Central High School - EN EM Yearbook (North Manchester, IN)

Text from Pages 1 - 40 of the 1903 volume:

A.ci Summum. Maple Leaves By Class of ’03. NORTH MANCHESTER. THE CLASS OF NAUGH- THREE. CORYN � . WRIGHT. It is a gicuiouii honor that I have the pleasure of introducing to you this distinguished class of “Naughty Three,” and I am not dreaming when I say distinguished, as any of our former teachers will testify. Or if you still doubt, our program this evening will surely convince you of our ability. In looking back on the early history of our class I am canglit by the thought how quickly our childhood days have fled! Notwithstanding their fleetness the mist of twelve years has dimmed many a picture that memory would .wish -q recall. The mst bcfcnive . scatter as I j« i.eh a glimpse ol .de children—barefooted laddies in knee breeches and lassies in sunbonnets and checked pinafores. At this stage, our history is that common to all children__work and play, boasts of what we would do when we were big and quarrels settled before the teacher’s tribunal. It is not until eight years have passed that I behold a vivid picture. Then I see thirty pupils proud ofnaving completed the common branches. To give you the complete history of our present membership, would require fourteen volumes and might prove a tedious pleasure, tonight. However I would have you note the foreigners Asher Raymond Cottrell who was born near Lafayette, and A. F. Hunt, who in his autobiography writes, “I am sure that the fine city of Rock Island, Illinois was overglad to have been the place of my birth which INDIANA, JUNE, 1903. occurred December 1, lssti ' But at an earl} age, A. F., ak many a “sucker” has done, sought the advantage of an education in North LlanciiesLcr. The rest � f i.- were born in this little city or its suburbs not earlier than the civil nor later than the Spanish Nmerican war. Paul Werner, the class poet, was bom blind. An operation performed on his eyes when he waft three months old pjoved partially successful, but during his earl}- school days he was compelled to study by means of a chart. However upon one occasion Paul’s eyesight proved remarkable when he read a composition written with invisible ink upon a blank page. The teacher made only one correction, bui for the life of him, could not find it. The year eigu teen hundred and ninety- line saw thirty full fledged ragmen eager to larheh upon the high school course. “Thtey-' p a cert set of youngsters,” Aunt Samantha migqq have said. And that first day! do you remember, dqass mates? It was a trying ordeal to pass to the recitv -on room and be gazed upon by the dignified seniors, td'oe stared at by the wise juniors, and to be guyed ” by the cute “sophies” just as if they had never been ireshmen. Our spirits ran high for a short time until we were about to organize, Then our hopes were dampened by one of Superintendent Hippen-steel's “common sense” talks in which he said that class yells were nonsense and colors were dan gerous. Fie! We did not believe that but we were not in a position to demonstrate our proposition. As Sophomores we numbered twenty. 1 his year 2 MAPLE LEAVES. we formed a real organization. George Clark was elected president, Mayme Swank vice president, and Jeanette Shively, secretary. We chose old gold and royal purple for class colors and adopted a yell with which to give vent to our feelings. The class has always maintained its honors in athletics. W e captured three of the medals offered on field day of last May. Lloyd Finton by his “Hiawatha” leaps made a worthy record and won the gold medal. Good authority predicted that some day he would be the champion sprinter of the world. What a wonder Albert John was with his broad shoulders, mighty arms, and big feet! How he did wrestle! He far outranked Kwasind of Longfellow’s legend. ur senior year has been marked by our interest in and diligent application to our work, even when the teachers have burdened us with long lessons. But all wt� fk_imd_B« Iiiy makes Jack. r— boy,” and so we have found recreation in bob parties. One ride took us to a spelling school at “Hen -Peck. ” The ciphering match would not have been half so interesting without our presence, fact which ought to indicate the record which we made. Another trip to Carrie Patterson’s is an event to be remembered. Mayme and Minnie thought they would rather walk than ride. They changed their minds after they had walked a mile or two and nearly lost themselves in a snow drift. Carrie's hospitality proved that she was worthy of membership in this distinguished class. In fact the surprise prepared for the boys gave evidence of great cleverness on the part of the girls. Was” ’«v it funny? Albert thought so. Did yoi ever see those golden lexers on the stand pipe? They transform -t ufnonored land mark into amonumerA to the class. No one knows much about them, though A. F. and Lloyd chuckle when you mentis a them. The Juniors can tell the whole -a Noted during our school course for our good behavior, our earnest endeavor, our agreeable social qualities and possessing a marked individuality among our members, what may we not expect the Fate’s to grant us? Surely no prophecy from the lips of our seer can be too extravagant in foretelling our greatness. Albert, reading Vergil,—“He broke his brain.” ATHLETICS. The H. S. Basket Ball team enjoyed a very successful season. Xlie on ly two match games were won by a wide margin. The Base Ball club is one of the interesting organizations of the school, and has already won two of the three games played. GRINDS. Miss B.— “How would you express 'I want to be good’ in Latin?” Bright Freshman,—“Cupi esse bonus.” Miss B.—“If I would say it, what gender would ‘bonus' be?” Bright Freshman,—“Neuter.” I Miss L., in English.—“What is the name of a I metre that runs with two feet?” — ■■■mit boy m back part of room,— Biped,”, Prof. H., getting ilt very in Cicero.—“When 1 gold isas plentiful as the violets in the woodland.” Miss B.,—“What case is vasia?” Inattentive Student, “Vas is?” CLASS PROPHECY. A. F. HUNT. Some may wonder, some may ask you, Ask you why I’m here today, And to these I only answer. Answer “MF� y w r they?” i3iis for futures of my dmymirtfe. , Futures sometimes wild and sad, That I'm with you, With you in this spirit land. Heed, my children! what I tell you, Tell you on this earth so fair. Of our struggles, life’s encounters, Struggles met most everywhere. In this smoke ascending upward, Upward to the light blue sky, Lies the future of a classmate. Paul! a classmate of our lives. A Poet is his life’s ambition, Ambition nursed from birth, I say, 'Twill not be for naught he’s tried it, Tried it, tried, yes, today. For at last he’s sure to triumph. Triumph in this land of our’s; Win success and fame hereafter. Fame ’twill reach from land to land. MAPLE LEAVES. 3 And when life’s departed from him, Departed to a better world, Rippling waters, dancing waters, Of his praises they will sing. Paul, the Poet! Paul, the Poet! May I tell you, show you, teach you, Of the one I see here now? Owen’s future lies here open, Open to the world around; But, perchance, if some might mention, Say to you that he is slow, In response, I’ll only answer, Answer, slow, but sure to go. Brightest mind of all our class, Brighter far than fast. He will calculate, we say, Calculate, learn or know, How much Mary’s lamb did grow, When the lamb did follow her to school, Follow, when ’twas against the rule. But the smoke here answers, tells us, Says he’ll lead a farmer’s life, Farmer for the great Pearl Father, Maker of you all. my children. And the whispering, murmuring pine trees. In their songs of praise will sing, Farmer Owen! Owen! Owen! Now the future of another, One to be both bright and fair Rises; comes to tell you, For the work that she’ll prepare. She will be a female dentist, Extractor of teeth, you know. Pulling, twisting, filling, making. For the jaws of you who are here. And when Edna’s work is done, Completed, finished, naught for fun, We will hear the West wind Walking lightly o’er the prairie, Whispering to the leaves and blossoms Edna! Edna! Now another of our number Comes to see for what he’s destined. Destined ere to rise or fall in this flood surrounding all. Raymond, we perceive to be. One of many, sad and free; To be speaker is his lot, A speaker, teacher or preacher. Spreader of God’s word divine. Is the life work of his time. At last, when he’s stolen from us, Stolen from us in the mist, We will hear the angels whisper, Whisper, ’tis our Raymond! Raymond! And the smoke that you here see, Tells it, makes it known to me, Lulu’s future, what she’ll be. All life’s work will not be pleasure, But she’ll strive and overcome, As a teacher she will triumph. Win money, praise and glory. And when Lulu’s time is past, We will hear the owl at midnight. Hooting, hooting, in the forest, Lu-lu! Lu-lu! Now we beg to ask of Albert, What this one so strong will be, And in response receive this answer, This reply that comes to me. When a youth he’ll go far westward. Go to where there is always summer, Always pleasure, joy and mirth, ’Twill be there he’ll make his fortune, Win his many belts of wampum. And when life draws near a close, Back he’ll come for sweet repose, And we will hear the little fire-fly, Flitting through the dusk of evening, With the twinkle of its candle. Lighting up the breaks and bushes, Whisper, Albert! Albert! Again we ask the smoke to tell us, Ask this smoke so lazily curling. Of the fortune of our Gracie, Grace, the Right Arm, or hard hitter, And ’tis said she’ll be a singer, One far sweeter than all robins, Sweeter far than lark or bobbin. She will sing of all the wide world, Sing of things she’s seen and heard of, Sing for us, her loving classmates, And when at last we have no Gracie, When from us her life will go. We will hear the breezes whisper, Whisper to us, soft and low, Grace, the singer! Singer! Singer! Listen now of these I’ll tell you, Of the ones whom we all know, Know and call the twins or equals, Inseparable pair, who always go, Go and come together ever, ’Twill thus be through all their lives. 4 MAPLE LEAVES. As old maids they will live and prosper, Live and love their maidish life. But when yet quite young and giddish, They will catch two willing suckers, Catch two old and love-worn bachelors, Of the grass and widow type. But they will love their married life, And how sad ’twill be to leave us, Leave us when they are called above, Then will the old men whisper, Whisper in their sad bewailing, Carrie-Minnie! Carrie-Minnie! Now, O smoke, pray rise and tell us, Teach us of our Coryn’s prospect, Teach us of his future interests, What a praise he’ll win for classmates, He’ll become our billionaire, Man of money and affair; He will have his beads and ponies, Have them of all shapes and sizes; But of all the things he’ll own. Our old friendship will be greatest. And when at last he will wander from us. When he will leave us all forever, In the ringing of the church bells, We will hear his name resounding, Cor-yn! Cor yn! ‘Tis of Mamye we’ll now speak of, Mayme, the one whom all adore, Of her future we will tell little, For little’s all we know. This is that she will be a lady, Simply that and nothing more. And when the sun rises o’er the hill tops, Rises at the early morn. We will hear the golden robin, Hear the morning oriole, Chirping ’mong the trees and blossoms, Singing to her nearest mate, Whisper, softly whisper, Mayme! Mayme! Now, again, I ask attention, While I tell you of another, Tis of Lloyd I’ll speak and mention, Speak and tell you of his future, He will be our greatest member, One far greater than all others, Take heed, lest he thine ear abuse, In praising stereoscopic views, An M. D. will be his profession, An M. D. or a Medicine Doctor, But better still he’ll serve his country, Better far than as a doctor, For he will be the originator, Establisher or maker, Of a new sort of asylum, For waifs of the canine tribe. Here the dogs and cats and others. He will nurse and feed and care for, And. at last, when they are cured, When from ailments they are recovered, He will start them in the world aright, Start them Christianized and bettered. This will be his noble life work, And we’ll hear the cats at midnight, Quarreling, scratching, near the wigwams, Hissing, say to one another, Moy-moy-oid! Scroid! ’Tis now Fern that calls attention, And of her we will say a word, This is that a business woman, Or a twentieth century man she'll be; Make the money, do the voting, And receive a public office, And perhaps a President be. And when witches through the heavens Through the air and sky and ether, Drive and guide their broom stick horses, We will hear them whispering wildly, Whispering to their tire-worn steeds, “Sail, oh sail!’’ for thou are nearing, Coming closer to the Fern land, Closer to the land of Women. Now all’s finished, save but one, One whom even I can not tell, All the sages of our nations Can not tell one single jot. So we will leave it thus unfinished, Time alone will make it known, Though these be the circumstances, Yet he’ll love his dear old classmates, And when at last he’s passed away, ’Tis, perhaps, that some might mention, Some might think of times gone by. Oh, 1903, may there be, A long and prosperous life for thee. No cowardly deed disgrace thy name, Thou art a child well known to fame. Thy virtue none surpass! No class in High School is thy peer, Thy praise to us is very dear. And long years hence, though scattered wide. Our memories will recall with pride. Thy name, our noble class. MAPLE LEAVES. MYTHOLOGY OF MILTON. ASIIER R. COTTRELL. The mythological gods and goddesses of Olympus have been for twenty centuries the possession of lovers of art and letters. To Milton the classic mythology was a means to an end, a way by which he might give body and form to poetic ideas. All serious belief in the deities of Olympus had long since passed away,but the beauty and strength of the conceptions themselves gave them a lasting power in the minds of all who loved the beautiful in form and expression. They were for one thing a means of personification. Personification is the poetic way of looking at things, and especially was it Milton’s method. It was early in the period of his retirement at Horton, while enjoying the unbroken leisure and solitude indispensable to poetical meditation, that he wrote the ...companion poems of “L’Allegro” and “II Penseroso.” In these poems, which in a marked degree reflect the poet and his surroundings, we find a wealth of mythical allusions, the learning of books transmitted into lively imagery. Especially are his allusions and personifications numerous in the first forty or fifty lines of these poems. In the “L’Allegro” they average about one reference to each two lines; in the “II Pen-seroso,” one to each three lines. And yet, lavish as is their use, his mastery over the rich treasury of his education enabled him to make them an integral part of the poems, not merely citations and appendages. The first few lines of the “L’Allegro” offer a good example of this freedom in using the classical mythology. Melancholy, he says, is “of Cerebus and blackest midnight born,” but in the “II Penseroso” (line 23), the nobler Melancholy Is called the child of Vesta and Saturn. This may at first seem inconsistent, though on looking at it from Milton’s point of view we find neither inaccuracies nor inconsistencies. We have a mode of expression most natural to a mind filled with the conceptions of classic poetry. At the present day the classic mythology is no longer universally familiar to the reading public. The select, cultured audience for which