Brattleboro Union High School - Colonel Yearbook (Brattleboro, VT)

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DEVELOPMENT OF TI-IE SUBMARINE llsT lfew weelss 150 the he ldllnes ln the x ll'10LlS newsplpers throughout the country proelllmed thlt the United Stltes submarine Plelserel hld just eompleted l 5 700 nlutle ll mile xoylge underwlter wflfllOLlt surflelng onee this snorleel equipped erlft ploughed its w ly through the murley lepths of the Plelfle Oeeln for twenty one dlys bl ell ll'10tlLL 18 of I lI'll11OLIl1l llUI7Ol'lll1LL beelllse It forew lrns lls of the uses of the submlrlne ln lPOSS1l7lL XX'orld XX lr lll rung the l t w lf the une erse ls fleet beel e lenown IS the silent serylee Ellltll' exploits wele not relelled to the publle bLLlllSL seereey w ls their vro teetlon llery lttlele w ls promptly followed by depth bombing lf news of the sueeess of our sublnlrlnes were glyen out our enemies would lsnow th If thelr we lpons were lneffeetlxe for the sub l'llLl llled to tell the tlle They would then lmproye both tllelr tletles lnd their munltlons lnd thereby decrelse the sltety of our Amerie ln submlrlners How ey er 15 long lb the oppo sltlon mllntalned l blind faith ln their equipment our own erlft were thlt much slfer In the Plelhe lfel where our under sel letlon w IS eoneentrlted the sllent serylee slnle 1750 lplnese merehlntmen lnd Q4 w lrshlps of the Nlpponese fleet Thls leeounted for lpproxlmately 60Qf of lll merehlnt shlps sunle lnd 79W of ap wlr yessels All of this shlpplng w IS destroyed by 1 foree whleh contained only 1 67f of the personnel of the Amerlcan nelyy' The destruction of shipping was not the only war chore whlch these subs accomplished They rescued fliers shot down oyer the sel they ex lCL1llCLl persons from en emy held territory they supplied Philly y me guerlllls with food lnd lmmunltlon 'Iwo U S submlrlnes elr rled l detlehment of Mlrlnes known ls C lrlsons l'lIklLl'S to M lleln lsllnd for a SLIFPFISL fllel In lnother lnstlnee two Amerle ln subs sanle lfI'lI1SPOI'fLlI'I'yII1g a LllNlblOl l of lplnese troops Two erews of IPPTOXI mately 160 men destroyed lnd dlsorglnlzed ln entlre enemy LllXlSlOH s elrly IS l67l men began tl1ll1lxlI1g of bolts which could tr lyel under water Cornelius Van Drlbel IS eredlted with mllelng the first submersible erlft Thls erude affllr was eoyered with greased leather to mfllee lt water tight A man by the name of Symons mlde the first wooden submarine by deelelng oy r 1 rowboat Leather bottles whleh filled with w lter protruded from the bottom and caused the ship to slnle To enable the erlft to rlse the water wls expelled from the bags by llexer lnd with the resultant lnerelse ln blloylney the shlp lseended to the surfaee In 1776 DlYlLl Bush nell lnyented wh lf he called 1 submlrlne mlglzlne The purpose of hls invention was to enlble the operl tor to lPPI'OlLll slllps unseen lnd then to ll'llX an ex ploslye Clllfgi. to their hulls Bushnell s dellee w 18 not sueeessful slnee no British ships were sunle by lt but he did proye that gunpow der could be exploded under water Twenty years llter Robert lulton fLVIWC.Ll the ldel of underwater Lflfl lnd ln 1800 Napoleon of l rlnee I7I'ON1LlLLl hlm with funds to e lrry on some experlments lulton nlmed hls yessel the Nautilus ln Brest hlr bor he lttlehed ll lnlster of gunpowder to l demon strltlon ship and w IS sueeessful ln blowing It ul Be e 1ll'wL the Amerie ln lmenter ellel not destroy my of the British fleet Wlllill WIS bl0ClslLlll'1f., lrlnee Nlpo leon wlthdrew hls support lulton returned to Amerlel where he leept the subleet before the Nlyy lflkl Con gress but he fllleel to ere lte lny lnterest ln hls lde 18 Hl first reeorded lnstanee of submarine wart lre oe eurred ID 186-1 during the Civil War when ln underw lter eraft sanle the HOUSHtOnlL whleh was bloel-eadlng Charleston Harbor The sinking was ac comphshed by lfflxlng ln exploslye charge to the shlp The exploslon how eyer also sanle the submarine and all its crew descended to a watery graye In 1898 john Holland after eight dlsappolntlng at tempts perfeeted the Holland number 9 this wls the first successful submarine Cigar shaped the eraft was 53 ft long On the surface she was drlyen by 1 gas engine when submerged she was propelled by an elee trlc motor which drew lts power from a storage battery Thls