded. RAYMOND ALFRED O ' CONNELL William and Mary College Jarvie (3), (4). Jiminy Cricket . O ' Connell constituted the acme of modesty. One of our fondest reminiscences when think- ing of Ray is one which took place in the freshman year. After an anatomy exam he lost twenty-five cents wager- ing that he would probably get a higher mark than he deserved. In spite of Ray ' s humble and modest nature, he was an exceptionally capable student and a fine worker both in technic and in the clinic. ROBIN MARTIN RANKOW B.S., College of the City of New York Alpha Omega Jarvie (4). Interfra+ernity Council (3}, Dental Review (3), (4), Dental Columbian [4), Bus. Mgr. (4). Smilin ' Rube, our lieutenant, picked up the art of drilling in the army. Deserting the dentocoll gun for the musket he interrupted his dental career to serve in the army. In the two years that he has been with us he has completely charmed his new classmates with his ever- ready smile, his easy-going nature and sparkling per- sonality. A man ' s man as well as a lady ' s man Rube won the respect of his classmates as a leader. ROBERT REISS 8.S., College of the City of New York Dental Review (3), (4). Dental Columbian (2). (4). As adept with the crayon as with the angle former, Bob, our class artist, was nevertheless, far from sketchy in his undertakings. He was noted for his lecture notes which although complete, were abbreviated in a code and handwriting familiar only to their author. His notes were further distinguished by an accompanying sketch of the lecturer. An all-around likable fellow, Bob was quiet, sincere and hard-working, but was fascinated by one serious delusion — that he could compete with Gene Krupa on the drums. Nevertheless, with his talents, Bob should be able to beat out a comfortable living for himself. 45 SIDNEY ROSENBLOOM A.B., New York University With his inevitable pipe, Sid ' s calm, unruffled exterior seemed to reflect a serene personality. He is one of those lucky few who never appeared to worry. His ability to go about his work without complaint and his quiet manner of kidding his classmates won for him a host of lasting friendships. IRWIN REZNICK A.B., New York University Sigma Epsilon Delta Irwin has succeeded in bringing Prof. Quiz into the lecture room. Sincerely interested in understanding the problems of his profession, Irwin never hesitated in trying fo clear up points which were vaguely understood by the class. A hard worker who allowed himself no leisure Irwin applied himselF well to all his undertakings both in school and out. RAYMOND FREDERICK SCHULZE B.S., New York University Tall, blond, with a quiet easy manner, Ray ' s genial com- pany will linger long in our memories after graduation. Although he was a very competent operator at the chair, Ray did not fall prey to that common disease affecting most dentists — talking shop. He was rarely to be heard discussing his successes or failures. This virtue, in addi- tion to his debonair manner ought to mean a lot to him in his future practice. PAUL CHRISTIAN SEXAUER B.S., Long Island University Student Council (3). (4). Paul was the acme of dignity and reserve. His placid disposition remained unruffled despite the tempestuous four years at dental school. Paul ' s philosophy of getting the most out of life was aptly exemplified by his refusal to discard a cigarette until his mustache was threatened by fire. Paul set standards for himself that were far above the average and even the attainment of these standards was not self-satisfying. His quiet considera- tion for others and his willingness to help out another fellow won him the respect and friendship of everyone. 47 MARTIN IRVING SMITH A.B., Columbia University Psi Omega A perfect example of what clean living and daily exer- cise will do for a person, Marty has, not erroneously, been called Muscles. We ' re sure those bountiful lunches and super-sandwiches of his have helped. When not blowing a clarinet, he has been a hardworking, efficient student. m DONALD WILLIAM SMITH A.B., Brown University Don, our upstate mountaineer from Walton, N. Y., always appeared as though he were constantly bewildered by the fast pace of city life. A refugee from the farm lands, Don has successully ploughed his way through dental school, sowing seeds of good-nature about him and reaping the friendship of his classmates. Easy-going, Don is known for his quaint chuckle and hard-working disposition. IRVING SPATZ B.S., Brooklyn College A quiet, sincere student with a cynical sense of humor, Irv never stayed in school any longer than necessary. While he was definitely not a weasel, his work was always completed satisfactorily and measured up to the best standards. His even temperament and ability to discern complex problems intelligently are essential con- stituents of a successful professional personality. IRWIN FREDERICK STANS A.B., Brooklyn College Sigma Epsilon Delta Jarvie 2 3), (4), Interfraternity Council (3). (4). Irwin was our well red representative of the intellectu- ally elite, his dazzling crop of hair being the most vivid in the class. Calm, confident, conscientious and always immaculately attired, he was one of our prominent con men. The possessor of a sly sense of humor and a roguish smile, Irwin was highly respected by his class- mates as a leader and an outstanding student. 49 THOMAS FRANCIS SWEENY B.S., Columbia University Class Vice-Pres. (3). Class Secy.-Treas. (4). Tom ' s ability to carry on so well is undoubtedly due to his upbringing as an Erin boy. His sparkling Irish wit and repartee and his spontaneous chuckle have been a never-ending source of enjoyment to his fellow class- mates. A truly likable person, Tom has earned for him- self a host of friendships as his personality should earn for him a successful future. WILLIAM OSLER STRICKLER B.S., Columbia University Sigma Epsilon Delta Bill, our dapper disciple of ducky duds and dignified demeanour delighted in demonstrating his orihodontically developed dentition. Claiming that orthodontics has straightened him out, he plans to specialize in it in the future. A gentleman whose quiet reserve and suave manner give to him the polish which many of us have still to acquire, Bill will find this a great asset in his private practice. BERNARD O. A. THOMAS A.B., D.D.S., M.S., Minnesota University Psi Omega Sigma Xi Doc Thomas, although usually prompt at lectures was a late arrival. Coming to us with a wide and varied experience in dentistry, we wish that we could have known him better. Always pleasant and companionable he has proved himself an excellent operator. With his rich background, we predict for him a fertile future. FRED WILLIAM WEIMAN B.S., Columbia University When Fritz read the Columbia Dental School Bulletin and saw that the requirements called for mechanical apti- tude, he deserted his model aeroplanes and model T to devote his talents to dental accessories. The inventor of every superfluous accessory a dental student should possess, he has been unselfish with his inventions. Help- ful and easy-going and of amiable disposition, Fred is completely capable of handling his professional duties. 51 MORTON COLEMAN WEINRIB B.A., New York University Alpha Omega Jarvie (2). (3), (4). Vice-Pres. (3), Pres. (4). Dental Columbian (I), (2), (3). Our late member, Morty ran on standard time all year round. This he maintained in spite of lecture sched- ules and the uneasiness of professors. A descendant of a long line of dentists, Morty was consistently at the top of the class. His consideration for others was manifested by keeping his weasel-kits located at strategic points in the lab, both for his own convenience and that of others. Always first in everything else, Morty was among the first to get married. A foreigner to the term worry, Morty will not have to begin worrying over his pro- fessional future. HAROLD WEINBERGER B.S., New York University Harold ' s paternal instinct manifested itself prematurely. Each year he took it upon himself to guide underclassmen in every phase of dental practice. Harold vigorously applied himself to all his scholastic undertakings and proved himself a very capable operator. His dignified appearance and serious attitude toward his profession should stand him in good stead with his patients. 52 ALVIN WEISS B.S., Mt. Union College Alpha Omega Denial Columbian (4). It was the belief of many that Al never went home at night because his was the cheery voice that always greeted the early arrivals in the morning. Ever adept at making use of spare moments during the working day, he was materially aided during his last two years by the fact that his locker faced a lab bench. Al ' s frog voice which sounded like a fog horn in a blizzard was guaran- teed to break up any serious discussion. A sincere worker, Al will go far when he overcomes his penchant for doing MOD foils. V JOSEPH WETROGAN B.S., New York University; M.A., Alpha Omega Jarvie Columbia University Joe is the epitome of one who is calm, cool and col- lected. In spite of the government ' s dependence upon him in the post office, he consistently turned out fine work in technic and clinic. His progressive tendency toward alopecia was his only concern. Joe ' s unruffled, unobtrusive manner, sincerity, quiet confidence, and ever- ready good humor contribute to his already well in- tegrated professional personality. 53 JUNIOR CLASS President WALTER SPENGEMAN Vice-President JOHN JACOBSON Secy.-Treas LAWRENCE DOUGHERTY Student Council ALBERT WEISENFELD IRVING KITTAY ALVIN MUND H This was the year we were waiting for! The year we would have nothing to do! All the third year consisted of was clinical work until 5 P.M. and then you were free to go out every night. We had each week ' s activities planned in advance. Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday we would go out on dates, by Thursday and Friday we would really be in form to paint the town red over the week-end. On Sunday we would go up to the library and spend the day laughing at the lower classmen who had to study. After the first day on the clinic floor we (the editorial we) decided to cancel the date for that evening. Three hours of concentration on the distal of an upper right eight had left us rather weary. This was after reading S. V. Black on Positions at the Chair. Keeping this chapter in mind we pumped the chair about twelve feet off the ground and peered up into the patient ' s mouth getting additional height with the aid of a freshman on whose back we stood. Then, by the simple method of swinging from the patients napkin with one hand and holding the handpiece with the other we were able to prepare a distal pit. At five o ' clock we felt completely numb like a disembodied spirit and so (in the manner of Sam Pepys) off to bed with no desire to go out. The rest of the week was much the same and, as for Sunday, we spent it worrying about Monday. But lest we forget, it is about time an announcement was made concerning the new Evening Session of the School of Dental and Oral Surgery of Columbia University. There had been a movement afoot in this direction for many years but this was the first official session. Classes began at about 4:30 P.M. on G Floor — any place on S Floor. Clandestine gas and pressure outfits were installed in lockers, to be used when the lab was crowded. Some students preferred to stay out all day and come in merely for the evening classes. To get back to the Day Session, myriads of new experiences awaited us this year. Prosthetics made a deep impression on the boys, so deep in fact, that many palatine tonsils still sport bits of impression plaster and compound. After that, our patients arrived, gumming it in great style. According to statistics, compiled from this group, four out of every five lacked lower ridges, due to some over- enthusiastic surgeon, no doubt, and resulting in a condition known as Floating Dentures. This syn- drome is characterized by a lower plate with an in- curable wanderlust. The methods of securing stability are either the placing of ten fingers on the plate or luting it to the mandible with artificial stones. Another high spot in Prosthetics was Dr. Ralston ' s demonstra- tions of impression technique. The operator positions the upper impression tray and, grasping it firmly from behind, pulls it through the top of the patient ' s skull while yelling, Relax, relax! The body is then sent to Gross Anatomy and a stone model flowed. Radiology was a howl! More fun! Memorize the charts, bisect the angle between the tooth and film, place the mandible on your knee, mix well and then chuck it all out of the window. After that, toss the 1941 film into the mouth from a distance of six feet, aim the machine in the general direction of the chair, and you have it. As for Dr. Hoyt ' s course, we burnt our bridges behind us. Do I hear a chorus of hollow laughs? Then there was that unsung hero who tried to solder a Richmond Crown, investing the root portion along with the rest of it. We will never forget those little travelogues through Alaska with Dr. Waugh. Or don ' t you Nome? The dear little mouths fed with Poupon nipples and the development of classes one to three inclusive. The remedy? Take a snap impression, send it to the lab., and receive your appliance in twenty-four hours. If that doesn ' t help, simply lean on that nasty pro- truding incisor three hours a day until it slides back and articulates with the dear little toothy-woothy beneath it. Do you feel pain on application of heat? Cold? Sweets? Only when the drill tickles your pulp horn? Very, very bad! An unusual case to say the least. . . . It wasn ' t my fault, Doctor, I was still in the enamel when this pulp horn wormed its way up and exposed itself. So, you see, it wasn ' t my fault. All this wasn ' t enough to keep ' 41 occupied — and so they smashed all tradition by producing a Junior Show. A gigantic, colossal super-epic, it played a one night stand and brought raves from all the critics. Songs, laughs, tense drama and many other things contributed to the evening ' s enjoyment. Let us laugh now, for tomorrow we will be Seniors. No more frolics, boys, because, as Melnick would say, We must meet our requirements. 55 fi n o SOPHOMORE CLASS President HARRY BARRGR Vice-President MORTIMER PANOFF Secy.-lreas ADELINE CUNTI Student Council JOSEPH DE ROSE NORMAN ROSNER 56 JiJLjyLtL ti.t tlti t 1 942 Case No. 7-1 I Date: 1939-1940 Doctor FACULTY Patient: SOPHOMORE CLASS Ward: Should be in Psychiatric Admitted: September, 1938 GENERAL FINDINGS: The body is that of the sophomore class, about 50 members strong. Al- though the head of the class is reasonably well- preserved, the rest of the body does not appear to be in good condition, the lower half especially show- ing signs of a terrific beating. There are marks of several amputations. CLINICAL HISTORY: The terminal illness was lack-of-knowledgitis, following a severe attack of study and complicated by examinations. Patient was first admitted in September, 1938, suffering from delusions: expected to be a D.D.S., and suffered many attacks during the year, notably physiology, but survived. Patient was discharged in June, 1939, and recalled for observation in September. Com- plaint was acute at first, but soon become chronic: there were signs of verbose inflammation at examina- tions. Beer transfusion performed at the Sherman Square Hotel on November 17th brought recupera- tive signs, but the class soon relapsed into the benign stupor characteristic of lack-of-knowledg- iris. Injections of Xmas spirits had no effect, but a shot of Junio ' Show temporarily roused the patient from lethargy. Illness continued until March when the patient made a sudden recovery. In June the class went out to a dinner. It soon collapsed again and had to be rushed back for treatment of a malignant state-boardoma. Immediate examination and operation were performed. The patient was much relieved in July and discharged permanently with prognosis favorable. Note that the sophomore year is not usually a recurrent disease. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: This diseased course erupted with abscesses until our pus boiled. Panoff, a hardy polymorph, managed to engulf one of the necrotic examinations. The course was chronic and left many scars. BACTERIOLOGISTS REPORT: Gram stains of un- usual clarity were made on many lab coats, notably Julie Weinrib ' s. Green steptococcus, yellow staphy- lococcus were isolated. De Rose showed allergic re- actions to exams. PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES were necessary, so the class was rushed to the clinic floor. Signs of gingival erosion soon appeared, the tissue receding in chunks. Hyperemia and hemorrhage were preva- lent. Skarka received commendation for instruction in vibratory massage: it was just a nervous hand, however. PROSTHETIC RESTORATIONS: Several edentulous • jaws were found, but house-articulatosis complicated the ' clinical picture. A consultation was called; how- ever the exact reason why the house articulator cropped up in rash-like fashion all over the technique remained unknown. The problem was solved after the class had surrendered (their cases). PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION had little effect on the course of the sophomore after a preliminary crisis failed to develop. With this course the year drug to a close. 51 FRESHMAN CLASS President JAMES COYLE Vice-President RAYMOND MOZZER Secy.-Treas GUIDO LORNETTI Student Council CHARLES McKEON 1 4fiwi r ■ - T ■ ■ v ' 3 - - - -■• . F 1043 FROSH NEWS— Should superstition find a place in a scientific class, one might have imagined a prodigious introduction for ihe class of ' 43, inasmuch as we were ushered in by a heavy Fall rain. What luck we may have had, how- ever, did not quite prepare us for the moment we were affronted with fourteen carefully covered slabs in the Anatomy Lab. For an hour Dr. Detwiler greeted us, while we listened completely overcome ... by the cadavers! Our crestfallen spirits were nevertheless re-animated when we received our white jackets, despite the fact that, in general, we looked more akin to barbers than worthy aspirants of the dental profession. Histology had a less gray introduction, but we were soon to learn that our coveted new microscopes made little sense of the maze of tissues — which had a capacity of all looking alike. Obviously, passing apt! rude tests had not yet made us dentists. Soon tales of phumphocytes and tromboplasm spread through the lab, while most of us challenged his neighbors with a defying What ' s this? . Class elections prompted the usual politics and promises; then in an attempt at parliamentary pro- cedure, the already elected Fordham boys were voted into office: Coyle as president, Lornetti the smiling treasurer and Mozzer, relinquishing his W. C. Fields pose long enough to bow as the class vice-president. In anatomy, to the barnyard echoes of Berman, Feldman and Bodkin, our cadavers soon came to life: volleyed livers, and rope jumping intestines, while Pro invariably gave someone a hotfoot. We finally un- covered the heads — and the class slumped grace- fully or otherwise out of sight. Histology then be- came a jam session, Lornetti, McCue and Burke swinging with a laryngeal band. Exams took their toll, along with the fraternities, then the class sang its sorrows away at a stag party (the female members, Gordon and Lebers, expressly invited to stay home) which was such a success, to all who remained sober enough to enjoy it, that a formal dance, an excursion to Bear Mountain, and a dinner were planned for the spring. Personalities soon took their places, and to posterity we herein list the ultimate in anticipation. Menken with a beard Dittmor pulling a tooth with the same adroitness he pulls rabbits out of hats Jaffe (Skeezix) with his hair combed Hindel differentiating his v ' s from his w ' s Briznole studying at home (who took his chair in the library at 1 :30 P.M. when the pretty O. H. ' s came in?) Hall wilh a toupe Getting our hands on Sclept ' s coveted black-book Seeing the drug store where Karp got so worldly wise Gottlieb using his title of baron Wagreich, the suave gentleman Yates not arguing scholastic philosophy Westover with tobacco in his pipe Shesler dethroned president of his private club Droziff, minus the intonation Coyle wearing his heart on his sleeve Gottsege n drilling caries in a stago set Tasher singing basso Holoscinski and Varteressian agreeing on music Zulch in Ballyhoo Wellworth without a bow tie Cohn awake during embryology slides Pratt and Vogel competing in a beauty contests Distinguishing Kaplan from Hopengarten (the class twins) Manny Gordon without his old faithful corncob. 55 7 sliall never ask, never refuse, nor ever resign an office. — B. Franklin. DENTAL COLUMBIAN In these days oF rush and frequent change, most people are prone to assume the air of the sophisticate. The modern sophisticate frowns upon and detests sentiment, yet most people, whether sophisticated or not, like to reminisce; they all like to sit down with an old friend and start to Do you remember . . . The purpose of a year-book is primarily a senti- mental one. It tries to sketch briefly those big moments that are bound to occur when 50 men see each other and work and play together for 4 years. Side by side with these big events are the trivia which make reminiscences so pleasant; all this and more the staff has tried to put into the Dental Columbian. The Class of 1940 is particularly fortunate since it starts out on its professional career as dentistry rounds the corner and enters its second century of modern dentistry. Dentistry has advanced with seven-league boots since 1840 both in its scientific background and its professional status. Young dental graduates now enter upon their professional careers as respected, well-equipped members of the American health service. A year-book does not just appear; there are many people behind the scenes to whom it owes thanks. Since we will not have another opportunity to do so, we wish to make mention of them here. Dr. S. N. Rosen- stein deserves many votes of thanks for his ever-ready assistance and his always helpful advice. Without the yeoman service of Robin Rankow, Mortimer Alex- ander, Arnold Harrison, and James Clune the book could never has been consummated. The photographic and artistic endeavors are the result of painstaking effort on the part of Robert Reiss and Philip Silver- stein. To Arthur Kafka, also, goes our unstinted thanks for his help. We also wish to express our appreciation to the Oral Hygiene staff for their very ready cooperation. Last but not least, we wish to thank Mr. H. Deckoff for his many helpful suggestions and invaluable aid. 62 EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CHESTER S. KUPPERMAN BUSINESS MANAGER R. RANKOW CIRCULATION MANAGER JAMES CLUNE PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR PHILIP SILVERSTEIN ADVERTISING MANAGER MORTIMER A. ALEXANDER ASSISTANT ADVERTISING MANAGER ARNOLD HARRISON FACULTY ADVISER DR. S. N. ROSENSTEIN r r r a CONTRIBUTING STAFF SENIOR REPRESENTATIVES LESTER ENTELIS WILLIAM GRAUER ARTHUR KAFKA JOHN KANYA JOSEPH LEAVITT ROBERT REISS ALVIN WEISS JUNIOR REPRESENTATIVES JESSE BERL DAVID BERMAN JACK KLATSKY BERT KLATSKIN EMANUEL KNISHKOWY MELVIN MORRIS SOPHOMORE REPRESENTATIVES HAROLD BLANK JOSHUA ROSS ROBERT WEBER FRESHMAN REPRESENTATIVES NAOMI GORDON A. B. SMITH STANLEY VOGEL 63 The WILLIAM JARVIE Society President MORTON WEINRIB, ' 40 Vice-President GERARD L COURTADE, ' 40 Secy.