Milton wrote was familiar with the mythology of Homer, of Virgil, of Horace, and with the legends and attributes of their characters. It must also be understood that the two poems represent dispositions, different but not opposed to each other. The word Melancholy itself had a different significance when taken into the language than it has at the present day. In the “L’Allegro” he has used it with the earlier signification of a pain fully depressed state of mind and body, almost approaching insanity. As understood today, with the 5 sense of moderate and, perhaps, not wholly unpleasant sadness he has used it in the “II Penseroso.” When a few lines further on, in “L’Allegro” 17-24, he says that Mirth is the child of Zephyr and Aurora, he says something that no Greek ever said, but which every Greek and every man of education would have understood, not as a matter of information, but as a matter of course. Just so here, Melancholy, personified, is to be banished. Milton is thinking of her as some pernicious being, fatal to the enjoyment of life and thought, and when he says that she was born of darkness and some strange, hellish monster, his readers understood him perfectly and knew that he had given it the earlier attributes. But in the “II Penseroso” it was the nobler Melan choly whose presence he invoked, and when he said that she was born of Saturn, grave, reverend and kindly, and Vesta, goddess of the hearth, home, and domestic virtues, his readers understood equally well that he had in mind a character, grave, thoughtful, and of meditative disposition. Instead of coining words, as is the custom today, Milton created characters. An idea of the number of allusions he makes may be gathered from the fact that in the one hundred and fifty-two lines of the “L’Allegro,” he mentions the following mythological characters: Cerberus, Mirth, Venus, Bacchus, The Graces, Zephyr, Aurora, Hebe, Hymen, Orpheus, Pluto and Eurydice. Melancholy, Darkness, Jest and Jollity are among the personifications. “Haste thee. Nymph, and bring with thee Jest, and youthful Jollity, Quips and Cranks and wanton Wiles, Nods and Becks and wreathed Smiles, Such as hang on Hebe’s cheek, And love to live in dimple sleek; Sport that wrinkled Care derides. And Laughter holding both his sides. And in thy right hand lead with thee The mountain-nymph, sweet Liberty.” In classic geography he refers to the Styx in Hades, the Cimmerian desert, far to the north in a region of eternal dusk, Mount Ida, and Elysium. In his magnificent masque, Comus, that immortal apotheosis of virtue, Milton has again created a character, that of Comus himself. This production is strictly in accordance with the mythological beliefs in that the Greeks and Romans believed their gods and goddesses to be often near them in an invisible form, sometimes visible in a changed form, just as Comus and the Attendant Spirit were present and ready, the one to destroy, the other to protect hapless mortals. Here we also find another phase of Milton’s marvelous genius, namely his exceptional ability to write charming little songs. Especially in his songs to 6 MAPLE LEAVES. Echo and Sabrina, does the aptness of his allusions and the beauty of the imagery seem to justify us if we call Milton not only a picturesque but a musical poet, and to the audience at Ludlow castle it must have seemed as if they were thinking in a dream. As for his elegy, Lycidas, it must suffice to say that his invocation to the Muse, his prayer for fame, his reproach of the Nymphs, and his Court of Inquiry, wherein the Herald of the Sea, Hippotade, Comus and St. Peter testify, combine to render it the most beautiful pastoral monody in the English language. There is nothing in English literature, not much in any literature, like “Paradise Lost”; and though it was written thirty years later than the Lycidas, it has about the same number of allusions and refer-neces, but in these allusions there is one very pronounced change. Milton, now nearing the close of his life, blind, destitute, and friendless, had fathomed the depths of human woe. Being always of a pious, religious nature he was now particularly able to appreciate the fact that there was something higher than classical literature, namely, the Bible. He had tasted the fruits of the world, but they were not sufficient, and now, having chosen a field whose horizon was not narrower than all space, its chronology not shorter than all eternity, he almost forsook the classic mythology and substituted of necessity, characters drawn from the Bible. To show how great the change was it may be stated that in the entire first book there are only about a dozen classic characters, and those are mainly used for the purpose of comparisons and contrast. as when in lines 192-200 he compares the size of Satan to the giants Briareos and Typhon, who warred on Jove. In the fifth book he uses only about six classical characters, and in the last book, none. This change from classical to biblical characters must not be attributed to Milton’s disapproval of the mythological characters, but rather to the fact that his subject demanded that he use the Christian conceptions. In conclusion, it seems just to say, that of all poets, mediaeval or modern, Milton, pre-eminently the poet of the learned, has far excelled all others in the use of mythological characters, the beauty of classical imagery, and the aptness of his classical personifications. THE AMERICAN NOVEL. EDNA GINGERICK. The novel is the most widely popular and the most characteristic type of twentieth century literature. The changed character of the reading public furnishes one reason for the unprecedented growth of fiction. The spread of education among all classes, through the public schools, newspapers, and magazines, has gradually enabled most of our people to become readers of books. But the lives of the majority are spent in hard toil and their culture is limited. If such are to find amusement, it must come from reading matter within their comprehension. This is furnished by the novel with its varied representation of life. It is true that the modern novel was not developed until the middle of the eighteenth century, but it is, none the less, the flower of a plant which had been growing for a long time. Authentic history does not take us back to the time when human beings were not solaced by stories. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors were delighted with the warlike tales of the gleemen. During the mediaeval age, romances held the popular interest. Short stories strung on one thread with no development of plot was the next step. There was an addition of character studies in the first part of the eighteenth century with the capstone of individuality of characters in the latter half of the same century. Before long a new interest pervaded fiction in the hands of Fielding and Richardson, leaving behind the grandiloquence of chivalry; they pictured the common everyday life as it was. Thus, we see, that, on the whole, the novel is not new but simply the natural, slow development of the epic through the romance, ballad, and drama. The American colonists, similar as they were to their Anglican forefathers, produced no great works of fiction during the colonial period. They wrote histories and laws—such things as were necessary. But it was not until the time of Washington Irving that we have any trace of our own present, dominant American novel. This pioneer gave his narrative an artistic coloring and movement which even today exert their charm when we read his “Sketch Book.’’ His style is masterly, clear, and easy. James Fenimore Cooper may be taken as the type of the novelist of the first half of the nineteenth century. He was an optimist, an idealizer, seeking only the best and refusing to see the bad. In his treatment of the American Indians, he makes the exception the type and suppresses their ugliest traits. His novels are full of adventure, both on land and sea. He was the first American to deem the scenes, characters and history of his native land fit for fiction and was, also, the first American to write the now widely-spread historical novel. By Cooper the field of ideas was widened materially; a new phase of the novel was introduced; and a permanent work of literature was given to the world in his “Leather-Stocking Tales.” The novel of the latter half of the nineteenth century is characterized by its historical tendency. Some are filled with adventure, while others are MAPLE LEAVES. 7 filled with fine character sketches. Then Harriett Beecher Stowe wrote her “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Everybody has enjoyed its concrete picture and religious instincts, although the plot is not well developed. One minute we laugh at the ridiculous sayings of “Topsy” and the next, our eyes fill at the cruel and inhuman treatment of “Uncle Tom.” From the limited supply of novels in the nineteenth century, we pass to the great influx of novels of all sorts in the twentieth centry, the historical, the realistic, the philosophical and the novel of adventure. In the same class with these come the short stories of magazines, all characterized by their clever plots and airy style. There never was a time when short stories and novels were so popular nor so plentiful as today. The primary purpose of the novelist is to tell a story, but there are as many different ways of telling those stories as there are story-tellers. The writers of the present day are supplanting the precise methods of Cooper by an artistic quality which has long been lacking. Conan Doyle seems to have inherited the art of telling a story, a story with much vigor and spirit. No one can deny that some of his situations are exceedingly dramatic nor that the tone of his stories is enhanced by them. Another phase of the novel is to paint the evil as well as the good, the vile and wretched as well as the pure and happy. This realistic type portrays life just as it is. W. D. Howells, the leader of the realistic school, said: “For our own part, we confess that we do not care to judge any work of the imagination without first of all applying this test to it. We must ask ourselves before we ask anything else, Is it true to the motives, the impulses, the principles that shape the lives of actual men and women? This truth, which necessarily includes the highest morality and the highest artistry, this truth given, the book can not be wicked and can not be weak.” We can not pick up a novel that does not deal extensively with character drawing. The odd, eccentric, old man; the beautiful old woman with philanthropic tendencies; the daring Western man and the educated Eastern man; the social young lady and her harder working sister; all have their characters finely sketched by the pencil of the novelist. In the “Spenders” it is easy to close your eyes and picture the elder “Peter Bines,” so minutely is his character drawn. Many of the late novels are by women. Mary Johnston has produced a great list of works, among which “The Crisis” figures prominently as an historical novel. Mary Runkel also has produced an historical novel, “The Helmet of Navarre.” But, perhaps, the most popular novel of the late novels to Hoosiers, at least, are the works of Booth Tarkington. His characters live and act, and who will say that the “white capper” scene in “The Gentleman from Indiana” does not verge on to the dramatic. Taking the late novels as a whole, they are all light, with well developed characters and plots, and all tend toward the realistic rather than the romantic standard. But the impartial critic will have to say that they do not possess enough universality of thought to last for any length of time. In twenty years from now the works of Booth Tarkington, Mary Johnston, Mary Runkel, Conan Doyle, Edward Noyes Westcott and Harry Leon Wilson will, probably, be unknown to the rising generation. THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF ENGLISH TITLES PAUL II. WERNER. Perhaps it is due to the fact that we have no American nobility that the people of this country have shown so much interest in men of rank when they have visited the United States. This has been especially true of young heiresses—when they could find a title matrimonially inclined. Today an English title carries with it nothing more than social distinction and a seat in the House of Lords; nevertheless the history of these titles is intricately interwoven with the political history of England from the earliest times. The highest orders of the British nobility below the King are Prince of Wales and Princes of the Blood Royal. The holders of these dignities are not members of the peerage, except as they have lower titles; for these two dignities are peculiar to the royal family. Both titles are bestowed at birth upon the sons of the King; the former is conferred upon the heir apparent and is held until his accession to the throne, the latter are given to the younger sons and are held until some other title is provided. Daughters of the King are styled Princesses through life. The principality of Wales has been held by the King’s oldest son since the reign of Edward I, though the title itself is much older. From the time of its subjection by William the Conqueror, Wales had been in almost continual revolt. The trouble seemed at an end, however, when Henry 111 created Llewelyn of Gryffith Prince of Wales. But in 1275 Llewelyn refused homage to Edward I, Henry’s successor. The revolt was crushed in 1281 by the death of the Prince; and his brother. Prince David, was captured and executed the next year as a traitor, for he had been the instigator of the rebellion. In 1301 the Welsh, now peaceful, asked Edward for a Prince who had been born on Welsh soil. Edward granted their request. He conferred the title upon his own son Edward, who had been born at Carnavan, Wales, in 1284. The coronet of the Prince of Wales is like 8 MAPLE LEAVES. the King’s, but lacks one of the arches. The other Princes have similar coronets without arches. The term duke, derived from the Latin dux, a military leader, was first made a title of rank by the Roman Emperor Constantine. The dignity was, in reality, brought to England by William the Conqueror; but it was merged in the crown until 1337, when Edward III erected Cornwall into a dukedom for his eldest son, the Black Prince. Later the dignity was made personal, and no lands accompanied the title. Until the reign of Richard II, no one outside the royal family had held the title. That King, however, conferred the dukedom of Ireland upon his favorite, Robert de Vere. Other dukedoms were created from time to time; but, in the reign of Elizabeth, the title became non-existent through extinctions and attainders. The last duke, Thomas Howard of Norfolk, was executed for treason by order of the Queen. For fifty years there was no English duke; but the title was revived by James I, who gave the dukedom of Buckingham to his favorite, George Villiers. The Stewarts and George I created a number of dukedoms and raised several marquises and earls to the rank of duke. Since the accession of George II few dukedoms have been conferred, except those given to younger sons of the Kings. There are now in England twenty-one English dukes, eight Scotch and two Irish. Only two of these dukedoms date before the civil war. Besides these dukedoms there are several held by the royal family. The dukedom of Lancaster has been merged in the crown since the reign of Henry IV, and that of Cornwall has been merged in the principality of Wales since its bestowal upon the Black Prince. Besides this, Edward VII, while Prince of Wales, held also the dukedom of Rothsay. The