University of Maryland Baltimore Dental School - Mirror Yearbook (Baltimore, MD)

Text from Pages 1 - 124 of the 1940 volume:

_ MARYLAND COU DENTISTR The MIRROR • • • of 1940 Qentennial dition EUGENE L. PESSAGNO, JR. Editor CARL H. SCHULTHEIS Business Manager l ublished by The One Hundredth Student Body of the Baltimore College ot Dental Surgery, Dental School, University ot Maryland Baltimore, Maryland FOREWORD One hundred years have passed since the first dental school in the world opened its doors to five young men who professed a desire to study Dentistry. It was a momentous day, for it marked the end of Dentistry as a trade, at the mercy of numerous charlatans and quacks, who could no longer exploit the public and force upon them their dangerous methods. But our profession did not have its beginning at this compara- tively late date; it began with the toothache of the first man. Thus we shall place before you the story of Dentistry from its merest inception to its present respected status as one of the leading professions. You will I ' ead a story as full of romance and adventure as any that has ever been written, studded with bitter disappointments and brilliant successes, characters noble and villainous, and episodes to convince you that Den- tistry has won forever an unquestionable place among the professions. f - I 840-1 940 education — literature — Organizatiofi Charter of the First Dental School Laws of Maryland, Act ot 1S39, Chapter 155 An act ifuorpora nfg I he Bal i norc College of Denial Surgery Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of MarylantI, That a College of Dentistry be, and the same is hereby cstablislictl in the city of Baltimore by the name and style of tlie Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Section 2. And be it enacted, That the following persons be and arc hereby appointed and constituted the Professors of said College, to wit: Horace H. Hayden, M.D., to be Professor of Dental Pathology and Physiology; Chapin A. Harris, M.D.. to be Professor of Practical Dentistry; Thomas H. Bond, junior, M.D.. to be Professor of Special Dental Pathology and Therapeutics; and A. Willis Baxley, M.D., to be Professor of Special Dental Anatomy and Physiology. Section 3. And be it enacted, That the said Professors and their successors, shall be, and are hereby declared to be a corporation and body politic, to be perpetuated, under the name of the Balti- more College of Dental Surgery. Section 4. And be it enacted, That the said Professors and their successors, shall be capable, in law, of purchasing, receiving by gift, or otherwise, and holding, improving and disposing of property, real, personal or mixed; and they may take and receive any sum or sums of money, or any kind of goods and chattels that may be sold or given to them by any person or persons, bodies politic or corporate, and employ the same for the benefit of said College; they may sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and defend, and be answered and defended in all courts of law and equity; and they may receive and make all deeds, transfers, cove- nants, conveyances, grants, contracts, agreements and bargains whatsoever necessary for the purposes of the corporation; they may have and use a common, corporate seal, which they shall have power to renew or alter at pleasure and generally may do every other act or thing necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this act, and promote the interests and designs of the corporation; provided, however, that their corporate stock on property acquired, shall never at any time exceed the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars. Section . And be it enacted, That the Professors or a majority of them shall have power to elect a President and such other officers as may be necessary; and they shall have power to fill all vacancies that may occur in their body, and choose and appoint Lecturers in the different branches of Dental Science. Section 6. And be it enacted, That the said Professors and their successors shall have authority to make ordinances for their own government, and for the government of the institution over which they are placed; and they shall meet once or oftener in every year, at such stated times as they may appoint, to devise the ways and means for properly conducting the same; a majority of the whole niimber of Professors shall be a quorum for the transaction of any business, except the vacating the chair of a Professor, which shall require the consent of three-fourths of all the Professors. Section 7. And be it enacted. That the said Professors and their successors shall hold at least one term in every year, for the period of four months, for the purpose of delivering lectures and instruc- tions in the different branches of Dental Science, for which they are hereby empowered to charge such fees as they may deem proper for attending such lectures and receiving such instructions. Section 8. And be it enacted, That R. S. Stewart, M.D., Joshua T. Cohen, M.D., Thomas E. Bond, junior, M.D., Thoma C. RU- teau, M.D., Reverend John G. Morrrs, Reverend Beverly Waugh, John H. Briscoe, M.D., Samuel Chew, M.D., Reverend George C. M. Roberts, M.D., John James Graves, M.D., Reverend Doctor J- P. K. Henshaw, Reverend James G. Hammer, John Foncrden, M.D., Leonard Mackall, M.D., and Enoch Noyes, be appointed to a board of Visitors to be styled the Board of Visitors of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery; who shall be empowered to examine into the state and condition oi the institution, and sec that the requirements of this charter arc fulfilled; five constituting a quorum; they shall meet at least once in each