-Treas JACK KLATSKY, ' 41 CLASS OF 1940 MORTON ALEXANDER ALBERT BUCKELEW LEONARD COHEN GERARD COURTADE JESSE EHRENHAUS LESTER ENTELIS THOMAS GERAGHTY ARTHUR KAFKA CHESTER KUPPERMAN JOSEPH LEAVITT RAYMOND O ' CONNELL ROBIN RANKOW IRWIN STANG MORTON WEINRIB JOSEPH WETROGAN CLASS OF 1941 OSCAR BEDER DAVID BERMAN BERTRAM BROMBERG WALTER JAGODZINSKI IRVING KITTAY JACK KLATSKY MELVIN MORRIS ALVIN MUND IRVING NAIDORF ROSS RILEY CLASS OF 1942 HAROLD BLANK LOUIS DRUCKER JOHN MEANY RICHARD PASTERNAK NORMAN TANZ 61 The William Jarvie Society for Dental Research is a non-secret honorary society. Founded twenty years ago, its purpose is to foster the spirit of scientific research. Most aptly, it was named for Dr. William Jarvie, a foremost advocate of dental research, and one of the founders of our school. True education is a process of self teaching. We must view things with an inquiring attitude, and determine the how and why of all facts. Intellectual curiosity, a questioning attitude and the hungry desire for knowledge — these are the fundamentals of the scientific method. Men who possess this feeling for research are bound to differ. Yet, when they meet and exchange views and ideas, they should stimulate each other by their honest and courteous differences. The Jarvie Society attempts to bring together students at our school for just such a purpose. Topics of dental interest are presented by students and members of the faculty. The presentations are discussed and criticized, and all emerge the wiser for having been present. Our Society serves as a beginning in or- ganized dentistry which should be continued and fostered after graduation as well. These concepts were ably presented to the members of the Society by Drs. Holliday and Gillett at the induction meeting. Following a precedent set last year, the members of the Freshman class were present at the inauguration of new members so that they might be introduced to the spirit of dental research as it is fostered at Columbia. We do not doubt that they were greatly impressed by what they heard. The really outstanding event of the year was the Jarvie testimonial dinner given in honor of Dr. William H. Crawford before he left us to become Dean of the Indiana Dental School. Members of the faculty and students joined the Jarvie Society in paying tribute to the devotion and sincerity and achievement which marked Dr. Crawford ' s association with the school. Although we regret losing him, we wish Dr Crawford Godspeed and success in his future en- deavors. In line with the policy of stimulating independent research by students, the meetings of the Society feature the presentation by senior students of the topics they are preparing for their senior theses. Be sides the invaluable experience obtained in speakino. before such a group, the speakers often refresh their views and obtain new concepts from the question; and criticism presented by their hearers. By this simple means, the Jarvie Society endeavors to fulfil 1 its mission in the encouragement and stimulation of dental research. INTERFRATERNITY COUNCIL PSI OMEGA ALBERT BUCKELEW JOHN ESPOSITO SIGMA EPSILON DELTA ARNOLD HARRISON LESTER ENTELIS, Secy-Treas. ALPHA OMEGA JOSEPH LEAVITT WILLIAM GRAUER JACK KLATSKY DR. D. J. McLAUGHLIN, Faculty Adviser The Interfraternity Council is a small group, com- posed of two representatives and one alternate from each of the three fraternities, which functions under the capable guidance of Dr. McLaughlin, the faculty adviser. Matters of mutual interest concerning fra- ternal life at our school are discussed, and coopera- tion between the fraternities is encouraged. One of the most important functions of the Council is the tormulation of plans and regulations for the rushing period. This year, an amendment to the constitution was adopted which moves forward the dates for rushing. This allows more time for the fraternities and their pledgees to really become ac- quainted with each other, and also permits the early initiation of new members. 65 X THE DENTAL REVIEW Editor ARTHUR D. KAFKA, ' 40 Asst. Editor WM. S. GRAUER, ' 40 Joseph M. Leavitt, ' 40 John Kanya, ' 40 J. Clune. ' 40 J. Ehrenhaus, ' 40 R. Reiss, ' 40 J. Klatsky, ' 41 A. Mund, ' 41 S. Melniclc, ' 41 Milton Wechsler, D.D.S., Alumni EDITORIAL BOARD Melvin L. Morris, ' 41 Robin M. Rankow, ' 40 CONTRIBUTING STAFF P. Kamen, ' 41 L. Koenig, ' 41 J. Berl, ' 41 H. H. Blank, ' 42 N. Tanz, ' 42 J. Ross, ' 42 E. Gottlieb, ' 43 Irving Weinberg, ' 41 Irving Kittay, ' 41 S. W. Vogel, ' 43 L. Shesler, ' 43 H. Diner, ' 43 J. F. Sarubb, ' 43 N. Menken, ' 43 R. Gottsagen, ' 43 MANAGING BOARD Ewing C. McBeath, D.D.S., M.D., F.A.C.D., Faculty This year, the tenth anniversary in the history of the Columbia Dental Review, has shown a continued improvement in the school publication. It has had the services of an exceptionally large staff of enthusi- astic contributors and, although almost entirely eman- cipated from faculty control, the quality of its articles has risen. A major innovation was initiated when it was de- cided to publish the Review on a trimesterly basis to conform with the school sessions, rather than quarterly as had been done in the past. A distinctive new cover for the journal was designed by the staff artist which will be used for some years to come, the makeup was rearranged, and the number of pages was increased. It has been the policy of the editors to attempt to include only material that would be comprehensible to Ihe student body as a whole, and not to penalize the lower classes for their lack of knowledge. The popular series of biographical sketches, Meet the Man, was continued with the view of further cementing the already excellent faculty-student rela- tions, and contributing to the orientation of the under- classmen. Class News, as always, provided the op- portunity for the wits of each class to record the doings of their mates and enshrined in print a few more classic boners for the history of the school. Realizing that our faculty is more actively engaged in research than are most men in similar positions in the profession, the editors were happy to have the opportunity to report on the progress of their work, and incidentally to score scoops on other dental journals. In view of the large exchange circulation of the Review, the attempt was made to eliminate items of too purely local or intramural interest and to place it on a par with any other reputable professional publication. The success of this endeavor was demon- strated by the readiness with which material was offered by the faculty. The only regret that the editors had at the end of a highly successful year was that they had been un- able, by virtue of limited funds and space, to print all of the excellent material available. JU ti f h STUDENT COUNCIL President JOHN KANYA Vice-President PAUL C. SEXAUER Secy.-Treas ALVIN MUND FACULTY ADVISERS PROFESSOR GILLETT PROFESSOR McLAUGHLIN SENIORS JOSEPH M. LEAVITT ALBERT R. BUCKELEW ARTHUR D. KAFKA JOHN KANYA PAUL C. SEXAUER JUNIORS ALBERT H. WEISENFELD IRVING KITTAY ALVIN MUND WALTER G. SPENGEMAN SOPHOMORES HARRY G. BARRER NORMAN L. ROSNER JOSEPH J. DE ROSE FRESHMEN JAMES COYLE CHARLES McKEON Holding steadfastly to its policy of creating a Crawford on December 20th at the Hotel Capitol, closer bond between faculty and student body, the In a like manner, the Council started to refurnish student council, this past year, has efficiently solved the student room on floor H with furniture which the problems of the students via the able assistance matches the sister room on floor F. In this way, of its advisers, Drs. Gilleft and McLaughlin. Un- the council hoped to present a clean face to any hampered by any of the restrictions or inhibitions outside visitors. usually imposed by the ordinary teacher-student rela- The c ouncil, furthermore, played a prominent role tionship, the members of the council voice their in bringing to the students an innovation in the policy opinions openly and fearlessly on all matters. These of the Columbia Dental Review. When it gave its opinions are then made known, simultaneously, to the sanction to an editorial policy which included three faculty and the student body by means of open re- issues per year of bigger and better quality, it saved ports of the minutes posted on each of the student the student body and faculty from the embarrassing bulletin boards. problem of levying a greater tax on the students for With a common basis of mutual understanding and the Review, consideration between the faculty and student body, Over and above these new developments, the Coun- this year ' s council has managed to cope with several cil retained some of the worthwhile policies begun vital school problems and has also settled them with by its illustrious predecessors. Under this category a minimum of fanfare. To begin with, the council may be placed such matters as the retention of the was faced with the two horns of a dilemma at the Kline test as a privilege to be enjoyed by any student year ' s opening. It was faced with the necessity of per- at any time, and the acquisition through faculty ef- petuating the annual school dance. At the same time forts, of a special reception room on the Columbia the Council unanimously desired to honor Dr. Craw- College campus for seniors of the Dental School on ford, its friend, adviser and colleague, before his adop- Commencement day. tion of weightier problems at the University of Indiana. With this brief review of the highlights in the year ' s With consummate ease and skill both of the above activity of the Cou ncil, as a record, it is the firm birds were killed with one stone, when the Council and belief of its members that the Council has achieved Jarvie Society jointly ran a school testimonial to Dr. its goal of student-faculty cooperation. 8? In the life of a young man the most essential thing for happiness is the gift of friendship. — W. Osler. Master ..ALBERT WEISENFELD Treasurer LEONARD Vice-Chancellor WILLIAM BERMAN Secretary IRVING KITTAY CLASS OF 1940 CLASS OF 1941 CLASS OF 1942 LESTER ENTELIS JESSE BERL WILLIAM BERMAN IRVING FEINSTEIN IRVING KITTAY JEROME KLAIF SAUL FLIEGEL LEONARD KOENIG ALVIN MOONEY ARNOLD HARRISON RAYMOND LEVAO JACK TOPOLSKY ISADOR MANDEL SIDNEY MELNICK IRWIN STANG IRVING NAIDORF WILLIAM STRICKLER PHILLIP SILVERSTEIN ALBERT WEISENFELD RAYMOND WOLF JOHN PRITZ PLEDGEES JOSEPH BLUMENTHAL JOSEPH MARKOWITZ GEORGE COHN ROBERT WELLWOOD HAROLD DINER 70 IjI D1L i JJJ T A (GAMMA] Sigma Epsilon Delta fraternity was organized in 1901 at what was then the New York College of Dentistry. Shortly after its inception, Gamma chap- ter was established at Columbia University. Since that time it has continued as an active force in the extra-curricular functions of the school. The ideas and ideals upon which the fraternity was conceived won immediate recognition, and it expand- ed rapidly. Today, Sigma Epsilon Delta maintains chapters in the outstanding dental schools of the United States. Sigma Epsilon Delta exists primarily for the purpose of fostering scholarship and fraternalism. We assure the perpetuation of fraternalism and cooperation by choosing new members whose interests are in common with our own. This spirit is naturally carried over into the graduate body, whose sessions undergraduate members are encouraged to attend. At these meet- ings, fraternalism is everywhere apparent, but often becomes incidental to a scholastic interest which is evidenced by the presentation of papers, lectures, exhibits, demonstrations and clinics. These serve the important purpose for the undergraduate of rounding out the wealth of knowledge gained from formal edu- cation at school, as well as imbueing him with a feeling for the highest professional attitude. The stimulating contact with the graduate members doesn ' t end there, however, for our own chapter house is the scene of frequent visits from fraters who have gained prominence in various fields of the profession. I Fraternity activities vary along scholastic and social lines. Included in the former are frequent lectures and study groups. These groups have proved singu- larly successful and aid in maintaining high scholarship. Social affairs include several parties throughout the year. An innovation, Dental Information, Please, was instituted at the beginning of the year and took immediately, and the members are delighted with the general tone, as well as the wealth of information imparted by our board of experts, selected from among our graduate members, to answer undergrad- uates ' questions. With the idea of affording added incentive for the maintenance of a high scholastic standard among the dental student body, Sigma Epsilon Delta has pro- vided for an award to be given to the outstanding student of each senior class. All seniors are eligible and the recipient is to be chosen by the Dean. Sigma Epsilon Delta is at present arranging a pro- gram for participation in the celebration of the 1 00th anniversary of the founding of the first dental school in America, to be held at the Baltimore College of Dentistry, in March, 1940. As part of the program, our annual convention will be held in Baltimore at the same time. We wish to extend a hearty welcome to our new adviser, Dr. Julian Schroff. It is with the utmost sincerity that we take this op- portunity to wish those of our fraters who are grad- uating this year all possible success and happiness in their chosen profession. 71 Grand Master ALBERT R. BUCKELEW, ' 40 Junior Master JOHN A. ESPOSITO, ' 40 Editor JOHN J. NEEDHAM. 41 House Manager WESLEY R. BURT, ' 41 Treasurer LAWRENCE E. DOUGHERTY, ' 41 Chief Inquisitor WALTER G. SPENGEMAN, ' 41 Secretary WALTER JAGODZINSKI, 41 Chaplain GERARD W. MARCHAND, ' 40 CLASS OF 1940 ALBERT R. BUCKELEW GERALD L. COURTADE SILVIO A. DEL REY JOHN A. ESPOSITO JOHN KANYA JAMES G. CLUNE MARTIN I. SMITH GERARD W. MARCHAND RUDOLPH MARTINEK THOMAS P. GERAGHTY CLASS OF 1941 LAWRENCE E. DOUGHERTY WALTER G. SPENGEMAN JOHN J. NEEDHAM WESLEY A. BURT WALTER J. JAGODZINSKI ARMAND CAPUZZO CLASS OF 1942 ALVIN HAGSTROM JOSEPH FARRELL JOSEPH GIBSON SALVATORE GRILLI 11 PSI (GAMMA LAMBDA) Let us for a moment, turn back the clock about fifty years. The scene is one of the meeting rooms of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, a group of students have gathered together to form a Dental Fraternity. It is to be a fraternity whose members would be bound together by the same aims, ideals, and the same ultimate goal, namely the advancement of Dentistry. Thus was founded the Dental Fraternity of Psi Omega in the year of 1892. Today Psi Omega is an international fraternity, numbering over twenty thousand members and having thirty-six active chap- ters. The main object of the fraternity has been to bring together men having a common interest, namely den- tistry, so that they can discuss their problems, be instructed by the older members by lectures and clinics, and have the benefits of good fellowship dur- ing their school years and in later life. It is an un- deniable fact that these informal lectures and gather- ings at the Fraternity House have been of immeasur- able value to the members both past and present, for it has given them a chance to get new ideas on the different phases of dentistry. It may be truly stated that we profit by experiences not only of our own, but of others and this has been the aim of our speakers in order to help us avoid some of the pitfalls in our school days. During the past year we have been fortunate in having as speakers the following men: Dr. William Crawford, Dr. William Dunning, Dr. Joseph Stack, Dr. Henry Gillett, Dr. Raymond Welles, and Dr. Braun. Many of these lectures were supplemented by slides and motion pictures which added io the enjoyment of the evening. Although Psi Omega is essentially a professional fraternity we also indulge in numerous social functions which tend to bring the members into a closer union and also provide some relaxing and enjoyable hours. Among these social affairs, our formal dance in February and our dinner in June for the graduating members, were the two big affairs of the year. Many of the faculty attended these parties and dances and a most enjoyable time was had by all. The alumni of any fraternity plays a very important part in the scheme of things, and the graduates of Psi Omega have done their best in aiding the new mem- bers who are graduating. During the past year a contact committee has been formed whose chief aim is to obtain internships, associateships and other po- sitions for 1he members who are about to practice dentistry. The alumni also gives two dinners, one in the fall and one in the spring for the members of the active chapter. Both of these affairs are eagerly awaited each year by all of the members. And now a word about the members who are about to leave us this year. First in line is Al Buckelew, grand master of the fraternity during the past year. Al has been a fine leader and has been a credit 1o the fraternity and the position he held. Next in line is Jerry Courtade former grand master and one of the real workers in the chapter, who was always willing to do his part on any committee and to sacrifice himself for the betterment of the fraternity. Close behind are Johnny Esposito, and Silvio Del Rey. Johnny has held the offices of Treasurer and Junior Master. Silvio was one of the best House Managers the chapter has known. None of these members will forget Marty Smith with his ready humor and wit and especially his famous Brother grand I move the meet- ing be adjoined. Jim Clune is another fellow who has always had the fraternity at heart and whose ready smile and helpfulness has aided many a brother across a rough spot. Finally, but not least by any means, we have John Kanya, Gerard Marchand, Rudy Martinek and Tom Geraghty, who during their years in Gamma Lambda have been swell fellows to know, and all who knew them will miss them in years to come. And so to you, the members of the class of ' 40, we who remain say Adieu, and may all of you have every success and happiness in your future life and practice. 73 Chancellor JACK KLATSKY Vice-Chancellor.. RICHARD PASTERNAK Scribe NORMAN TANZ Quaestor ROBERT WEBER Historian ULYSSES ERDREICH Praetor DR. FRANK BEUBE Asst. Praetor.. ..DR. MILTON WECHSLER CLASS OF 1940 MORTIMER ALEXANDER LEONARD COHEN JESSE EHRENHAUS WILLIAM GRAUER ARTHUR KAFKA CHESTER KUPPERMAN JOSEPH LEAVITT ROBIN RANKOW MORTON WEINRIB ALVIN WEISS JOSEPH WETROGAN CLASS OF 1941 DAVID BERMAN BERT BROMBERG CHARLES CHAYES ULYSSES ERDREICH BERT KLATSKIN JACK KLATSKY MELVIN MORRIS CLASS OF 1942 HARRY BARRER HAROLD BLANK LOUIS DRUCKER LOUIS FISHER VICTOR GROMET JOSEPH LUBAN RICHARD PASTERNAK ■JOSHUA ROSS NORMAN TANZ JOSEPH WOLF ROBERT WEBER LESTER ZACKHEIM PLEDGEES JACK BUDOWSKY ALVIN FELDMAN ROBERT GOTTSEGEN GEORGE HINDELS SOL HOPENGARTEN ALFRED JAFFE JACOB KAPLAN NORMAN MENKEN JOHN STERN PAUL TASCHER STANLEY VOGEL PAUL WAGREICH 74 ALPHA (ETA) Fraternalism, scholarship and professionalism! These three words are set down in the fraternity constitution as an embodiment of the spirit and aims of Alpha Omega since its inception in 1907. Since that time, when two Baltimore chapters united under the first charter, the Fraternity has grown to thirty-three chap- ters, international in scope. Eta chapter was founded in 1910 and has consis- tently endeavored, successfully we believe, to uphold the tenets mentioned above. The attempt is made to provide for the members a means of developing those traits of character which are bound to aid them in becoming more able and productive members of their profession. With this in view, the fraters are urged to constructively criticize each other and to help inculcate in each other an appreciation of the high ideals and professional attitude in Dentistry. This theme would be only partly fulfilled were the men to be allowed to separate on graduation. However, the many active Alumni groups throughout the country serve as a means of further cementation of friendships and mutual ideals. The Fraternity holds weekly business meetings inter- spersed with entertainment and lecture meetings and socials at the chapter rooms, 910 Riverside Drive. In addition, various formal and informal affairs and banquets are held during the course of the year. Lecturers on topics of either dental or general interest a re invited at various times throughout the year to speak to the group. A number of important affairs were held during l939- ' 40. Some of these were: the farewell banquet given to the graduating fraters; an informal dinner at which the novitiates were welcomed into the Fra- ternity; and a formal Initiation Banquet held in con- junction with the N. Y. U. undergraduate chapter of Alpha Omega and the New York Alumni Club. The Annual Formal Dinner-Dance was again held to- gether with the two brother groups mentioned above and was truly a grand affair. The N. Y. Alumni Club ' s Clinic Night at the Hotel Pennsylvania was very well received and found several clinic tables being con- ducted by undergraduate fraters. The largest event of the year was the Alpha Omega Convention at Newark during the Christmas Holidays. The affairs, social and business, were well attended by undergrad- uate fraters, and the convention was immensely suc- cessful from every viewpoint. At one of the banquets, the Alpha Omega Achievement Award was presented to Dr. William Gies for his outstanding contributions to Dentistry and the Dental Profession. The essence of professionalism is intangibly trans- mitted to Alpha Omega by this constant active par- ticipation in clinical activities, by attending dental meetings, by meeting and conversing with Alumni, by listening to many lectures at the fraternity house on dental problems. In short, one gradually begins to appreciate, to uphold and to raise the dignity and prestige of the dental profession by trying to become a better dentist. Eta owes many thanks to its praetor, Dr. Frank Beube of the Periodontia Division and to Dr. Milton Wechsler, assistant praetor for guiding the chapter through so successful a year. It is with a sense of personal loss as well as loss to the Chapter that we bid our graduating fraters Godspeed and wish them much success and happiness in the future. 75 OMICRON KAPPA President WILLIAM B. DUNNING Vice-President LEROY L HARTMAN Secy.-Treas EWING C. McBEATH In 1914, the faculty at Northwestern University Den- tal School organized the Omicron Kappa Upsilon Fraternity for the purpose of encouraging and de- veloping a spirit of emulation among students in den- tistry and to recognize in an appropriate manner those who shall distinguish themselves by a high grade of scholarship. Since its organization, Omicron Kappa Upsilon has become the national honorary fraternity of the dental profession. Its influence is far reaching. In the stu- dent body it endeavors to stimulate scholarship; in graduates it encourages distinction in scientific re- search, teaching, practice, journalism, and organized activities. Election to the Fraternity is acknowledg- ment of achievement in one or more of these fields. The Epsilon Epsilon Chapter was organized at the Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Sur- gery and granted its charter in 1934. The following Professors of the faculty with Dr. William B. Dunning as the first President, were the charter members: ADOLPH BERGER MILO HELLMAN CHARLES F. BODECKER ANNA V. HUGHES HENRY S. DUNNING HAROLD J. LEONARD WILLIAM B. DUNNING ARTHUR T. ROWE LEROY L. HARTMAN LEUMAN M. WAUGH HENRY W. GILLETT Deceased At the seventh annual banquet and convocation in June 1939, the following men were inducted into the Fraternity: Active (from the Faculty) Drs. George B. Finch, Herbert P. Fritz, Henry Juneman, William Lefkowitz, Henry J. Powell, and Harold S. Woodruff, associate (from the class of ' 39): Irving Bonime, Carl Dunn, Harvey Hamberg, Victor Marcus, Robert Mas- on, and John Noonan. The speaker of the evening was Professor Charles F. Bodecker who delivered an essay entitled Clinical Research in which he stressed the importance of, and need for clinical research to complement organized laboratory research. He endeavored to show the numerous and varied possibilities in this field. Since election of new members is not made until after final examinations, we prematurely congratulate those unknown honored few. To those who are not so honored, the Fraternity reminds them that mem- bership is always open to anyone who distinguishes himself in any branch of Dentistry. 