grandson of George III is duke of Edinburgh. The duke holds the highest rank in the English peerage. He is officially addressed by the crown as “Our right trusty and right well beloved cousin and counsellor.” His coronet consists of a gold circlet with eight gold strawberry leaves, mounted on the rim. The cap is of crimson velvet with a gold tassel and lined with ermine. The state robe is of scarlet velvet with four doublings of ermine. The English marquis ranks next to the duke. In early times the marquises, or lords’ marchers, were guardians of frontiers and border districts, and were important military aids of the King. Especially those on the Welsh border, were very powerful. Indeed, borne were almost kings themselves. The title, Marquis, was known in England as early as the reign of Henry III. and the foreign equivalent was common on the continent at the same time. But the first English marquis, according to the modern significance of the title, was Robert de Vere, whom Richard II made Marquis of Dublin in 1383. The coronet is similar to that of the duke, but four of the strawberry leaves are replaced by as many large , pearls, set on short points. The pearls, so called, are balls of silver as no noble who is not a member of the royal family should wear jewels in his coronet. The state mantle of the marquis has three and a half guards of er ermine. The earl is by far the most numerous order of the English nobility. The title originated among the Angles while they still held the district now included in Schleswig Holstein. The earl, or aetheling, was little more than a magistrate. He held his position at the head of his village by hereditary right from the first settler of that district. In times of war the aetheling led the warriors from his township to the gathering of the tribe’s war host, and it was an aetheling who had command of the forces of the tribe. Thus, when the English invaded Britain each aetheling settled a certain tract which he had conquered, and, on account of the troublesome times, he soon made himself a King. Egbert, the King of Wessex, succeeded in uniting all England under his own rule, and reduced these petty Kings to the rank of earls again. Cnut did away with this old nobility and substituted in their stead the four earls of Mercia, Wessex, Northumberland and East Anglia. Under Edward the Confessor there were five powerful earls, three of whom were Godwine, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, Toastig and Harold, who afterwards became King. William the Conqueror abolished the title with the confiscation of the lands of the Saxon nobles. The Norman recipients of these lands assumed the French title of count. The older title, however, was soon restored, though the district over which the earl had jurisdiction‘retained the name county, and his wife was styled countess. Under the Norman Kings there were two classes of earls: those who held jurisdiction over a whole county, and those who owned only scattered estates. Until 1337 the ea. l was the highest rank in the peerage. In that year t was superseded by the duke and now holds third rank. An earl is styled Right Honorable. He is addressed by the King and Queen as “Our right trusty and well beloved cousin,” an epithet invented by Henry IV, wTho w as connected by birth or marriage alliances w'ith most of his nobles, and had reasons of his own for flattering the powerful lords by frequent references to the relationship. The earl’s coronet has eight strawberry leaves, set on the rim of the circlet, alternating with eight pearls mounted on long points. His state mantle has three doublings of ermine. The old ceremony of conferring the title by the girding on of the sword by the sovereign has long been discontinued. Earls are now created by patent. There are about one hundred and ten per- MAPLE sons in Great Britain who hold the title at the present time. A few of these are Scotch and Irish earls. The Earl Marshal is an hereditary officer of state who directs important ceremonies, takes cognizance of matters of honor and pedigree, and proclaims the declaration of war or peace. The office was established by Richard II, and is now held by the Howard family, the head of which is the Duke of Norfolk. The viscount is a title brought originally from France, though the dignity was known in England before the title was applied. In early times a viscount was the deputy of an earl and executed the duties of sheriff. As a title of nobility the viscount dates from 1440. The first to hold the title was John Beaumont, made Viscount Beaumont by Henry VI. The title was accompanied by no office and has never been extensively bestowed. The coronet of the viscount has sixteen silver balls set on the rim of a gold circlet. The cap, like those of all other nobles, is of crimson velvet with a gold tassel. The term baron was originally applied to any man with tenants. In many old documents it is used to signify all the titular nobility. But the barons in the true sense of the term were the tenants-in-chief of the King, who held seats in the council of peers. Richard II restricted the inheritance of the title to male heirs. He first conferred the dignity by letters patent. There have been a few instances in which the title has descended to the heirs of a brother and as in the case of Lord Nelson, the heirs of a sister were given the barony. The Scotch barony of Fairfax has descended to the Virginia family of Fairfax, who, by consent of the English crown, hold the title, though they remain American citizens. The tenth baron of this family was at one time speaker of the House of Representatives in the State of California. Charles II gave the barons a coronet like the viscounts, except that there are but eight pearls on that of the baron. The state robe is of scarlet velvet with two doublings of white fur with rows of gold lace. A baron takes precedence after the viscounts. When James I came to the throne of England, the exchequer was nearly empty. In order to supply himself with funds, the King executed the title of baronet, though he claimed that the money thus obtained should be used on Ireland. The cost of a baronetcy was £1,095. The recipient of the dignity must be of noble descent and must have a yearly income of no less than £1,000. The number of baronets was not to exceed two hundred, but the restriction has been disregarded. Baronetcies are conferred by patents. The baronet is a commoner, hence he is not a member of the peerage and holds no seat in the House of Lords. He wears no coronet, but has the arms of Ulster as a badge of honor. Baronets rank after the younger sons of barons, and among themselves they take precedence according to the date of their pat- LEAVES. 9 ent. The first to receive the dignity was Sir Nicholas Bacon, the date of whose patent was May 22, 1611. His decendant is still the premier baronet of England. Though the British peerage is of little importance, and though the House of Lords is little more than a figurehead, it is probable that both the peerage and the House of Lords will be maintained as long as the British Empire exists. Some of the English commoners have refused titles when offered them; but the reverence the British people have for these customs which have been handed down to them from early times will preserve the nobility from extinction as it has preserved the crown itself. THE RISING POWER OF RUSSIA. CORYN B. WRIGIIT. The average student of general history looks upon the Russians as one of the less important peoples of the world’s history. In the light of their past history such an idea is well grounded, but it is high time that we get a more vivid conception of this great country, that we inquire into existing conditions, in order to correct this old notion, and that we deduce a few certain conclusions as to the coming power of the Slav. In the early dawn of civilization three great members of the human family began to struggle for European supremacy. These were the Celts, Teutons and Slavs. The Teutons drove the Celts to the very verge of the continent and there the latter are still clinging, humbled by the rule of their oppressors. But in this early contest, the Slav was the most progressive. He came at the heels of the Teuton, he obtained and still holds the eastern half of Europe and had not a woeful calamity befallen him, who knows but what he would hold today the most assuming position in the affairs of the Old World. In the year 1224, by the victory of Kalka, Tartar dominion began in Russia. That dominion lasted about three hundred years and when it closed Russia had become Asiatic. This sad misfortune delayed for centuries the civilization and nationalization of the Slavonian people. Russia has never recovered from this terrible devastation of her Mongul conquerors. Genghis Khan, with his Tartar hordes, traversed a great part of the country with sword and torch. Millions of lives were taken; many populous districts were swept of their populations and to this day, remain uninhabited. This was a terrible backset to the Slav, for while he checked the advance of the Tartars, the Teuton, his rival neighbor, was left unobstructed in the advancement of civilization. We have seen the direful effects of the cruel Tartar invasion, and now the question comes, “Has it been 10 MAPLE LEAVES. all loss and no gain?” Russia has long been dormant, but the surrounding European nations have been progressing. They have met with perplexing national problems and solved them, but at the price of a hard experience. And so it is very clear that Russia, which is now coming up in the hardihood of a young, growing and expanding nation, having the great advantage of profiting by the experience of her rivals, will equal and surpass them. It is certain that Russia is profiting by these examples. For instance, the clever Tsar was the originator of the Hague Peace Tribunal. Thus he at the same time, held the balance of power and won praise as the founder of a grand institution. And as a second instance, we may analyze the Tsar’s late decree, which is a solution for the turbulent uprisings of the peasants that have long disturbed the empire. The shrewd Tsar, in his proclamation, grants religious freedom to all his subjects; and promises to release the peasants from forced labor and to revise the laws concerning the rural communes or “mirs.” What does all this mean? It means that the Tsar proposes to have neither a repetition of the bloody English struggles for religious freedom nor the French Revolution; it means that the sovereign recognizes the demands of the common people, or, in other words, that a step has been taken towards constitutional government. May it not even mean that autocracy is losing ground and that autonomy is as rapidly taking its place? The political organization of Russia is a very heterogenous structure and it has, at the bottom a very great deal of self-government, based on democratic principles. The Tsar has gathered about him an advisory body not greatly dissimilar to the Cabinet of the United States. Though his choice is arbitrary, the Tsar seldom refuses the plans and advice of this body. The political unit of the Empire is the “mir” or commune, and several communes make up a canton. The administrative body of the communes and cantons, the “zemstros,” choose their own executive and administer all the public improvements. The Tsar seldom meddles with these. Such legislation clearly indicates an inevitable change in government. Slowly the Slavonians are learning what liberty is and when once they have learned it, it will be “liberty or death.” With a fair understanding of the political affairs of Russia, one may review her army and hastily glance at her resources, her commerce and geographical position, and then draw some conclusion. The good humor of the Russian soldier is undoubtedly his chief and most visible characteristic. Noth- ing seems to discourage him. Though drenched to the skin, though chilled to the bone, and though his lips are blue with cold, still he maintains his good humor and never utters a complaint. He will endure the greatest hardships and he will fight and die—all because he regards it as his simple duty. He is a zealous Christian. He reverences his military superior and renders him filial obedience. He receives only several dollars a year for his services and he is animated therefore by the truest patriotism. The average Russian soldiers are by far the finest specimens of physical manhood seen in any country. They are big men, with thick necks, powerful shoulders, deep chests, great stomach capacities, heavy skulls and ruddy faces. Their physical vigor is at once attractive—they are soldiers of iron. Their food is the simplest and their powers of endurance remarkable. Moreover, nine hundred thousand of such men reach the military age every year and the government puts over two hundred thousand into active service. What a human magazine to draw from! Besides all this, Russia has a navy that ranks among the best in Europe. As to Russia’s resources, they are vast, but as yet unorganized. Russia has coal, iron, timber, fisheries, the richest gold fields and a bread-producing area, second only to that of the United States. The manufacturing industries, though in their infancy, are making great strides. Russia has never been a commercial nation because of the lack of sea coast, but she is ambitious to become one and makes this ambition a national policy. This policy has backed most of her foreign wars. She commands the Baltic Sea and wistfully casts her eyes on Constantinople. She has gained one free port for the terminus of the Trans-Siberian railroad and is greedy for more. All of her advances are cautious. A few years ago by a shrewd coup d’ etat she temporarily seized the control of Korea, only to see how the pulse of the powers was beating. When she had satisfied her curiosity, she quickly relinquished the seized territory. If any country has the upper hand of China, it is Russia. Suppose, if you can, that this empire, which is already a world in itself, which, in one contiguous unit embraces one-half of Europe and one-third of Asia, plays a successful hand in the dissolution of the Far East and obtains a goodly number of open ports on the Pacific coast and a fair slice of the Chinese Empire, then, by the aijl of cheap Chinese labor and her vast dormant resources in Asia, the Muscovites will establish such a commercial nation as to outrival all competitors. The English may become chagrined, the Germans may look longingly, and the American Eagle may boisterosly flap its wings, but in vain—the growling Bear will not budge. 11 I MAPLE LEAVES. PEN PICTURES.