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Page 22 text:
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Vhen Abraham Lincoln became President in 1861, the country was facing a great crisis. The Southern states were determined to continue the practice of slavery, and declared that the states were stronger than the federal government and could secede from the Union if they so desired. In his first message to Congress Lincoln declared: The states have their status in the Union, and have no other legal status. If they break from this they can only do so against law and by revolution. The Union, and not themselves separately, procured their indejiendence and their liberty .... 7 he Union is older than any of the states, and, in fact, it created them as states. It is not possible to build an impassable wall between the sections. They must remain face to face. The Emancipation Proclamation, issued to free the slaves, was the result of the new powers given him by the people in the hope that the country might be reiniited. The War for the Union gained great moral strength when it also became a war lor liberation. Lincoln, howe er, woidd ha e preferred to sa e the Union, even in the face of the continued existence of slavery. But when it became evident that the South would make no conciliation, he seized the opportunity and saved the Union by destroying slavery. In the later part of the nineteenth century, the United States had expanded across the Pacific Ocean. With its new possessions, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, our Theodore Roosevelt tame into office. Roosevelt presented a new type of leader. Disregarding precedent, he extended the powers of the President over the territories to fit the emergency. He restored world peace by mediation, and settled labor disputes by forced arliitration. He refornudated the Monroe Doctrine and extended a irtual protectorate o er all Latin America. Roosevelt believed that the laws should be interpreted for the good of the people, and all his acts were influenced by this belief. Beloved by the common people, Teddy, as he was affectionately called, was the champion of the people, a iKiildcr of democracy and freedom for all. They were not the only men destined to fjecome the builders of this great nation. There ha e been many others whose names have not been mentioned. Moreover, the age of building still continues. The true significance of the work of men like Woodrow Wilson. Calvin Coolidge, and Franklin 1). Roosevelt will be much more apparent in the years to come. In succeeding decades their names must certainly be added to the list. Meanwhile, the pendulum of time moves surely on. Civilization with its rapid changes offers countless opportunities to whosoe er will reach out for them. For us there is this promise. Lives simply fashioned and honestly lived will make MS Builders of Destiny. 16
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Page 21 text:
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henceforth the guidance ol Hea en be sought e ery morning betore the business of the day began. From that time on, greater harmony prevailed among the delegates. One of the youngest members was James Madison of Virginia. He earned the title Father of the Constitution, because of his painstaking work in writing a joiu nal of the daily proceedings. His idea of a government of three departments, Legislati e. Executive, and Judicial, with balanced and interdependent powers vas adopted by the conn ention. After the Constitution had been drawn up and submitted to the states, he influenced ratification by the Federalistic Papers in which he expoimded the advantages of the new government. In later years, as a member of Congress and as President, he placed himself with Jefferson in opposition to Hamilton, a strong Federalist. He believed that the powers of the slates shoidd supersede those of the national government. Yet in the War of 1812, wliich occurred diniug his administration, he helped to weld the nation together by a spirit of nationalism that lasted until the outbreak of the Civil War. William Paterson, a delegate from the state of New Jersey, was responsible lor the powers given to Congress. His plan provided for one legislature in whith each state should lia e one vote. This was opposed by Edmund Randolph of V irginia, who advocated representation by population. Ultimately the two plans were merged and adopted, pro iding for two hotises in Congress, the upper House, called the Senate, with ecjual representation, and the lower House or House of Representatives, with popular representation. The actual writing of the Constitution was given to Gouverneur Morris, a brilliant and witty speaker. During the convention he made over a thousand speeches, and contributed much to the smaller details in the Constitution. After the delegates had signed the dociunent, it was presented to the states for ratifica- tion and, in April, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the first Pres- ident of the United States. From the siurounding turmoil and chaos these men moulded a document which exceeded their fondest expectations. It was almost perfect in construction. Yet many people were unwilling to believe in its stability and strength. John Marshall, the great Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, had great faith in the dociunent, and by his interpretation of it gave it life and power. The govern- ment of the Union is emphatically and truly a governuient of the people. In form and substance it emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them and are to be exercised on them and for their benefit. So wrote John Marshall, projjonent of a strong central government and builder of American nationality. In the case of Martin vs. Hiuiter ' s Lessee, Marshall was called upon to make a decision which would establish a precedent for the Supreme Court in future years. ' Fhe state court of Virginia had ruled that land grants given in the treaty of 178.S might be denied. But Marshall overruled this decision, and declared that the Supreme Court might at any time overrule a state court and uphold its decision by federal troops. By otlier cases Marshall fixed the definition of powers in the elastic clause, which gives Congress the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and gave the Supreme Court the power to interpret laws passed by Congress whene er it is called upon to do so. 15
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