California State University Northridge - Sunburst Yearbook (Northridge, CA)

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12th Century Europe might well be termed the age of universities for it was during this period, that the Universities of Paris, Oxford, and the aforementioned Bologna developed out of previously existing hhlowerg, schools.- Universities of the Middle Ages, like present day institutions, were distin- guished from other forms by their legal incorporation. The University of Bologna, which placed its corporate powers in the student body, servec't' as the pattern for later institutions arising in the southern countries. The charter of the University of Paris, vesting power in its faculty, served as the organizational format subsequently adopted by the countries of the north. It has been this organizational principle to which American institutions have ad- hered, as evidenced by the reading of the chartering acts for William and Mary, 1693 ; Harvard, 1636.; and Pennsylvania, 1755. By 1500, approximately eight universities were operating. The charters of these institutions provided for certain rights and privileges to be enjoyed by the university and its students. The most significant right granted the institution was the right of self-government. As a result, students became subject to the law of the university instead of civil law. This practice, though historically endorsed, has been modified in American institutions. The modern appendage representing this particular position is found in the establishment of a Dean of Studenfs Office. This position assumes a liaison for the interpreting of university h;law,, t0 stu- dents and in turn represents the student position in faculty sessions. In Germany, Martin Luther voiced a concern for a broader curricular base in the vernacular schools. By the mid 1500s the Reformation had burst the na- tional boundries of Germany and along with Luther, John Calvin was demanding a greater concern for more generalized learning. By the 17th Century an increased awareness of the importance of science gave rise to what was called an academy. Although F rench and German academies catered to royalty, those of England were patronized by the mercantile classes. For several years universities offered predominately a classical education to a highly restricted student body. In time the hcliberalism0 0f the academies was in- corporated into the curriculum of the university, so that by 1640, Harvard College advertised what is generally referred to as the ghseven liberal arts,,; i.e., grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Library of the University of Leyden HblOL Permission Course in the History of Education, New York, 1907. granted by Ellis Monroe, OUfhor Of A Brief

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Education developed at a rapid poce tn the New World, but in 1862 an event transpzred whtch .was. to have a marked effect upon higher .educatzohlg the United States Congress enacted'the F Lrst Morrze Act. This legislation, commonly referred to asOtOO Land Grant Act, provided for a grant of 30, 1 acres of land or its equivalent in scrtpt to the .8631ng- States for each Representative and Senator Ln ot gress, to be used for hg. . . the endowment, suppor 7 ' each and maintenance of at least one college . . . Ln state? The Act further stipulated that thefleadmg object of these colleges would be . . . wtthout 6:60- cluding other scientific and classzcal studtes . .d. to each such branches of learning as areIrelate to agriculture and the mechanic arts . . . tit ordjerthe promote the liberal and practical educatton o ' ' ro es- industrial classes tn the several pursutts and p f sions of life? ' ' ct With its passage into law, the ftrst Mornll A initiated the education. Among t of the oppor was Californi nia was foun system of ed where in the As the 3 Parent that a ordinated pl education w meet its resp Cation for its t In 1959, 8 Was appr requested tt. developinent Cllilies : Curri Ont in ilmio