—STRIKING SCENES IN VIRGIL. MINNIE V. JOHN. Many very beautiful pictures are portrayed in Virgil’s Aenead; Virgil, who for ages was looked upon as a conjuror, and as possessed of miraculous powers, and whom St. Augustine often referred to as the highest bloom of Pagan art. Let us spend a few leisure moments in rambling through the picture gallery belonging to Aeneas. The walls are decorated in a magnificent manner with thousands of the beautiful pictures portrayed by the grand artist, and luxurious couches invite us to sit down and revel in the beautiful scenery, but we are compelled to press onward. Just as we leave the vestibule our attention is called to the picture which very vividly represents the voyage of the Trojan hero over the vast expanse of the sea. The fleet was scarcely out of sight of the Sicilian shores, when Juno, resolved to prevent them from reaching Italy, and drove them from their course by a fearful storm. She fiercely hurled the thunderbolt of Jupiter from the heavens, scattering the ships and disturbing the sea with the winds. Like a mighty army the wind rushed orth, while the gusty southwest winds lasted the waves into a fury as it dashed the vast billows to the shore. The cries of men and the shrieks of women were heard, as the wind howled through the rigging. The clouds collected and the darkness of midnight settled over the sea. The thunder rumbled and crashed, the air seemed fairly one blaze of light, and death seemed imminent to the heroes. As the wind blew from the north, a blast struck the sail full in the front and the waves rolled to the very top of the mast. The oars were dashed to pieces, the prow swung round, exposing the side to the wave, and the towering billow piled up behind them like a mighty mountain. Some of the ships were balanced on the crest of the waves, the sea yawning beneath, while the ground is laid bare and the swelling flood boils with sand. The south wind caught and whirled the ships on hidden rocks; the southeast wind drove them from the deep into the shallows and dashed them on the shoals. The prow of one of the boats was torn off and the helmsman was pitched headlong into the sea, while the ship whirled three times around in the same spot, as the hungry whirlpool sucked it beneath the surface. Men were seen here and there battling with the waves, their arms clinging to planks for protection. The storm conquered the ships, one by one; all received the destructive deluge either in the joints of the side or in the seams, which were torn wide open. In the meantime Neptune, in his wanderings through the sea, perceived the great confusion; the waters agitated from the very depth of the sea, and the shattered fleet of Aeneas. He became very angry, and as his massive head towered above the waves, the whole uproar of the sea was immediately calmed. The fatigued followers of Aeneas, who remained unharmed, but weary and discouraged, made all haste to reach the nearest shore, which was that of Lybia. The place was a deep inlet, on either side of which vast cliffs and rocks rose threateningly heavenward. A grove, bristling with shadows, overhung the cliffs, and near by was a cave, within which were to be found springs of fresh water, and seats of natural rocks—the home of the nymphs. Seven ships had weathered the storm. The exhausted Trojans disembarked and dripping with the salty water, stretched themselves out on the shore. Leaving the Trojans to recruit their wearied bodies, we pass on and are horrified as we see the picture of Laocoon and his two sons in the coils of the dreadful serpent. Laocoon protested against the deceptive horse which the crafty Greeks had constructed, when, behold! two huge serpents were seen breasting the deep salt sea lashed with foam as they approached the shore. Their bloody crests towered above the waves, while the rest of their bodies extended behind them roods over the sea. Their glistening eyes were suffused with blood and fire as they licked their hissing jaws with their forked tongues. The crowd fled in all directions, but the serpents sought out Laocoon directly. They first entwined about the bodies of his two sons, and Laocoon attempted to aid them but the serpents at once seized upon his body, winding their huge coils around his waist, they throw their scaly bodies three times around his neck, and their lofty heads tower above him. Laocoon struggled to tear apart the knotted coils and cried for assistance. At length the serpents, having satisfied the cruel revenge of Minerva, fled to her citadel and were concealed at her feet. But let us leave this dreaful picture; and as we pass on, notice the wonderful structure of the massive horse, the cunning device by which the Greeks gained entrance to the Trojan city. Dido, grief-stricken at the departure of her lover, Aeneas, and the burning city of Troy, all very interesting pictures, w'hich we are loth to leave, but a little farther on we see one which lures us on. We find this to be a picture suggesting the voyage of Aeneas through Orcus. As we pass with him through the lower world, we see in imagination all the incidents and perils of his wanderings until the dream seems to us a living fact; he commands our thoughts and under his guidance we tread with ghostly footsteps that dim and unknown highway, which extends beyond the grave. First we advance to a picture which leads us to a dark cave where MAPLE LEAVES. 12 Aeneas consults the Cumean Sibyl and obtained the “golden bough,” which should be his passport through the under world. Thence we advance and come to the entrance of Orcus, where we are appalled at the horrible vision. Woe and Avenging Care rest on couches at the entrance; here also are pale Diseasesl sad Old Age and hideous Poverty. Besides these many monsters, various wild beasts and fabulous monsters wander around in the doorway; the hissing hydra, the two-formed Scythius and Bri-areus, with his hundred hands advance. We become terrified and Aeneas draws his dagger and rushes upon them. But in vain! And we become aware of the light existence of the spirit. We pass on and come to a portrait which leads us into utter darkness and we approach the river Acheron, which for miles seethes in a vast whirlpool. An aged boatman, terrible with filth, with gray beard and flaming eyes, guards the river, and ferries those across whose bodies have received the right of burial. Some poor shades are beseeching him to take them across and extend their hands appealingly to the further shore; but the grim boatman selects the chosen from the vast throng, and sends others away, bewailing their fate together. Aeneas, greatly amazed, advances toward the river, but as soon as the ferryman sees him, he begins to rebuke him, asking why he came armed to this place of shadows, and said it was not right that living bodies should be carried in the Stygian boat. But when Aeneas shows the golden branch, he is immediately taken into the boat and safely landed on the opposite shore; here we see him confronted by Cerberus, the dog with three heads, which guarded the threshold. Aeneas threw him a piece of cake, dipped in honey, and soon he quietly stretched his huge body on the ground. Then he proceeds on his journey and we see him enter Elesium, the abode of the blessed, where he meets his father’s spirit. But here our revelry is interrupted and we are compelled to leave the picture gallery in care of Aeneas, and to ascend once again to the upper regions of the earth. THE BROOK FARM MOVEMENT. CARRIE A. PATTERSON. The Brook Farm Movement was a community organized in 1841 by George Ripley on Fourier’s principles. It was largely an outcome of the Transcendental movement at that time. Eight miles south of Boston, on Charles River, on an estate of two hundred acres, a company of scholars and educated men and women settled down to a communistic experiment in which every member did his share of the manual work. Hawthorne was one of the founders and lived for some months on the farm in which he invested all of his savings. A charming memorial of this enterprise is his “Blithe-dale Romance.” Other principal writers who lived at Brook Farm were George Ripley, Theodore Parker, J. S. Dwight and Eliot Cabot. It was a noble and generous movement in the projectors to try an experiment of better living. Its failure, therefore, was not due to any improper motive, but to a lack of true business principles. The founders of Brook Farm should have this praise, that they made what all people try to make, an agreeable place to live in. All visitors, even the most fastidious, found it the pleasantest of residences. There is agreement in the testimony that it was, to most of the associates, education; to many, the most important period of their tlife, the birth of valued friendships, their first acquaintance with the riches of conversation, their training in behavior. The art of letter writing , it is said, was immensely cultivated. Letters were always flying, not only from house to house, but from room to room. To remodel society and the world into a “happy family” was the aim of these enthusiasts. One apostle thought that all men should go to farming; and another that no man should buy or sell; as the use of money was the cardinal evil; another that the mischief was in our diet, that we eat and drink condemnation. Others attacked the system of agriculture and the tyranny over brute nature; these abuses polluted his food. The ox must be taken from the plow, and the horse from the cart; the hundred acres of the farm must be spaded, and man must walk wherever boats and locomotives will not carry him. Even the insect world was to be defended, and a society for the protection of ground worms, slugs, and mosquitoes was to be incorporated without delay. With these appeared the adepts of homeopathy, of hydropathy, of mesmerism, of phrenology, with their wonderful theories of the Christian miracles. This association was composed of men and women of superior talents and sentiments; yet it was easily questioned whether such a community would draw the able and the good; whether those who had energy would not prefer their chance of power in the world to the humble certainties of the association; whether such retreat did not promise to become an asylum to those who tried and failed rather than a field to the strong. Enjoyment was almost from the first a serious pursuit of the community. It formed a part of the curriculum, and was a daily habit of life. Nothing bears weightier testimony to the wholesomeness of the life at Brook Farm than the simple and spontaneous character of the sports which found acceptance. Out-of-door life was a passion, which, like all noble passions, absorbed in itself many less worthy MAPLE LEAVES. 13 emotions, and lifted very ordinary amusement out of the sphere of the common place. Even the uncom mendable habit of punning, by which the entire community was at times infected, may, perhaps, be explained as one of the forms of effervescence induced by superabundant oxygen. After meals in the evening, and when it was possible to be in the open air, the associates made happiness a duty, and their high courage held them to harmless fun when their fainter souls would have dropped at the whisperings of evil days ahead. Except in the dead of winter, the varied acres of the domain itself, as wrell as the surrounding country, served as a setting for the animation which the finished labors of the day had set free, and the younger members of the family, especially, walked and held picnics through the outlying regions. Although there would be now and then during the winter a “fancy party,” the true revels of this sort were reserved for warm weather, and were held in the still beautiful grove. Dancing was much in vogue, and was enjoyed by all who knew the art. Their Sundays were not ordinarily kept with such rigid observance as might have befitted the descendants of the Pilgrims, wrhose high enterprise, as they sometimes flattered themselves, they had taken up and had carried onward and aloft, to a point which they never had dreamed of attaining. Hawthorne, in his “Blithedale Romance,” says, “Some went devoutly to the village church. Others, it may be, ascended a city or country pulpit, wearing the clerical robe writh so much dignity that you would scarcely have suspected the yeoman’s frock to have been flung off only since milking time. Others took long rambles among the rustic lanes and by-paths. Some betook themselves into the wide, dusky barn and lay there for hours together on the odorous hay. And others went a little way into the woods and threw' themselves on mother earth, pillowing their heads on a heap of moss, and there whiled away the afternoon hours.” When about their work, the women wore a short skirt with knickerbockers of the same material; but when the daily tasks were ended, they attired themselves after the simplest of the prevailing fashions. It is said that the motive of economy was responsible for the adoption by the men of the tunic in place of the “old w'orld coat.” This favorite garment was sometimes of brown Holland, but often blue, and was held in place by a black belt. Economy of labor may have been accountable for the unshorn face, but the beard was certainly in high favor at Brook Farm, and a predilection for long hair was also current. The most immediate and at times the only source income was the school, the establishment and maintenance of which alw'ays held a conspicuous place in this scheme. The transcendental philosophy could not well avoid laying stress on intellectual development and culture, and the student life of the farm was animated by a pervasive enthusiasm and held to an unvarying standard. In certain particulars the educational policy was ideally good, proceeding as it did on the theory that perfect freedom of intercourse between the students and a teaching body of men and women whose moral attainments wrere not distanced by their mental accomplishments, could not fail to justify itself. The farm was ahvays short of “hands,” but there were never any lack of heads in the Department of Instruction. There was an infant school for children under six; a primary school for those under ten; and children whose purpose it was to take the regular course of study laid down by the institution were placed in the preparatory school, which fitted youths for college in six years. Otherwise the studies were elective. The Brook Farm failed in 1847. Since that time the place has undergone many changes. It is now the Martin Luther home for German orphans, supported by the German churches and the Lutheran societies of New England and, in some cases, the West. One object that remains, and, in all likelihood, will probably remain the longest of any is the Eliot’s pulpit, which Hawthorne speaks of in his “Blithedale Romance.” It is a mammoth rock of conglomerate or Roxbury “pudding-stone,” standing some twenty-five feet high in the pine woods, a few mnutes walk back of the farm. It was on the top of this rock that tradition says the apostle Eliot used to preach to the Indians two centuries ago, and upon which in the Brook Farm time, Hollingsworth used to lecture on the Sabbath afternoons to Zenobia. Priscilla and Cov-erdale. Instead of the birch that used to canopy its top, there now stands a large pine, straight and overshadowing. While beneath the rock is the cave with the twro entrances, one at the base of the rock, and one at the top through which the children crawl in their pastimes. The shady pine grove wiiere the masqueraders sounded in Haw'thorne’s ear as if “Connis and his crew w'ere holding their revels in one of its lonesome glades,” is still used for the same purpose, but instead of the picturesquely attired masqueraders of the “Blithedale Romance,” a chance wrayfarer on the road would now catch gimpses in the summer time of dirty, ragged German children, brought from the slums of Boston to enjoy the rare privilege of a picnic in the country. Another relic of the time when the pioneer of the new social regime worked so hard to bring about their cherished millenium is the Margaret Fuller cottage, a little picturesque, four-gabled structure, standing on the farther slope of the hill, nestled in front 14 MAPLE LEAVES. of the pine woods, in exactly the same condition as it was fifty years ago. Why it is called the Margaret Fuller cottage is still something of a mystery, as Margaret Fuller was never a member of the community, and never lived in it. She was only a visitor. Then, to sum up, we find that comparatively few of the old buildings yet remain. Notwithstanding the fact that these people did all in their power to make the Brook Farm movement prosper, it lacked the real and true