76 IzatuteA All service ranks the same with God: Jfith God, whose Puppets, best and worst, Are we; there is no last or first. — R. Browning. rr J] .1 W IS m 3VDRED YEARS We have many reasons to be proud of the ac- complishments of dentistry during the past one hun- dred years, but we cannot be proud of the progress made in solving the fundamental problems of dental disease or in solving dentistry ' s social problems. Dentistry may derive slight consolation from the fact that we in the United States are all guilty in this respect and it is not a shortcoming of dentistry alone to overemphasize the mechanical side of our problems. As Professor E. A. Hooten stated in the October, 1939, Atlantic Monthly, This nation is composed of organic blends which for some unknown genetic reasons combine marvelous understanding of mechan- ical techniques with utter obtusity in human rela- tions. One hundred years ago dentistry set out on an independent career in the field of health service, not from choice but because it was impossible for those teachers at the Medical School of the Uni- versity of Maryland who desired to place some emphasis upon dental problems to make any head- way as part of the smug medical faculty. From that date to this dentistry has made its way alone. Freed from the inertia of the medical school of that day, dentistry made rapid strides. But unfortunately the importance of a biological preparation was all but forgotten and though Ameri- can dentistry was soon to be recognized as leading the world, this leadership was based very largely upon ingenuity of a mechanical sort, little attempt being made to discover the essential curative and preventive measures. When dentistry had reached this highly specialized mechanical stage, the disclosures of Dr. Hunter and the discovery and application of the x-rays revealed the fallacy of trying to build a profession based upon any function of the human body without a thorough background in the biological sciences. Sub- sequent events have indicated that dentistry is probably a more useful and valuable department of medicine and surgery than was realized when the first dental school was opened. Medicine, too, has come to the point of admitting that dentistry is of some importance as a health service. Dentistry has made every effort to adopt University standards in its training, to provide ade- quate training in the biological sciences, and to institute scientific research. However, the isolation which was essential to any progress at all one hun- dred years ago is now a handicap. It is evident that dentistry must occupy an important place in any scheme to care for the nation ' s health or for the training of young people to engage in the various phases of health service. One hundred years ago medicine was unwilling to recognize any form of . . a fie the Lfidesi! By HOUGHTON HOLLIDAY, D.D.S. specialization. Today the field of health service has expanded until it is recognized that no one can become proficient in all its branches. Various attempts are being made to revise the medical curriculum to the end that students will be better trained and the public better served. It has reached a point where a patch work job will no longer meet the need. A Carnegie Survey of medicine in 1910 had a revolutionary and stimulating effect on medical education. The Carnegie Survey of 1922 had a similar effect on dental education. Now we need a survey of the entire field of training for health service by an organization that can look at the problems - objectively and we need a spirit of tolerance on the part of the members of the present medical profes- sion and the present dental profession, and a recog- nition that the professions do not exist for the benefit of their members but for the welfare of mankind. It is a source of satisfaction to note that the ideals of better training and better service to the public dominated dental education at its inception. To quote from the introductory lecture given by Dr. Chapin A. Harris on November 3, 1840: Gentlemen — the profession for which you are preparing is honorable; it is useful; it is one that will enable you to be serviceable to your fellows, — to relieve much of human pain, and to mitigate many mortal woes. Though it may not require of you to combat the more violent and aggravated lorms of disease that are incident to man, you will have to treat those that demand nearly or quite an equal degree of acumen and skill; and if you would possess these, it will be necessary that you devote yourselves diligently and perseveringly to their acquisition; that you faithfully employ the time that you design appropriating to your stu- dentship, in acquainting yourselves with the struc- ture of the parts implicated in them — their pathology and the therapeutical indications. If you would be able to arrest the diseases that come within the province of the profession for which you are preparing, and prevent the various evils that are frequently consequent thereupon . . . endeavor to attain the knowledge that will enable you to do it. Early in the next one hundred years may we through serious and honest endeavor solve the dental problem with which we are now struggling. May dentistry merit and secure the sympathetic help of those it serves. May we have a united plan of profes- sional education for health service and may the fun- damental causes of dental disease be discovered. 81 k } 1 11 IF u 111 [ 11 11 L 1 It is but rarely that emphasis is placed on coopera- tion between neighboring universities. Reference to neighboring universities invariably brings to mind an intense rivalry between them, particularly in the field of athletics. However, Columbia University and New York University, the two largest educational institutions of their kind in the metropolitan area, have many objectives in common and this unity of purpose is particularly accentuated in the field of dental edu- cation. We are the only two universities which have dental schools in this great city. Together we grad- uate each year a large number of young men, making up a rather substantial proportion of the young den- tists who each year enter the practice of dentistry throughout the United States. Our responsibilities, therefore, cannot be confined merely to the adequate preparation of each dental student in the attempt to meet our obligations to him and to the public. We are faced with that greater responsibility created by our influence on dental practices throughout the world. Thus, it is but natural that we should pool our efforts in the interest of better dentistry. This year marks the centennial of the opening cf the first dental school in Baltimore in 1840. Most 82 of the dental schools were proprietary in nature until but a short time ago. In spite of this fact, dentistry made rapid progress. The pioneers in the field of dental education are justly entitled to considerable praise for their achievements. It was as a result of their efforts that the profession of dentistry quickly rose to a position of great importance as one of the health services. Indeed, it became so important that in 1921 it was decided to make a study of dental education to determine the best procedure to follow to further the progress of dentistry. This study was carried on by Dr. Gies under the auspices of the Carnegie Foundation, and it was due to his findings and on his recommendation that the dental schools be- came affiliated with universities in New York State. It was thus that the two great universities in New York City acquired control of dental education here wilh all of the responsibilities appertaining thereto. Only fifteen years have elapsed since the culmination of this epoch making event in dental education. In this brief span of time, the standards of dental education have been raised considerably. The universities have been conscious of their responsibility in the developmenl and maintenance of high standards and every effort FE R ATI-0 By ALLEN T. NEWMAN, A.B., D.D.S. is being made to accomplish it without losing sight of the significance of this branch of the health professions in our rapidly changing social order. It has been my privilege to head the dental school of New York University throughout the greater portion of these fifteen years. I have at all times endeavored to maintain a close relationship with the dental school of Columbia University so that we might work togeth- er in the attainment of our common objective. I have been most fortunate in this attempt to establish a close relationship between the two schools. The deans of the dental school of Columbia University were most cooperative in their efforts to cement this relationship. We were working toward a common objective and that alone would have been sufficient to insure our success; but in addition, it has been my good fortune to work with close friends. Dean Owre and Dean Rowe were friends of mine out West. I also had the good fortune to know, and work with at Minnesota, Dean Holliday. We had all had close contacts in the field of dental education before ws came to New York. It was but natural, therefore, that there should develop an intimate association be- tween the faculties of the two schools. But this wa ; not enough to stay our eager efforts to establish a better working relationship. It was only last year that we started to bring the graduates into closer con- tact through the avenue of alumni activities. We nad one joint meeting and we look forward to the devel- opment of this closer relationship of our Alumni associations. Our unity of purpose tends to create a feeling thaT we are not two separate schools, so much as just two units in the same field seeking a common goal. We are two members of an educational family seeking ' he advancement of the whole. It is our desire to elim- inate, differences except insofar as these differences help to advance the study of dentistry. It is only through such a common effort that we can hope, the more rapidly and the more efficiently, to achieve the aims for which we are both striving. My ten years of intimate association with the faculty of the College of Dental and Oral Surgery of Columbia University have been not only most cordial, but very he pful, and we hope that this relationship will continue to grow ever more cordial and profitable to all concerned. PURLI HEALTH The maintenance of health, rather than the cure of disease, is the first aim of medical science. The functional significance of that portal of entry to the body, the mouth, which includes the organs of masti- cation, may be rated of the first order. Without oral and dental health, bodily well-being is menaced and undermined. Therefore dental health is the chief ob- jective of the dentist; and when applied to the general public becomes the broadest and most important problem with which he can be concerned. How shall our people be relieved of that most prevalent of all human ills — diseased teeth? By what ways and means shall we reach the eighty per cent of our population who now receive practically no dental care? These are questions lor our scientists and for our economists which press more and more urgently for answers. The history of dental practice from its earliest phases until the eighteenth century is a long and fantastic story of effort to relieve human suffering, both as related to actual pain and the pain of injured self-respect. In no other part of the human body is deformity of such serious consequence as in the dental and facial region. Mankind is so constituted that many a pain or inconvenience is suffered in silence for the sake of good appearance, and we need only reflect on the major industry of the present day which is devoted to the creation and maintenance of so-called beauty, to realize that human nature has not much changed in its basic motives since the days of Solo- mon. Following relief from physical pain, the principal purpose of ancient dentistry was that of cosmetic restoration. Even during the period of modern dentistry — from let us say Fauchard in 1728 to about thirty years ago — the ideal of the dental practitioner was the relief and treatment of diseased conditions, followed by the restoration of functional and esthetic require- ments. The problem was considered to be a local one. The relation of diseased teeth to serious sec- ondary infections was not understood. The same ob- jectives today underlie the work of every dentist, but during recent years the more important consideration of preventing dental ills of whatever nature, is de- manding our best attention and effort. The very nature of restorative dentistry is so time-consuming, and therefore costly, that in dealing with the dentai health of vast populations, the great majority of the people cannot be reached. Furthermore, supposing it were possible thus to care for all dental afflictions, the prevention of disease and suffering is obviously the more important aim. In speaking of preventive measures in dentistry, we think first of dental caries, since that disease attacks the erupting tooth and ever afterward. Orthodontic and surgical steps may prevent further trouble; the supporting structures of the teeth always demand at- tention, and much may be done to prevent perio- dontal impairment. In the light of present knowledge dental caries may be prevented or retarded by the following means: I. Local cleanliness, by the dentist 1 i J By WILLIAM B. DUNNING, D.D.S. and through home care; the toothbrush, the tooth- pick, floss-silk. 2. Local treatments; early obliteration of pits and fissures; silver nitrate immunization of proximal contacts. 3. Systemic treatments; diet of the mother and child; balanced diet in adult life. We have not yet discovered a way of wiping out dental caries as we now prevent typhoid, diphtheria, yellow- fever and other scourges of former times. Immortal fame awaits the donor of such a boon. The policy of prevention, however, even if it were practicable today in a complete sense, would come too late for the millions who suffer from established dental disease. That is, while further ravages might be checked, the relief, cure and repair of existing pathological conditions and dental losses will pre-empt the major efforts of the present generation of dentists for the rest of their professional lives. Therefore, our hope of salvation lies in prevention, but our day ' s work is routine dentistry. Health authorities classify all persons in need of dental health service in three groups. Group I com- prises that large proportion of the population who cannot afford any dental care, or can pay only for the barest emergency treatment; Group II, another large percentage who can pay only a part of the nor- mal cost of the care they need; and Group III, who form approximately twenty per cent of the population who receive regular care, and can pay for it. The private practitioner cares for Group III and earns his livelihood thereby. First and last, he does a good deal of charitable work, but the limits of human endurance and the inexorable office overhead and living costs will prevent his undertaking much addi- tional work on a charity or under-paid basis. A little more than three-quarters of our people, then, are in need of dental service which cannot be supplied through private practice. This being so, other means must be found. The imperative need of public dental service through State and National health organizations is clearly seen. It has been a subject of active and often violent discussion for the past twenty years. The fact of a great social and economic duty con- fronts the Government; an immediate and continuing responsibility is laid at our door. For while govern- mental agencies build, equip and maintain clinics, organized dentistry must select and supervise per- sonnel and determine the nature and quality of service rendered. A large number of dentists, now finding meager livings in private practice will, if competent, be thus steadily employed. No other organized body is qualified for this task: the public, the general med- ical profession, state and national legislators look to us as experts to show the way. There is our oppor- tunity for public service of the first rank. Here also lies the opportunity for aspiring young graduates to become dental health officers. The broadly trained director of a clinic or group of units will find an ample career in administrative work. Many such officers will be needed. Special courses in our dental schools will be necessary for their training. A larger aspect of dental service in the public welfare is rapidly taking form and substance. 85 HIES ON RESEARCH AFTER 1 This year ' s dental graduates begin professional life as dentistry celebrates its I OOth anniversary. As new dentists you may well share the justified pride with which the profession points to its many note- worthy contributions to human welfare and comfort. Dentists today are better trained and the practices at their command are more effective than ever before. It may be said that dentistry now encom- passes its more limited field more thoroughly than medicine does its broader area, so that on the whole the dentist can give his patient more effectual service than is generally possible for the physician. But dental service is still almost entirely restorative and reparative. On the preventive side dentistry continues to lag behind medicine. We have only begun to make headway toward understanding the diseases that determine the existence of dentistry. Biological research in our field, in other words, has as yet accomplished little. Whereas medical research, building upon developments in chemistry and biology in the decades before 1840, emerged as a group of highly organized activities in the 1 880s and later, dental research has shown signs of analogous expan- sion only within the past twenty years or so, and is still comparatively neglected. So let us not be smug. Pride in the achievements of the past needs to be tempered with humility for the inadequacy of the present, and with an intelligent forward glance toward the possibilities of the future. Today ' s dentists need not be told that the problems of dental research are important. By any adequate standard of human welfare pyorrhea is more im- portant than poliomyelitis, and by the same standard dental caries is even more important. Both, more- over, are fully as fascinating — to the investigator qualified to appreciate them — as any problem of disease. But, allowing for honorable exceptions, it takes a dentist to appreciate dental problems. And, with a few more exceptions, dentists do not do research. There is, of course, a fair measure of dental research in progress today. Compared with activity in the field twenty years ago, the current output begins to look encouraging both in quantity and in quality. In the field we take our own modest pride in the International Association for Dental Research, which now has about 500 members (only a few of whom, however, are non-practicing dentists), and in the Journal of Dental Research, which we do not mind comparing with the best journals in medicine. Many dental schools, moreover, now have some kind of research program; and fellowships for graduate training of dentists along research lines are becoming increasingly available and are gaining in popularity with dental graduates. But these are still little more than exceptions that prove the rule. It is still true that in most dental schools research, al- though the word may be glorified, proceeds haltingly or not at all. Opportunities in the field seldom permit us to encourage even the occasional student with marked aptitude for research to prepare for a career independent of practice. And as we know, although some of the dental research now being reported bears comparison with the best in the medi- cal field, there is not enough good dental research activity to do more than scratch the surface of the 11 T LI R Y If By THEODOR ROSEBURY, D.D.S. major problems of dental disease. It is just in these respects that medicine is miles ahead of us. Dental problems call for the special knowledge of the dentist, not only because dentists are most likely to appreciate their importance and their fascination, but because the peculiar characteristics of the teeth and their surrounding structures must be understood before one can approach our problems profitably. There is room in dental research for others, but dentists ought to lead the field. They alone are likely to be capable of the synthesis of separate data, the integration of individual researches, which is demanded for a real solution of our problems. This is a full time job. It is not incompatible with teaching; indeed, teaching and research have mutu- ally stimulating effects, and each may suffer without the other. But with the usual exceptions research does not mix well with practice. Research demands a degree of detachment, a capacity for self-criticism, and an impulsion to doubt an d go on doubting, which are not and ought not to be prominent charac- teristics of the clinician. Dental education of some years ago was not suited to inspire even the occasional student to devote himself to research; and by past economic standards few dental graduates felt willing to forego the emolu- ments of practice, real or fancied, for their some- what forbidding alternative. Today, on the other hand, with greatly improved educational standards. the aptitude of dental students for research has become equivalent to that of medical students. More- over dental graduates are far more willing than they used to be to accept the conditions under which research is done, including the limited prospect of getting rich quick. If more opportunities were pro- vided for them, more good research would be done. The deficiency, in other words, is one of opportuni- ties, of positions rather than of persons able and willing to fill them. This is the problem, as I see it; but there is more to it. For example, medical schools, in whose basic science departments most medical research is done, usually control dental teaching in those departments, and often orient it away from specific dental needs and from research on dental problems. Medical schools are consequently responsible in part for the stunted growth of dental research. The dental mem- bers of dental faculties, furthermore, whether they be clinicians or teachers of applied sciences, are some- times undeveloped or poorly developed scientifically, and may even retard rather than advance oppor- tunities for research in their environments. Both of these circumstances are slowly changing for the better, as current dental research exerts its own autocatalytic effect, and as the spirit of research percolates through the only channel that may be open — from the bottom up. The young man of dentistry is the hope of its future research development; and this is where we came in. You may all be committed to practice, and very few of you may even have wished other- wise; but you are nevertheless better equipped to appreciate research in your field than was the class of ' 39, which in turn was better than its predecessor. Keep that appreciation alive. Ail by itself, it helps; and when there is enough of it, it will lead to something better. 