Carrolltown High School - Echoes Yearbok (Carrolltown, PA)

Page 13 text:

Y, 1935 SENIOR CLASS ECHOES PAGE TWELVE SCIENCE OF TODA Y wmr no RADIO Pnooniuis soma- 'nnms FADE. At some time or other almost every member of the radio broadcasting' au- diencg has experienced the annoying phenomenon of fading or mushing of a radio program to which he is lis- tening When this occurs to the DFG- grams: from a broadcasting station many miles away, most listeners ac- cept the distortion as one Of the 1121U11 - al results of broadcasting over long distances Under certain conditions, however, fand only at nightl fading and mush- ingn are experienced by listeners with- in thirty or forty miles of the trans- mitter, T-he responsibility, however, ,rests upon a mysterious electrical cloud in the Sf.l'2lt0SDhEl'6. To explain this, the different waves must be de- scribed that carry the radio program from the broadcasting station to the home. Radio waves in their journey fl'0l11 the transmitter to the receiver may travel over one, two or more paths simultaneously. There is, first of all, the so--called ground wave, which travels directly over the surface of the earth from the transmitter to- the re- ceiver. It is this wave that serves tlhe pri- rnary listening area of a radio broad- casting station. Its transmission is unaffected by any seasonal -conditions and it is -of the same intensity during both the day and night. The useful range of the ground ware depends up- on the power of 'the transmitter, the frequency upon which it is operating, the nature of the intervening land, the conditions at. and the sensitivity of, the radio set in the home. The next wave is the sky wave. Be- cause of many obstructions usually found in the path of the ground waves over the surfaces of the earth. Long distance transmission, therefore, depends upon the sky wave. The sky Wave upon leaving the trans- mitter, travels upwards with little at- tenuation until it reaches the Ken!! nelly-Heaviside layer, seventy or so miles above the earth. This layer, com- posed of f-ree electrons Cinfinitely small particles of ele-ctricityj acts as an electrical mirror. The sky waves are reflected by this mirror and are returned to the earth. The point at which the waves -are -re- turned to the earth is usually many miles from the transmitter. Because of the more or less unobstructed path the wave has followed, through the upper air, the strength of the received signal may, at-times, reach very great intensities. The Kennelly - Heaviside layer, however, does not have well de- fined, fixed surfaces. It is, on the contrary, very much in the nature of a, tremendous cloud of free electrons which, like the Visible. moisture laden clouds we see close to the earth, is con- tinually moving, shifting, drifting. and changing shape. I During the day time, the nature of this cloud is such that it cannot re- flect the-waves in the broadcasting frequency. For this reason, no fading effects on broadcast transmissio-n man- ifest themselves during the day light hours, Olnly direct ground waves from the broadcast station reach the listener and no fading or 'tlllushillgv disturbs the quality of the program. At night, however, conditions of the upper atmosphere are favorable for re- fraction of the radio waves of broad- cast frequencies. But because of con- tinual movement of the Kennelly-Hea- viside layer, i-ts virtues as a. mirror are, to say the least, uneven. As a re- sult, the sky wave itself, returning from its contact with this rolling sur- face, is subject to a great deal of vari- ation ori fading. At times, the ground wave and a sky wave arrivie a-t the receiving. point after having traveled over two paths of different lengths. The two waves do not, therefore, arrive at precisely the same instant and are -said to be out of phase. Under these condi- tions fading or 'fmushingn or any number of odd effects, may occur to the irritation of the broadcast listen- ers and of the broadcast station en- gineering staff. This phenomenon which usually man- ifests itself at distance-s greater than fifty or more miles from the trasmit- ter, and never in the daytime, is some- times di-sag-reeably evident to listen- ers relatively -olose to the