business principles and the vital elements of the simple and normal home life, which alone could have made Brook Farm a living reality today. THE FLORA OF CHESTER TOWNSHIP. BLANCHE G. IIINKLE. Numbering approximately nine hundred Phanerogams and six hundred Cryptogams, it has but little to distinguish it from the flora of other localities that do not possess limestone beds or extensive marsh land. Fifty years ago the forests of Chester township were thickly planted with specimens of those two great monarchs of the temperate zone, the white oak and the tulip or white poplar. The study of botany fifty years ago was surely a source of pleasure to such scientists as D. Condoll, Ehrhart, Hooker, Linnaens, Muhlenberg, Rafinesque and Torrey. When the ravages of civilization had not destroyed the sacred wilds of the floral world. How strange is the fact that all these great scientists visited this country in advance of that great destroyer of the natural, and the upbuilder of the artificial, civilized man. But with all the changes in the topographical appearances of Chester township, fully eighty of its plants found here then, can be found here now. In considering the subject matter of this paper, we deem it unnecessary to list this flora in detail, but to consider it in groups, and to form connection as far as possible with the plants under domestication. The first group of any importance in the Polypeta-lous Exogens is the Ranunculus or Crowfoot To it belong the larkspur, columbine, clematis, anemone and buttercup. The Crucifcra, or Mustard Family, can be identified with the cresses, mustard, turnip and the cabbage group, and several early spring flowers, as the tooth wart and cardamine. To the Geraniums belong the oxalis, which contains the common wood-sorrel, having petals white with reddish veins, often notched. The geraniums and touch-me-not, or balsam, are also species of this group that are found here. In the Rose family you will find our fruit-bearing trees, the apple, peach, pear, cherry and plum, the strawberry, blackberry and raspberry, which need no explanation to a “Hoosier.” The Onagra family contains the evening primrose, loosestrife and willow-herb. The Umbel group contains the parsley and parsnip of cultivation, and the poison hemlock of Demosthenes. About ten other indigenous plants can be found in Chester township. Of the Aralia family, ginseng, sarsaparilla and spikenard are found here. The Honeysuckle family, the first in the Gamopeta-lous Exogens, has for some of its members the common elder, the blackhaw and the woodbine or honeysuckle. The next large group is the Madder. Besides the use of some of its members in the coloring art, we derive from this family the coffee of commerce, Peruvian bark and quinine. Chester township is represented by the button bush of our swamps and about ten species of the galium or bed straw. The largest family division in botany is the Composite group, containing, as it does, a majority of our common weeds, such as the iron weed, golden rod, asters, dandelion, sunflower, daisy, ragweed and thistle There are about seventy distinct species in Chester township. Of the Lobelia we have five species. In this family most of the flowers are deep red and very large, growing on a single stem. The Heather family contains a great deal of our domestic shrubbery, for instance, the azalia, trailing arbutus and bay laurel, also the huckleberry, cranberry and wintergreen of the marshes. We find here five members of the Primrose family. Of the Olive family we have here only the ash in the wild form, with the fringe-tree, the lilac and the jessamine in cultivation. We have of the Gentian family six species, of the Phlox seven, and of the Waterleaf four. Boraginaceae, a large family of innocent plants contains the heliotrope, gomfrey, stickweed and the myosotis, or forget-me-not. Of the Convolvulus group we have the morning glory, the cypress vine and sweet potato of cultivation. The wild forms are the dodder and bind weed. The Nightshade family, although a large group in the tropics, has but few indigenous members in Ches ter township. To it belong the bitter sweet, Jamestown weed, tobacco, potato, egg plant and tomato. The Figwort family is represented by the fox glove, mullein and about twenty-four others. Some of them are very common and noxious weeds. Of the Mint family we have about twenty-two indigenous and eleven introduced species. The Buckwheat family is well represented in both the wild and cultivated forms. To it belong the MAPLE LEAVES. 15 buckwheat, rhubarb, dock, sorrel and various species of the smart weed group. None of these are unfamiliar to the inhabitants of Chester township. The Nettle family can claim four species of the elm, four of the nettle and one each of the mulberry and hop. The Jugland group can be identified with two species of the walnut and four of the hickory. To the Oak family belongs the birch, hazel nut, iron weed, oak, beech and chestnut. Of the Orchid family seventeen species have been identified by Jenkins in Chester township. This family consists mostly of terestrial plants. It is different from the rest of the families and deserves special notice. It is not capable of self-fertilization. Most species of this family are fertilized by insects. The flower is so constructed that the insect may reach the nectar and wax his wings well with the same and as he weaves about through the flower and leaves, he drags the waxy pollen from place to place and by so doing unconsciously fertilizes the plant. The different species are found in the swamps and marshes, especially huckleberry marshes in the sphagnum moss, which serves as a carpet for the marsh. The different species are herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with six-merous perianth adnate to the one-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on three parietal placentae, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. The fruit is a one-celled, three-valved capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine sawdust. The perianth is of six divisions and in two sets; the three outer sepals are mostly of the same petal-like texture and have the same appearance as the three inner petals. One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, and direction from the rest and is called the lip; only the other two taking the name of petals. The lip is really the upper petal, the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick, fleshy stigma; a two-celled anther; each cell contains one or more masses of pollen or the pollen granular. They have tube-shaped roots. The leaves are parallel, all alternate. The flowers are very showy. One of the most distinguished species of this family found here is the Cypripedium, or lady’s slipper. It has a root of many tufted fibres, has large, many-nerved and plaited leaves, sheathing at the base. Its flowers are solitary or few, but very large and showy. Besides the families above mentioned, two others are important and deserve notice here. To the Lily group belong the smilax, onion, hyacinth, asparagus and various lilies. The Sedge and Grass families are well represented with over one hundred species each. In conclusion there have been seven hundred and thirty species collected and classified from Chester township and its immediate environments. CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. KERNE E. FRAME. Perhaps in no other place in the world will we see such magnificent and far-famed buildings as those of the English cathedrals. Among these cathedrals, and one of the most famed, is the mother church of England. In the midst of the town of Canterbury, standing on a slight elevation and backed by higher hills, we see a great solitary church, which was first known as “Christ Church,” afterward called Canterbury Cathedral. The church was founded by Archbishop Laufranc, enlarged and completed by Anslem, and consecrated by Archbishop Corbel, in 1130, in the presence of Henry I of England, David, King of Scotland, and all the English bishops of the realm. “The ceremony was the most famous that had been heard of on earth since that of the temple of Solomon.” The metropolitan cathedral owes its enthralling interest to its vastness of scale, its wealth of monuments, its treasures of early glass, and the great historical scenes that have been enacted within its walls —above all, to that greatest of all historical tragedies, the murder of Thomas a’Becket. It does not owe its distinction to architecture. Whole building periods were unrepresented; for the century and a half when England’s design was at its best the Canterbury authorities slept. What we have is the result of two periods only, with some scraps incorporated from earlier Norman work. What is there is not of the best. Canterbury scornfully declines any attempt at composition. Transepts and turrets are plumped down anyhow and anywhere; to the east it finishes abruptly in the ruined crags of a vast round tower; to the west the towers of its facade were, till lately, as incongruous in character as in date. Externally it is an assemblage of distinct and discordant buildings. The entire length of the structure is five hundred seventy-six feet, and the extreme breadth one hundred fifty-nine feet. The main entrance is in a great porch projecting from the southern side of the southwestern tower. Passing through this entrance into the interior we first enter the great bare nave, as it stood when Chaucer’s Pilgrims saw it clothed. Here we have the perpendicular style. It had been changed in the fourteenth century from transitional MAPLE LEAVES. if lt design to this. Here the pier arches are very lofty and the aisles beyond are very high. The pillars are almost like vast bundles of reeds, and pass almost insensibly into the. vaulting ribs above, their capitals being very insignificant. The triforium has lost its old height, its old character, almost its existence—is but the continuation over an unpierced wall of tracery of the great window which fills the whole width of the clerestory space above. On passing from the nave we come to the great choir. It is protected from the curiosity of everyone by screens. The central screen is raised on a high flight of steps which leads up from the nave and transepts. Nowhere else put in Westminster Abbey will your steps be so hampered as in Canterbury. A written permit from the Dean is quite essential for you to see Canterbury’s choir. The first thing that strikes even a slightly practiced eye is the unlikeness of the choir to the usual English type either of its own date or of any other. The second pair of transepts far to the eastward is paralleled in several churches elsewhere. But instead of a long level floor, broken only by a few steps before the altar here is a floor divided into different sections by broad, successive flights, giving an unwonted air of majesty and pomp. The line of great arcades and of the aisles-walls is not straight, but takes an inward trend eastward of the second transept. An almost straight-sided space again succeeds. The termination is neither the simple “semicircular Norman apse, nor the flat east end of late days. It sweeps upward as though to form the typical apse, but in the center of the curve opens out into a lofty chapel almost in a circular plan. All these peculiarities give an individual accent and a special beauty to the work; and all have a curious historic interest. The choir nearly perished in the great conflagration of 1174. But the lower portions of its outer walls survived, together with two chapels, finished as stunted towers, which had projected from the curvature of the apse, on either side. Then from the center of the old apse line had projected a square chapel, dedicated to Trinity and regarded as the church’s holy of holies. On the site of this and above his first tomb in the crypt, it was thought fitting that St. Thomas should be given sepulture. But a small isolated chapel would by no means serve his turn. A wide, dignified, open space was needed and circumambient aisles to receive a thousand feet at once. And so the church was again extended its full length. All along, in projections, on either side of the choir and Trinity chapel, wre may see the transept of martyrdom, Dean’s chapel, St. Anslem’s tower, and St. Andrew’s tower. There also we may see at different places the monuments of the Black Prince, Henry IV, Cardinal Pole, Archbishop Stephen Langton and also many others of interest. No crypt in the world is so stupendous as Canter-bury’s, or so interesting, either structurally or historically. It begins just eastward of the chapel, leaving the four great piers which support the tower to be assisted by the solid earth; and thence it extends to the east as far as the great choir reaches, following the same outlines with transepts and chapels of its owrn. There is doubt concerning the exact reason which dictated the final circular chapel. Its rightful name is “the Corona.” This name has been translated to mean “Becket’s crown,” in the belief that the chapel wras built as a separate shrine for the scalp which wras severed from his head by De Brut’s fierce, final blow. Were this corona omitted, the termination would show the common type of post-Norman times, but as France, not England, was developing it. Here, as everywhere else in the cathedral, we see the French design. The style of this part is neither Gothic nor Norman, but intermediate between the two—transitional. There are many points of unlikeness, but the most notable one is in the character of the capitals on the great piers and all of the lesser shafts that support the window's and the sides. The capitals show no mark of the English type. They are low and broad. The abacus is rectangular, and the rich, varied and delicate ornamentation show's that they are distinctly Corinthian. The effect, in general, is French, which prevails throughout the cathedral. In the old days the interior of a cathedral like this was covered in every niche of floor and wrall and ceiling with color and gold in tints that charmed the eye, and figures, and was lighted by windows like colossal gems and tapers like innumerable stars. It was furnished with altars and tombs, chanteries, trophies, statues and embroidered hangings, trodden by troops of gaudily clothed ecclesiastics, and filled with a never lessening crow'd of worshipers. Today it is cold and bare and glaring, scraped to the very bone, stripped of all save the architect’s first result, and empty even of facilities for occasional prayer. Now' wre pass to the west front, and commence a tour of the exterior. On the outside of the church, signs of foreign influence are traced far less conspicuously than within. A west front, was but rarely treated in England with the honor it received abroad. Here it shows little evidence of well thought out design. Its flanking towers have not been made to harmonize with the perpendicular window that fills the whole space between them. The east side speaks more decidedly of France, but gets a local accent through the very low’ pitch of the outer roof. Almost everything else is English. Yet it is only when we have gone along the w'hole south side, noting the rich Norman work of the eastward transept and of St. Anslem’s chapel, w'hen we MAPLE LEAVES. 