Central High School - EN EM Yearbook (North Manchester, IN)

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MAPLE LEAVES. 17 Li have rounded the east end and found the picturesqueness of the northern aspect—it is only then we realize how truly English Canterbury really is. To the south the close was narrowed by the nearness of the city’s streets, and there there was no room to give the dependent structures this, their customary station. But on the north the domain of the monastery extended to the far off city wall. Here is the southwest tower. There is Christ Church gateway, through which one first approaches the cathedral; originally it had two turrets. Outside it is a monument to the dramatist Marlowe. On the fcouth is seen a porch; the nave, a beautiful design; and the pinnacle of the southwest transept. East of the Warrior’s chapel is the projecting end of Stephen Langton’s tomb. East of this the two lower rows of windows are those of Conrad’s choir; the upper row that of William of Sens. The middle windows in the southeast transept were the clerestory of Conrad; the windows above them are those of William of Sens. The three upper stages of the tower on the south of this transept are late Norman work. Farther east we have the simple French design; here for the first time in English architecture the flying buttresses are openly displayed. Then is the grand sweep of the apse and ambulatory which seems to send one straight back to France. Then comes the broken outline of the corona. Northeast of the corona are two groups of ruined Norman pillars and arches. The west end was an open dormitory, open to the roof, and the east end, separated off by a screen, the chapel.1 The Canterbury infirmary had a north transept, called the Table Hall or Refectory, in which the inmates lived. Then, too, there were the vast guest houses, here for the plebeian and there for the noble, and again for pauper visitors; the tall water tower; the library, the treasury; the stables, the granaries, bake-houses, breweries, and all the minor architectural belongings of so numerous a brotherhood, devoted to such comfortable living and lavish hospitality. Scattered everywhere are fragments, large and small, of many kinds and dates, sometimes rebuilt to meet some alien purpose, sometimes merely ruins. But ruin in an English spot like this does not mean desolation and abandonment, and the lessening of charm. It means a pictorial beauty which to all eyes, save the serious student’s, well replaces the architectural perfection. The columns, the isolated, tall, arcades, the unglazed Svindows, and enigmatical lines of wall—all alike, are ivy-covered, and flower-beset, and embowered in massive foliage and based on broad floors of an emerald turf, such as England alone can grow. And above and beyond, as background to the exquisite wide picture, rises the pale-gray mass of the cathedral, crowned by its stupendous yet thrice graceful tower, telling that all is not dead of what was once living, speaking of the England of our day as in happy harmony again with the England of St. Thomas. A hundred other points of interest might be noted in Canterbury’s church, and many facts of a historical nature. One is inclined to dwell on the renown of the famous Thomas a’Becket, who was murdered before the high altar of the cathedral on December 29, 1170, and whose remains, fifty years later, were translated from the crypt to a shrine in the newly erected Trinity chapel. Also of the many interesting monuments—such as the tombs of Stephen Lang-ton; the Black Prince, of Henry IV, of the Archbishop Warham, and of Cardinal Pole—of the many archbishops from St. Augustine, in 597 A. D., and still continuing. But to enumerate the many, many things of interest is impossible, and so we will leave the old cathedral standing on the hills, against a gray sky and surrounded by a wilderness of bushes, trees, and vines. And as it stands there, magnificent and alone, it looks down and seems to say: Ye come and go, incessant; we remain, Safe in the hallowed quiets of the past; Be reverent, ye who flit and are forgot, Of faith so nobly realized as this. HOW TO DEAL WITH TRUSTS. A. F. HUNT. A trust is an industrial combination for the exclusive control of the production, manufacture, sale and price of certain articles In nearly all countries, and in practically all times, agreements have been made among local shops, factories, and manufactures for the regulating of prices. The guilds of mediaeval Europe were a kind of corporation composed of local merchants for controlling prices. From this most rude form of beginning the trust has grown until it has attained such magnitude and strength that one of the greatest problems now before the American people is how to deal with them. Many schemes have been advanced for their destruction, some of which are very plausible. It has been proposed to limit their dividends to twenty-five per cent of the actual stock invested. This is a method without foundation, for many private corporations doing a strictly legitimate business pay a much higher dividend than this, and besides they could “water” their stock and evade the law by other fraudulent means. Some advance the theory of requiring them to brand their goods, while others even wish to refuse them the rights to use the mail and law courts. These are manifestly absurd, for the first theory w’ould not help matters, and the second would be