trasmltter. At night -time, during certain seasons of the year, these fading effects are unusually prominent. Under these con- ditions, listeners in a metropolitan area. served by high-powered transmitters, are apt to suspect the management of the broadcasting station of faulty op- exiation. Trhe unfavorable resul-ts, how- ever, are caused by the admixture -of the. sky and the Ugroundi' waves- at the receiving points, which may be many miles from the transmitter. All broadcasting stations have cer- tain areas wherein UlllllShll'lg,' of the signal occurs at night and these areas change with the seasons of -the year and various other factors. Strenuous efforts are being made to overcome sucih effects, which, of course, curt-ail the -service area of a station to some degree. 1 But it is not an easy matter to deal with invisible waves traveling through an invisible, inaccessible cloud of elec- trons, many miles above the earth. ' Paul Sharbaugh, '35. BACTERJA. Are bac-teria the friends or enemies of mankind? At first thought, recalling our gen- eral association of bacteria with dis- ease, one is likely to class microbes as our very definite enemies. To-day, the exact contrary is known to every bacteriologist. Research stu- dents ln the bacteriological laborator- ies of Drexel Institute, Philadelphia., know that the bacteria have gone into business--big business-and that they are nourished and pampered for the Work that they do. A check by associates ln the depart- ment of Biological Sciences at Drexel Institute shows that bacteriologists U10Ughout the world have isolated and classified more than one thousand' different kinds of bacteria. Seventy- five per cent of this number are defi- nitely beneficial. O-nly ten per cent produce disease in human beings, and only three per cent produce diseases in t-he lower animals th-at are transe- mittable to man. 'lien per cent produce disease in plants and two per cent pro- duce disease in the lower animals on- ly. Dr. Walter L. Obold, professor of Bi- ological Sciences at Drexel Institute, and author of a number of important publications, on bacteria and allied sulb- jects, in discussing the subject, said that bacteria are now recognized by industry as the allies of man. Many years ago Pasteur recognized the part that yeasts play in the man- ufacture of alcohol from sugar in the wine industry of France , he said. In spite of the fact the tfhe microbes were not originally associated with- the dis- ease, whenever the name bacteria. is mentioned, typhoid, scarlet fever, and diphtheria immediately come to mind. The beneficial activity of 'bacteria is such a. common oocurence that it is frequently overlooked. Ther production of vinegar from fruit juices is caused by a sausage- shaped bacterium resembling the type of microbe used in the production of sour milks, such as gioddu in Sardin- ia, koumiss in Russia, kefir in the Caucasus, leben in Egypt, yogurt -or mazun in the Balkans, and acidophilus in the United States. Sauerkraut is produced by the same group of bacter- ia. Many of the common cheeses are produced from pasteurized milk inocu. lated with 'starter cultures' of spheri- cal bacteria occurring in long chains. Within the past few years there has been an increase in the nu-mber of quick drying paints- and varnislhes on the market which depend- upon a. sol- vent known as butyl alcohol. It is produced by fermenting corn with a, rod-shaped bacteriom. The same mi- cro-organism produces acetone which is used' in the manufacture of smoke- less powder, artificial silk, and the dope for aeroplane wings. Every modern dairy farmer has 9. silo in which bacteria ferment and pre- serve the vegetable matter coinmo-nlg called ensilage. Industrially bacteria aid in the sep- aration of ,vegetable oils and in the ferinentati-on of rubber latex. The bac- te-ria in the soil aid in the purification nf sewage wastes and in the enrich- ment of the nitrogen content of the soil so that green plants can gr-ow and supply mankind with an adequate sup- ply of vegetavblesf grains, and fruits, Other bacteria aid! in the fermentation of coffee and cacao beans and in the curing of tobacco. '! X'4'4 X'4'4 !'4 !'4'4 I !f'P4'4 ! F'!'4 I'4 ! P4' COMPLIMENTS or P. J. WEBER