17 Li have rounded the east end and found the picturesqueness of the northern aspect—it is only then we realize how truly English Canterbury really is. To the south the close was narrowed by the nearness of the city’s streets, and there there was no room to give the dependent structures this, their customary station. But on the north the domain of the monastery extended to the far off city wall. Here is the southwest tower. There is Christ Church gateway, through which one first approaches the cathedral; originally it had two turrets. Outside it is a monument to the dramatist Marlowe. On the fcouth is seen a porch; the nave, a beautiful design; and the pinnacle of the southwest transept. East of the Warrior’s chapel is the projecting end of Stephen Langton’s tomb. East of this the two lower rows of windows are those of Conrad’s choir; the upper row that of William of Sens. The middle windows in the southeast transept were the clerestory of Conrad; the windows above them are those of William of Sens. The three upper stages of the tower on the south of this transept are late Norman work. Farther east we have the simple French design; here for the first time in English architecture the flying buttresses are openly displayed. Then is the grand sweep of the apse and ambulatory which seems to send one straight back to France. Then comes the broken outline of the corona. Northeast of the corona are two groups of ruined Norman pillars and arches. The west end was an open dormitory, open to the roof, and the east end, separated off by a screen, the chapel.1 The Canterbury infirmary had a north transept, called the Table Hall or Refectory, in which the inmates lived. Then, too, there were the vast guest houses, here for the plebeian and there for the noble, and again for pauper visitors; the tall water tower; the library, the treasury; the stables, the granaries, bake-houses, breweries, and all the minor architectural belongings of so numerous a brotherhood, devoted to such comfortable living and lavish hospitality. Scattered everywhere are fragments, large and small, of many kinds and dates, sometimes rebuilt to meet some alien purpose, sometimes merely ruins. But ruin in an English spot like this does not mean desolation and abandonment, and the lessening of charm. It means a pictorial beauty which to all eyes, save the serious student’s, well replaces the architectural perfection. The columns, the isolated, tall, arcades, the unglazed Svindows, and enigmatical lines of wall—all alike, are ivy-covered, and flower-beset, and embowered in massive foliage and based on broad floors of an emerald turf, such as England alone can grow. And above and beyond, as background to the exquisite wide picture, rises the pale-gray mass of the cathedral, crowned by its stupendous yet thrice graceful tower, telling that all is not dead of what was once living, speaking of the England of our day as in happy harmony again with the England of St. Thomas. A hundred other points of interest might be noted in Canterbury’s church, and many facts of a historical nature. One is inclined to dwell on the renown of the famous Thomas a’Becket, who was murdered before the high altar of the cathedral on December 29, 1170, and whose remains, fifty years later, were translated from the crypt to a shrine in the newly erected Trinity chapel. Also of the many interesting monuments—such as the tombs of Stephen Lang-ton; the Black Prince, of Henry IV, of the Archbishop Warham, and of Cardinal Pole—of the many archbishops from St. Augustine, in 597 A. D., and still continuing. But to enumerate the many, many things of interest is impossible, and so we will leave the old cathedral standing on the hills, against a gray sky and surrounded by a wilderness of bushes, trees, and vines. And as it stands there, magnificent and alone, it looks down and seems to say: Ye come and go, incessant; we remain, Safe in the hallowed quiets of the past; Be reverent, ye who flit and are forgot, Of faith so nobly realized as this. HOW TO DEAL WITH TRUSTS. A. F. HUNT. A trust is an industrial combination for the exclusive control of the production, manufacture, sale and price of certain articles In nearly all countries, and in practically all times, agreements have been made among local shops, factories, and manufactures for the regulating of prices. The guilds of mediaeval Europe were a kind of corporation composed of local merchants for controlling prices. From this most rude form of beginning the trust has grown until it has attained such magnitude and strength that one of the greatest problems now before the American people is how to deal with them. Many schemes have been advanced for their destruction, some of which are very plausible. It has been proposed to limit their dividends to twenty-five per cent of the actual stock invested. This is a method without foundation, for many private corporations doing a strictly legitimate business pay a much higher dividend than this, and besides they could “water” their stock and evade the law by other fraudulent means. Some advance the theory of requiring them to brand their goods, while others even wish to refuse them the rights to use the mail and law courts. These are manifestly absurd, for the first theory w’ould not help matters, and the second would be 18 MAPLE LEAVES. unlawful, as it would refuse citzenship to stockholders. Direct legislation has been advised, but many difficulties would be experienced in enforcing the laws and there would always be the question as to their legality. If direct laws should be passed they could, seemingly, break up the trust, but the different factories could still continue operation and be secretly held in the corporation. The decisions could be held off many years by demanding new trials and appealing to higher courts. As to the legality of the power of Congress to legislate on this matter there is no clause referring to it in the Constitution. It is true that the so-called elastic clause might be stretched to include this power, but still it would be difficult to conceive of this clause covering the power of Congress to interfere in matters of private business, and the Supreme Court, before whose tribunal the question must finally be argued, might decide that it did not lie in the province of Congress. The causes for the increased growth of the trusts in the past ten years have been the protective tariff, freight discriminations, unlawful concessions which their wealth has been able to buy, and the secrecy with which they have been able to conduct their business. There was a time when American produce could not compete with foreign manufactures, but that time is past. Under the present protective tariff, American manufacturers ship and sell their goods in Europe cheaper than they sell them in America. It has been truly said, “Tariff is the father of trusts.” By lowering or entirely removing the tariff on goods made by trusts the immense profits now realized by them will be decreased. With the profits greatly lowered there will be no inducements for investing money in the trusts. Freight discriminations and other concessions which are given them aid much in maintaining their unwieldy growths. For instance, the Standard Oil Company, besides receiving immense rebates on its own shipments receives from all railroads a certain amount on every gallon of oil carried for other companies. On account of their great wealth they are able to bribe legislators and judges to grant them unfair advantages and pass decisions in their favor. Again taking the Standard Oil Company as an example, it is known that they are often permitted to run their pipes through the most desired parts of a city or locality because they have persuasive influence with legislators. Publicity or the knowledge of the financial basis of a corporation will tend to prevent over-capitalization, and since over-capitalization is one of the causes of monopoly, publicity will tend to prevent monopoly. With the books of the trusts kept strictly private, the people have no way of knowing their profits, money invested, or their business methods. While the people at large might think they were making a goodly profit of fifteen or twenty per cent, they were really making a profit of forty or fifty or even a greater per cent. Were this known, competition would immediately arise and their profits, therefore, decrease. Can we expect smaller corporations to live under such conditions as these? Place them on an equal basis, give them a fair chance and they will easily take care of the trusts. Smaller companies are now literally “starved out” by the trusts, which either reduce prices so that the independent owners must close up, or sell out their plants. And so determined are the trusts to secure the monopoly of the commodity, that they are willing, often, to pay the owner many times the real value of the business. If we take away from the combinations the possibility to reap great profits they will be unable to buy or “starve out” all the smaller companies, and the latter can then exist. Much heavier penalties should be laid for the giving of rebates or discriminations in freight rates, and great care should be taken that no one evades this law. The law should require that all the business books of the trusts be made public. With the many inducements offered by trusts stopped, and with the assurance that they will henceforth do a strictly lawful business, receive no concessions, favors, or rebates, smaller corporations will revive and will eventually bring about the destruction of their destroyers. LEAVES FROM AN OLD DIARY. LULU L. STKICKLLR. | The following leaves are supposed to have been taken from the diary of an old man, one of the first settlers of Chester township, Wabash County, Indiana. Although the dates of the months may be incorrect, the dates as to years are history.] Sept. 10, 1830— I just returned home from Shippensburg from muster-day. I heard them discussing this new country west of the Allegheny mountains, and I was so impressed by the talk that I intend to look into the matter. Brother John expects even to start soon. Sept. 24, 1830— I went as far as Carlisle with Brother John and his five companions, who are on their way to Ohio. On account of father’s health, I am forced to remain here. August 1, 1831— Just received a letter from Brother John. He says: “I am located in Richland county, Ohio, some few miles southeast from Mansfield. Here the land is very rich, though the country is broken; even the MAPLE LEAVES. 19 chestnut ridges produce great trees from three to five feet in diameter. The bottom lands are so fertile that the timothy grass grows about four feet tall, and the other products grow in the same proportion; the beets weigh about one hundred and fifty pounds, and the potatoes are so large that a man may sit upon one end of it while the other is in the fire roasting.” These few items, together with our eagerness to investigate the territory for ourselves, soon caused father to want to come out as far as John’s, if not farther. August 28, 1831— We started early today on our journey. Father, Betsy and the little ones rode in the wagon, which carries our necessities; and the boys and myself, armed with the rifle and some axes, walked along urging the team over the rough ground, and provided food both for them and for ourselves. We camped at night, hobbling the mules to keep them from straying. Oct. 25, 1831-How relieved we feel! We have reached brother’s in safety. Father, who has been rather downhearted, has cheered up upon finding John’s all healthy and in good spirits. We leave the things in the wagon until we locate for ourselves. Today father seems interested in everything; he admires the large chestnut trees, and when, after asking about the beets, John told him that they were dead-beats, he could not conceal his surprise and distrust. Then he asked about the potatoes. John seemed not to understand him, for he asked, “What potatoes?” “Oh, those like you wrote about that you can sit on one end of while the other’s in the fire roasting.” “Oh, that is nothin; just cut them in two.” March 14, 1835— I am tired of trying to farm this broken and hilly country and as there is an opening of lands in Indiana, to be had at a dollar and a quarter an acre, I will sell out and investigate that. Sept. 30, 1835— The day is favorable for the journey to Indiana. I have sold my land and with Mike Secrist and Mr. Clever start on foot to see the new country. We carry an ax and a rifle apiece, but very little money and little more ammunition. Oct. 4, 1835— We had traveled for three days, and for about a hundred or a hundred and thirty miles we. had to follow our way along a line made by the surveyor’s blaze, until we came to a large river, which we learned from an Indian was the Wabash. He showed us a trail which soon brought us to a village which boasted one store and a tavern and a few dwellings. The little postoffice is called the “Treaty Ground Post-office.” The settlers here are hospitable and prevailed upon us to stay and view the land in the neighborhood and north for about fifteen miles. We put up at David Cassett’s Tavern, where we obtained a guide. He says the land south of the river is hilly, and rather rolling, but as he describes it, it does not form what I call good farm land, and so we will turn our attention to the north. Oct. 10, 1835— We traveled about four days, examining the land, before we came to the water-way our guide called the River Eel; and we had gone about twenty miles, though the direct distance is said to be but twelve. After ascending the bluff at Wabash Town, we immediately entered level country, which continued up to within about a mile from the River Eel. All this land is well timbered and full of underbrush. Our guide says there is a clearing several miles up the river where a Mr. Helvie is wintering; and so we forded the river, ascended the bluff on the other side, where we were surprised to find the barrens so much talked of in Ohio; and then followed the river until we found the opening. Mr. Helvie says the lands we passed through near the river are the best in the locality, for they are well drained. Our guide returned to Wabash Town, convinced that we would locate here, instead of near his town. We went with him until he struck our trail, and then we followed the river up its east side. About two miles from Mr. Helvie’s we found a good spring and a good place for a cabin. I, then and there, made up my mind that that land was to be mine. Mike will enter his land about a mile up from mine, but Mr. Clever don’t like the place and is anxious to return to Ohio, and so we will start back in a few days. Oct. 18, 1835-All three of us kept together until we reached the land office at Ft. Wayne, where Mike and I entered our lands. Clever got a horse and went on, but we followed on foot and beat him here by two days! Feb. 26, 1836— We got to our lands early this morning and unloaded near the spring. I felled an oak about four feet in diameter, which had several large branches, one high enough for us to stand under. Then I placed elm bark from the ground to the top of the branches so that it makes a tent-shaped shelter, which will be our home until I can get a cabin. May 4, 1836-Yesterday the neighbors, with a man from LaGros, came in to help build my cabin, and tonight I have a double cabin, with two good fire-places. I put Pete Ogan, Jesse Moyer, Teal and Mr. Lukens in the fatigue party, and Jim Abbot and John Ogan hauled the logs to the site and assorted them. Mr. Harter, Si-monton and Mr. Comstock hunted the roofing and fixed the puncheons for the floor. Sam Thurston, 20 MAPLE LEAVES. Cox, Gill and Anderson were the corner men, and everything was in readiness this morning for the lifting. Nov. 1, 1837— Our crop of corn has done well and will furnish meal for us throughout the winter, and the fodder will keep the oxen in good condition. I have just returned from registering the stock, so that I may let them run at large until cold weather, feeding on the nuts and acorns. My