year to fill vacancies that may occur in their body, appoint such officers as may be necessary to the discharge of their own duties, and attend to any other business connected with their office as visitors and supervisors of the institution. Section 9. And be it enacted. That the said Professors shall have full power to confer on any student who shall have attended all the lectures in said college for two terms, and others, who. after an examination by the Professors, shall have been found worthy, the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery; and the said Professors shall have power, and are hereby directed to accept evidence from any student of his having attended lectures in any respectable Dental or Medical School for an equal period of time, and receive the same as equivalent to his having attended one of the terms herein mentioned. Section 10. And be it enacted, That the Professors shall have power to confer the honorary degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery on any Dentist who may have rendered service to the science, or distinguished himself in his profession. Section II. And be it enacted. That this charter and act of incorporation, and every part thereof, shall be valid in law, accord- ing to its true intent and meaning, and shall in all cases be so construed as to answer the ends of the corporation in the advance- ment and promotion only of Dental Science; provided however, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to authorize or empower said corporation to issue any note, certificate, token or evidence of debt, to be used as currency. Section 12. And be it enacted. That the General Assembly of Maryland reserves to itself the right to alter or annul this act of incorporation. Section 13. And be it enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force for the period of thirty years, and no longer, from the passage thereof. Laws of Maryland, Act of 1870, Chapter 149 An act to amend an Act entitled An Act incorporating the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, passed February first, eight- een hundred and forty. Chapter one hundred and fifty-five. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the Charter of the said Baltimore College of Dental Surgery be, and the same is hereby made perpetual, the Legislature reserving to itself the right at any time to amend, alter or repeal the same. Section 2. And be it enacted, That any Act conflicting with the provisions of this Act. be, and the same is hereby repealed. (Approved March 51, 1S70.) Dedication To the Original Faculty HORACE H. HAYDEN, M.D., D.D.S. Professor of Dental Pathology and Physiology, and President of the College Horace H. Hayden was born on Friday, Octo- ber 13, 1769, in Windsor, Connecticut, and spent his early life in travel and the study of architecture with his father. An acquaintance with John Greenwood interested him in den- tistry, and he came to Baltimore to set up his practice. In 1805, he married Marie Antoinette Robinson, and then turned to the study of medi- cine at the University of Maryland. He left the University of Maryland faculty to found the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, with the other three men. Later, he helped found the American Society of Dental Surgeons, as well as the American Journal of Dental Science. He died in 1844. He had imagination, a poetic and artistic temperament, yet he was not imprac- tical. He was a brilliant orator and a pleasing writer, a man of charm. THOMAS EMERSON BOND, JR., A.M., M.D. Professor of Special Dental Pathology, and Therapeutics Dr. Thomas E. Bond was born in Harford County, Maryland, in November, 1813, the son of an eminent physician and clei gyman, who was one of the founders of the University of Maryland Medical School. Dr. Bond, Jr., studied under his father, and it is assumed that during this time he met Doctors Hayden and Harris. Of the founding of the Baltimore College of Den- tal Surgery, Dr. Bond said: The Baltimore Col- lege of Dental Surgery was organized with the design of teaching dentistry as a regular branch of medicine, in which relation only it can be regarded as a scientific pursuit and the practice of it esteemed a profession. His activities were many and varied; he participated in politics as a member of the Baltimore City Council, in the clergy as a Methodist Episcopal Minister, and in literature as a biographer of John Knox. He died August 19, 1872. Page Four Dedication To the Original Faculty CHAPIN A. HARRIS, A.M., M.D., U.U.S. Professor of Practical Dentistry, and Dean of the Vacuity Chapin A. Harris was born in New York State on May 6, 1806, and later moved to Madi- son, Ohio, where he studied medicine with his brother John. He practiced medicine for some years but gradually dentistry claimed his full time. In 183 5, he moved to Baltimore, where he wrote his famous textbook, which was the last word in dental teaching for several years, and then edited the first edition of The American Journal of Dental Science. He joined Hayden in the founding of the first Dental School in 1840, becoming its first Dean and second President. Dr. Harris was an enthusiastic chess player and a lover of art and literature, horses and dogs. He reared and educated nine children other than his own, being generous to a fault, and was cour- teous after the old school of polished gentlemen. He died September 29, 1860. HENRY WILLIS BAXLEY, M.D. Professor of Special Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Baxley was born at Baltimore in June, 1803, and received his education in St. Alary ' s College and the University of Maryland Medical School. In 1837 he became professor of anatomy and