8 PERIODONTIA AS A Periodontia by the General Practitioner Periodontia, like many other branches of dentistry or medicine, need not necessarily be practiced as a specialty. Indeed, the more thoroughly the general practitioner is versed in periodontia, the more val- uable are his services. This is quite obvious since dentistry cannot be practiced successfully without due consideration for the periodontal welfare before, during, and after operative or restorative procedures. In fact, according to the more advanced concepts of modern dentistry, the practitioner who is not periodontia minded doesn ' t quite merit his patients ' full confidence, since the welfare of the supporting structures of the teeth must, obviously, be looked after (from a preventive, as well as from the cor- rective, viewpoint) just as meticulously as that of the teeth themselves. Even as the smallest carious cavi- ties are diligently cared for, so incipient as well as more advanced periodontal symptoms must be detect- ed and corrected at the earliest opportunity, often before restorative services are carried out or even planned. Indeed, in determining the character and extent of prospective restorations, it is importanl to consider the degree of periodontal destruction as well as the prognosis of the pathologic condition. Only too often are fabulously expensive and beauti- fully constructed restorations necessarily discarded because an otherwise capable and careful dentist failed to observe an existing abnormal or pathologic periodontal condition. On the other hand, restorations — fillings, inlays, bridges and partial dentures — must be so planned and executed as not to invite inception of periodontal trouble. In addition, instruction by the dentist in effective, non-traumatizing oral hygiene (aimed at warding off periodontal disease) is rapidly becoming an essential part of his services, as is also the periodic check-up as to whether or not such instruc- tions are being carried out to the fullest extent. It is thus evident that in a broad sense every progressive dentist is obliged to practice some periodontia. Usually he will find periodontal treat- ment remunerative, too, for it is no exaggeration to state that in the average general practice there is considerable opportunity to fill in a major part of available slack time with such service. Unfortunately, many a practitioner still hesitates to take full advantage of this source of additional income for fear that he will be unable to effectively sell periodontal service and therefore will not be re- munerated sufficiently. However, experience has shown that if the dentist is himself sold on the real importance and value of such services, the average intelligent patient will inevitably become interested and cooperative. Periodontia by the Specialist Even if a large majority of practitioners should include periodontia as a routine service, there still would be, for numerous reasons, ample room for it as a specialty. Some dentists are not tempera- mentally equal to this type of service: others do not inherently possess, nor do they care to take sufficient time to develop, the required manual dexterity; while still others, in the kind of practice they have, can- not possibly command a proper fee for such service, although their patients will pay the specialist without any hesitation. Besides, it is quite obvious that unusual cases and those most difficult to treat are likely to yield a better prognosis in the hands of a specialist who concentrates more or less exclusively on periodontia. Periodontists, far from limiting their practice to the treatment of pyorrhea, as they used to, are today concerned also with the diagnosis and treat- ment of numerous gingival and other oral obnormali- ties. Often they are instrumental in the detection (through oral symptoms) of more or less serious systemic diseases of which the patient (or even his physician) was unaware. The general dental practitioner often turns to the periodontist not only for guidance and advice as to diagnosis and prognosis of the various periodontal conditions, but for consultation, from the periodontal viewpoint, regarding the design and construction of restorations. Thus to practice his specialty satisfactorily, the periodontist must be a student of periodontology from the mechanical as well as the biologic angles, and be fairly well informed on the relationship between systemic and oral disease. Adequate experi- ence as a general practitioner with a practical, general knowledge of the various branches of den- tistry (especially restorations) is a basic qualification. This enables him often to better prognosticate as well as to advise with the general practitioner, as stated above. Preparation for Specialization It is obvious, therefore, that one cannot conscien- tiously become a periodontist over-night, although mushroom specialists in the different branches of the profession are not a novelty. (To protect the lay public from unscrupulous practitioners who, although By ISADOR HIRSCHFELD, D.D.S. unqualified, pose as specialists, a Board of Perio- dontology has recently been established under the sponsorship of the American Academy of Periodon- tology.) Naturally, considerable time, patience and perseverance are important pre-requisites in the development of the bona fide periodontist, in addi- tion to at least a fair measure of manual dexterity. Besides majoring, as it were, in periodontia in the course of general practice over a period of years, the prospective periodontist could further fit himself for specialization by taking post-graduate courses and, whenever the opportunity presents itself, by observing experts operate either in private practice or at insti- tutions. Needless to say, early affiliation with a hospital or clinic, where the more unusual type cases may be observed and a greater number of patients are treated than in any private practice, constitutes the most valuable source for development. (The time spent at such institutions, preferably two or three half days weekly, cannot be measured in terms of dollars and cents if the ultimate goal of quali- fying as an expert is to be achieved.) Further knowledge and inspiration may be derived from attending periodontia as well as oral surgery meetings and clinics which offer opportunity for free discussion and exchange of ideas. Then, too, dental literature today covers data on experimental and clinical periodontia quite extensively, and medical journals provide ample up-to-date material that tends to demonstrate the close relationship between systemic conditions and oral disease. (The author recommends especially the Journal of Periodontology published semi-annually by the American Academy of Periodontology since 1930, for a most comprehen- sive survey of the art and science of periodontology.) Selection of Periodontia as a Specialty It is interesting to observe that the reasons for selecting periodontia as a specialty vary considerably. In questioning a number of men and women who applied, at various times, for positions on perio- dontia clinic staffs with which I was connected, I found that some believed that periodontia requires less mechanical skill; others, that it is apt to be more remunerative; and still others especially older applicants, thought it less taxing than general prac- tice. However, it was heartening to note that most of them tried to develop themselves in this specialty because of a special interest, or a decided aptitude. It is doubtful whether periodontia, conscientiously practiced, is easier than general dentistry. It requires very close application including detailed accuracy and thoroughness; besides, the fairly busy periodon- tist, too, operates more or less continuously at the chair often for many hours at a time, under high nervous tension. Also questionable is the matter of financial remun- eration. In general practice, a very substantial part of the gross income is realized from work done by the laboratory technician, and in the larger practices, an associate helps to further increase the income. These sources are usually completely lacking in a practice limited to periodontia alone. While it is true that a specialist is often in a position to command a higher fee, nevertheless, for some psychological reason, many patients cannot be convinced of the fairness of such charges for curative services alone although substantial fees are taken for granted for restorative work in which there are tangible returns in the form of gold, porcelain, or other materials. To the best of my knowledge, the net income of successful general practitioners is larger than that of periodontists of similar ability and professional standing. From conversations with many practitioners in smaller cities, however, I find that the. chances of building up a practice devoted exclusively to perio- dontia there, are for some reason or other, very remote; comparatively little cooperation may be expected from their colleagues. In an attempt to specialize, some have actually discarded their general practice, but were soon forced to return to it. Others, though they are particularly interested in periodontia, are nevertheless happy to continue in general prac- tice, stressing periodontia at every opportunity. They find too, that because of this superior service, better results generally can be achieved, with the result that their fees become correspondingly higher and their professional standing in the community, enhanced. Obviously, the most fortunate of the candidates for specialization are those, who, after several years of general practice, discover a particular liking and an aptitude for periodontia, as evidenced by success- ful results in that direction. They will no doubt do excellent work for their patients, which cannot be said of those dentists who leave general practice only because of a belated realization that they are not suited, temperamentally or physically, for it. But most fortunate are those who in addition to qualifying satisfactorily as clinicians, also possess a penchant for pioneering and research. For such individuals, opportunities for further developing this comparatively young branch of dental science are many and indeed limitless. wakfi ' Let observation -with extensive view Survey mankind from China to Peru. — S. Johnson. To Investigate, by Means of a Questionnaire, the Opinions and Viewpoints of the Public on Definite Vital Dental Issues, Socialization of the Profession in Particular. Sponsor: DR. H. J. LEONARD by: NILS NORDSTROM, Jr. Questionnaire — Twenty-one questions were asked regarding the public ' s mode of selection of a dentist; opinions on social- ■ ization of the professions and its probable outcome; factors which classify an operator as a good dentist; preference of anaesthetic; and others. Submission — Locale of distribution was a summer resort patron- ized by both sexes of all ages (18-50), from all walks of life as definitely determined by inquiring of all as to their occupations. It was found that all levels of society were questioned thus giving us a perfect cross section of the public. Method — Questionnaires were submitted to 10 people at a time, who were segregated so as to insure individuality of answers. Compilation — Answers were tabulated according to sex and education levels and computed in percentages and ana- lysed. Summary — The answers received were tremendously interesting when computed as percentages of society who tended to answer a question in a certain way. This was particularly so of the answers to the questions regarding socialization of the professions. It might be stated that this was the main point of the questionnaire, that of determining the public ' s feelings toward an issue that has received consid- erable prominence in recent years. The other questions asked were also interestingly answered but served in the main to camouflage the real purpose of the questionnaire and to act as filler material. The results showed, that of all those answering the questionnaire, only about 60% even understood what was meant by such a policy and of this 60% only about 40% thouqht that service under such a system would be better, 35% that it would be the same, and 25% that it would be worse. Acrylic Resins As Plastic Filling Materials Sponsor: DR. D. J. McLAUGHLIN by: J. G. CLUNE, Jr. The properties of an ideal filling material will not be restated here, as they are rather well known to all of us. It is also obvious that all presently used materials fail or fall short to a greater or lesser degree in one or more qualities, whether that be esthetics, durability, ease of manipulation, strength, adapta- tion to walls and margins, etc. The purpose of this experimentation was to determine if a transparent acrylic resin could be used as a plastic filling material and exhibit physical properties equal to or better than other common materials. The material used was the DuPont product, Lucite ; chemically, methyl metha cry late. The regu- larly used solvent, ethyl acetate, was discarded, as its offensive odor rendered its practical use, before chemical union, intol- erable. Chloroform was substituted because its odor dissipated rapidly and was not too unpleasant. Pulverized Lucite and chloroform were mixed to a gummy consistency and packed under hand pressure Into various classes of undercut cavities in green teeth. The teeth were men immersed in water at body temperature, or slightly higher, and the material allowed to process, largely spontaneously, except for the temperature factor. The curing time (to a point of resistant hardness) was observed. The material was then finished flush with the tooth with vaselined discs. 92 These experimental fillings were of a, let us say, sub clinical ' ' nature. No scientific measurements of the physical pro- perties were made, the gross appearance and characteristics of the material being the only consideration. A chemical action takes place within the cavity; what effects it might have on vital tooth structure can only be surmised. I he results of this investigation were as follows: I. Esthetics and Color — excellent; fillings can scarcely be , detected. They may appear a trifle too yellow because the yellowness of the dentine iible unde ith the trans- little semi- parent filling. This could be adjusted opaque porcelain powder. 2. Ease of Manipulation — excellent. Better than amalgam or synthetic silicate as regards time factor, but it is gummy and somewhat resilient. 3. Durability — concl usions may be drawn from the durability of an acrylic resin plate. 4. Hardness and strength — is in no way comparable to metal or porcelain; a tough resilient hardness. 5. Setting time — very slow. A small filling sets in from 5-6 hours. Manufacturer adds an inhibitor to prevent curing of product during storage. This could be removed. 6. Adaptation to cavity walls and margins — grossly faulty. Probably due to the limitations of pressure and tempera- ture applicable in placing the filling, the shrinkage was excessive in almost all cases. Margins were shy and the fit of the filling was comparable to a very loose, over- expanded class II inlay. Shrinkage renders plastic acrylic resin fillings highly imprac- tical In the present work, but the idea has excellent possibilities under improved manipulation or changes in the material to counleract this contraction which at present renders them useless. The Effect of Thyroxin and Thyrotropic Hormone Upon the Rate of Eruption of the Dental Apparatus in the Rat Sponsor: DR. ZISKIN by: S. RABINOW H. LYNCH G. MARCHAND Schour ' s method of vital staining was used in order to determine the Increment of growth in the rat ' s dentine. For this purpose, Alizarin Red S. and Trypan Blue were tested for toxicity and staining qualities in a control group of new born rats. On autopsy, the dental apparatus was dissected out and ground into sections and mounted. The result obtained in the rat ' s incisors was an average rhythm of 16.4 micra per day as compared to Schour ' s results of 16.0 micra per day rhythm. In the molars it was determined by measure- ment that the rate of deposition of dentin for a given period of time was greater in the first few days of life than the rate of deposition of dentin in an equal period of time in a slightly older animal. The second part consisted of preparing a solution of thyro- tropic hormone. Beef anterior pituitary glands were used and the thyrotropic hormone isolated by Smeltzer ' s method with modifications by Dr. Karshan. The third part consisted of injecting a series of new born rats with alizarin red at specified intervals and dally injections of either thyroxin or thyrotropic hormone. The eruption time of the normal animal ' s incisors was found to be nine days. The animals receiving thyroxin had an incisor eruption time of five days agreeing with the work of Karnofsky and Cronkite, as well as Hoskins who first began these studies. Karnofsky and Cronkite using Squibb ' s thyro; tropic hormone preparation found no increase in the rate of eruption time over the normal, whereas our figures show an acceleration of eruption time to six days. Conclusion; Both thyroxin and thyrotropic hormone increase the rate of eruption of the rat ' s incisors to about the same degree. Physical Aspects of Edentulous Jaws Sponsor: DR. H. YOUNG by: RUDOLPH F. MARTINEK Object: To determine by measurements of casts of eden- tulous jaws the following: (a) Physical size of edentulous jaws, lb) Correlation, if any, between age. sex, race, and nation ality. (c) Validity of students ' classifications of physical size. Method: The length, width, and height of the casts were measured at constant areas and the results were tabulated together with information regarding age, sex, race, and nationality of the patient. The instruments used were a millimeter caliper and a depth gauge. Results: (a) Physical size of edentulous jaws. By means of frequency graphs, the various areas measured were classified as small, medium, and large. We find: 1. The width at cuspid area of upper jaw to be: Small when ranging from 3.0 cm. to 3.5 cm. Medium when ranging from 3.6 cm. to 4.5 cm. Large when ranging from 4.6 cm. to 6.0 cm. 2. The width at tuberosity area of upper [aw to be: Small when ranging from 4.5 to 5.3 cm. Medium when ranging from 5.4 cm. to 6.4 cm. Large when ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 cm. 3. The Length through the mid-sagittal plane of the upper Jaw to be: Small when ranging from 3.8 cm. to 4.6 cm. Medium when ranging from 4.7 cm. to 5.5 cm. Large when ranging from 5.6 cm. to 6.3 cm. 4. The width at cuspid area of lower jaw to be Small when ranging from 3.1 cm. to 3.9 cm. Medium when ranging from 4.0 cm. to 4.6 cm. Large when ranging from 4.7 cm. to 5.8 cm. 5. The width at tuberosity area of lower jaw to be: Small when ranging from 5.4 cm. to 6.2 cm. Medium when ranging from 6.3 cm. to 7.2 cm. Large when ranging from 7.3 cm. to 8.2 cm. 6. The length through the mid-sagittal plane of the lower jaw to be: Small when ranging from 4.4 cm. to 4.9 cm. Medium when ranging from 5.0 cm. to 5.8 cm. Large when ranging from 5.9 cm. to 7.7 cm. Measurement of the height of the ridges proves that the ridges are higher on the lingual than on the buccal side, (b) Correlation between age, sex, race, and nationality. 1. There is no correlation between age and physical size. 2. Males have larger jaws than females, but females have a greater range in size. 3. The colored races have larger jaws than the white race. 4. No correlation between nationality and physical size, could be made because there were too few cases of each nationality. fc) Validity of students ' classifications of physical size. The results of this experiment show that 35% of the upper eden- tulous casts were correctly classified, while 50% came very near the scientific classification. In the case of the lower jaw, 53% were correctly classified, while 31% came very near the scientific classification. The lower jaws were more accurately classified than the upper jaws, perhaps because they were more easily seen. The value of this investigation is that it may throw some light on prosthetic problems. It may also be a stimulus to more research in this field. The Penetration of Phenol Sponsor: DR. C. F. BODECKER by: BERNARD O. A. THOMAS This investigation was carried out with the purpose of determining whether phenol is self-limiting in its action as is generally believed, and to establish whether there is any visible effect on the tubular content of the dentin. The obvious application of such knowledge would be in the sterilization of cavities m operative dental procedures. Using 90% phenol, experimental procedures were carried out on the following: I. Albumin. a. fresh egg albumin. b. coagulated egg albumin. II. Embryonic tissues. a. chick embryo (membrane). b. tadpole tail (mesenchyme}. III. Human teeth (phenol colored with eosin to facilitate tracing). a. in vitro. 1. pulp canals phenolized. 