Page 12 text:

F' E ' 7' ' wwf' ' PAGE ELEVEN .SENIOR CLASS ECHOES MAY, 1935 SENIOR DAY PROGRAMME 'l'hursulny, May ltitll, 1935, Two P. M. Chairman . ....... . ..... ...., Paul Sharbaugh Presentations ........ Dorothy Erkenrode Toast to JUITTOIS .....,.. Robert Campbell Respone .................... Ambrose McCully Presentations .................... George Yarko Point of View. Director .,.............. Clair Springer Participantsf: Catherine Bearer, Ca- therine Harrigan, VVarren Link, VVil- iiam Stoltz. Anna Kathryn Kflylor. John Stich, Tvarren Nairn. Presentations ............ Orlena Eckenrode Toast to Teachers ............ Frank Rafta Response ........................ Alice Sharbaugh Presentations ................ Ann Efckenrode Toast to Girls of 1935 .... Donald Hopfer Response ..............................,..... David Lieb Presentations ............ Donald Sharbaugh I.ime1'ick.s Directress ................ Florence Ertter Participants: Walter Bertram, Olene Conrad, Sanoma. Cooney, Hilda Fara- baugh, Helen Lauer, Helen Lachney, Helen XVetzel Jerome Mack, Virginia Sharbaugh. Francis Lacsny. I're'sentations ............ Joseph Harrigan Toast to Boys of 1935 .... Thelma Regan Response ..... . ................................ Ruth Fox Presentations ................ Pauline Weber 5 5 C L42-' O5 wo 22 O... STE I! 414-f O ZH. 'D gi -S 5.1 ,O . 1 Sw :O ,- H,-4 U -1: .-.: 5: OZ 'G 517 ... '! I ! !0! ! I' 1 'U 2 :PE 3 sv- E w? .P HCA 3: 'ij is C1 ' 2252 QCfJ- 3 'U 2 'I' 'IMI' 'I' 'Z' 'Z' 'Z' 'I' 'I' -Z' Ti Zi! 'P -I' 'I' 'I' 'I' 'I' 4' Iii '!' 32 3 COMPLIMENTS OF i 2 THE CLASS OF 1937 E'l ! ! I' 'l I l ! ! l l l ! ! Z' 'l'I-IAXK YOU! The High School has, from the begin- ning, acknowledged the fact that a depression exists and we have but seldom gone before you for -contribu- tions. WVihen we do solicit assistance, however, we can count upon you to come thr-oug'h , and this is what 'has made this publication possible., That is why we say THANK YOU! f5IF'9-BY A SENIOR. lf you could see what some folks Call depression, As nothing but a spin of future's wheel: If you can keep your praise and self- possession, No matter what you think, or ihow you feel. If you can View a stupid situation, If you can glimpse a. rainbow through the rloudg VVhen Doubt and Dread and Fear are in a huddle And Hope is being measured for a shroud. If you can keep ai saving sense of hu- mor ' For stories that are slightly inexact: If 'you can disregard Report and Rumor And not accept a statement as a fact. If you have faith in those with whom you labor And trust in those with whom you make a. trade :S f If you believe in faith and next door neighbor, And heed examples pioneers have made. If you expect the sun to rise tomor- row, If you are sure that somewhere skies are blue: Xvake up and pack away the futile sorrow For better days are largely up to you. Wiarren Link, 3i5. -!--1 H !'4--P'! l-4'+'!'+'Z-'H--!+'!'-I-4'4--!--P4 P-g COMPLIMENTS OF THE CLASS OF 1938 1 I ! !3'T I l'4 ! I !'-!'+4 I ! P'! ! l !0!' A TYPICAL LOYE LETTER.. The other day the postmaster was greatly astonished to find a letter, scalloped around the edges, and orna- mented with strawberry juice. It was addressed thus: Miss Toots Sharbaugh. The Sweetest Girl in the Wo,rld: Being unable to interpret the address the postmaster, being curious, felt that he had a legitimate right to open the letter. Doingiso, the following epistle greeted his eyes: Deerest Toots : Idle of mi i. mi hart beets 4 u. 1 think u r the sweetest hunk of sugar ever plasterred two gethur. i eggnolege u 2 bee the cheat guider of mi futur. 1-'ap sez if u will marri me i will get a hole acer of land to' plantt, and deer- est toots u wil be the bos over itt. I gav a dullur an 10 cense wich u kan kseep wen we get maried till i want itt. u kan milk r cow and feed r chick- ens wile i chopp the wude. Iff u and the old fokes don't agre we wil lev them and mov upstairs. Won't we hav fun eating aigs 4 breakfest. i am lon- sum 4 u. You mey fel kinder modest bout an- serin mi leter but don't be afeered be- cuze l wil go behint the ba-rn to reed it, an then hide itt under thee 'hey mow. I wil fel as tho i am in jale hun- til u anser mi leter Yer Luvi ' I wil spair u Toots an wil refrain frurn shining a maine, leving that tu the reders imagination. However, I hav my suspicions abot three Fresh- men boys as they 1' such splediferous spellers. Ann Qnny Mons CJ. SJ '35 '1.1:'I ! I I ! ! I ! ! I ! l ! ! Z l ! l I' COMPLIMETNTS OF DR. J. V. MAUCHER f4 ! ! !H! ! I I !'-H P'!'4 ! l'1 ! ! ! ! l'+4v COMPLIMENTS LUTEIFER'S COMPLIMENTS OF TOM OWENS U I

Page 14 text:

14ri oioi Dedicated to OUR PARENTS and OUR CFEACHERS x