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Page 16 text:
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LET'S TURN OCEANOGRAPH IC! The U. S. Hydrographic Ofiice, under whose orders the BURTON ISLAND operates on many of its cruises, is concerned with the physical properties and characteristics of all the seas. Through observation of the te-mperature, salinity, and the bottom content, and the .seasonal changes, valuablevinformation useful in times of peace and war is obtained. . The torpedo-shaped instrument used to meas- ure water temperature down to depths of 900 feet is called a BATHYTHERMOGBAPH or, as it is known aboard ship, a B.T. Within the B.T. is a copper tube filled with Xylene, which upon contact with the water expands or contracts ac- cording to the temperature of the water. This expansion or contraction causes a stylusto make a trace on a smoked glass slide. Each B.T.shas a slide graph with temperature versus depth, over which can be viewed the smoke slide and the tem- perature read directly in degrees Fahrenheit at any depth withinwitsf-range. as A - The NANSEN BOTTLES are yellow cylinders which are lowered at stations chosen by the Hydrographic Oiiice. These stations are merely areas that would provide information desired by that ofiice, from samples of water and mud taken from the iioor of the sea or ocean. E Attached to the NANSEN BOTTLES are two reversing thermometers, which are calibrated to trap the measured amount of mercury for the temperature at which they reverse. Unprotected thermometers fones encased so that the read- ings are the result of pressures and tempera- turesj are paired with the protected thermome- ters lwhich are not affected by the pressurej at random below 100 meters depth in order to de- termine the depth a-t which they reversed. With these readings a curve is drawn, taking into con- sideration the angle of the wire with the vertical. The temperature of the water is measured from surface to bottom. The weights which are at- tached, called MESSENGERS, are designed to slide freely down the wire. They are attached to the bottles and trip and reverse the bottles ahead of -it. Upon being reversed, both ends of the bottle close, entrapping a sample of water. A After the bottle is closed, a bottom sampler is lowered from the end of the line, which comes in contact with the bottom, tripping a lever. This shuts the jaws and collects a sample of the bot- tom which, with the water taken in the NANSEN BOTTLES, is used for analysis and study. With more and more attention being diverted toward the Arctic area the information obtained will prove invaluable in the future,
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Page 17 text:
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4' i rf 'r ff' 'lf ' A . N ' 1 ' . 'v Q. M 4 Zi a, t 1 . , 9455 ?f 42i5. ' ' 1 ,x i y , f , . in- K.: , 2 'i i i ' if V i of . V a t , ,f.f4 Q. 5 'aaa 'f' , ,h y ', : , f+' i:1T,gffY 15' 4: 5.. . . JAQQV f. A . .Jf f tm' 35' iff. .F ' ,Q It ff , ' fig J M J .- W 5, If ,agp ,f iii? Se, ,y xx, f 5 ffhffai 1' . gf gi fa g if' Mfiii , if -atifkgi J 1 Uv,-5. 'ff , r Lv ' Ml- 4 q ,' 3 '-.--i- f , fa ' ,4- ,, E AERQGRAPHY 'DEPARTMENT The Aerological unit aboard the BURTON ISLAND has three primary objectives. First, the taking of surface weather observations. Second, making periodic soundings of the upper air. Third, the assimilation of weather re- ports from other stations into a usable weather map for local forecasting purposes. - l Surface weather observations are taken once every hour-or more .often if conditions warrant. Such ele- ments as wind direction and velocity, weather f rain, snow, fog, etc.l, visibility, atmospheric pressure, and cloud conditions are observed and recorded'on a daily weather observational log. Every three hours these weather re- ports are transmitted by radio to a Weather Central for rebroadcast to weather stations all over the world. Twice daily, radiosonde transmitters' are sent aloft on helium-filled balloons. Signals from these instruments are picked up by a radiosonde receiver on the ship and enable us to obtain the temperature, pressure, and rela- tive humidity of the air through which the balloon is passing. Balloons from the BURTON ISLAND has gone as high as 76,000 feet. 'However, it is not uncommon for balloons of this type to reach altitudes of over 100,000 feet. Like the hourly surface observations, these reports are also transmitted to the nearest Weatrher Central. Each day synoptic weather reports are received by radio-teletype from reporting weather stations in Alaska, Canada, Russia, the United States, Japan, and from many military and merchant-ships at sea. These-reports are plotted on a weather map and, when properly analyzed, present an accurate picture of the weather over a large area of the globe. By watching the development and movement of various air masses and pressure systems from one map time to the next, and by observing t current weather in our own area, comparatively accurat forecasts of local conditions can be made. Every month the surface weather observational logs and the results of our upper air soundings are sent to the National Weather Records Center in Asheville, North Caroline. There they are compiled with similar reports from hundreds of other weather stations and are used in climatological research. Because of the lack of reporting weather stations in the isolated operating areas of the BURTON ISLAND, weather reports from this ship are exceptionally valuable. -D. R. LAMB, AG1, USN.
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