2. cavities prepared, phenolized. b. in vivo. I. cavities prepared, phenolized. The results obtained prove that phenol is not self-limit mq in its action; it penetrates through the dentin of teeth in 22 hours or less, as was shown by means of the bromine water test. It was not possible with ground sections to see changes in the contents of the dentinal tubuli as a result of the action of phenol. Transparent Tooth Crowns to Show Pulp Positions Sponsor: DR. McLAUGHLIN by: JESSE MYERS RAYMOND A. O ' CONNELL The aim of this work is to reproduce the crowns of teeth in a transparent material in order to show the relationship of the pulp chamber to the tooth walls. The ultimate object is to obtain models which can be used for purposes of instruction for dental students. The value of this type of model is obvious, both in theoretical work as well as clinical. After much experimentation the following method was de- vised. This method, for convenience of description, may be divided into two parts. The first part consists in accurately positioning a vulcanite model of the pulp chamber within an impression of the tooth crown. The second part consists in packing transparent material into this mould. The first part was accomplished in the following manner: A natural extracted tooth in good condition was cut through the root about 2 mm. below the cemento-enamel junction. The apical portion was discarded, and the organic debris removed from the pulp chamber through the root canal opening. The crown was then positioned in stone in a split tray. The next step was to place the split tray in a vulcanizing flask in model plaster. Un vulcanized rubber was then packed into the pulp chamber using very heavy hand pressure. When this was done the end of a plain straight pin was roughened up, and after cutting the head off. the point was forced well into the rubber. Then, after smoothing the surface of this half of the flask and applying a fine film of oil to the pin, the other half of the flask was poured and vulcanized for I i hours at 320° centigrade. After vulcanization the flasks were separated and the split tray removed- The tooth, which after vulcanization is quite brittle, was easily chipped out of the plaster. In those cases where it could not be chipped out, the split-tray was separated and the tooth removed. Once out of the plaster, the tooth was easily removed from around the pulp. At this point in the procedure there had been obtained an impression of the crown of the tooth and a vulcanite pulp chamber on a pin. The pin was positioned in its canal in the other half of the flask. Accuracy In positioning was obtained because the vulcanite at the cervical end of the pulp took odd lobulated shapes due to the packing and the impression of this in plaster acted as a slot for accurate repositioning. When the two halves of the flask were closed together with the split tray in its half of the flask and the pulp chamber in the other half, the first objective had been completed, i.e., the accurate natural positioning of a vulcanite pulp chamber within an Impression of the crown. The next step, and the one in which so much difficulty was 93 encountered, was the packing of the transparent material around the pulp and into the tooth impression. The surfaces of the tooth impression were tin-foiled and then packed with a pasty mix of Kerr ' s clear Crystollex. After several trial presses in which the pulp was not used, the pulp pin was placed into its canal and the flask closed. This was allowed to cure in boiling water for ' hour and then removed. The tinfoil was then removed and the crowns polished. The transparent models obtained using this technique have several -faults. In several instances the pulp in the transparent model was very close to the tooth wall. This was undoubtedly due to the great pressure used in curing the Crystollex. This difficulty could have been eliminated had it been possible to find a transparent material that could have been packed without pressure. We believe this may be accomplished by crystallization. Another fault of the models was that, while they were transparent, they were somewhat cloudy and contained bubbles. This is believed to be due to the fact that not enough pressure could be exerted on the Crystollex. Suggestions for further work on this subject are that 1 he worker be concerned with the transparent material and the method of packing, for the method of flasking and positioning the pulp in the crown impression is accurate and satisfactory. While the results, as shown by the models, are far from 5a lisfactory, this is entirely due to the difficulties mentioned. Could these difficulties be Ironed out. dental instructors would have an excellent demonstration piece for their students. The student could get a clearer picture of the pulp relationship to the crown and perhaps surgical exposures might be entirely eliminated from dental school clinics. The Loose Tooth Sponsor: DR. L. R. CAHN by: JOHN KANYA The dire consequences that have resulted in some cases from the simple process of extracting a tooth, have prompted this paper. A hint as to some of these mistakes of the profession can be gotten from a statement of Cahn ' s, when a loose tooth or several loose teeth occur in a localized area, the condition is immediately attributed to periodontoclasia. In the vast majority of cases, the diagnosis is correct; In a few exceptional cases, the cause is more serious. We are interested in these few exceptional cases and we have at- tempted to list all the causes of loosening of the teeth. Our list takes the form of three general divisions: Infection, Blood Dyscrasias and Neoplasms. Trauma is not discussed as it ' s role is self-evident. A. Infection: 1. Total pulpitis, pulp necrosis and gangrene. 2. Periodontitis — traumatic, chemical, acute infective apical. 3. Abcess formation — acute dento-alveolar, subperiosteal., sub- gingival. 4. Periodontal disease. 5. Scurvy. 6. fviercurialism. 7. Osteomyelitis. 8. Schuller — Christian disease. 9. Acrodynia. 10. Diabetes Mellitus. It. Gangrenous Stomatitis. 12. Vincents ' Angina. 1 3. Phosphorous Necrosis. Generally, in the above, destruction of the bony support or and peridental membrane results In the loosening of the tooth. Inflammation of the peridental membrane, gingivae and bone results in a hyperemia and edema which by weaken- ing or disrupting the tooth support also loosens it. B. Blood Dyscrasias: 1 . Aplastic Anemia. 2. Leukemia. 3. Agranulocytosis. Medical check up when appearance, etiology and origin of oral lesions puzzle and confound the dentist, cannot be too strongly emphasized. Gingival and periodontal infiltration of blood cells, gingivae hypertrophy, ulceration of oral tissues, gangrenous degenera- tion, hemorrhage and wide oral destruction are characteristic oral symptoms of this group and readily result in tooth loosening. C. Neoplasms: 1. Peripheral Giant Cell Tumor. 2. Fibroma. 3. Fibrosarcoma. 4. Hemangioma. 5. Carcinoma — epidermoid type is most common. 6. Infiltrating carcinoma. 7. Central Benign Giant Cell Tumor. Any tumor growing in or around the parodontal tissues weakens or destroys these tissues and also therefore the support and immobility of the tooth. Effect of Antihormone Factor in Parabiotic Animals Sponsor: DR. D. ZISKIN by: SIDNEY ROSENBLOOM The thyroid gland was originally selected for this work be- cause of Its close relationship to oral manifestations. In view of the fact of the difficulties and prolonged procedure encoun- tered in assaying thyrotropic hormone and detecting anti- hormone factor in rodents, we thus made use of the ovaries. Although the gonadotropic hormone may seem far removed from dentistry, it has been definitely shown by Ziskin et a I that changes in oral tissue during pregnancy and menstru- ation both in animals such as in monkeys and in humans are related to the sex hormones. Furthermore, the hormone selected for this study is of the slightest importance because the funda- mental and underlying principle remains exactly the same. In recent years it has been observed that repeated doses of extracts containing certain endocrine preparations do not last indefinitely. They are effective over a given period, after which a refractory state results in which further injection of the extract is without detected physiological effect. The gonadotropic extract of the anterior lobe of the pituitary causes an increase in the size of the ovaries, (five to ten times that of normal), which then return to original state. The effect of the extract containing thyrotropic hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary is also temporary. The thyroid passes through a phase of energetic stimulation so far as size and function are involved — then the thyroid will cease to respond to the effect of the hormone even though the admin- istration is continued. There remains considerable controversy as to the etiological cause rendering this Insensitivity. At present there are two schools of thought. Collip and his co-workers are of the opinion that each hormone remains In equilibrium with an antagonistic, an opposite, or antihormone substance. And that the loss of effectivenes is due to an over production of these antihormones. The other theory attributes the state of refractoriness to the formation of antibodies which result from foreign protein in the hormone administered. We have studied experimentally the effect of an antihormone factor produced in one animal and transferred to a normal animal by parabiotic means. The parabiosing of a normal animal with an injected animal gives us a method of introducing in a continuous and prolonged way the gonad inhibitory substance in the normal partner. Parabiosis gives us a more physiological method of administering the hormone which cir- culates under a condition much closer to normal than by parenteral injection. Five litter mate femare rats were rendered refractory by the daily injection of follutein (a gonadrotopic extract from human pregnancy urine) over a period of ninety-three days. With the opening of the vaginal orifice (38 days} upon maturity, we determined the phase of estrus by vaginal smears. Theoretically, a state of refraction or insensitivity should be indicated by a continuous diestrus smear, beginning 15 days after such hormonal treatment, but actually it is not necessary to obtain a continuous diestrus smear with refrac- tion. The fact that the estrus cycle does not follow a normal sequence is sufficient proof that refraction has been obtained. After the period of administration, a parabiosis was per- 94 formed using a normal animal with an injected animal. Briefly, the operation includes making an incision from the ear to the tail, the right side of one animal and the left side of the other animal. Then the ventral skins are sutured, the scapulae, abdominal muscles (this is where most of the capillary transference of blood takes place) and finally the dorsal skins are united. In our preliminary experiments on parabiosis, we demonstrated the cross circulation by the Injection of one of the partners with alizarin. The dye was deposited In the teeth of the two rats as shown in our ground section of the incisors. Immediately after the operation, the pair of animals were continued to be smeared daily but not Injected. The normal control animal was not litter mate of the refracted animal, but was of the same age and sex. We found that the refracted parabiotic partner did not produce any detectable physiological change in the ovarian activity of the normal animal. Furthermore, upon microscopic examination of the ovaries of the parabiotic animals after autopsy, we found no significant change from normal. This lends further support to the contention that the state of refractoriness which develops after prolonged treatment with gonadotropic preparation is due to foreign protein in the hormone administered. The Causes of Fracture of Porcelain Jacket Crowns and Their Prevention Sponsor: DR. D. J. McLAUGHLIN by: GERARD L. COURTADE The problern was to determine the causes of fracture of porcelain jacket crowns and what can be done in order to prevent their occurrence. Nowhere in the literature is there any survey of the causes of fracture of jacket crowns. The facts are scattered in various articles, in some paragraphs of books and mostly in the minds of some clinicians. An at- tempt was made to classify and describe the most common types of fractures. It was assumed that all porcelain jackets in the study consisted of well-baked, homogeneous structural porcelain, and the study was restricted to upper anterior jackets, particularly the upper central. The literature was surveyed and 12 jacket crowns were baked and crushed on a crushing test machine. Most of the time spent in the experimentation was devoted to the develop- ment of an experimental method. Vertical pressure on the incisal edge produced the vertical fracture with cleavage running down the proximal surfaces. Horizontal pressure on the lingual surface produced the half-moon type of fracture on the labial or on the lingual, depending on the conditions present. The jackeTs cemented on extracted teeth fractured at from 32 to 137 lbs. The average was approximately 120- 130 lbs. A stress analysis from the engineering point of view Is presented. Six cases of fractured porcelain jackets were studied in +he clinic and in one case a jacket was remade with a technique designed to prevent further fracture. According to the literature and opinions of many men the half-moon fracture has been the only type discussed. Yet the experimental work and case histories have shown that there are other types of equal Importance. Out of six case histories only two were of the half-moon type. Each of the types of fracture is caused by a definite set of conditions and by eliminating these the operator may effectively decrease the number of breakages of porcelain jacket crowns In his practice. Summary — Factors in the Causation of Fractures A. Before Cementation: 1. The jacket must be well supported by a dentine or gold core. 2. Insufficient removal of tooth structure particularly at the gingival third of the labial surface. 3. Minute humps or irregularities on surface of preparation. 4. Forcing to place while fitting. 5. Using too thick cement. 6. Failure to provide proper occlusal thickness. 7. Sharp corners and angles should be avoided. Round all angles. 8. Obtain sufficient proximal separation. 9. The shoulder and incisal edge should be in planes which are at right angles to the forces of mastication. 10. The preparation should have only slight taper. Avoid pointed preparations. I I . Leave enough length to dentine core; removal of M 2- mm. of incisal edge is sufficient. 12. There is great possibility of fracture in cases of extreme overbite. This becomes more important when the over- jet is decreased. J. After Cementation: 1. Clashing of teeth at night. 2. Blow on jacket by object. 3. Biting into hard foods. 4. Occlusion on jacket is too high. 5. Various degrees of cushio ning of suddenly applied force, by peridental membranes. Chayes Bridgework Sponsor: DR. M. DIAMOND by: JOSEPH M. LEAVITT Purpose of Investigation: To establish a standard of ideals for the methods of replacement of missing teeth . . . and to determine the place of Chayes Bridgework in the restorative scene. Methods of Investigation: The writer Investigated the problem by studying articles and texts on the historical development of bridgework and on the various methods of tooth replacement. In addition, the writer Interviewed and questioned a number of men of authority In the field of partial denture work and fixed bridgework concerning this problem, and also constructed a practical Chayes. Bridge under the supervision of his sponsor, who has been one of the foremost leaders in the field of precision attachment bridgework since its inception. Conclusions: As far as possible, the ideal restoration should be one in which as little functional strain as possible is transmitted to the abutment teeth by making the appliance essentially tissue- borne. And by maintaining this tissue-borne quality through allowing for enough movement during function so as to effect an intermittent pressure on the ridge with resultant proper stimulation of the circulation of the alveolar bone. The function of the abutment attachments, therefore, should be principally the retention of the bridge in its place in the arch, and the limitation of the functional movements of the bridge to a correct degree. The movable- removable bridge with its precision attachment is the only appliance which at present enables us to accomplish the above-mentioned objectives and in addition adheres most closely to the other requirements of ideal restorations. The advantages of the movable-removable bridge over all other partial restorations are; 1 . Breaks the stress of mastication on the abutments — no lateral cr traumatic stresses. 2. Doesn ' t inhibit movement in function of abutments. 3. Proper stimulation of underlying tissues and positive con- trol of masticatory movements. 4. Sanitation, toleration by tissues and ease of repair (due to removability of appliance). 5. Less liability to recurrence of decay on abutments and ease of access if decay or pyorrhea occurs. 6. Good esthetics — elimination of clasps, use of inlays in- stead of crowns, etc. There is no doubt but that the fixed bridge, the clasped partial and the movable-removable bridge each serves a bene- ficial function when used in its proper place. However, the fixed bridge and clasped partial have, in an all too empiric manner, been forced on and adopted for a very large number of the dental profession as the standard methods of replace- ment of teeth without any consideration of the all-important biologic principles Involved. We must temper our mechanical procedures with a consideration of the biologic and organic demands of the tissues involved before we can reach the goal of the ideal partial denture, and with the precision attachment bridge we are a step closer to the goal in crown and bridgework. 35 Reaction of the Periodontal Tissues to the Presence of Foreign Bodies Sponsor: DR. FRANK E. BEUBE by: MORTIMER A. ALEXANDER ALBERT R. BUCKELEW For many years various metals such as Sold, Platinum, Nickel, Copper and the Stellites have been used in the form of plates and screws, both in the fixation of bone fractures and in the replacement of lost bony parts. In many cases the metals used caused a destruction of the surrounding bone followed by replacement by fibrous connective tissue. About ten years ago Venable and Stuck performed experi- ments on dogs and found that two dissimilar metals placed in the body of a bone in close proximity produced an electro- lytic reaction. This was followed by a disintegration of the immediately surrounding bone. They concluded that the stellites similar to those used in dentistry remained inert in the body and caused less bony degeneration than the other metals with which they experimented. In our experiment, we imbedded four dental materials — gold, amalgam, glazed porcelain and ticonlum in the jaws of a dog. The materials were ground to a small cylindrical form. The pellets were inserted into the bone in two opera- tions by means of drilling holes Into the bone with a cross cut fissure bur and suturing the periosteum over the wound. This was followed by a five week recovery period. The animal was then sacrificed and decalcified bone sections were prepared. These were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Our conclusions after microscopic study follow: 1 . Porcelain and Gold gave the best results — the pellets were simply encapsulated and new bone was formed around them. 2. Ticonium evoked a marked round cell reaction and in some cases, a leucocytic infiltration. 3. Silver amalgam produced distinct bone destruction, in- tense round cell and leucocytic reaction, followed by a destruction of the overlying soft tissues. 4. Our deductions cannot be called indisputable evidence unless the experiment Is repeated and similar results are obtained. An Investigation of Margins for Sealing Cavities With Cast Gold Inlays Sponsor: DR. L. L. HARTMAN by: PAUL C. SEXAUER An attempt has been made to investigate the dimensional changes which occur between the wax pattern and its con- version into gold: to show this graphically, make actual measure- ments of these margins, and establish some comparative re- lationships. Procedure: A typical Class two [Black ' s Classification) cavity was ground into a one centimeter cube of baked porcelain. The cavity had a very definite occlusal bevel. The border of the cavo- surface was lined with black porcelain glaze to definitely establish this line. The wax pattern was made in this cavity, a photograph made of the wax up in the cavity; the wax was cast into gold, the casting replaced in the cavity, another photograph made, and the margins in both instances were measured and compared. Three types of gold were used, soft, medium and hard. The photograph of the casting in each instance was compared with the photograph of the wax pattern from which it was cast. The technic of casting was made as nearly constant as possible each one under controlled conditions. The photography was made with a camera device which suggests a copy camera, and by enlarging the negative in printing, the original object was enlarged eight times and gave very accurate detail. Method of measuring margins: The photograph was placed under a low power microscope which magnified 19 times. The space of the margin was marked off under the microscope with a pair of fine dividers, the dividers were placed on a scale divided onto 1 100 inches, and with the aid of another magnifying glass, the spaces be- tween the divider points were counted. The distance was reduced to original values, and Ihe relationships of the margins produced by the three types of gold were noted. Results: The margin of the soft gold casting was 0.1 I mm. more narrow than the margin of the wax pattern from which it was cast. The margin of the medium gold casting was 0.16 mm. more narrow than the wax pattern margin from which it was cast. The hard gold casting gave a difference of 0.062 mm. be- tween it and the wax from which it was cast. Summary: Soft gold expansion — 0.1 I mm. Medium gold expansion — 0.16 mm. Hard gold expansion — 0.062 mm. The expansion of medium gold is greatest, soft gold follows and hard gold expansion is least. The term expansion of gold is used to describe what appears to have occurred. Theoretically, the investment med- ium expands that amount to correct for contraction of gold upon cooling. We assume that the expansion of the investment material was constant. The change that occurred then, was a difference in degree of contraction of each of the three types of gold and this appears as expansion in the casting of the wax pattern. Conclusion: The results of these measurements would indicate that the tightest margin is to be obtained by the use of medium hard gold. These results agree with data given by Skinner in The Science of Dental Materials. This method of graphic presentation by photograph and measurement may be used to indicate what occurs in different methods of finishing inlay margins: how variations in bevels affect margins, and what effect various types of cements may have in creating a more perfect margin. Influence of Eating and Brushing of the Teeth on the Bacteria of the Mouth Sponsor: DR. THEODOR ROSEBURY by: ALVIN WEISS HAROLD WEINBERGER The quantitative effects of (a) rinsing the mouth, (b) eating soft and hard diets, (c) brushing the teeth with a medicated soap chalk dentifrice, (d) brushing the teeth before a meal, and (e) brushing the teeth after a meal, were studied in two individuals by a modification of Appleton ' s method of determin- ing the number of bacteria in mouth rinsings by diluting, plating, and counting the resultant colonies. The results indicate that none of the methods tested pro- duced more than a transitory decrease in the bacterial count of a mouth rinse, followed by a rise. Of the methods tried, brushing the teeth with a soap chalk dentifrice, or eating either a Soft or a Hard diet, was more effective for both subjects than simple rinsing. In one subject brushing was more effective than eating, whereas in the other the reverse was true: and in the latter, a Hard diet was more effective than a Soft diet. In both subjects the effects of brushing and eating were additive. The most effective of the methods tested, in terms both of initial reduction in the count and of subsequent rise, was eating a meal followed by brushing the teeth. The Use of X-Ray as a New Method in the Determina- tion of Rate and Manner of Growth of the Teeth and Bones Sponsor: DR. D. ZISKIN by: W. O. STRICKLER I. STANG It was felt that It would be of distinct advantage to be able to study the rate and manner of growth of teeth and bones by means of the x-ray. The problem soon resolved itself into finding a radiopaque material which could con- veniently be fed or injected into experimental animals in non- toxic doses. Heavy metals previously had been reported as having resulted in bone changes. It seemed likely that if these heavy metals as well as some others were administered experimentally in varying doses to animals, there would event- ually be discovered a non-toxic dose of a metal which would substitute in the bones and teeth in strength sufficient to produce a radiopaque line. It was decided to work with rats for the sake of convenience and because their incisor teeth are constantly growing. Among the various substances fed or injected in various experimental doses are lead carbonate: lead acetate; bismuth- cymol; sodium cobaltic nitrate; manganese citrate; strontium bromide; beryllium sulfate; caesium chloride; copper citrate; bismuth and ammonium citrate; magnesium citrate; beryllium sulfate: bismuth chloride. These animals were all eventually sacrificed and sections of the mandible and femur were prepared and studied histolog- ically and by Grenz-Rays. At the time of this printing many sections have not yet been Grenz-Rayed. All, however, have undergone histologic examination, and although no definite con- clusion can yet be drawn, it seems impossible to inject these animals with a non-lethal dose of the heavy metals in sufficient quantity to leave a radiopaque line in their teeth or bones. The only substance which gave a positive result was lead carbonate. However, it cannot be injected because it is in- soluble, and it is also impossible to feed it to the rats in experimental quantities, so that it is impractical for the purposes of this experiment. An Experimental investigation of the Use and Action of Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate in the Treatment of Caries in Deciduous Teeth Sponsors: DR. E. C. McBEATH DR. L. R. STOWE by: LESTER ENTELIS IRVING FEINSTEIN The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the existing concepts concerning the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate in the treatment of caries in permanent teeth applied similarly to deciduous teeth. The objectives were fourfold: 1. To determine the depth of penetration of the ammoniacal silver nitrate solution into the carious area; specifically, to determine whether or not it penetrated to the base of the carious dentin. 