physiology in the latter institution, chairs which he kept on the original faculty of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. From 1842-1847, he taught surgery in the old Wash- ington University, and later moved to Cincin- nati to accept the chair of professor of surgery at the Medical College of Ohio. In 1866, he went to Europe, returning to Baltimore in 1875. He died March 13, 1876. Dr. Baxle} was a thorough anatomist, an excellent teacher, and a splendid surgeon. Among his operations was the entire removal of a lower jaw for osteosarcoma, which he reported. He is also well known as one of the principals in the famous lawsuit of Regents vs. Trustees, that disrupted the medical faculty of the University of Maryland in 1837. Page File INTRODUCTORY LECTURE Delivered before the Class of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery At the opening of its first session, November 3, 1840 by Chapin a. Harris, M.D., Professor of Practical Dentistry In enccrinj; upon the duties ot the chair, to which I have been called, in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, allow me to observe, that howsoever much of interest or curiosity the establish- ment of this institution — the first of the kind that has ever existed, either in this or any other country — may have awakened, it consti- tutes an era in the history of a most useful and valuable depart- ment of medicine; and if it be properly conducted, cannot be other- wise than productive of great good. Practiced as this branch of surgery too frequently has been, and in many instances even is at the present day, by individuals not having been specialty educated for it, it is little better than a wide spread system of quackery; and that under such circumstances unfavourable results should often be experienced, is most reasonable to suppose. Few facilities have hitherto existed for obtaining the necessary preparatory instruc- tion, and it has only been by unwearied industry, and patient per- severing toil, that those who have obtained respectability and use- fulness in the profession, acquired the information that enabled them to do it. But of the number now engaged in its practice, few comparatively, have thought it necessary, or had the ambition to attempt to surmount the obstacles that presented to the acquisition of a thorough and scientific knowledge of the art. Rather than do this, the majority have been content to exercise its duties the best way they could — seeming to care little, whether the principles upon which they practiced were correct, or the services they rendered their patients of value or not, but depending more, for public notoriety and favour, upon artful management, than skill; they, as in too many instances has been the case, have sought the former to the neglect of the latter. Of the qualifications necessary to be possessed by a dental prac- titioner, and the time required for their acquisition, few seem to be aware. On this subject an erroneous opinion seems pretty gen- erally to prevail. A little mechanical tact, or dexterity, is thought by some, to be all that is requisite to a practitioner of dental sur- gery, and that this could be obtained in, at most, a few weeks. The prevalence of this belief, has given countenance to the assumption of the profession, by individuals totally disqualified to take upon themselves the exercise of its complicated and difficult duties. But it is to be hoped that the day is not remote, when it will be re- quired of those to whom this department of surgery shall be en- trusted, to be educated men, and well instructed in its theoretical and practical principles. Elevate the standard of the qualifications of the dental surgeon to a level with those of the medical practi- tioner, and the results of his practice will be always beneficial, which, at present arc frequently the reverse. Require of the prac- titioner of dental surgery to be educated in the collateral sciences of anatomy and physiology, surgery, pathology and therapeutics, and the sphere of his usefulness and his respectability will be in- creased. Require of him to be thus qualified, and he will be able to contribute to the advancement and dignity of his calling, and by a zealous devotion to it, he will soon arrive at an excellence, to which, heretofore, but few comparatively, have attained, and enjoy the high gratification of knowing that he is a benefactor of his fellows. But although, among the practitioners of dental surgery, there are very many possessed of talents and education, and who, by dint of unwearied industry, have acquired distinguished, and justly- deserved high reputations for skill; yet they, by their individual exertions, have been unable to free the profession from the reproach that has been brought upon it, by the hundreds of ignorant and disqualified individuals, by whom its duties are still exercised. Encouraged, however, by wh at has been done by associated influence, and free interchange of sentiment, among the practitioners of medi- cine and surgery, they are beginning to lay aside that selfish ambi- tion, and petty jealously, which in times past have kept them apart, and are uniting their efforts to raise the standard of professional qualification — hoping thereby to secure for their vocation a confi- dence and a respectability that it has not hitherto enjoyed. That they may be successful in so commendable an undertaking, should be the ardent desire of every one; yet filled as the ranks of the profession are, with individuals who have never learned the first rudiments of science, it will doubtless require some time to effect the wished reformation, and will only be accomplished, as they shall be able