combination internal combustion englne and storage battery was the ehlef contribution of ohn Holland and lt y ned the way for more admnces ln the submlrlne In hls bool-e lu uni Illnnl111dLe.1gml Ilffder lin Se 1 ule Verne deserlbed l eleylee whleh enlbled men 111 s bmerged lessels to see lboye the sllrf lee of the w lter Thls idea experlmented with proved highly sueeessful Prlor to the lntroduetlon of the perlseope l submarine had to rlse exery few minutes to view the target With this L1I1S3flSf1LfOI'y sltuatlon remoxed the sub began to loole more lllee a laluable weapon However It was not until the IDX entlon of the torpeelo that under sea eraft became elasslfled as real threlts to shipping HL hulls of submarines are constructed of consider able strength to withstand the tremendous pres sure of the ocean s depths Along the hull are located tanks which haye yalves at the bottom to admit water and vents at the top to allow alr to escape it is thls feature which enables a sub to rlse or submerge at the will of the operators To dive the tanks are filled with water to rlse the water IS expelled by compressed 'ur Dlvlng planes control the angle at which the craft sub merges or surfflees Tl-lm tanks are located fore and aft These are filled with enough water to compensate for those losses ln welght which are due to spent tor . 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THE JAPAN INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY Nl of the remarlcable things about apan today rs that her people do not seem to resent American Occupat1on apans defeat rn the war brought great drsrllusronment to those who had been told by the1r war leaders that they were destined to be a superror race They have found the Occupatlon measures firm but lcmd and the American people so recently their enemies generous with relief supplres Reahzrng the defeat of their totalrtarran regime they are loolcmg towards democracy and Chrrstn mrty which they closely issoclate as the b1s1s of 1 new way of lrfe Slncc education rs an rmportant prcrecjurslte to de mocracy General MacArthur rn 1946 aslced 1 group of Amerrcan cduators to study apanesc schools and suggest ways of revising the educatlonal set up Under the old system educational procedures were strictly reg :mented Teachers were told what to teach and how to teach nt and neither they nor their puplls were ex pected to thrnlc for themselves Intellectual freedom and sprrrtual lrbertres were prohrbnted by the govern ment even rn Christian schools and colleges The Occu patron l1as tried to change thrs by mtroduclng ldeas of freedom and democracj however rt rs a difficult proc css for teachers who have lost sight of tI1e democratrc Ideals to teach freedom of thought 1nd the cjucst for The apanese president of a Christian college l1as well defined his country s most urgent need W'hat rs needed rn apan today IS first a new concept of man which recognizes the equality of personality and the freedom of conscience second a new concept of so crety which holds all cltrzens mutually responsible for achieving social justice third a new concept of the world based on the rdeal of world peace and harmony of 1ll mankind apan suffers not only from the l1cIc of natural resources but from poverty rn sprrrtual resources whlch is greater and more fund1ment1l XXfhat rs needed rs nothing less than l5Pll'lfU11l revolu tion Herein Iles the present mlssron of Chrrstrln edu cation EvhNTY Frvr years ago Lmcoln s Secretary of State William H Seward realized that the best way rn which Americans could help apan was to establish schools and to send teachers to help the young people of that country In the years smce then fifteen ev an gelrcal Christian mstrtutrons of senior college grade and fifty Protestant Chrrstran schools on the secondary level as well as a number of Catholic mstrtutrons have been established There has be n however a great need for graduate education as found IH the United States Canada and other Western countrres Even as early as 1900 .1 school of this lcmd was advocated by a apanese Christian educator and rn l9I S 11 plan and tentative con strtutlon of such 11 unrversnty was prepared The Hrst World War interfered wrth further development of the rdea and lt was not until 1932 that defmrte steps were agarn made for the establlshment of a Chrrstran Uni