herds are marked by a hole in the left ear and a slit in the right one. Neighbor John just came from Richmond with his load of salt for the neighborhood. I got about two barrels of it, paying twenty-five dollars for it. I poured a small bucketful of it into a springy place down near the river to make a lick. Dec. 5, 1837- Neighbor John came over this morning and said that this is the time for butchering and that the other neighbors, ready for work, would soon be down to the river. I made all haste to get there in time to help with the catching of the cattle and swine. They fenced in a large pen near where the animals spent the night, and tolled them into it with grain. The hundred and seven head which entered made us a good day’s work. John got fourteen, but only twelve of mine entered, although I had wanted fifteen. Oct. 14, 1838— We have just been to Neighbor John’s to a husking bee, given for the new neighbors. Some of those there were James Abbot, Col. Helvie, Mr. Ogan and his brother John. Mr. Harter, Mr. Halderman and John Wesley Williams. John Ogan says his new corn-cracker is now almost ready to grind; and this means no more trips to Bristol for meal. The last part of the evening was spent in the telling of their various experiences, especially of those with the Indians. We had not all told our experiences, when a big chief came to the door calling for the “jenup-inan.” He had a squaw and a papoose with him which he placed by my side. Then he would walk part way from us with little Conrad, our black-eyed and black-haired boy. He w’ould bring him back, and start away with his squaw; then he would repeat these actions. When I saw he wanted to trade his squaw for my boy, I shook my head and said, “No, no,” and the Indian, understanding me better than I did him. walked away with his squaw, all the time saying. “You no jenup-man, no jenup-man,” evidently thinking that any gentleman would trade. Sept. 29, 1850- Today I have worked as usual on the new Methodist church at North Manchester, and we now have it almost ready for dedication. It will be one of the best and most comfortable churches around, for it is large, roomy and well lighted, and the benches are well finished and comfortable. UTILIZATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS. ALBERT N. JOHN. As one thinks of the innumerable millions of people who have been using up and wasting the natural products of the earth during so many thousands of of years, he is led to wonder why the supply has not been exhausted and to ponder how long it will before it is exhausted. But from the well known law of physics that matter cannot be destroyed, although changed in form or chemical composition, we are safe in concluding that the resources of the people of ten thousand years from now will be as abundant as they they are at the present time or ever have been in the past, if they know how to utilize them. Science has been the leader in discovering new uses for what was considered formerly as waste-products. A good illustration of the extensive use of these is shown in the refining of crude oil. Kerosene was the only product obtained from it until about half a century ago and that was so expensive that only the well-to-do could afford to use it, while the poorer classes had to be content with the old grease-lamp or tallow candle. But now so much use is made of the by-products that the price of kerosene has been reduced until its light has replaced the dim, flickering candle, where electric or gas light has not already supplanted it. There are about two hundred of these by-products that have brought about this change. Gasoline is one of the most important, and its value in cooking, in the gasoline engine, in the automobile, in torches and flaring lamps is too well known to need discussion. Naphtha is used to run the naphtha launch, which is so popular as a pleasure boat; makes the finest of carbon for printing ink when burned, and is a solvent for india rubber and gutta percha. Lubricants hold a high place among the by-products on account of their connection with all the industries of today. Vaseline has remarkable healing qualities and paraffine is used in etching glass, making candles, as a preservative in microscopy, and in making chewing gum. an industry that has reached enormous proportions. From this we see that the by-products of distilling petroleum have played a considerable part in the unprecedented industrial advancement that has been taking place during the last century. For it would be much more unhandy to have to get up steam to run the cream separator on a cold winter morning than to start the gasoline engine by the production of an electric spark. It would seem strange to see automobiles with smoke-stacks eight or ten feet long rising up in the rear in order to get sufficient draft. And even if we had the gasoline engine but no mod- MAPLE LEAVES. 21 ‘4 ern lubricants it would be very awkward to have to melt the tallow every time the machine needed oiling, and it would be utterly impossible to run our large engines and machines without some form of liquid lubricant. Look at the manufacture of illuminating gas. In it the chemist has discovered an “Aladdin’s Lamp.” The gas is manufactured by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal and is forced through many apparatuses for its purification. The first of these purifiers is a large pipe called the hydraulic main, through which water is kept flowing. Commercial ammonia, used so extensively in medicines, is obtained from this main, for the water absorbs the ammonia gas and carries it to retorts where it is prepared for market. Hartshorn is a common form of ammonia used in medicines and the ammonia itself is a very valuable fertilizer because it furnishes the nitrogen that is essential to both plant and animal life. Coke is left as a residue in the retorts and is a source of much profit. But the real money-making by-product is coal tar. From it benzol, paphtha, creosote, pitch, cellulose and a countless number of organic substances are made. The benzol is useful as a cleanser of gloves, silks and goods which would be injured by washing. Only a few of the uses of naphtha have been given. Creosote is invaluable as a preservative of wood that is exposed to the damp. Felt roofing and asphalt pavement are some of the more common products of pitch, and cellulose is being substituted for sugar in making molasses, preserves and many other sweet compounds. In fact, the by-products of the manufacture of artificial iluminating gas are so much more profitable than the gas itself, which originally was the only product sought, that instead of having a slow fire under the distilling coal to get all the gas possible, they try to get as much coal tar as they can, even at the loss of the gas. The Armour Packing Company shows how the using of waste products has extended the industries of today. Not many years ago they were put to a great deal of expense and trouble to get rid of the refuse from butchering. They had large yards where they hauled it and buried it in trenches. Not only did the hauling and manual labor cost much, but the problem of getting enough waste space to bury it in was very perplexing as the land in cities was very valuable. Step by step they kept using up this refuse in various ways until now the only thing they do not turn to profit is the squeal. As their profits were increased by using this waste, they began to extend their business further. Large factories were built where they turned the refuse fats and greases into soaps; others were built to turn the hair and bristles into curled hair for carriages, lounges, cushions and mattresses. The better parts of the horns, hoofs and bones are made into knife handles, combs and tooth brush handles, while the poorer grades of bone and most of the blood is made into a fertilizer. The hides are made into leather, one of the necessities of civilization. From these which were waste products formerly they pay all their expenses and have the good meat as clear profit. This fact enables one to see how they can have so many enormous buildings around the Union Stock Yards in Chicago and such large branch buildings in Omaha, Kansas City, East St. Louis and Sioux City. But in order to get all this stock to their packing houses and to handle it after it is there and to get rid of it after it is packed, thousands of men and milions of dollars are used annually. For instance, they spent about two hundred thousand dollars last year for advertising alone. Travel where you will you are likely to find an advertisement of Armour. Then they have thousands of traveling men in almost all parts of the world, supplying the railroads with passenger traffic, and after the goods have been sold they furnish a vast amount of freight to be hauled, besides the hundreds of carloads of live stock hauled to the packing houses daily. And they have brought out a new industry by the necessity of having refrigerator cars to ship their fresh meat in to the various large cities of America. Still, the young man starting out for himself need not think that all the waste products are used up and that no chance is left for him to advance along that line. Look at the enormous amount of work that could be done if the tides were harnessed. I will venture to say that if every foot-pound of energy exerted by the tides was turned into mechanical work, it would do more work during the same length of time than is done by all the motor powers in the world. The solar motor is a rather new device for obtaining energy, but has proved successful in Boston and near Los Angeles, where the largest one in the world pumps water daily for irrigating an ostrich farm. But think how much sunlight goes to waste. May not someone be fortunate enough to find an easier or better way of utilizing this? And look at the energy going to waste when the wind blows. True, there are a few windmills scattered over the country, but they do not use enough of its energy to make a noticeable change in its force. If all the power of the waterfalls of the world was turned into mechanical energy, there would be no need of any other power. Besides these few examples of unused products, others may be discovered that will cause a new era in the history of the world, and bring great fame to the man or men that had the courage and ability to bring about the change. 22 MAPLE LEAVES. THE ORACLE. MAVME G. SWANK. The oracle was the response delivered by a deity or supernatural being to a worshiper or inquirer, also the place where the response was given. These responses were supposed to be given by a certan divine afflatus, either through means of mankind, as in the organisms of the Pythia and the dreams of the worshiper in the temples; or by its effect on certain objects, as the tinkling of the caldrons at Dodona, the rustling of the sacred laurel, the murmuring of the streams; or by the actions of sacred animals, as exemplified in the Apis, and the feeding of holy chickens by the Romans. The oracle, situated at definite and limited places, dates from the highest antiquity and gradually declines with the decline of Animism and with the increasing knowledge of mankind. Among the Egyptians all the temples were probably oracular. In the hieroglyphic texts the gods speak constantly in an oracular manner and their consultation by the Pharaohs is occasionally mentioned. The Hebrew oracles were by oral expression, as the speech of God to Moses, dreams, visions, and prophetical denunciations; besides which there were oracles of Phoenicia, as that of Beelzebub and others of Baalim. They were also in use throughout Babylonia and Chaldaea. where the responses were delivered by dreams given to the priestesses who slept alone in in the temples as concubines of the gods. Among the Greeks, there were more oracles of A'pollo than of any other person. In these twenty-two the Panhellenic one at Delphi, which was the most celebrated, may be taken as a typical example. The divine agency at Delphi is said to have first been discovered by shepherds who tended their flocks in the neighborhood of the chasm, and whose sheep, when approaching the place, were seized with convulsions. Persons who came near the place showed the same symptoms, and received the power of prophecy. This, at last, induced the people to build a temple over the sacred spot. According to the Homeric hymn on Apollo, this god was, himself, the founder of the Delphic oracle, but the local legends of Delphi stated that originally it was in the possession of other deities, such as Gaea, Themis, Phoebus, Poseidon, Night, Cronos, and that it was given to Apollo as a present. Other traditions, perhaps the most ancient and genuine, represented Apollo as having gained possession of the oracle by a struggle, which is generally described as a fight with Python, a dragon, who guarded the oracle of Gaea or Themis. In the innermost sanctuary there was the statue of Apollo, which was, at least in later times, of gold; and, before it, there burned upon an altar an eter- nal fire, which was fed only with fir wood. The inner roof of the temple was covered with laurel garlands, and laurel was burned as incense upon the altar. In the center of this temple there was a small opening in the ground, from which, from time to time, an intoxicating smoke arose, which was believed to come from the well of Cassotis, which vanished into the ground near the sanctuary. Over this chasm there stood a high tripod on which the pythia, led into the temple by the prophetess, took her seat whenever the oracle was to be consulted. The smoke, rising from under the tripod, affected her brain in such a manner that she fell into a state of delirious intoxication, and the sounds which she uttered in this state were believed to contain the revelations of Apollo. These sounds were carefully written down by the prophetess, and afterwards communicated to the persons who had come to consult the oracle. The pythia was always a native of Delphi, and taken from some, family of poor country people. When she had once entered the service of the god, she never left it, and was never allowed to marry. In early times, she was always a young girl, but later, an old woman dressed as a maiden. Before ascending the tripod she always spent three days in preparing herself for the solemn act, and, during this time, she fasted, bathed in the Castalian well, and dressed in a simple manner. She also burned, in the temple, laurel leaves and flour of barley upon the altar. The effect of the smoke upon her whole mental and physical constitution is said to have sometimes been so great that, in her delirium, she leaped from the tripod, was thrown into convulsions, and died after a few days. At first, oracles were only given once every year, on the seventh of the month of Bysius, which was believed to be the birthday of Apollo. But as this one day, in the course of time, was not found sufficient, certain days in each month were set apart for the purpose. The order in which the persons who came to consult were admitted was determined by lot, but the Delphian magistrates had the power of granting the right of first consultation to such individuals or states as had acquired claims on the gratitude of the Delpliians, or whose political ascendency seemed to give them higher claims than others. It appears that those who consulted the oracle had to pay a certain fee. They also had to sacrifice a goat, an ox, or a sheep, and it was necessary that these victims should be healthy in body and soul, and, to ascertain this, they had to undergo a peculiar scrutiny. An ox rereceived barley, and a sheep chick-pease, to see whether they ate them with an appetite; water was poured over the goats, and if this put them into a thorough tremble, the victim was good. MAPLE LEAVES. 