2. To determine whether or not the silver nitrate solution penetrated into the normal dentin underlying the infected area. 3. To determine the sterilizing efficacy of the silver nitrate solution; that is, v hether or not it halted the progress of the caries after application. 4. To determi ne if the method of application of the silver nitrate solution was in any way related to the depth of penetration or to the extent of the deposition of the precipitated silver. Method: The experiments were carried cut on decrducus teeth with well-defined virgin caries. The ages of the children from whom teeth were taken ranged from eight years to eleven and a half years. A history, past and present, was taken of each tooth. X-rays were taken and vitality tests made. Only vital teeth were considered. Soft decay was removed with round burs and excavators, the tooth thoroughly dried, and the cavity treated with the ammoniacal silver nitrate and eugenol, and then filled with zinc oxide and eugenol. Nineteen of the twenty-five teeth treated were followed all the way through. Five of these nineteen teeth were allowed to remain in the mouth from five to eight weeks after treat- ment. The other teeth were extracted within a week following treatment. In each case the solutions were applied for varying lengths of time and in the two possible sequences of application. Following extraction, each tooth was sectioned and mounted for microscopic examination. Conclusions: 1. The ammoniacal silver nitrate If correctly applied invariably penetrates to the base of the carious area. 2. Penetration halts when sound dentin is reached. 3. Ammoniacal silver nitrate is an efficient sterilizing agent, effectively halting the progress of decay. 4. Ihere is no correlation to be found between the method of application and either the depth of penetration of the ammoniacal silver nitrate solution or the amount of deposi- tion of the precipitated silver. The Partially Erupted Lower Third Molar Sponsor: DR. J. SCHROFF by: R. RANKOW C. S. KUPPERMAN Will the lower third molar erupt if no physical Impediment exists? Can this be stated In mathematical terms? These are the questions that we attempted to answer. Cases were chosen from the student body of the School of Dental and Oral Surgery and also from the Oral Hygiene class. Only suitable cases were selected for study. An examination of each mouth was made to determine the external relations of the lower third molar. Then an X-ray negative was taken to determine its bony relationships. These X-ray pictures were taken with an angulating device known commercially as the Ortholator and which was devised by Dr. Kaletsky. Our reason for doing this was because of the importance of obtaining X-rays without any foreshortening or other ype of distortion. This angulating device maintained the central ray of the X-ray at right angles to the X-ray film. We then measured, on the X-ray negative, the diameter of the lower third molar at its widest mesiodistal length which we called a and also the distance between the projection of the most distal point of the second lower molar on to the occlusal plane and the point of intersection of the occlusal plane with the anterior border of the ramus, which we called b. When we finished our measurements, we computed and tabulated the ratio of b a. This ratio showed, if it was I or over that the tooth certainly had room enough above It to erupt, if It were going to. Conclusions were as follows: In cases where the lower third was completely erupted the ratio was obviously I or greater. In cases of partially erupted and Impacted lower third molars the ratio was both greater and less than one. We couldn ' t draw any conclusions as to whether lower third molars that had ratios greater than I would erupt or whether cases with ratios less than I would not erupt. Such conclusions could only be drawn as a result of further prolonged study. Our problem was also interesting in relation to third molar gum flaps and pericoronal infection. Although we were unable to do so, it would have been a noteworthy experiment to find out whether there was any relationship to the afore- mentioned ratio and the return of excised lower third molar flaps. 9 Pathological Study of Experimental Fusospirochetal Lesions in Guinea Pigs Sponsor: DR. THEODOR ROSEBURY by: JESSE EHRENHAUS Rosebury and Foley (J.A.D.A. 26: 1798, 1939) found that lesions produced in guinea pigs by subcutaneous groin inocu- lation of fusospirochetal exudate from man, passed through guinea pigs, take two extreme forms: localized necrotic, foul abscesses which evacuate and heal, and fatal diffuse gangrenous cellulitis. These extremes seem to correspond with mild and severe fuso-spirochetal disease in man as described by others. Studies of sections, stained with hematoxylm-eosin and by Levaditi ' s method, of guinea pig lesions of both types and in- termediates, showed striking differences also corresponding with descriptions of the pathology of human lesions. Localized lesions showed typical abscess formation with well marked polymorphonuclear infiltration, granulation and fibrosis; fuso- spirochetal tissue penetration was limited by the polymorphonu- clear cell layer. With increasing severity polymorphonuclear cells were replaced by large mono-nuclear cells, granulation tissue was lacking, spirochetes penetrated into normal tissue, while the rest of the flora was limited sharply to the necrotic layer. In the most severe lesions little or no inflammatory response was present and massive spirochetal invasion of adjacent normal tissue occurred. These finding are in line with other studies which suggest the Importance of the polymorphonuclear leu- cocytes in resistance to fusospirochetal infection. An Investigation of the Properties of Vitreous Enamel As Applied to Crown and Bridge Technic Sponsor: DR. D. J. McLAUGHLIN by: THOMAS F. SWEENY With the existing technics In crown and bridge prosthesis, physiological and functional requirements are adequately satisfied by the well-made bridge or crown. However, even under the best conditions, some display of metal cannot be avoided. It is therefore in esthetics that this type of restoration leaves something to be desired. The use of three-quarter crowns does much to reduce the amount of visible gold, but where abutments are small or contain large fillings, or where parts of facings must be replaced by metal, the display of metal is necessarily increased. Silicate windows or Porzon-Pontolay restorations overcome only some of these difficulties. The all-porcelain bridge or crown is perhaps the ideal restoration from all standpoints, except strength, but an exacting technic makes its cost prohibitive to all but a small percentage of patients. It is therefore desirable to find a material which would have the strength and ease of manipulation of gold and the esthetic qualities of porcelain. A material suggests itself as being at least worthy of investigation in this respect. This is vitreous enamel. It is the purpose of this paper, by a preliminary and very superficial study to attempt to determine some of its physical properties. No record has been found in the dental literature of any attempt to apply vitreous enamel in dentistry. The very cursory reference to the very voluminous industrial literature, which was possible in the limited time available, Indicates that cast iron or rolled steel is used almost exclusively as enamel stock. Stainless steel and copper have been used to a slight extent and gold only In jewelry. The industrial enamels are manufactured for a wide scale of hardness and color, but the materials used in jewelry are easily fractured. The high fusing enamels have, apparently, not been used with hard gold alloys. For 1 his study an enamel such as is ordinarily used on gas ranges was employed. Ivorine teeth on articulated models were used in the construction of a bridge. The abutment preparations and castings ere similar to the usual fixed bridge except that a clearence of .2mm is allowed in contact and occlusion, a blunter anatomy was produced, and no polishing was done. For the construction of the pontic a smalt piece of baseplate wax was adapted over a relief of 28 gauge wafer wax. A small ball of gray investment was attached to the niched end of a short piece of gold wire. This was roughly carved to the shape of the pontic and covered with inlay wax which was in turn carved to the desired anatomy and contour. The wax pattern v as invested and cast, the gold wire holding the investment core in its proper re- lationship to the outer investment. This served the double purpose of reducing weight and saving gold. The finished pontic was then positioned and the bridge soldered in the usual way. The necessary colors of enamel were selected to give the desired shade and mixed together thoroughly until a homo- geneous mass of the consistency of heavy cream was obtained. This was applied to the bridge In a thin coat and vibrated to smoothness. The entire piece was then fired at 1525° F for three minutes. If necessary, contact and occlusion may be corrected by grinding and re-glazing. The gingival margins of the crowns were disked down to thin out the enamel coat leaving a narrow edge of free gold. This was done to reduce the bulk of material under the gingiva. Matching color has proved to be one of the difficulties not overcome in this study, partly because of the lack of samples available and partly because of the properties of the enamel itself, which does not have the same shade after baking as in the wet mix. It is believed that with an adequate supply of colors, satisfactory shades could be obtained. Attempts to use S. S. White Porcelain stains with white enamel resulted in failure. The enamel appears to be sufficiently resistant to acids for use in the mouth, and tests to determine crushing strength indicate a safety factor of approximately 10, as compared with maximum biting stresses in natural teeth. This material, however, cannot be used for three-quarter crowns and inlays because of its low edge strength, and its opacity will probably limit its use on anterior teeth. It is believed that with further work especially in matching shades. enamel may become an aid of some value in crown and bridge prosthesis. A Statistical Study of Caries, Oral Hygiene and Toothbrushing in I 19 Dental Students Sponsor: DR. T. ROSEBURY by: ROBERT REISS SILVIO DEL REY The value of the toothbrush in maintaining tooth hygiene or in preventing dental caries was studied by means of question- naires filled in and returned by 119 dental students. The questionnaire findings were correlated with data on caries and oral hygiene which each of these students obtained from his dental records. The results are as follows: An inverse association was found between calculus formation and caries susceptibility. A high percentage of students were found to form calculus in spite of tooth brushing. The data suggest that oral hygiene is not better in caries free and arrested mouths than In those with caries, and there is an indication that the regular use of a dentriFice offers no protection against caries. There is an indication in favor of Charter ' s method in its association with freedom from caries. A more definite relationship appears between the use of Charter ' s method and the presence of good hygiene. The effectiveness with which the teeth are brushed and the amount of time spent in brushing show some degree of association with good hygiene. Also, the number of students who tend to use two brushes shows a definite trend of direct association with good hygiene. Secondary Dentin in Deciduous Teeth Sponsors: DR. EWING C. McBEATH DR. LEWIS R. STOWE by: SAUL L. FLIEGEL HERBERT G. FELDMAN Our study of secondary dentin in deciduous teeth has been prompted by a need for more accurate knowledge of the defensive mechanism of these first teeth for greater success In tooth conservation. Very little authoritative information is available due to apparent lack of interest and limited investiga- tion. With very few exceptions the dental anatomy and histology tents Ignore secondary dentin formation in deciduous teeth. Black ' s Operative Dentistry claims it is quite uncommon for secondary dentin to be formed in deciduous teeth. With the exception of Brauer, most of the remaining children den- tistry texts quote Hogeboom that no dentin forms once the resorptive processes begin. The first person whom we could find that mentioned this phenomenon, was Cutler in 1870 who found a deciduous cuspid with an obliterated canal. Salter footnotes in his text that dentin of repair sometimes occurs in deciduous teeth. However in 1891, John I. Hart states that he uses deciduous teeth wherever possible in studying secondary dentin. Reputable histologists have undoubtedly noticed this phen- omenon and have taken it for granted. Nevertheless very few have labeled this secondary dentin on their deciduous teeth slides. Rush ton in 1929 wrote on Late Dentin in Deciduous Teeth but he erroneously concluded that what he saw was not secondary dentin because it was not a pur- posive reaction to caries and abrasion. It was nof until 1938 that the Division of Dentistry for Children, by Assoc. Professor Lewis R. Stowe, in Collaboration with Prof. C. F. Bodecker produced photomicrographs and dis- cussed the fact that secondary dentin can form during the resorptive process of teeth, allowing successful pulp capping. Technique: The specimens studied in this investigation were all deciduous teeth, with no evidence of degenerative changes in the pulp chamber of any of the sections. These teeth were then classified into four groups as follows: a. slight abrasion b. marked abrasion c. slight caries d. marked caries Each tooth was then sectioned, ground and mounted on a slide for further study. Each tooth was sectioned so as to produce at least three sections [ MD or Bu-Li) of caries or abrasion together with the pulp chamber. Furthermore the teeth were sectioned so as to cut the dentin parallel wit h the radius from the center of the pulp cavity to the point of injury and not obliquely or to one side. Teeth were numbered from 1-8 for each group, totaling 32 teeth, from which ap- proximately 110 sections were made. These ground sections were examined macroscopically and microspically for evidence of secondary dentine, its relation to areas of abrasion and caries, and finally the secondary dentin was measured by means of a micrometer with relation to primary dentin. The measurements were made along the direction of the dentinal tubules, because it is the path along which growth occurs. Upon completion of examination of the ground sections de- calcified sections borrowed from Dr. Stowe were examined so as to afford a more complete study. Conclusions: 1. The outstanding conclusion to be drawn from the data presented was that secondary dentin was observed both macro- scopically and microscopically in every tooth sectioned. 2. T eeth with marked abrasion showed the highest ratio of secondary dentin to primary dentin of all the groups studied. Group A — 1:6 Mean average of Secondary to Primary Dentin Group B — .6:1 Mean average of Secondary to Primary Dentirt Group C — 1:3 Mean average of Secondary to Primary Dentin Group D — 1 :38 Mean average of Secondary to Primary Dentin While these ratios are Unimportant in themselves, it is note- worthy that secondary dentin can and does excede primary dentin, in many instances, in markedly abraded teeth. 3. In all cases, the deposition of secondary dentin in the pulp subtended the area of caries or abrasion. 4. Not only does secondary dentin form, but because of advanced resorption of roots on the teeth studied, it is evi- dent that odontogenic functions do not cease when resorptive activity commences, but that the pulp retains its regenerative and recuperative powers. 5. Secondary dentin in deciduous teeth undergoes the same variations in structure and appearance as that In permanent teeth, namely irregular deposition, fewer numbers of tubules, increased basis substance, fibrosis, calcification and finally ossification. Future problems, suggested by ours, were recommended. The Effects of Attrition, Caries, Abrasion, and Erosion on the Dentin as Seen with the Aid of Photomicrographs and Grenz Rays Sponsor: DR. EDMUND APPLEBAUM by: WILLIAM S. GRAUER The problem taken up in this study was that of determining the relative and absolute densities of areas that had previ- ously been observed to occur in cases of injury to the dentin. In ordinary photomicrographs we may observe areas that appear to be stained or discolored in one way or another, and when we take the pictures ourselves we know that this is caused by variations in the opacity or translucency of the specimen to the transmitted light. With the aid of Grenz ray pictures of the tooth sections that had been previously photographed, we were able to observe and compare the gross appearance of the specimens with their radiographic variations in density. A dozen specimens were used in the study. They were taken from patients ranging in age from 31 to 70 years and had been sectioned and hand-ground some months prior to beginning this work. The specimens were selected by eye only as regards the presence or absence of evidences of attrition, all other lesions being incidental. The clinic charts of the patients were also consulted to try to obtain additional Information. The mounted specimens were first photographed and uniform 5x7 prints made. Then the specimens were demounted and Grenz ray negatives made, both with and without the incorporation of an aluminum step-penetrometer. Following this, uniform 5x7 enlargements of the Grenz rays were made and printed. A uniform developing time was observed for all negatives including the Grenz ray plates. Plates were used for the photomicrograph negatives, but film was used for the Grenz enlargements to avoid the halation phenomenon. Measurements were made of the specimens with vernier calipers to attempt to correlate thicknesses with observed densities. We found that the response of a tooth to any sort of external irritation is a hypercalciflcation that follows the contours of the dentinal tubules under the lesion. We were able to judge the severity of the irritating factor by the extent and degree of calcification of the area effected. No phenomena were observed that had not been previously noted by other investigators, but some of them were found in unusual combinations. While we are able to describe various phenomena seen photomicrographically by transmitted light, and compare them with their corresponding or contrasting appearance in Grenz ray pictures, we are not yet in possession of sufficient knowledge to explain what we see. We now know the answers to most of the questions of where and when to expect to see certain things, but the scientifically important queries why and how have at this time to be left unanswered. The Application of the Ideal Angle Technique in X-Ray Diagnosis Sponsor: DR. H. HOLLIDAY by: MARTIN I. SMITH There are two theories used in dental x-ray technique. The one used mainly is the bisection of the angle theory. The principle of this theory is that the angle made by the plane of the tooth and the plane of the film is bisected and fhe x-rays are directed so that they fall perpendicular to the bi- secting plane. The idea4 angle theory is the one in which the long axis of the tooth and the long axis of the film are parallel and the central rays are directed at right angles to these parallel planes. Theoretically, the images made through the ideal angle technique should be more anatomically correct due to obvious reasons. The film and tooth are in parallel planes and the rays are perpendicular to both the film and the tooth thus doing away with guessing in the bisection of the angle technique, and lessening elongation and foreshortening. The ideal angle method has been proven to be successful and to give better results by D. W. McCormack, but the patient was in a reclining position. It was my problem to see it the technique could be used in a dental chair with the patient in a sitting position. This technique can be used with favorable results. It is applicable for the upper anterior region when there is a small arch. The use of this method in this case eliminates the foreshortening which usually occurs with the bisection of the angle technique. The greatest difficulty encountered with this method is the failure to get the apices of the teeth on the film. It therefore takes a great deal of time to position the film and the machine so as to make sure of the apices. This is the main reason why this technique cannot be carried on successfully in a dental office. The patient must be very cooperative and the film must be hold by the patient ' s hand for too long a time. For these reasons the ideal angle technique cannot be too successfully used although a combination of the two techniques could be used if there was too much distortion encountered with the bisection of the angle method. The Position of the Pulp Chamber in Relation to the Cervical Line and Proximal Walls Sponsor: DR. M. DIAMOND MORTON C. WEINRIB In discussions and articles it is generally conceded that the pulp chamber is all or mostly all in the crown of the tooth. This fact was never scientifically proven and the main purpose of this paper was to determine the exact position of the pulp chamber in relation to the cervical line. Another problem studied in this paper was the relation of the pulp chamber to the mesial and distal walls of the crown. Fifty-one teeth were studied: ten upper first molars, twelve lower first bicuspids, twelve lower second bicuspids, and eight- teen upper first bicuspids. The mesio-distal diameter, and the buccal and lingual lengths of all teeth were measured. Each tooth was then ground until the first point of entrance into the pulp chamber was visible. The mesio-distal diameter was again measured. This showed how much tooth structure was removed from the proximal surface. These s-ame proximal surfaces of the bicuspids were ground until the pulp chamber was completely exposed. The thickness of the remaining proximal wall was measured with a modified Boley Gauge. This Instrument had a point which v as placed in the deepest portion of the pulp chamber and a flat surface which was brought into contact with the proximal surface at its widest point. This method was impracticable with the molars and It was necessary to grind the other proximal surface until the pulp chamber v as exposed. The mesio-distal diameter was again measured. After these measurements the pulp chambers were completely exposed and the following measurements made: 1. Distance below cervical line to floor of pulp chamber. 2. Distance above cervical line to roof of pulp chamber. 3. Distance above cervical line to highest point of pulp horn. 4. Total distance between floor and roof of pulp chamber. 