to fix a line of distinction between the competent and incompetent. With a view to this and the more rapid improvement of the art, an association has recently been formed in this country under the designation of the American Society of Dental Sur- geons, with such terms of membership as will admit none, except such as are thoroughly qualified to practice the profession. If this feiture be carried out, and from its present organization, no fears need be apprehended on the subject; the association will be able to furnish to its members, credentials of competency, that will, at once, command confidence and respect, and at the same time tend to secure the community against the impositions of the unprin- cipled charlatan nd ignorant pretender. In addition to this, it will contribute in an eminent degree, to establish correct and uniform systems of practice throughout the whole country, and thus an almost incalculable amount of good may result from it. But to Maryland belongs the honor and credit of establishing the first institution that has ever existed, for the education of gentle- men for this particular department of medicine. The legislature of this State at its last session incorporated a College for this special purpose, and thus, facilities are offered for the acquirement of a knowledi e of all the branches of this most valuable art, that have never befo-e existed, and in consequence of which, the majority of those who have assumed its practice, have been compelled to do so without the requisite preparatory qualifications. Had facilities for obtaining the necessary information existed, it is probable that most of those who have thus entered the profession, would have availed themselves of them; but as there were none, they were obliged to depend upon such instruction as they could procure, but relying principally upon what they should learn from practice. Thus, from year to year have numbers been added to the profession, until its ranks have become crowded with Individuals totally disqualified to take upon themselves the exercise of its nice and critical duties. Gentlemen, the profession for which you are preparing, is hon- ourable; it is useful; it is one that will enable you to be serviceable to your fellows, to relieve much of human pain, and to mitigate many mortal woes. Though it may not require of you to combat the more violent and aggravated forms of disease that are incident to man, you will have to treat those that demand nearly or quite an equal degree of acumen and skill; and if you would possess these, it will be necessary that you devote yourselves diligently and per- severingly to their acquisition; that you faithfully employ the time that you design appropriating to your studentship, in acquainting yourselves with the structure of the parts implicated in them — their pathology and therapeutical indications. If you would be able to arrest the diseases that come within the province of the profes- sion for which you are preparing, and prevent the various evils that are frequently consequent thereupon, or, in other words, if you would be able to preserve those invaluable organs, the teeth, and thus secure to those by whom you may be consulted, one of the greatest of earthly blessings, a healthy denture, endeavour to attain the knowledge that will enable you to do it. If you would command respect, and enjoy the confidence of those among whom it may be your lot hereafter respectively to reside, let it be your persevering endeavour to deserve them. Resolve that you will not be satisfied with mere mediocral abilities in the calling for which you are qualifying. Resolve to put forth all your energies for its acquisition, that you may be able to take rank among the most scientific and skil ful. If you do not do this, the fault will be your own, and I am sure that your teachers will labour to little purpose in endeavouring to impart instruction to you, unless you strive to profit therefrom. Let one then, who will feel a deep and anxious solicitude for your success, urge you to diligence in the pursuit of the knowledge you are now seeking. Its possession can alone enable you to discharge in a correct and proper manner, the intricate and complicated duties you are pre- paring to assume. Let then, a pure and high ambition stimulate you to zealous and unwearied exertion, and be assured that you will never be reproached by the future, for time misspent, or for failing to realize to those who shall seek professional aid at your hands, the benefits which the art is capable of bestowing. Page Six •Wifci t Ui Uf ' Administration The Tooth-Worm Tablet Pjgf Seven The Dawn of Dentistry As long as man has been an inhabitant of the earth, there have been pain, disease, and injury ever present to destroy his well-being and happiness. But shrouded in the obscurity of superstition, fear, and ignorance, these ills were merely a cog in the wheel of life, which, turn- ing incessantly, made his existence a survival of the fit- test. Man, however, is endowed with a thinking brain, to distinguish him from the animals he outlived. In the course of hundreds of years, science took its place in his environment, slowly alleviating his sufferings one by one, until finally, life for him is no longer a drab strug- gle, but an opportunity for a full and beautiful exist- ence. He has learned now that his ills and pains can be treated, if not wholly cured, by men well trained for their tasks, and the knowledge of this protection is to him a security which he carefully treasures. Not the least source of man ' s tribulations have been his teeth, which, while they may not have pained him, might have caused him sorrow by their