versity Economic condrtlons durlng the depression pre vented carrymg out plans for thxs project After the last war rt was felt by Chrrst11n leaders rn this country that one of the wisest and mostpr1ct1c11bIc ways for Americans to demonstrate a feeling of broth erhood tow 1rds the IPIDCSL w 15 to c1rry forw 1rd the project of cre1t1ng an Intcrn1t1on1l Chrrstnn Unnvcr srty rn 1172111 A tound1t1on for this purpose w 1s set up rn this country and rn the summer of 1919 1 Board of 'Irustees and Unrversrty Council were orgmrzed rn apan with members from th1t n1t1on tl1e Unrted States and Canada Dr Hachxro Yu1sa then president of Doshrsha Unrversrty rn Kyoto was elected president of I C U and It was decided th1t the first classes would be held rn 1951 The ultimate objective rs for 1 well rounded com prehenslvc unrvcrslty At first howevcr only the schools which are most v1t1Ily needed md which c1n bc financully supported will be set up 'Ihc four now planned 1re the School ofLduc1t1on lgflklulft pro gr1m designed to trun tc1chers who 1rc so urgently to preplre students on the gr1du1te level for worlc IH the government the Gr1du1te School ofSoc11I W orlc to provide training for socl 1l worlcers 1nd 1 four yc lf undergraduate Liberal Arts College HE apanese have shown a great Interest In this project and have contributed generously Thrs rs quite srgnrlicant when one realizes the economic havoc cre1ted rn tl11t country by thc l1st w If Luge areas of the cltles are partnlly or completely destroyed More thtn 1 tenth of tI1c POPLIIIUOD rs unemployed 1nd there 1re serious shortages of mmy lmjort 1nt com modltres An objectlve of l5OIH1lll0I1 yen over 34 70 000 was set This goal was topped by uly 1949 Nrnety five per cent of tl1c contributors to the fund were notChr1st1ans Their reason for giving w1s prob ably similar to that of Mr Hxsato Ichlmada Governor of the Banlc of apan who led the drrve He said I am not a Chrrstran However I have come to tI1e conclu sion that noth1ng but a Christian phrlosophy underly rng apan s democracy w lll ever put us through With the money received from the apanese a site comprising over three hundred fifty acres was pur chased at Mrtaka seventeen miles northwest of Toleyo Center This spot rs Ideally suited as a umverslty c1m pus There trc open level spaces where buildings will be erected picturesque woods and fertile hclds sunt lllllllf 1 1 E A 7 , 1 k - 1 - s v. 6 . 1 3 . 1 U h Y A ' , ' ' , ' 1 1 5 1 ' A . 1 ' . 1 ' i . 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E D pedoes and reduction rn food and fuel They keep the shrp on an eyen keel so they must be checked con stantly Because of the yulnerabrlrty of a submarrne whrle on the surface deck guns are belng elrmmated on our newer models The chref weapon of the subs rs the tor pedo Our modern undersea vessels have ten tubes from whrch to fire the so called trn frsh Torpedoes are launched by actlon of swrtches rn the control tower They are fired by compressed arr once under way they furnrsh therr own power and can travel from 30 to 50 knots Each tm Hsh contarns about 500 lbs of T N T and costs Amerrcan taxpayers approxrmately 312 000 Durrng the war the Germans developed an acoustrcs torpedo This remarkable rm entron was attracted to the spot on the shlp creating the most norse usually the propellers A sensrtrve sound devrce was responsr ble for this so called hommg torpedo Howeyer Yankee xngenulty was not to be denrecl Allred ships crursmg through submannc rnfcsted waters tovned norse makers behrnd them thc acoustrc torpedoes were wasted and thc shrps saxcd a double blovs at the Axrs NDI R WATI R craft are dm en by dresel engrnes whrle on the surface Our newest types are equipped with snorkels or breathmg tubes whrch permrt the operatron vented by the Dutch and taken over by the Germans By means of thrs dence a sub can crurse almost rndefinrtely wrthout commg to the surface Deep down of course the subs must run on their storage batteries Whale b low the surface Uncle Sam s png boats can detect ships and other obstacles and determine therr loca tron from the ocean floor by means of Sonar the Naxy s name for sound naylgatron and range From the submarrne a supersonic sound wave rs sent out through the water When rt strrkes an obyect the returnmg waye srmrlar to an echo rs picked up by a microphone