5. Total distance between floor and pulp horn. All the figures were compiled and calculations made until the significant data was obtained. From these significant data the following conclusions and findings were reached. In the original paper these conclusions and findings were interpreted and evaluated. Conclusions and Findings: 1. The average thickness of the mesial and distal walls of the upper first bicuspid, is 3.0 mm. with individual variations from 2.0 mm. to 3.8 mm. — (16 teeth). 2. The average thickness of the mesial and distal walls of the lower first bicuspid is 3.1 mm. with individual variations from 2.4 mm. to 3.7 mm. — (12 teeth). 3. The average thickness of the mesial and distal walls of the lower second bicuspid is 3.2 mm. with individual variations from 2.7 mm. to 3.7 mm. — (12 teeth). 4. The average thickness of the mesial and distal walls of the upper first molar is 3.2 mm. with individual variations from 1.8 mm. to 4.2 mm. — (10 teeth) 5. There is no difference between the thickness of the mesial and distal walls of the upper first molar. 6. The characteristic mesio-distal diameter of the crowns of the different denominations of teeth studied does not indicate the average thickness of the proximal walls since the increased diameter is taken up by the pulp chamber. 7. The pulp chamber of the upper first bicuspid definitely extends further below the cervical line than above. 8. There are all indications that the pulp chambers of the lower first and second bicuspids extend further below the cervical line than above. 9. The pulp chamber of the upper first molar definitely ex- tends further below the cervical line than above. A Pneumatic Plugger Utilizing Direct Air Pressure by: IRVING SPATZ FRED WEIMANN Sponsor: DR. H. W. GILLETT This project is to make a self contained pneumatic plugger which would operate on the direct air pressure found on every dental chair unit. We wished to eliminate the need for a separate air pump such as is found in the Hollenbeck plugger. Because of the intricate devices necessary for a project of this sort, we decided to use part of the S.S.W. automatic plugger which we all have. Furthermore, this gives us the advantage of being able to use either automatic plugger action, back plugger (automatic) or pneumatic action. We have Incorporated all the advantages of the Hollenbeck pneumatic plugger. For instance, the instrument will not plug unless pressure is exerted on the plugger point. Secondly, we can regulate both the speed or rapidity of the blow and the strength of the blow. Our only disadvantage in comparison to the Hollenbeck plugger is that our plugger is somewhat larger. However it is not much larger than the S.S.W. auto- matic plugger. We feel sure that our orlqinal design can be improved upon which would make it smaller in size. This, we can do if we would not use the S.S.W. plugger. However, we wished to maintain the advantages of both pluggers even at the expense of increasing size somewhat. Technical Procedures Preparatory to the Study of Growth of the Dentine. Sponsor: DR. D. ZISKIN by: A. D. KAFKA L. COHEN The intimate relationship of endocrine disturbances to the development, calcification, and eruption of the dental apparatus has prompted numerous investigators toward further research in this field. Schour. by means of intraperitoneal Injections of alizarin red into albino rats at recorded intervals was able to produce red lines in the developing dentin of the persistently growing incisor. These lines corresponded to the injections and served as a graphic record, since a measurement of the time interval be- tween injections and the distance between alizarin lines enabled a computation of the rate and gradient of growth of the dentin in the rat incisor. The application of this principle to the dentition of the macacus rhesus monkey constituted the rationale of this experiment. Injections of alizarin red produced red lines in the developing dentin of the experimental monkeys similar to those found In the rat dentition. Thus, by this means, it was deemed possible to study the effects of endocrine dyscrasia upon the growth of the dentin in the rhesus monkey. The experiment presented herewith is part of a project whose ultimate object is to determine the effect of endocrine changes (thyroid ablation and thyroid stimulation) upon the rate of growth of the dentition of the rhesus monkey. Fourteen macacus rhesus monkeys were selected whose aget averaged about one and a half years. During the period of experimentation, the permanent dentition was in the process of formation. Seven animals served as controls; three were thyroidectomized; and four received Injections of thyrotropic hormone. All animals received injections of alizarin red at recorded intervals. At the death of, or upon the sacrifice of these animals, they were decapitated and the heads preserved in 10% formalin. Three phases of preparatory technical work was necessary for the performance of this experiment: 1. The removal of the unerupted permanent teeth from the jaws of the monkeys; 2. A measurement of the teeth secured thereby, and a computation of the degree of their development; 3. Preparation of ground sections for microscopic growth study. Methods: A. Removal of Teeth. The teeth were removed from the skulls of the decapitated monkeys in the following manner: The mandibles and maxillae were dissected away from the skull case and the unerupted or partially erupted permanent teeth (incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars) were carefully removed from their bony crypts in the jaws. Over 440 teeth were treated in this fashion. B. Measurements. Prior to sectioning of the teeth, the amount of development was determined by two sets of measurements: (a) An arbitrary measurement was made by observation as to the degree of development of each tooth. Complete development of the crown was called 1.0. Complete formation of the crown and root was called 2.0. Hence 1 .5 signified complete coronal development and one-half of the root com- pleted. (b) An accurate measurement of the size of each tooth in millimeters was made by means of a Boley Gauge. Inasmuch as most of the permanent first molars were the only teeth exhibiting any degree of root development, while the remaining teeth showed only coronal development, measure- ments were made as follows: The anteriors (incisors and canines) were measured from the incisal edge to the existing cervical line along the labial aspect. Bicuspids were measured from the tip of the buccal cusp to the existing cervical line along the buccal aspect. Measurements on the molars were taken from the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp — cervically along the buccal aspect. The permanent first molars were additionally measured overall, from the tip of the mesiobuccal cusp to the existing end of the mesiobuccal root. All measurements were recorded and charted, and attempts made to evaluate the findings secured thereby. (See charts and graphs.) C. Ground Sections. Ground sections of the teeth were made In the following manner: Teeth from the right side of the jaw were sectioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth, i.e., mesio-distally or la bio- ling ua II y, and those from the left side of the jaw were sec- tioned at right angles to the long axis of the tooth. The teeth were ground to a thickness desirable for microscopic observation. Microscopic examination on the ground sections revealed alizarin lines in the dentin of those monkeys which received injections of the dye. A Practical Consideration of the Efficiency of Burs Sponsor: DR. H. D. AYERS by; RICHARD CARSON JOSEPH WETROGAN This work grew out of a project whose original purpose was the correlation between the sharpness of burs and the heat generated in cutting tooth structure, with particular reference to control of pain. The only two references located in the literature gave very little information. As a starting point, we chose the testing of new burs to establish some working standard. The machine built for this purpose consists essentially of the following component parts. A fixed handpiece carrying a bur whose rate of rotation can be adjusted and a freely sliding platform which carries a piece of standard metal with constant pressure against the bur. To the platform is attached a writing pen which records the results of the tests in the form of a line on the revolving drum. Due to the limitations of the machine as built, only burs of the fissure variety could be tested. The plan was to test several boxes of burs of each manufacturer for both plain and cross-cut fissure burs. This would give valuable comparative information of bur to bur within a box, box to box of the same manufacturer and one manufacturer to another. Results are given In the form of tables of 32 tests which were performed. Very Interesting to note is the great vari- ability which was found to exist, even among burs taken from the same box. On the average, we found large differences between the cutting efficiency of the different manufacturers burs. The point is emphasized that the dentist knows all too little of what he is buying in his choice of burs, the most widely used dental instrument. By means of this method, comparative tests can be performed and a close check made so that we may determine which burs give the best service. Verbal Manifestations of Edentulous Individuals on Being Confronted with a Pen and a Piece of Paper . . . Or . . . samples of what the postman brings daily to the mailbox of the School of Dental and Oral Surgery THE CLAM WHAT AM (Dedicated to the Columbia Dental School by L-6630) My teeth are all extracted — All gone beyond repair; And now I ' m just The Clam What Am, But do not seem to care. I ' ll be a jolly shellfish In all the years to come — No little devils dancing Along my swollen gum. I feel that I ' m the fair-haired boy Of dear Old Uncle Sam For while the tide of life runs high I ' ll be a happy clam. And when at last the ebb sets in On Life ' s eternal shore The sands of time shall cover me Closed up for evermore. 112 Jan. I, 1940. Mr. : Remember me? I ' m the guy who ' s waiting now for a half-month for you to find 15 minutes for final try-in of those dents. I suggest — unless you can find a quarter of an hour for an appointment in the near future — that you send the teeth to me C.O.D. Then I could start breaking myself in to them while waiting for you to have a chance to give your final O.K. You know, at my age, the insurance company statistics do not give me much longer to live. I would like to get some use oF the teeth before I die. They will be of no use to me or my heirs after I am dead. — C. W. SENIOR CLASS ROSTER ALEXANDER. MORTIMER A. . . 1631 Cropsey Avenue, Brooklyn. BUCKELEW. ALBERT R. . . 173 Harding Drive, South Orange, CARSON, RICHARD G 810 Franklin Street, Peekskill. CLUNE, JAMES G„ Jr I Brookville Avenue. Ossining, COHEN. LEONARD I23S Bay Street, Staten Island, COURTADE. GERALD L 412 West 54 Street, New York, DEL REY, SILVIO A 237 Bay Seventh Street. Brooklyn. EHRENHAUS. JESSE 797 Saratoga Avenue, Brooklyn, ENTELIS, LESTER 1515 Grand Concourse. New York, ESPOSITO. JOHN A 4350 Richmond Avenue, New York, FEINSTEIN, IRVING 320 East 49 Street, New York, FELDMAN. HERBERT G 1232 Evergreen Avenue, New York, FLIEGEL, SAUL L 144 East 208 Street, New York, GERAGHTY, THOMAS P 37-15-93 Street, Jackson Heights, GRAUER. WILLIAM S 6 Melbourne Rd., Great Neck, HARRISON, ARNOLD W 22-18 - 27 Street, Long Island City. KAFKA. ARTHUR D. . . 603 East 94 Street, Brooklyn, KANYA, JOHN 431 Classon Avenue, Brooklyn. KUPPERMAN. CHESTER S 608 West 178 Street, New York, LEAVITT, JOSEPH M 46 Balfour Place, Brooklyn. LYNCH. HOWARD P 87-29 - 90 Street, Woodhaven. MANDEL. ISADOR C 137 Jackson Avenue, Long Island City, MARCHAND, GERARD W 501 West 138 Street, New York, MARTINEK, RUDOLPH F. . 4518 - 194 Street, Auburndale, MYERS, JESSE 1033 Orchard Street, Peekskill, NORDSTROM, NILS. Jr 644-88 Street, Brooklyn, O ' CONNELL. RAYMOND A 32-24 Murray Lane. Flushing, RABINOW, SIDNEY 600 East 26 Street, Brooklyn, RANKOW. RUBIN M I 1 50 St. Marks Avenue, Brooklyn, REISS. ROBERT 1895 Morris Avenue, New York. REZNICK. IRWIN 83 Wyona Street, Brooklyn, ROSENBLOOM, SIDNEY 2180 Bronx Park East, New York, SCHULZE, RAYMOND F 1015 Boynton Avenue. New York, SEXAUER, PAUL C One Adrian Avenue. New York, SMITH. DONALD W Walton. SMITH. MARTIN 1 42-19 - 147 Street, Flushing, SPATZ, IRVING 578 Jerome Street, Brooklyn, STANG. IRVING F 279 Ocean Avenue, Brooklyn, STRICKLER, WILLIAM 677 East Fourth Street, Brooklyn, SWEENY, THOMAS F 3444 - 83 Street. Jackson Heights. THOMAS. BERNARD O. A 134 Columbus Drive, Tenafly, WEIMANN, FRED W 1115 Wyckoff Avenue, Brooklyn, WEINBERGER, HAROLD 2333 Creston Aven U e. New York. WEINRIB, MORTON C 201 Marcy Place. New York, WEISS, ALVIN 1617 Walton Avenue, New York, WETROGAN. JOSEPH 813-47 Street, Brooklyn, •. Y. N J. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. J. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. 103 , - ' iMcumt For ice that live to please must please to live. — S. Johnson. ANNA V. HUGHES D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry JOSEPHINE E. LUBAN D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry KATHERINE HOLLIS R.D.H. Instructor in Dentistry GENEVA H. WALLS R.D.H. Instructor in Dentistry ELEANOR E. OVERBECK A.B. Secretary DENTAL HYGIENE By ANNA V. HUGHES, D.M.D. It has often been said that graduation marks a beginning rather than an end. In the case of those who have taken up a profession, it is a transition. It marks the end of a specialized form of highly intensive training and study designed to give the essentials necessary to perform a definite service in the community. It marks the beginning of the gain- ing of personal experience in the practice of that profession. So far, in relation to the other members of your own and allied professions, you have been almost entirely on the receiving end of the line. As a student, you have received instruction; knowledge, which represents the distilled wisdom of those who have gone before you; as well as advice and counsel drawn from the actual experience of other practi- tioners. As a graduate, you should make an effort to contribute to your profession as well as receive from it. The most effective way to do this is through active participation in your various pro- fessional organizations: city, state, and national. These societies form the natural outlet for a free interchange of ideas. There you meet other hygien- ists, hear their opinions and suggestions, watch the demonstration of the most advanced technique, and hear lectures on subjects of interest and value to you. They are the means whereby the accumulated experience of all is put at the disposal of any who have the brains, initiative, and common sense to make use of it. Without them, at the end of ten years, you will have only your present knowledge plus what you have been able to learn by your own personal effort and experience. With them, from this moment on, you will be kept in touch with whatever scientific advances are being made, and will be able to draw on the combined experience of all the hygienists throughout the country — in fact, throughout the world. The importance of your co-operating with other members of your profession cannot be too strongly stressed. It is dangerous to settle in your own private little rut and ignore the activities of others. It is the part of wisdom to meet constantly with those whose interests are similar to yours. Make an effort to contribute your share to the general fund of knowledge. The giving of ideas usually results in the exchange of ideas, and it is the exchange of ideas that forms the basis of tried and true principles. Without the steady growth and development of these principles, no profession makes any real progress. ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Ci P ft ft ft AAQ49 £ £kft ftft£l® a $ a ft a0i$ a -4 - , I t .7. I 53 CLASS OFFICERS President HELEN BARTETTA Vice-President TULLIA PECORA Secy.-Treas ELEANOR MERRITT CLASS BOOK COMMITTEE MURIEL FRANK. Chairman HELEN BARTETTA ELEANOR MERRITT GERTRUDE PUTNEY THE ORAL HYGIENIST When you first began to consider dental hygiene as the profession to which you would contribute your finest qualities, it might have been necessary for you to undertake a persuasive campaign in order to have your family realize that what you were planning was a very practical, sensible investment. The tone of doubt in their voices was inevitable. Dentistry as a profession hadn ' t beckoned to any members of your family and you could readily understand that the field you were contemplating was a trifle remote. Anything pertaining to den- tistry meant little more than the uncomfortable buzz of the dental drill or the six months appoint- ment notice your family dentist sent. For some reason however, being a dental hygien- ist was an idea which had become well fixed in your mind. Dentistry and its sub-divisions were a trifle vague to you also so it was necessary that some good substantial information be found to convince your family that this dental work was a very worthwhile thing. That started an exchange of letters between you and Columbia University. One day you received a little booklet which described the opportunities offered, the requirements and regulations, the fees and all necessary information. You purposely visited your dentist that week to discuss with him his opinion of hygienists. There was the dental nurse in high school who had examined your teeth for a number of years and when you told her of your intentions she was very pleased and anxious to help you with anything possible. Yes, you were well prepared with a lot of information and wasn ' t it fortunate that you knew your family well enough to know just what questions and even discourage- ment to expect. One night at dinner you rather surprised those at the table with the statement, I think I ' ve decided on my future. The profession of dental hygiene was unfolded to your family in some very choice words which had impressed you in the little blue booklet and you went on to say that here was something sensible, short, and with the guarantee of a good future. Every single question you expected was asked and you explained to your father that the field for hygienists is expanding each year. Why, schools employ them, private dental offices can ' t get along without them, institutions have a great need for hygienists and hospitals employ them on their nursing staffs. Dental clinics must have them and there are some splendid positions with insur- ance companies and other large corporations. Of course the service they render is important in health work, you explained very carefully to some other dubious member. Their ' s is the pre- ventive part of dentistry. The hygienist has the very special duty of cleaning teeth to eliminate the factors which may cause decay and tooth loss. You were proud of that description. It sounded extremely professional and you added that these young women must be well informed as to the care of the mouth in order to discuss mouth hygiene intelligently with their patients. Apparently you fully convinced your family during that meal and many thereafter, because September found you registering and listening to plans for the coming year. The month following found you manipulating modeling compound, and patiently, oh, so patiently carving tooth forms. You studied very diligently those weeks and found yourself wondering with fascination how the structure of any one tooth could be so complicated and so perfectly planned. There was a question though, which someone ask- ed, perhaps it was your mother, that you hadn ' t been able to find an answer for in the helpful little booklet. Do you suppose this work will appeal to you after the novelty is worn off? Will working in patients ' mouths and carrying out the same pro- cedure day after day continue to be interesting enough to keep you happy? You had been so eager to produce proof that dental hygiene was vital, and so anxious to con- vince your family and friends that what you planned to do had great opportunities, that you neglected the consideration of a most important phase of your chosen profession. It hadn ' t occurred to you that this work might not blend with your particular personality or ability. School started with such a well planned schedule that there hadn ' t been much time to think about any thing but immediate assignments and new rules and regulations. Then, however, there had come in November the eagerly awaited mannequin period and you bravely and diligently practiced your dig- ital motions. During this period your mornings seemed longer and perhaps you thought more about the future as a hygienist than you had before. Is this really the work I should be doing, you thought as you carefully polished with a finger movement and finger movement only, the upper right central and lateral incisors. Will this prophylactic work keep me interested? Heroically you applied more black pencil on those clean, shiny, artificial surfaces, and wearily used the rotary motion which at first almost had you discouraged. The thought that you were in it now and there wasn ' t any dropping out didn ' t exactly console a pretty woeful, would-be hygienist. The instructors noticed if there was any discour- agement. They very knowingly told you a number of times that real living patients would make you take a much greater interest in your work. The personal contact, which you will have with patients of every variety will help you create a liking for the profession. Patients with their mouths open didn ' t seem much more interesting than man- nequin heads, you concluded at that time. There was a great deal of hustle on that long awaited morning as you prepared to work on your first patients in the clinic. Strange, the queer sensation in the pit of your stomach as you saw your in- structor head a patient in your direction. Settling him in the chair consumed a great deal more time than you knew it should. Why was it that the professional poise you knew hygienists must acquire deserted you just when you needed it the most? Your instructor examined the patient and when she left you were a trifle overwhelmed at having an individual who wasn ' t allowed to appreciate the fact that he was your first patient. Very delicately, you peered into his mouth with your shiny, new mirror and picked up No. 3 scaler only to non- chalantly put it down again, quickly remembering that No. 3 was never used in this type of mouth. Difficult, finding a fulcrum point at first, wasn ' t it, but in a few moments the realization that a shaking hand had no place in the mouth of a very trusting patient made you gain some splendid composure and your first scaling surprised you by its gratifying results. That first patient left and you answered a question that hadn ' t had a satisfying answer before. Certainly, I ' m going to like this work, you said, still thrilled by the compliment that you did a very thorough job, Miss. What a great deal of satisfaction in cleaning up a stained, unpleasant looking mouth. Of course I ' m rendering a real health service. Why that patient went out so much happier than when he came in. All that day a little quiver of excitement went through you as you remembered that you were pretty capable of ren- dering a service which required special training and intelligence. The months went by and you moved from one clinic to another. How impossible it would have been for you to have lost interest! New patients, new conditions, new knowledge, and a bright new future. What a vast number of opportunities are offered to the hygienist who can appreciate the value of the contact she has with other human beings! 