unsightliness, disintegration, or total absence. It was but a question of time before a field of health service would be devoted entirely to the progress of what had been conceded to be one of the branches of medicine. To dentistry ' s develop- ment as an individual science we wish to devote the fol- lowing narrative. A study of antiquity perhaps first leads us to the Hindus and Chinese. Among the former, physicians were held in high regard, second only to the priests. Those concerned with dentistry were classed with hair- cutters, ear-borers, nail trimmers, and blood-letters, all of whom were certainly not of Brahmin caste. The Chinese, although their writings are full of prescriptions and remedies for all sorts of tooth pains, are important mainly for their operation known as acupuncture, which consisted of puncturing the gums or other sus- pected parts of the body with gold or silver needles of various sizes, for the purpose of relieving any abscesses that may have been present, and thus removing obstacles to the circulation of spirits or humors. About 2100 B. C, Hammurabi was the ruler of Baby- lon. Under him, the cure of disease was allotted to ■ The Father of Medical Science priests. Hammurabi is credited with one of the first law codes, and there have been unearthed many stone tablets upon which cuneiform script tells the story of his great- ness. One of these quotes the following as an antidote for the Tooth Worm, which was then believed to cause toothache: As the God Anu created the sky, the sky created the earth, the earth created the rivers, the rivers created the canals, and the canals created the marsh. The marshes created the Worm, the Worm came crying before Samas, the Son, before Ea, his tears streamed down. ' What do you give me to eat? ' I will give you dried figs or apri- cots. ' For me! What is this? Dried figs or apricots! Let me insert myself in the inner of the tooth and give me his flesh for my dwelling. Out of the tooth I will suck his blood, and from the gum I will chew the mar- row. So I have entrance to the tooth! ' Because you have said this and have asked for. Worm, may God Ea strike you with the might of his hands. You shall mix Emmer- mischbier with oil. The text of the incantations y ou shall say three times and to his tooth you shall bring it. These tablets were among a number of similar tablets contributed to the temple upon which were inscribed an account of the symptoms of the patient ' s ailment, as well as the remedies used, and the results, so that, taken altogether, these tablets were really the medical text- books of that time. Babylonian culture was preceded, however, by that of the Egyptians, concerning whom much was brought to light in the Ebers papyrus, which covered a period from 3700 to 15 50 B. C. In the parts devoted to the art of healing, many remedies can be found dealing with the cure of the tooth that grows into the upper part of the flesh (gums?), while other prescriptions recom- mend methods of strengthening the teeth and gums. But since the papyrus seems a mere collection of cures for a polyglot of ailments, there cannot be found any definite mention of well-known dental operations, such as fillings and extractions. Thus, Dr. Guerini concludes that no surgical operation was performed in the mouth at all, mainly because there were no specified instru- ments then existent for their accomplishment. Then, as before, dentistry was a part of medical science, which, in turn, was bound closely to magic and the super- natural. The ministers to the sick were called Pasto- phori, and these were acknowledged members of the sacerdotal caste. There were no definite attempts at pros- thesis unless one would like to consider as such wire at- tachments for loose teeth; nor were any attempts made toward filling cavities or replacing missing teeth with artificial substitutes. Prosthesis of any sort does not cross the horizon of history until the next stage in civilization — that of the Phoenicians, which flourished about 1000 B. C. In one of their tombs was found an appliance consisting of two cuspids to which are bound by gold wire four incisor teeth. We think that this is the first attempt at bridge- work of any kind. We now come to the first one who really attempted to raise this veil of obscurity — Hippocrates (460 to 370 B. C). He advocated that disease should be Pag,e Eight scientifically clcall wltli according to natural laws, and he is the acknowledged Father of Medicine. His works are full of references to the teeth and their care; notable among these is his discourse on the deciduous teeth. His prescriptions for dentifrices, which are re- volting to our own highly sensitive stomachs, are never- theless basically quite practical: Take the head of a hare, and three mice, two of these having the entrails removed; incinerate them and reduce them to ashes, then mix with equal weight of powdered marble. The shops where doctors plied their trade (and it was in reality no more than just that) always had a specialist of some sort to take care of dental ills, who, if he was not a medical man, was at least a member of a group which devoted its time and efforts to dentistry as a specialty. There were fillings and artificial replacements, but these specialists concerned themselves only with pre- scribing remedies or extractions — artisans of another sort filled teeth or bound loose ones to stronger supports. Soon Rome took her place In the realm of civilization, and her Etruscan ancestry left her the fruits of Phoeni- cian and Egyptian conquests. Tombs of wealthy Etrus- cans divulged evidences of a highly skillful dental tech- nique designed mainly to supply artificial substitutes where needed. In