Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery - Dental Columbian Yearbook (New York, NY)

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ON the day that a member of some ancient race conceived the idea of shaping an artifical tooth from the tooth of an animal and by means of wire attaching it to the remaining natural teeth as a substitute for one that had been lost, pros- thetic dentistry had its inception. That was many years ago. Since then prosthetics has been con- stantly refined and improved throughout the years. It was many years before the mineral tooth was invented. As we have it today, its perfection is but a development of this century. The original method of attachment was gold wire. It is still employed today as a chief means for fixation of partials. Instead of the original elastic wire that was fastened by twisting there has developed the clasp. This has been modified by a system of male and female spring attachments but these are essentially clasps. Dentures were at first constructed upon bases carved from wood, bone, or ivory. Natural teeth and artificial teeth carved from walrus bone were used. The techniques were unrefined and left much to be desired. Little consideration was paid to fit or harmony of any sort. The awkward spiral intermaxillary springs were used for re- tention and separation of the dentures. Such important factors as facial contour and tooth pro- portion received scant consideration. With the discovery of new materials and pro- cedure, prosthetics took on a different aspect. The use of plaster eliminated much of the haphazard- ness of impression taking. The vulcanization of rubber for denture bases and the use of atmos- pheric pressure for retention aided materially in efficiency. The old swaged metal base was thus replaced. But later with the discovery of the cast- ing process, metal was revived again. Today a combination of materials are used. . . . The evolu- tion of the articulator from the plain line hinge joint in 1805 to the various present day intricate anatomical articulators characterizes the growth of prosthetics. Out of a long record of trials and error s, successes and failures, have been distilled fundamental principles. As Dr. Rowe once put it, There has been a gradual evolution of the practice of prosthesis to the science of prosthesis. The premise that the degree of efficiency of a restoration must be determined by the extent to which the biologic equation has been satisfied may well be considered an established principle. Changes in technique that may develop in the ex- emplification of this principle are more apt to be coincident with progress than those changes of the past that were based on empiricism. JURISPRUDENCE AND ETHICS HENRY W. GILLETT D.M.D. Professor of Dentistry WILLIAM B. DUNNING D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry ORAL PATHOLOGY LESTER R. CAHN D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry HENRY A. BARTELS B.S., D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry ROBERT ALEXANDER B.S., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry

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PROSTHETICS WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD. D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry HAROLD S. WOODRUFF D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry NORMAN W. BOYD B.S.. D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry HARRY A. YOUNG D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry JOHN F. RALSTON D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry EARLE B. HOYT D.D.S. Associate Professor of Dentistry GILBERT P. SMITH MORRELL D. McKENZIE D.D.S. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Instructor in Dentistry HENRY JUNEMANN A.B., D.D.S. Instructor in D- - VICTOR PERRONE A.B., D.D.S. Assistant in Dentistry D. j. w. Mclaughlin D.D.S. Assstjnt Professor ol

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ORTHODONTICS LEUMAN M. WAUGH, D.D.S. Professor of Dentistry HENRY U. BARBER, JR. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry EDWARD G. MURPHY ARTHUR C. TOTTEN D.D.S. D.D.S. Assistant Prof, of Dentistry Assistant Prof, of Dentistry GEORGE S. CALLOWAY Associate Prof, of Dentistry FRANK E. RIANS D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry The first recorded methods of treatment of orthodontic nature were in Roman times. Some orthodontics was done by the Arabs, mostly ex- traction, filling and wedging the teeth, and this was as far as men advanced until that omniscient Frenchman, Fauchard, devised the expansion arch. However, it was not until the establishment of the first special school in orthodontics by Edward H. Angle in 1900, that this branch of dentistry came into its own. In 1932 a questionnaire study was made of the instruction in orthodontics in the dental schools of the U. S. and Canada. The majority of the schools agreed that the purposes of undergraduate PERIODONTOLOGY HARRY A. GALTON LEWIS E. JACKSON D.D.S. D.D.S. Instructor in Dentistry Instructor in Dentistry orthodontic education were: to give students an appreciation of orthodontics, to train students to recognize cases of malocclusion, to prepare stu- dents to prevent malocclusion, to aid them to understand related points in other fields of den- tistry and to prepare students to advise patients regarding cases of malocclusion. At Columbia the purposes listed above are followed and the effort is made to correlate in- formation from other branches of the curriculum. The students are led to understand the dangers inherent in orthodontic treatment unless it is done by one who is thoroughly competent. Periodontal disease has been with us since the dawn of time, and was the most frequent cause of the loss of teeth in ancient times. Pyorrhea was treated before the development of dental instruments by extraction, because the teeth loosened and were easily removed. The well known Arabian dentist, Albucasis, who lived from 1050-1122, developed a set of scalers to remove calculus, and similar instruments were used through the Middle Ages. Pierre Fauchard, and Bourdet, both Frenchmen, practiced the surgical removal of diseased tissue in the treatment of pyorrhea, a method that is in use today with but slight modifications. At Columbia, we are taught the conservative approach to the eradication of periodontal disease, the removal of the sources of irritation and infection and the prevention of the recurrence of such conditions.