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MAPLE LEAVES. if lt design to this. Here the pier arches are very lofty and the aisles beyond are very high. The pillars are almost like vast bundles of reeds, and pass almost insensibly into the. vaulting ribs above, their capitals being very insignificant. The triforium has lost its old height, its old character, almost its existence—is but the continuation over an unpierced wall of tracery of the great window which fills the whole width of the clerestory space above. On passing from the nave we come to the great choir. It is protected from the curiosity of everyone by screens. The central screen is raised on a high flight of steps which leads up from the nave and transepts. Nowhere else put in Westminster Abbey will your steps be so hampered as in Canterbury. A written permit from the Dean is quite essential for you to see Canterbury’s choir. The first thing that strikes even a slightly practiced eye is the unlikeness of the choir to the usual English type either of its own date or of any other. The second pair of transepts far to the eastward is paralleled in several churches elsewhere. But instead of a long level floor, broken only by a few steps before the altar here is a floor divided into different sections by broad, successive flights, giving an unwonted air of majesty and pomp. The line of great arcades and of the aisles-walls is not straight, but takes an inward trend eastward of the second transept. An almost straight-sided space again succeeds. The termination is neither the simple “semicircular Norman apse, nor the flat east end of late days. It sweeps upward as though to form the typical apse, but in the center of the curve opens out into a lofty chapel almost in a circular plan. All these peculiarities give an individual accent and a special beauty to the work; and all have a curious historic interest. The choir nearly perished in the great conflagration of 1174. But the lower portions of its outer walls survived, together with two chapels, finished as stunted towers, which had projected from the curvature of the apse, on either side. Then from the center of the old apse line had projected a square chapel, dedicated to Trinity and regarded as the church’s holy of holies. On the site of this and above his first tomb in the crypt, it was thought fitting that St. Thomas should be given sepulture. But a small isolated chapel would by no means serve his turn. A wide, dignified, open space was needed and circumambient aisles to receive a thousand feet at once. And so the church was again extended its full length. All along, in projections, on either side of the choir and Trinity chapel, wre may see the transept of martyrdom, Dean’s chapel, St. Anslem’s tower, and St. Andrew’s tower. There also we may see at different places the monuments of the Black Prince, Henry IV, Cardinal Pole, Archbishop Stephen Langton and also many others of interest. No crypt in the world is so stupendous as Canter-bury’s, or so interesting, either structurally or historically. It begins just eastward of the chapel, leaving the four great piers which support the tower to be assisted by the solid earth; and thence it extends to the east as far as the great choir reaches, following the same outlines with transepts and chapels of its owrn. There is doubt concerning the exact reason which dictated the final circular chapel. Its rightful name is “the Corona.” This name has been translated to mean “Becket’s crown,” in the belief that the chapel wras built as a separate shrine for the scalp which wras severed from his head by De Brut’s fierce, final blow. Were this corona omitted, the termination would show the common type of post-Norman times, but as France, not England, was developing it. Here, as everywhere else in the cathedral, we see the French design. The style of this part is neither Gothic nor Norman, but intermediate between the two—transitional. There are many points of unlikeness, but the most notable one is in the character of the capitals on the great piers and all of the lesser shafts that support the window's and the sides. The capitals show no mark of the English type. They are low and broad. The abacus is rectangular, and the rich, varied and delicate ornamentation show's that they are distinctly Corinthian. The effect, in general, is French, which prevails throughout the cathedral. In the old days the interior of a cathedral like this was covered in every niche of floor and wrall and ceiling with color and gold in tints that charmed the eye, and figures, and was lighted by windows like colossal gems and tapers like innumerable stars. It was furnished with altars and tombs, chanteries, trophies, statues and embroidered hangings, trodden by troops of gaudily clothed ecclesiastics, and filled with a never lessening crow'd of worshipers. Today it is cold and bare and glaring, scraped to the very bone, stripped of all save the architect’s first result, and empty even of facilities for occasional prayer. Now' wre pass to the west front, and commence a tour of the exterior. On the outside of the church, signs of foreign influence are traced far less conspicuously than within. A west front, was but rarely treated in England with the honor it received abroad. Here it shows little evidence of well thought out design. Its flanking towers have not been made to harmonize with the perpendicular window that fills the whole space between them. The east side speaks more decidedly of France, but gets a local accent through the very low’ pitch of the outer roof. Almost everything else is English. Yet it is only when we have gone along the w'hole south side, noting the rich Norman work of the eastward transept and of St. Anslem’s chapel, w'hen we