Italian museums we see that the most widely used type of appliance was that covering most of the teeth with rings of gold, one of which held the sub- stitute, which, in turn, was secured by a pin of some sort passing through the tooth and gold ring both. It was only natural for Rome, always quick to absorb cul- ture or advancement of any sort from the areas of her numerous conquests, to take for her own these advances in beautification of the oral cavity. Of these prosthetic efforts, we have good proof in the writings of Martial, the poet, who brings out the fact that even as today, people of good taste avoided gold for more natural- looking substitutes: and, If tectli like tliine, lady, wc would display. With purchased bone and horn of India Our mouth must be arrayed. Thais has teeth so black; Lecania wliite; Seek you the cause? Lecania ' s teeth are bought. While Thais wears her own. The Romans added to the natural store of dental knowledge, also; for Galen, the most famous of Roman physicians, was the first to discover that the teeth have nerves. He also was responsible for naming the cuspids eye-teeth, thinking as he did that the nerves of these teeth were connected to those of the eyes. Toward the dawn of Christianity, when the glory of Rome was be- ginning to fade, dentists were filling teeth with lint and lead, but merely as a stop, and with no consideration of arresting the progress of decay. But when filled, these teeth were supported in such a way as to withstand the pressure of the extractor ' s forceps. We may call the Romans the first orthodontists, too; for they realized that after deciduous teeth were extracted, it was the force of a pressing finger that helped to guide its suc- cessor into place. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the Latin Hippocrates of the first century A. D., left us the most accurate ac- count of medical knowledge at that time. In his De Medicina, libri acto, discussions of dental diseases and their treatment occupy a large part. He was also the first to sense that certain oral diseases were but mani- festations of systemic disorders, and he sought to build up the body accordingly. Whenever ulcers of the mouth arc attacked by gan- grene, it is necessary to first consider whether the whole body be unhealthy, and in that case, to do what is neces- sary to strengthen it. I ' or toothache, the worst of tortures, Celsus pre- scribed a narcotic of castorcum, cinnamon, mandrake, and poppy, with further instructions to abstain entirely from wine; if the pains were violent he advocated pur- gations and hot cataplasms on the check. For abscesses, he gave the following directions: It also happens, that from an ulcer of the gums — whether it follows a parulis or not — one may have for a long period a discharge of pus, on account of a broken or rotten tooth, or else on account of a disease of the bone; in this case there often exists a fistula. Then the latter must be opened, the tooth extracted, and if any bony fragment exist, this should be removed; and if there be anything else diseased, this should be scraped away. So much for a cross-section of the dawn period of dentistry. At most, our profession had become merely a part of the general medical knowledge of those times and was far from being an entirely separate science, a boon which it did not receive until the 16th century in France, as we shall see. The knowledge of these early sages of sciences was meagre, and yet, how great an advance over that of the savage who was our first an- cestor! Methods were still crude; but there was at least a keystone, a beginning, on which succeeding genera- tions could build an edifice of scientific advance. As civilization bloomed, dental caries also flourished and became more rampant; theories sprang up of small worms that ate away the dental substance, causing the throb of toothache. Perhaps we are amused at anything so foolish, but is man much farther advanced today in his researches as to the cause and control of caries? Man has advanced — yes: he has temples of learning built all over the world in which he can search out many a problem; but the knowledge of man is still dwarfed beside that of omniscient Nature. The First Bridgevork — Greek in Origin Page Nine Dean J.Ben Robinson, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Dean Robinson is a native son of West Virginia. He taught school there for a while before entering Marshal College, from which he graduated with honors in 1908. He then entered the Dental School of the University of Maryland and graduated as the Gold Medal Winner in 1914. As a teacher, he was Professor of Clinical Dentistry and Professor of Operative Dentistry; in 1924 he succeeded Dr. T. O. Heatwole as Dean. Dr. Robinson is well-known as a forceful and dynamic personality. He speaks very well and his diction is vivid and emphatic. It is a general opinion that he has been the guiding spirit of the entire Centenary Cele- bration and that the whole affair was mainly his conception. As far as his everyday relations with the student body, there was never a more democratic dean in any institution. He has made our school one in which the student feels that his teachers are there to help him at all times, especiall) when he is behind in his studies. We do not think of him as a prexy who wields the strong upper hand of authority; to us he will always be J. Ben — our friend and sympathizer, ready to help anyone of us who have fallen by the scholastic wayside or who need advice of any kind. Page Ten 3n m mnnam Oren H. Gaver, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. The members of the dental profession suffered the loss of one of their most