another rnstrument measures the distance and a so called firefly lrghts on a screen the posrtron of the object Sonar works rn water the way radar operates rn arr Depth bombs are the nemesis of the under sea fleet They look like ordinary ash cans and are so called but they spell disaster rf they hrt close enough to therr target Subs often Ire on the bottom wrth motors off durrng a depth bomb attack so that they cannot be detected by sound xnstruments During the last war one U S sub had 105 depth charges on her but she came home under her own power The control room rs the brarn of the submanne Lo cated here are the controls for hrrng torpedoes and the perrscopes for vrewrng actron above the surface The perl scope an mgenrous mechanlsm of prrsms and lenses can be rarsed to a herght of 35 feet Only officers are permrtted to peer through thrs magrc eye rt rs a prerogatrve of command The crew may go for months wrthout seerng anythrng but the rnsrde of therr shrp Exen the men who load the torpedoes do not see them hrt Also found rn the control tower rs the sub s christmas tree This rs a num ber of rectangular rows of red and green lrghts whrch by therr color denote the condrtron of all xalses and hull openrngs aboard the submarrne UBS are nrck named png boats because when they were first called this they were hardly better than pig pens The shrps were small and the men were crowded The crew couldnt smoke for fear of foulmg the already none too fresh alr Food and water came from cans and the men often went wrthout baths for the entrre duration of a crurse Modern submarrnes haxe alr condrtronrng systems rf a sub has been deep down for a long trme carbon droxrde absorbmg chemrcals are exposed oxygen from tanks can be rnyected rnto the atmosphere Usually howew er the alr rs kept fresh and the men are allowed to smoke As for food the submarmers clarm the best rn the fleet Food rs kept fresh rn refrrgcrators and freezers Cleanlmess rs the vsord aboard our under sea craft subs are kept spotless and there are showers and washrooms for the crew Personnel are chosen carefully the men are all volun teers and naxy psychiatrists screen out all the candldates saye those rn dead earnest The chosen men must be rn excellent physrcal health and must be able to get along well wrth others for the submanne crew rs a team If one man makes a mrstake all are lrkely to perrsh To be elrgx ble to wear the rnsrgnra of the two dolphrns whrch de notes under sea duty a member must qualrfy by showmg that he can do the yob of exery other man aboard the yessel In an emergency therefore no sallor will be un certam of hrs duty UBMARINFRS must qualify themselves ln lung tramlng once a year Usrng the Momsen lung they must make four ascents two from a ley el of 12 feet and two from a depth of 18 feet Escapes from 50 and 100 feet are optronal but most men try them to rmrtate more realrstr cally the condrtrons they would encounter rn makrng an ascensron from a sunken submarine Another rngenrous device rs the submarine rescue cham ber Thrs craft rs operated by two men and can save eight at a trme A dner secures a lrne from the rescue bell to the hatch of the xessel rn distress and an electric motor wrnds up the cable pulllng the craft down Thrs efhclent dence was responsrble for saung 33 men aboard the rll fated Squalus whrch sunk off Portsmouth N H rn 1939 Twenty Hve years ago the back bone of naval power was the battleshrp In the last war thrs posltron of prom: nence was occupred largely by the carrrer In a future war however the submarrne wrll be the most rmportant shrp of the fleet capable of crrcumnavrgatrng the globe whrle submerged and from whrch at a depth of 100 fathoms gurded atomic mrssrles can be fired agamst an enemy shore Such rs the submarine of the future The Russran Nasy rs estrmated to possess 250 subs fcllilllnllkd nu pzge 712 1 0 T H IA L 1 ' ' Y n 7 , . 1 - f ' ' - I 1 A . 3 ' I . 1 ' 1 , ' ' - I I . 1 ' 1 Y 1 . ' Y , - Y , l f ' . , 1 ' , ' I I ' '-' ' ' ' ' '11 , . U I ' . 1 D ' Y' 1 . - . 7 I 3 - I . I , . I D . of these diesels below the surface. The snorkel was in- , - , - r r -- , . 3 ' I I . I U . . . - I . I ' 1 I 1 ' ' Y x . .. .. - .1 Y ' I I ' l ' - M 7 - 5 . I Y V . , V. . y I I . y 1 x Q 7 ' , . . - '7 rl' l 1' 7 ' . . . . , A4 , . ., l . , , - y - . . ' y 7 , . . . . , , ,Q , y ' 4 -