23 1 The Del'phians, or more properly speaking, the noble families of Delphi, had the superintendence of the oracle. Among the Delphian aristocracy, there were five families which traced their origin to Deucalion, and from each of these one of the five priests was taken. The priests, together with the high priest, or prophetess, held their offices for life, and had the control of all the affairs of the sanctuary and of the sacrifices. That these noble families had an immense influence upon the oracle is manifest from numerous instances, and it is not improbable that they were its very soul, and that it was they who dictated the pretended revelations of the god. Most of the oracular answers which are extant are in hexameters, and in the Ionic dialect, although sometimes Doric forms were also used. The hexameter was, according to some accounts, invented by Phemonoe, the first pythia. This metrical form was chosen, partly because the words of the god were thus rendered more venerable, and partly because it was easier to remember verse than prose. In the times of Theopompous, however, the custom of giving the oracles in verse seems to have gradually ceased; they were henceforth generally in prose, and in the Doric dialect spoken at Delphi. For, when the Greek states had lost their political liberty, there was little or no occasion to consult the oracle on matters of a national or political nature, and the affairs of ordinary life, such as the sale of slaves, the cultivation of fields, marriages, voyages and the like, on which the oracle was then mostly consulted, were little calculated to be spoken of in lofty, poetical strains. The oracle of Delphi, during its best period, was believed to give its answers and advice to every one who came with a pure heart, and had no evil designs; if he had committed a crime the answer was refused until he had atoned for it; and he who consulted the god for bad purposes was sure to accelerate his own ruin. No religious institution in all antiquity obtained such a paramount influence, not only in Greece, but in all countries around the Mediterranean. in all matters of importance, whether relating to religion or politics, to private or public yfe, as the oracle of Delphi. THE INFLUENCE OF ATHLETICS ON THE STUDENT MIND. W. LLOYD FINTON. In order better to comprehend this subject, it might be well to look back into history and read of physical culture and the development of athletics among the civilizations of the past. In each case the race has succumbed because of the weakness and degeneracy that follow a life of luxury, ease, and dissipation. The Pyramids of Egypt, together with what history has been able to gather from other sources, indicate that a remarkable degree of intelligence early existed in the valley of the Nile. Later came the marvelous development of Greece. Monuments of the art, science, and literature of this wonderful people have come down to us even today. They are being studied and copied as the works of genius in this, our own highly civilized age. Following this civilization we have Rome, with all its splendor and pomp, its ceremony, and its magnificence. With the downfall of Rome, there followed the barbarous age of the mediaeval period. And the next civilization of importance which sprang into life was that of Spain. At one time she ruled the world, but, like all others that preceded her, she succumbed to the luxury and weakness which is always a part of civilized life. Caesar, in his commentaries on the Gallic war, makes this point, that after the Helvetians had come in contact with the traders from civilized Rome they rapidly degenerated. In each of the above examples, without single exception, physical and mental development went hand in hand, and Vhen Greece was setting the example for the world in art and literature, her sons and daughters were enjoying the nearest appioach to physical perfection that the world has ever seen; and whenever bodily strength and development fell, the mental productiveness and success of the nation necessarily soon followed. And, with the exception of Pope and a comparatively few others, this fact, that every genius has had a good physique, has been sustained in all the walks of learning. Among the games which have the greatest capacity for developing the physique, persisting from he Olympian games of Greece to the last great tourr.a-ment at the coronation of King Edward, boxing, wrestling, sprinting, hammer-throwing and the national games of base ball and foot ball have survived. Though the latter is to some extent being opposed because of its supposed cruelty, its inherent powrer for developing manly qualities decidedly overbalance its evils. A Western professor has said that all the broken limbs and collar bones from the foot ball fields placed on a heap beside the bones of those physical wrecks who fill untimely graves because of over mental work and lack of exercise and develop ment, w'ould appear as a mole hill to a mountain. And we have all heard the remark of the great Wellington, that Waterloo was wron on the foot ball fields of Eton and Rugby. Since modern science has revealed the close relationship between mind and matter, the development of the one simultaneously with the other has been showfn; also that the centers of the brain are very closely correlated, and that as soon as one part tires out it borrows energy from the adjoining parts. A simple illustration wrill make this plainer. One day a man worked so hard in the Yale gymnasium that 24 MAPLE LEAVES. when he came to open his locker to dress he had forgotten the combination. This is only one of many instances which might be given. Hence we are justified in believing that the building up of cells in one center aids weaker cells in another. We might expect one with rich motor centers to learn better, other things being equal, than the student whose brain has a poor motor area. There is a very intimate connection between muscularity and mentality. Animals which have the greatest latitude of movements have the largest brains and best intellects. The parrot stands preeminent in this respect, having an unusual movement of tongue, head, beak and legs. The monkey, on account of his muscularity approaches nearest to man in the size of his brain and his intelligence. Further, we find that co-ordinate movements are first made in the brain and that skill, as such, has its seat in the central system. There is no such a thing as manual skill, if by this we place skill in the muscles. A muscle has in itself no more power to perform work than a hammer. We also find that the more complicated the movements. just so much more complete is the brain development, and the readier it is to lend its strength to other parts of the encephalon. This one argument is of sufficient worth to make a place for a rational sch. ine of gymnastics in our public schools. Take as typical instances of stamina, two prominent Americans’ who are remarkable from the standpoint of mental and physical prowess, Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Bryan. Aside from any possible political prejudices. we can but admire the tremendous vitality of these two men, two sturdy, stocky, indefatigable workers, defying hunger and loss of sleep, and working as no day laborer ever dreamed of toiling, and yet recuperating in a miraculous manner. The average athlete in training could not equal what they did during the last presidential campaign. Were we to select men who might approximate to their work, we should look to the foot ball players, to the crew men, or to the best boxers and wrestlers. Hence we see how' a well developed and quick acting body stimulates with a fresh influx of blood the quick action of a clear mind—a necessary factor for success in the present day of cultivated competition. This is one of the reasons why the greater number of important state and city offices are filled by the country youth of well poised mind and body. Then again, rivalry in athletic sports has inci-dently, while training for supremacy, established a proper wray of living and has showrn the importance and benefit of a proper diet. Its moral tendencies are also to be noticed. For the Y. M. C. A. leagues and the captains of crewr teams have often shown young men their moral weaknesses, such as the tobacco and alcohol habits, and their influence has been the direct cause of the remedying these defects in many cases where temperance societies and ministers have entirely failed. The love of these out-door sports, the social side of team or gymnasium work is a marked incentive to a great many students. Here the backward farmer lad enjoys the companionship of his fellows and first begins to realize that there is a place for him, by virtue of his sturdy muscles. In the ball room of the college gymnasium or on the basket ball field the girls of all classes associate and enjoy each other’s company, as if there were no upper, lower and middle “cliques’ in college society. But w'hat has this to do w'ith the student’s mind or mental output? Simply this, that since it affords him beneficial amusement and gives his mind the satisfaction w'hich he craves it leaves him better able to pursue his studies. For it is a well knowrn fact that a restless and dissatisfied mind results in unsatisfactory wrork. Then I know of cases even in the smaller schools in which this incentive has actually kept students in school. The skeptic here might say that a student who cares no more for his course than this might as well be out of school. This sounds very well, but such is not the case. It is not practical, for there come times in every student’s life w'hen things look gloomy—that first freshman day, for instance—and as long as his moral standard is not lowered any method of bridging him over the chasm is certainly to be commended. In this connection should be mentioned the policy in colleges of compelling students to reach a specified standard of good work before they can “make” the teams which play official match games. This spur has resulted in many students decidedly improving their work. Dr. D. A. Sargent, Professor of Physical Training at Harvard, in a paper read before the Public Health Association of America, said: “Students enter college trained in mind but not in body; and wrhere one fails for want of mental ability , ten break down for wrant of physical stamina. Under an appropriate system of physical training, however, they make most rapid advancement, showing that their bodies have been kept in arrears, while their brains were developed. Not infrequently the students wrho stood highest in the preparatory schools are taken with a sort of mental dyspepsia after entering college, and devote most of their energies to physical exercises.” Athletics have come to be a study; no longer simply a diversion from study. Taking Yale as typical, we see that the larger schools now require a specified amount of time to be spent every w'eek in the gymnasium, just as they do in the laboratory or recitation room. Therefore, in view' of w'hat the history of athletics teaches, to secure the greatest happiness by striving to obtain the fullest development, let us hold as our inviolable standard, the Latin precept, “Sans mens in sani corpore.” MAPLE LEAVES. 25 The Busy Store The Favorite Store The People’s Store The Big Store ON THE CORNER i A MAMMOTH EXHIBIT OF BEAUTIFUL SUMMER GOODS. A lucky opportunity that will appeal directly and emphatically to all economical buyers. A Splendid Selection of Mens and Boys Clothing Better values than ever. Finer materials than we have ever offered before. Prices are lower than ever. We urge you to visit this great department. MatcHless Bargains in Carpets, Lace Curtains, Mattings, E-tc. DON’T FORGET THIS, Viz: The most aggressive competition will be outdone. Hundreds of unparalleled money saving opportunities are being shown. You’re always welcome. No Trouble to Show Goods. HELM, SNORF CO. THe Latest and Best.... BUY YOUR GIFTS PHOTOS, Enlarged Portraits and Picture Frames ARE MADE AT Rice’s Brick Studio, COR. WALNUT AND SECOND STREETS. Fine WorK Is Our Specialty. For the Graduate Of Us and both giver and receiverwill be pleased Fine Line of Watches, Jewelry and Sterling Silver for gifts. LAVEY SON, Jewelers and Opticians. DON’T FORGET US ON REPAIR WORK, 26 MAPLE LEAVES. BIXLERS ART GALLERY. G. A. BUSWELL Satisfaction With Every Picture. Tailor and Draper. YOUR PATRONAGE SOLICITED. TRY US. OUR SPECIALTY J. B. BIXLER, Prop. Fine Goods and Perfect Fits. DR. C. H. RISSER, J. W. STRAUSS, Ice Cream Soda. Dentist. FINTON, WRIGHT COTTRELL BRIDGE WORK A SPECIALTY. What about ’em? | Fine Stereoscopic Goods. That’s all. OLINGER WARVEL STEWART NAFTZGER, DEALERS IN Bicycles, Motorcycles, BASE BALL AND TENNIS GOODS. DEALERS IN P1 v Heavy and Shelf Hardware, .All Kinds of Sporting Goods. STOVES, TINWARE, PLUMBING GOODS, ETC. ..SHELLERS’ CAFE.. GOLD FRONT DRUGSTORE The Place to Get CHAS. T. GRIBBEN, Proprietor. ICE CREAM And Oysters in season. Pure Drugs, Paints, Wall Paper, E. L. SHELLER CO., Props. TOILET ARTICLES, NOTIONS, ETC. MAPLE LEAVES. 27 The Summer Styles in Womens and Mens Shoes Are smarter than ever. This store is stocked as never before with new and stylish footwear. We show a wide variety of leathers, shape-toes and heels. Our splendid line of $4.00, $3.50, $3.00 and $2.50 shoes for men and women are the results of a life-time study of shoemaking. Some of our summer shoes look like dress footwear and feel almost as good as your old slippers. Yours for Footwear. J. F. EICH HOLTZ CO. J. B. WILLIAMS The Druggist Will furnish you the VERY BEST GOODS in his line at lowest prices. THE NEW SPRING SILK WASH GOODS Never so well prepared to welcome Spring as these overflowing counters so well attest, with even’thing needful for the New Summer Costume. New Cotton Goods in profusion. The broadest variety of fabrics, Lawns, Linens, Dimities, Ginghams, Percales, Organdies, etc. A WASH GOODS STOCK the LARGEST IN TOWN. The most exclusive styles from foremost foreign and American looms. Never more charming were the new Summer Silks. Here are Wash Silks, thin and cool, just the materials out of which to Fashion Shirt Waists and Dresses for the hot days ahead and remember THE NEW DRY GOODS STORE. Humbert Shaw’s Prices are Always the Lowest. C. 3 . Jfrcining, ‘Dentist. OFFICE ON WALNUT STREET. Toilet and Fancy Articles The Best Quality of Paints and Oil. WALL PAPER. South Side Main Street. GO TO Z. T. WERNER, For all kinds of -Shoe Repairing. Walnut Street. CLEM HEETER, Dealer in Tropical Fruits, Fine Confectionery, And Cigars. L. A. SANDOZ, Dealer in Fresh and Salted Meats. MAPLE LEAVES. 88 a 1 Y j � ' 1 jJ U GO TO B. OPPENHEIM , CO. ----------FOR---------- High Grade Clothing and Furnishing Goods. Agents for the Celebrated Hart. Schaffner Marx Fine Clothing. The only line of High Grade Clothing sold in the city. OUR SUMMER SALE OF Summer Dress Goods and Silks Is now on. Come in and see the WONDERFUL BARGAINS we are offering. OUR SHOES PRICES WILL SURPRISE YOU. We always show the best makes and name the Lowest Prices. B. OPPENHEIM ®. CO., Leaders and Makers of Low Prices BURDGES STORES. North Manchester, Indiana, June 2, 1903. To the Maple Leaves: — Rather than talk shop in this space at this time when you are anticipating a pleasant vacation and a rest from school and school stuff, let us join you in gathering the blossoms of pleasure now, for the roots and briars will follow in good time. With best good wishes possible to imagine, we are Yours very truly, GEORGE BURDGE. I . I m SS89I