popular and respected colleagues. On March 28, 1940, Dr. Oren Henry Gaver, Professor of Physiology in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, University of Maryland, died in the University Hospital, following an operation. To the dental student, Dr. Gaver was a sincere friend and adv isor, as well a? an educator. It is significant that he was among the members of the faculty who teach the Freshman Class. In this capacity he was able to give assistance and encouragement to the youngest students of the School during a year of study which, at best, involves some discouragements. No student failed to appreciate his earnest, sincere personality, his serious consideration of even insignificant student problems and the eager thorough- ness with which he taught his subject. In his active work in dentistry, he not only set a high standard for his accomplish- ments, but was an interested student and critic of all modern advancements in dentistry and its related subjects. Dr. Gaver, son of Mr. Lewis F. Gaver, was born on May 18, 1892, in Myersville, Frederick County, Maryland. After attending the county public schools, he studied a business course at Columbia College, in Hagerstown, Maryland. He then became em- ployed in a bank in Thomas, West Virginia. Soon afterwards, he entered the School of Dentistry of the University of Maryland, from which he was graduated in 1918, receiving the University Gold Medal for the highest scholastic rating in his class. He continued to study physiology and biochemistry in the Johns Hopkins University and in the School of Medicine of the University of Maryland. In the summer of 1918, he was appointed instructor of Clinical Operative Dentistry in the Dental School. Subse- quently Dr. Gaver held the positions of Superintendent of the Dental Clinics and then Professor of Physiology. At the time of his death, he also taught Physiological Chem- istry and Dental Materials. Among his other professional accomplishments he was a Fellow of the American College of Dentists. He was also an active member of Psi Omega Fraternity, Omicron Kappa Upsilon Fraternity, and the Gorgas Odoniological Society; and he was a past president of the Maryland State Dental Association. Dr. Gaver was a member of the board of St. John ' s Lutheran Church, in which his funeral services were held. He was also a member of the Board of Education and the Board of Police Examiners of Anne Arundel County. Surviving Dr. Gaver are his widow, formerly Miss Mable Bovd of Rogersville, Tennessee; his son, Oren Henry, Jr., who is a first-year predental student at the Uni- versity of Maryland in Baltimore; his father, and his eleven brothers and three sisters. Three of his brothers are pharmacists. One of the brothers. Dr. Grayson W. Gaver, is assistant professor of Prosthetics at the Dental School, and another. Dr. Leo Gaver, is a physician, now interning at the Universitv Hospital. Undoubtedly, Dr. Gaver ' s services and accomplishments were appreciated while he still lived. He had the ability and the desire to make use of his knowledge and experience to help mankind by training men to become good dentists. — R. S. Williamson-, ' 42. Page Eleien 3u iH m0rmm Robert Parke Bay, M.D., F.A.C.S. Dr. Robert Parke Bay was born on November 8, 1884, in Pylesville, Harford County, Maryland; he died in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 1, 1940. After having received his early education in county public schools, he entered the Medical School, University of Maryland, from which he was graduated with honors, in 1905. During his senior year. Dr. Bay was a resident student at the University Hospital, where he later served two years as surgical interne and resident in medicine. After being resident surgeon at the Bay View Hospital from 1907 to 1908, he returned to the University Hos- pital as medical superintendent. He then became Associate in Surgery and Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Medical School. In 1910, Dr. Bay gave up the hospital superintendentship, and, in the same year, he was ap- pointed Instructor in Oral Surgery in the School of Dentistry of the University of Maryland. Later, he was made Professor of Oral Surgery and Anatomy, soon becoming a member of the Faculty Council of Dentistry. In 1916, Dr. Bay married Nancy M. McNabb, of Harford County, Maryland. Mrs. Bay is a graduate of the School of Nursing of the University of Maryland. Up to the time of his death. Dr. Bay held the position of Medical Advisor of the State Industrial Accident Commission, having been appointed to this post in 1914, by Governor Phillips Lee Goldsborough, then Governor of Maryland. During the World War, Dr. Bay served as a major in the Army Medical Corps, stationed at Fort Ogle- thorpe, having received his commission in the Maryland National Guard several years prior to the outbreak of the war. In recognition of his interest in civic activities, he was appointed Acting Chairman of the Board of City Charities in 1921. Eleven years later, he became Chief Surgeon of the Maryland General Hospital; he held this position until his death. In addition to serving at the Maryland General Hospital, he was visiting surgeon at other institutions and hospitals in Baltimore, Havre de Grace, Eikton, and Montgomery County, Maryland. In 1933, he was appointed Professor of Oral Surgery of the Medical School, University of Maryland. A brief sketch of Dr. Bay ' s work, as presented above, gives one a mental picture of an untiring worker, an unselfish benefactor, and a leader in medical, civic, and social activities. As a medical student. Dr. Bay was admired for his conscientious determination to succeed, as well as for his unusual mental