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18 MAPLE LEAVES. unlawful, as it would refuse citzenship to stockholders. Direct legislation has been advised, but many difficulties would be experienced in enforcing the laws and there would always be the question as to their legality. If direct laws should be passed they could, seemingly, break up the trust, but the different factories could still continue operation and be secretly held in the corporation. The decisions could be held off many years by demanding new trials and appealing to higher courts. As to the legality of the power of Congress to legislate on this matter there is no clause referring to it in the Constitution. It is true that the so-called elastic clause might be stretched to include this power, but still it would be difficult to conceive of this clause covering the power of Congress to interfere in matters of private business, and the Supreme Court, before whose tribunal the question must finally be argued, might decide that it did not lie in the province of Congress. The causes for the increased growth of the trusts in the past ten years have been the protective tariff, freight discriminations, unlawful concessions which their wealth has been able to buy, and the secrecy with which they have been able to conduct their business. There was a time when American produce could not compete with foreign manufactures, but that time is past. Under the present protective tariff, American manufacturers ship and sell their goods in Europe cheaper than they sell them in America. It has been truly said, “Tariff is the father of trusts.” By lowering or entirely removing the tariff on goods made by trusts the immense profits now realized by them will be decreased. With the profits greatly lowered there will be no inducements for investing money in the trusts. Freight discriminations and other concessions which are given them aid much in maintaining their unwieldy growths. For instance, the Standard Oil Company, besides receiving immense rebates on its own shipments receives from all railroads a certain amount on every gallon of oil carried for other companies. On account of their great wealth they are able to bribe legislators and judges to grant them unfair advantages and pass decisions in their favor. Again taking the Standard Oil Company as an example, it is known that they are often permitted to run their pipes through the most desired parts of a city or locality because they have persuasive influence with legislators. Publicity or the knowledge of the financial basis of a corporation will tend to prevent over-capitalization, and since over-capitalization is one of the causes of monopoly, publicity will tend to prevent monopoly. With the books of the trusts kept strictly private, the people have no way of knowing their profits, money invested, or their business methods. While the people at large might think they were making a goodly profit of fifteen or twenty per cent, they were really making a profit of forty or fifty or even a greater per cent. Were this known, competition would immediately arise and their profits, therefore, decrease. Can we expect smaller corporations to live under such conditions as these? Place them on an equal basis, give them a fair chance and they will easily take care of the trusts. Smaller companies are now literally “starved out” by the trusts, which either reduce prices so that the independent owners must close up, or sell out their plants. And so determined are the trusts to secure the monopoly of the commodity, that they are willing, often, to pay the owner many times the real value of the business. If we take away from the combinations the possibility to reap great profits they will be unable to buy or “starve out” all the smaller companies, and the latter can then exist. Much heavier penalties should be laid for the giving of rebates or discriminations in freight rates, and great care should be taken that no one evades this law. The law should require that all the business books of the trusts be made public. With the many inducements offered by trusts stopped, and with the assurance that they will henceforth do a strictly lawful business, receive no concessions, favors, or rebates, smaller corporations will revive and will eventually bring about the destruction of their destroyers. LEAVES FROM AN OLD DIARY. LULU L. STKICKLLR. | The following leaves are supposed to have been taken from the diary of an old man, one of the first settlers of Chester township, Wabash County, Indiana. Although the dates of the months may be incorrect, the dates as to years are history.] Sept. 10, 1830— I just returned home from Shippensburg from muster-day. I heard them discussing this new country west of the Allegheny mountains, and I was so impressed by the talk that I intend to look into the matter. Brother John expects even to start soon. Sept. 24, 1830— I went as far as Carlisle with Brother John and his five companions, who are on their way to Ohio. On account of father’s health, I am forced to remain here. August 1, 1831— Just received a letter from Brother John. He says: “I am located in Richland county, Ohio, some few miles southeast from Mansfield. Here the land is very rich, though the country is broken; even the