112 CAN YOU IMAGINE Anne Kilroy ever being discourteous? Eleanor Merritt at a kiddie party? Lucy St. John Tate as one of the pioneer women? Claire Philips failing exams? Betty Rutman losing her poetic ability? Peggy Craig without her sweet voice? Jeanne Sterman eating lunch? Florentine Curtiss without cigarettes? Erry Bjorne picketing the Alps? Virginia Harris as a wallflower? Muriel Frank boxing another impression? Marjorie Robitscher worrying about life and the future? Charlotte Cushnie running out of Bretons? Mildred Thaw not receiving that special letter on yellow note paper? Terry Massell inefficient? Grace E. Gordon as a Glamour Girl? Evelyn Pildos out of trouble? Helen Bartetta forgetting to chew her lower lip? Carolyn Dunkerton as a sophisticate? Betty Rose never in a cheerful mood? Irene Samorajczyk making any noise? Anne Nachtigall serious for a minute? Enid Gordon never dropping anything? Claire Wilhelm teaching? Terry Carroll becoming obese? Marion Roarke without Alice and Lida during class hours? Gertrude Putney never appearing cool, calm and collected? Eleanor Greiper as a dentist? Eleanor Granoff not asking, How about some spaghetti, today? Felice Hoch cutting classes? Alice Hyde with a changed hair style? Eleanor Elovich not being prompt? Madelon Leon omitting, Well, when I was at N.Y.U. . . . ? Lida Radochia listening to a lecture and hearing everything? Ida Reinhold not helping in an emergency? Freda Scheinmann being carefree? Elsie Boesch about 57 ? Irene Jinetopulos without a ready smile? Grace Schmitt not blissfully unconscious of dis- tastefull surroundings? Tullia Pecora in the role of a female Sherlock Holmes? Virginia Pysz as an airline stewardess? Annette Liebmann without dimples and a husky voice? Angela O ' Connor wearing a hat? Hazel Ruchefsky pronouncing the word, beautiful , correctly? The Hygienists so enraptured, they daren ' t move during the Biochem. Lecture? 113 HELEN L. BARTETTA ERRY L BJORNE ELSIE E. BOESCH TERESA K. CARROLL S. CHARLOTTE CUSHNIE CAROLYN E. DUNKERTON MARGARET W. CRAIG FLORENTINE E. CURTISS 115 ELEANOR M. ELOVICH MURIEL R. FRANK ENID L. GORDON GRACE E. GORDON 116 VIRGINIA L. HARRIS FELICE HOCH ELEANORE GRANOFF ELEANOR M. GREIPER T 11 ALICE L HYDE IRENE D. JINETOPULOS ANNE C. KILROY MADELEINE R. LEON 118 ELEANOR L. MERRITT ANNA NACHTIGALL ANNETTE LIEBMAN THERESA MASSELL 119 ANGELA E. O ' CONNOR TULLIA E. PECORA CLAIRE D. PHILLIPS EVELYN PILDOS 121 LIDAD. RADOCHIA IDA E. REINHOLD GERTRUDE C. PUTNEY VIRGINIA K. PYSZ 121 MARION R. ROARKE MARJORIE B. ROBITSCHER ELIZABETH N. ROSE HAZEL RUCHEFSKY 122 FREDA SCHEINMAN GRACE C. SCHMITT IRENE T. SAMORAJCZYK B. BETTY RUTMAN 123 JEANNE F. STERMAN LUCY S. TATE MILDRED THAW At CLARE L. WILHELM 124 DRAL HYGIENE ROSTER 194D BARTETTA. HELEN L 13 Downing Street, New York, N. Y. BJORNE, ERRY L Ill Lake Street, Englewood. New Jersey BOESCH, ELSIE E 4702 Junction Boulevard, Corona, Long Island, N. Y CARROLL, TERESA K 91 Henderson Road, Fairfield, Connecticut CRAIG, MARGARET W 132 East 24th Street, New York, N. Y. CURTISS, FLORENTINE E R.F.D. No. I, Woodbury, Connecticut CUSHNIE, S. CHARLOTTE 324 South Central Avenue, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania DUNKERTON. CAROLYN E 139 Rumsey Road, Yonkers. New York ELOVICH, ELEANOR M 130 Ballard Drive, West Hartford, Connecticut FRANK, MURIEL R 30-38 Hobart Street, Woodside, Long Island, N. Y. GORDON, ENID L 883 Longwood Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. GORDON, GRACE E 600 East 24th Street, Paterson, N. J. GRANOFF, ELEANORE 603 Winthrop Avenue. New Haven, Connecticut GREIPER, ELEANOR N 3265 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. HARRIS, VIRGINIA L 1027 Whalley Avenue. New Haven, Connecticut HOCH, FELICE 863 Central Avenue, Woodmere, Long Island, N. Y. HYDE, ALICE L 29 Ashland Avenue, Methuen, Massachusetts JINETOPULOS, IRENE D 767 Edgewood Avenue. New Haven, Connecticut KILROY, ANNE C 62 Winthrop Terrace, Meriden, Connecticut LEON. MADELEINE R 601 West I 15th Street, New York, N. Y. LIEBMAN, ANNETTE 1424 Whalley Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut MASSELL, THERESA 8918 - 133rd Street, Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y. MERRITT, ELEANOR L 52 Springside Avenue, Pittsfield, Massachusetts NACHTIGALL. ANNA 2390 Tiebout Avenue, Bronx. N. Y. O ' CONNOR. ANGELA E 38 Miller Street, Springfield, Massachusetts PECORA, TULLIA E 5 Under Cliff Street, Yonkers, New York PHILLIPS, CLAIR D 312 Edgewood Avenue. New Haven, Connecticut PILDOS. EVELYN 2505 Olinville Avenue. Bronx, N. Y. PUTNEY, GERTRUDE C 235 State Street. Guilford, Connecticut PYSZ, VIRGINIA K 296 Water Street, Warren, Rhode Island RADOCHIA, LI DA D 57 Richfield Road, Arlington, Massachusetts REINHOLD, IDA E 150 Herman Boulevard. Franklin Square, Long Island, N. Y. ROAT K, MARION R 66 Wodge Street, Lowell, Massachusetts ROBITSCHER, MARJORIE B. 37 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. ROSE, ELIZABETH N 45 Arcadia Road. Old Greenwich. Connecticut RUCHEFSKY, HAZEL 1324 Elder Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. RUTMAN. S. BETTY 91 Squire Street, New London, Connecticut SAMORAJCZYK, IRENE T 1803 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, Connecticut SCHEINMAN, FREDA 54 Center Street, Willimantic, Connecticut SCHMITT. GRACE C 714 East I5lst Street, Bronx, N. Y. STERMAN, JEANNE F 294 Fountain Street, New Haven, Connecticut TATE. LUCY S 125 East Washington Avenue. Bath, New York THAW, MILDRED 1361 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, N. Y. WILHELM. CLARE L 104-27 - 109th Street. Richmond Hill, Long Island, N. Y. 125 THE ART DF PLEASING PATIENTS By TULLIA E. PECORA The Dental Hygienist should be as tactful as she is skillful. An ill-placed word can do far more damage than a lacerated gum. Tact, in the hygienist ' s program should begin the minute the patient comes into her presence. She should remember that hearts, as well as teeth, can hurt, whether it be from an ill-spoken word, or a careless slip of a scaler. Many times even the most skillful prophylaxis will not bring back a patient, who has been hurt. Never argue with a patient. After all, winning an argument but losing a patient is bad business, not only for the dentist but also for the hygienist. The modern patient is willing to look upon the hygienist as a friend and adviser, therefore, why should she not live up to his expectations? The hygienist ' s professional personality should be adapt- able in order to approach each one of her patients, for each one is an individual with his own peculiar- ities of personality and his own series of problems to face. The hygienist, therefore, must have in- sight into her patient ' s mind and feelings, as well as the necessary statistical information. She should study each one carefully, so that she can recognize how best to get him to reveal all the information she wishes; how to encourage him to relax; and how to gain his utmost confidence. Study your own mannerisms for evidence of possibly annoying little habits. Do you ask ques- tions while scaling in the mouth? Do you repeat your pet jokes continually, or remind him time and time again that his mouth is the breeding place for bacteria? Do you take care not to breathe into his face? We must always remember that a patient wants real interest and sympathy to be shown in his difficulties. He wants clear information as to just what he can do for his oral ailments. If the patient understands fully how helpful he can be to himself, he will follow your instructions and give the neces- sary cooperation. We have been taught to explain carefully how important it is to brush his teeth the right way, or how good teeth and good health are inseparable and require good treatment at home as well as regular visits to the dentist and hygienist. We must remember these little things for each patient. The saying that to make a friend, is to be a friend, ' ' is applicable to our place in dentistry, and it is our duty to make friends for our dentists and ourselves. 126 THE HYGIENIST AND COMMUNITY HEALTH By CHARLOTTE CUSHNIE There are many angles from which the status of the hygienist may be considered, but eventually the matter may be stated in one phrase: her aid in maintaining the health of the community. She may work through different channels, but health is never- theless her job and her purpose. It may be the unselfish aim of her whole career or she may be fulfilling this purpose quite unconsciously. What are the channels through which the hygienist may work? There are three main ones: private, public and institutional. The first is probably Ihe largest field, chiefly because it is the only one which the average citizen will contact in his life time — the dental office. Here through personal contact while working with the patient at the chair, the hygienist may offer new and founded discoveries in health maintainence through tooth care. The second channel is the growing phase of hygiene, that of public education in schools and clinics, where children, the citizens of tomorrow, may be educated in tooth care and mouth hygiene. Thus health facts learned in childhood will be health habits in manhood. The third channel of dental hygiene, enables patients of hospitals and asylums to become health- ier citizens after recovery. Sometimes here the effects of improper tooth care have already been felt and the influence of the hygienist coming so late, is not as far reaching as in the first two channels. Thus we see a brief survey of the hygienist and her place in any community. Other factors, in- cluding cooperation of citizen and state may enter in, but wherever a well trained hygienist is found t here you may be sure is a healthier, happier community. 12 ©ur Class Will We, the departing class of ' 40, with due solemnity and reverence, do hereby impose the following questions, and special bequests to those who have the honor of being members of the forthcoming Oral Hygiene class of ' 41. WE ASK these worthy beings : . . . How to pose for pictures on registration day? . . . To look pleasant for all lectures. . . . How to obtain a drink of H,0 without running for a towel? . Never to discard old wax blocks in tooth-carving. . . . To look brave, and not a bit disgusted, when Dr. Bartels comes into the room with disease in glass dishes. WE LEAVE TO THEM: . . . Ye old lounge and locker room, in which we seek a haven of solitude. . . . The continued use of the deplorable New York Subway system. . . . The right to spend many bright and sunny afternoons in F-207, wondering why they ever thought they could understand The origin and insertion of muscles. . . . The sacred duty of maintaining the exalted reputation of Columbia School of Oral Hygiene in all endeavors— and in the Alps -the Spaghetti House or in the library. . . . Honorary positions such as sharpening wood points- staining teeth which have been patiently cleaned the day before— and super-honorary position of ringing the elevator bell. ... Dr. Diamond and the wonders of the dental arch. 128 m m WITH THE APPRECIATION II F THE PUREHASING HEPAHTMEIVT I3D Jhe rrouSe of a Jltoudand odeid INVITES YOU TO VISIT ITS SHOWROOM TO SEE THE GREAT VARIETY OF COLUMBIA DENTOFORMS IN IVORINE - ALUMINAL - RUBBER ■ STONE - PLASTER MODELS WITH ALL TEETH FIXED MODELS WITH ALL TEETH REMOVABLE FULL JAW AND HALF JAW PARTIALS INDIVIDUAL TOOTH PREPARATIONS EDENTULOUS MODELS ORTHODONTIC MODELS DECIDUOUS MODELS RUBBER DENTOFORM MOLDS RUBBER MODEL FORMERS ENLARGED MODELS If it ' s a model, Columbia has it — or can make it for you! H.ue yon a copy of our 16-page illustrated price list? l not, write for yours today. COLUMBIA DENTOFORM CORPORATION 131 EAST 23rd STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. VITALLIUM Sco ua. OqahLl I EXCELS ALL OTHER METALS in Orthopedic Surgery The matchless properties of Vitallium for prosthetics prompted its use for the fixation of fractures. It is the only true Cobalt-Chromium alloy being used in Dentistry and Surgery. There is a Vitallium Distributor near you. TRADE MARK REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. AUSTENAL LABORATORIES, INC. NEW YORK 34 WEST 33rd STREET CHICAGO 5932 WENTWORTH AVENUE 131 132 The Weber Dental Manufacturing Company For 41 years, makers of dental equipment and X-Rays, making the most complete line of any one dental manufacturer, comprising: THE WEBER ZENITH MOTOR CHAIR THE WEBER MODEL F CHAIR WITH COMPENSATING ARMS THE WEBER MODEL G CHAIR WITH LATERAL MOTION ARMS Three Models of Units — THE EMPIRE THE MAJESTIC MODEL F FOR THE LEFT SIDE OF CHAIR THE MAJESTIC MODEL G FOR THE RIGHT SIDE OF CHAIR WEBER No. 5 RAYDEX SHOCKPROOF X-RAY WITH KILOVOLT RANGE CONTROL AND STABILIZER, STATIONARY OR MOBILE WEBER No. 6 X-RAY, SHOCKPROOF, WITH MILLIAMMETER AND VOLTMETER, STATIONARY OR MOBILE OPERATING LIGHTS STOOLS CUSPIDORS SIX MODELS OF CABINETS ENGINES — UNIT, WALL, LABORATORY AND MOBILE MODELS Don ' t fail to see these products and have them demonstrated to you before entering practice as they represent individuality in design, high utility value and great economic value. ALL PRODUCTS FULLY GUARANTEED AND SOLD BY FIRST LINE DEALERS EVERYWHERE. OUR X-RAYS, INCLUDING THE TUBE, ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR. AN X-RAY COUNSELLING BROCHURE GIVEN WITH EACH X-RAY, GRATIS. ARCHITECTURAL, SURVEY, OFFICE PLANNING SERVICES PER- FORMED WITHOUT COST OR OBLIGATION. We wish you every success and all services we have to offer are at your command to help make your professional life triumphant. THE WEBER DENTAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY CRYSTAL PARK CANTON, OHIO Realizing the need of a service that could supply the dental profession with reliable, up-to-date materials and equipment through prompt deliveries, lead to the establishment jA 26 years ago of Fawcett Fawcett. Our service to the dental student in assisting him to establish an office in an advantageous location, with efficient equipment, has been 26 YEARS AGO the greatest factor in the growth of our AN IDEA business. • wffi© ' ftti£ ( ifaw©®lfctfai e. TODAY Dental Materials 6 Equipment 408 day v$t.,Bklyt ,N.Y. A REALITY Ac Fulton, Jay and Smith Streets NO ORDER TOO SMALL, NO ORDER TOO LARGE In the most comprehensive research ever conducted on Red Copper Cements, FLECK ' S led the field in all 21 tests. MIZZY, INC. . Manufacturers . 105 E. ! 6th St.. N. Y. A Hint for Dentists Make your office a modern, up-to-date place which gives pati- ents an impression of progressive technique. You can do this by planning your office around one of the new AMERICAN Cabinets . . . like the No. 147 Cabinet shown here. Wo. 147 American Dental Cabinet THE AMERICAN CABINET CO. Two Rivers - Wisconsin dmeAXJcam DENTAL CABINETS 133 WHAT THIS PRETTY GIRL KNOWS IS IMPORTANT TO YOU! it seems like gilding the lily for ber to use po wder and paint . . . but She knows the value of enhanc- ing her natural charms. You, too, n eed the proper environ- ment as a dentist to emphasize your ability and personality. Remember — it takes ten years for a patient to know if you are a good dentist, but only ten sec- onds to see if you look like one. For over thirty years graduating dentists have come to General Dental for help in properly launch- ing their professional careers. And hundreds of beautifully indi- vidualized offices attest to the skill of our Office Planning Division. Your friend or someone of your acquaintance may be among those who have benefited from our long experience in properly equipping the graduating dentist. We want to help you. Visit our showrooms, and see the five model operatories that visualize the kind of office you would be proud to have your patients see. There ' s no obligation involved. GENERAL DENTAL SUPPLY CO., Inc. Main Office: 19 Union Square West. New York City Bronx Depot: 391 East 149th Street, New York 134 After you graduate — what ' i You are faced with the problem of establish- ing a successful practice .. .you must select the right location for yourself. . .you must plan your office so that it will be attractive in winning and holding your first patients ...you must know the thousand and one little steps that go to make up the business side of your practice; steps that arc learned in most cases by the trial and error method unless you have the guidance of men who have taken all these steps the hard way . Your way to a successful practice can be paved more easily if you take advantage of the many services which Ritter and your Rittcr dealer can make available to you. Through Ritter ' s statistical service and office planning division you are enabled to start right But . . . after you open your own office with new Ritter equipment Ritter will see you through ... by enabling you to start right, through its Practice Building Service in which nearly 10,000 dentists already have been en- rolled ... a service that presents the funda- mental principles of building to a successful practice. Your Ritter dealer ... or the Ritter represent- ative . . . will be glad to discuss all these factors . . . and also explain Ritter ' s liberal deferred payment plan. Ritter Dental Manufacturing Company, Inc. Ritter Park Rochester, N. Y. 135 Make GUTERMAN Your First Stop on the way to Success! We are ready and able to help you to a good start on your lifetime career. You ' ll approve of our credo which, briefly, is this: Not how much we can sell you — but how well we can satisfy your needs eco- nomically. Why not drop in soon? No other house can equal, much less exceed, our ability to serve you for your own best benefits. COMPLETE LINE OF EQUIPMENT: We have the complete line of every make equipment and x-ray in the latest models . . . Ritter — S. S. White — Castle — Genera! Electric — and Weber. This per- mits us to offer unbiased recommendations . . enables us to meet your individual economic require- ments perfectly. COMPLETE STOCK SUPPLIES, GOLD TEETH: Our Supply Depot is filled with complete, fresh stocks of all the famous-quality brands. In addition, there are the GOLDS of many reputable manufac- turers and a full line of Teeth . . . EVERY mould in EVERY shade. Do all your comparing and buying in ONE visit to Guterman. PLANNING SERVICE: We will develop and submit plans that assure an ideal suite in appearance and efficiency. It will be custom-built to your requirements. Our shop men install the equipment. They have saved thousands of dollars for our patrons. Use our Planning Service. The Denial Showplace of New York GUTERMAN DENTAL SUPPLY CO. • ►I. Madison Ave., Corner 53rd St. Phones: ELdorado 5— I 885-1 886- 1887-1888 BRANCH: 201 East 23rd Street in J ' oddeddion A PERFECT COMBINATION A Well Equipped Modern Office And A Smart Melrose Uniform Send For Illustrated Booklet MELROSE HOSPITAL UNIFORM CO. 387 Fourth Avenue New York TAKAMIM djamboo rranate TOOTH BRUSHES STANDARD 2 ROW INTERDENTAL 3 ROW INTERDENTAL 2 ROW ALTERNATE T.i I. ii iii i in: Corporal inn 132 Front Street New York. N. Y. 136 {BsfaflsL yoiL $ £fin, to PLAN YOUR PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS S l RUBINSTEIN JmhaL Start right . . . Start light. Don ' t handicap yourself with a crushing financial burden that is apt to become unmanageable. It can be done — the RUBINSTEIN way. See the new X-R-M DENTAL X-RAYS with every per- formance and efficiency feature of high-priced machines, yet at a cost within your reach. See the new RUBY DENTAL CABINETS, brilliantly designed and sturdily constructed, yet priced amazingly low. See these new products as well as the famous money-saving RUBINSTEIN RE- BUILTS of every popular make of dental equip- ment. You owe it to your future to do so at once. Rubinstein Dental Equipment Co. 141 Fifth Ave. at 21st St. New York City • You ' ll profit from this sound advice: Get the full COX story; it ' s backed with facts and figures based on its 16-year record in thou- sands of practices. Designed and built to pro- duce the finest results, the CDX is a depend- able, economical, practice-building aid to the successful practice of dentistry, especially to the young dentist establishing his practice. GENERAL % ELECTRIC X-RAY CORPORATION 138 4 2 6C s WHAT WILL YOURS SAY ABOUT YOU? Now, while you are planning your office, is the pertinent time to bear in mind that most of the patients who will come to you have, upon one or more occasions, visited some other dental office, and that the initial appointment with you is their opportunity to compare you and your office with other dentists and dental offices they have known. That you should strive to make these mental comparisons favor you is obvious, and it lies within your power to so mold them. How? 1 CORRECT PERSONAL APPEARANCE 2 AFFABLE MANNER o AN INVITING, TA5TEFULLY FURNISHED, EFFICIENTLY ARRANGED OFFICE m OPERATING EQUIPMENT SO MODERN THAT IT COMMANDS ATTENTION AND INSPIRES CONFIDENCE We can help you create an office that will assure your patients that you are prepared, and we extend a cordial invitation to use the services of our office planning division. This service is free and incurs no obligation of any nature. Ask any distributor of S. S. White Denial equipment or write direct. THE S.S.WHITE DENTAL MFG. CO. 211 S. 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THE MASTER UNIT, DIAMOND CHAIR, AND MODERN DENTISTRY ARE COMPATIBLES. 139 YOURS TO HAVE Kj)io? A MODERN, UP-TO-DATE OFFICE A PRESENT POSSIBILITY FOR YOU ENLIST, without cost to you, the aid of DENTSPLY Experts. Our Architectural Department will furnish blue-prints from which con- tractors, plumbers and electricians will be able to utilize every foot of office space to the greatest advantage. This saves you money. Our Equipment Specialist will advise you as to the equipment suited to your particular needs. DENTSPLY carries all standard makes. DENTSPLY HAS BEEN SERVING DENTAL STUDENTS FOR ALMOST FORTY YEARS. [Equipment maj Deferred P y be purchased for cash or on our ayment Plan. Ask for De r on our 1 tails. J DENTSPLY DEPOT THE DENTISTS ' SUPPLY COMPANY OF NEW YORK 220 West 42nd Street, New York ' Phone: Wisconsin 7-9080 HI THE MEDICAL CENTER BOOKSTORE appreciates your cooperation during your stay at the Medical Center BUY EQUIPMENT IN TERMS OF TOMORROW When you invest in new equipment, don ' t forget to figure the dividends that come from years of trouble-free operation. A location carefully selected — an office properly planned, and an equipment efficiently installed, make the first cost the ultimate cost. Choose a Melrose installation — we are agents for all standard makes of equipment and supplies of quality. MELROSE DENTAL DEPOT, Inc. Grand Central Zone 41 EAST 42nd STREET NEW YORK CITY Dial VAnderbilt 6-4530 142 Xu-dent Unit-Bilt Bridge (pohc lain, tRsudohaJtmnA, by NU-DENT TlahuuA, QIdmaL (Rival ' W HEN you begin your practice, you will appreciate the practice building powers of Porcelain Restorations by Nu-dent, Nature ' s Closest Rival. Nu-dent Porcelain Jackets i as on the Unit-Bilt Bridge pictured above ) are precise reproductions of natural teeth, not only in form and shade, but also in individual eccentrici- ties. In fact, so perfectly are the jackets made and so perfectly do they simulate natural teeth that it is virtually impossible to detect them. Visit our studios and appraise our exceptional facilities to serve you, our advice and planning service are always at your disposal. CAST-PLATINUM ALL-PORCELAIN BRIDGES UNIT-BILT BRIDGES SWANN BRIDGES THIMBLE BRIDGES GUM BLOCKS ftt Reg. U. S. Pit. Off. PORCELAIN STUDIO. INC. Porcelain Restorations Exclusively Paramount Building, New York, N. Y. Phone: LAcka-wanna 4-3591, 3592 SUPER-STRENGTH JACKETS FORCELAIN JACKETS SWANN JACKETS PORCELAIN INLAYS TOOTH STAINING K nbiuie S rintino K Oii ipemv 132 IVeA 2ld Sited, , Uw llcxk Telephone WAtkins 9-6376 Complimen ts of A. GEISINGER 143 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 64271706