and manual dexterity. Once he undertook a task, all of his energy was devoted to its successful completion. The honors that were awarded him upon graduation from the University were justly earned. As a surgeon. Dr. Bay ' s aphorism might well have been Be confident. Under all circumstances, his demeanor was one of steadiness; his work was done rapidly and in a well organized manner. Thus, he had rare ability to meet emergencies without becoming confused or excited. His kindness and sympathy were revered, especially by the patients to whom he generously gave his services. Accompanying his constant attitude of cheerfulness and opti- mism, was sound and expert judgment, which was often sought by his associates. It is said by one of his closest friends that, if possible, Dr. Bay never refused to help another physician on a difficult case or an emergency; by merely talking with him, the operator was reassured concerning the welfare of the patient in question. Throughout his life. Dr. Bay was an ardent lover of outdoor life, his hobbies being gunning and dog-raising, as well as golf, in later years. Socially, he was popular because of his engaging personality and keen sense of humor. There are none of his friends but can recall instances in which they were the victims of his quiet chuckle and a sly glance from beneath his heavy eyebrows. One of Dr. Bay ' s finest gifts to his fellowmen was the time he devoted to teaching both graduate physicians and dentists, and undergraduate students. Through his accomplishments in education, he was able to impart much of his skill and knowledge to the men and women who survive him. Dr. Bay was a specialist, but his specialty was not limited to surgery — he also specialized in kindness, in charity, and in benefaction to humanity. -Riley S. Williamson, ' 42. Pasc Twelve HARRY (J,[fTON liYRD, Pvcsidciil (jf ihv U iiivcraily. HERBERT R. O ' CONOR, Governor of Maryland. Baltimore College OF Dental Surgery, Denial School, University oi Maryland Main Building New Wing Vage Fourteen The First Diploma I JlllllllOIU ' llSIS YrOMNiBis, ' TiD ' ,Qiros(ittk jUTEKajijPiBTiireHinr i%hM ■ (k . l crf , n,-4r t, ' r f ' ij- ' ' ' ■- Kitr f ,.irj f j t i ff An ' i ' ryM ym iChiruTqia J ' cultnni nahim lUttcftiiillimnrifnin . ' 14 . kiir i. ' A tij vu A.m ' O T ' niuin v,C - -£ ' ' . .1, . Al r ' r ' ' l. - t- Granted to Robert Arthur at the First Commencement of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery on March 9, 1841. THE FIRST GRADUATES ( yr . . ujt . ' ., ZZOi. ' - i: ' - Robert Arthur R. COVIXGTOX Mackal l fagc Fifteen INFORMATION CONCERNING THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF DENTAL SURGEONS By Solyman Brown, M.D., Sccrctaiy (AmcricMn Jouin.il of Dental Science, Vol. I) Among the primary objects kept steadil)- in view by the projector of this society and his professional coad- jutors, may be alleged — first: The Public Good, result- ing from the united efforts of the most distinguished and entcrprizing practitioners in the United States, aided by those of other countries, in settling the best methods of practice in all forms of dental disease. How much soever may be done by isolated individual effort to acquire personal distinction and emolument, benefitting a narrow circle of patients, the true philo- sopher and genuine philanthropist embraces within the scope of his vision a wider horizon. Leaping with be- nevolent dexterity from the circle of selfishness, he stands erect in the unlimited dominions of Truth and Charity, performing the appointed duties of his sub- lunary existence for the benefit of mankind. Not so with those who contract themselves like the tortoise within their own shells, and make no excursions except for booty. A second object of the projectors of this society, is to embody all regular and worthy dental practitioners throughout the United States, in a properly organized fraternal association for the suppression of quackery and imposture. To this end it will be the constant effort of the mem- bers of the American Society of Dental Surgeons to bring within their fraternity, all those deserving indi- viduals in every section of the country, who are desirous of introducing true theory and honourable practice into the profession. In the second place: The encouragement of genuine merit and well intended effort in the cause of humanity, will have the effect of sustaining a respectable class of dental practitione rs, to whom alone the public will, in time, learn to lock for relief in dental diseases. Hither- to, the community has been almost wholly uninformed as to the comparative competency of the several classes of professed surgeon dentists. This society will have Seal OF THE First Dental Society power to establish lines of demarkati- n between the truly competent and the mere pretenders to dental knowledge. Such as deserve the support will be sus- tained and encouraged by the combined influence of the entire dental association in the United States, insomuch that the simple fact of membership will constitute a passport to public favour. In the third place: The elevation of the profession from the condition of scattered individuals to the rank of an organized association, recognized by the laws of the land, and acknowledged by similar bodies among the other professions, will be one of the earliest effects of the formation of the American Society of Dental Surgeons. The subject of conferring the degree of dental sur- gery, has engaged the early attention of the society, and the committee appointed to prepare the Diploma, and its appropriate seal, has already nearly completed its task. Every member of the society, honorary as well as active, will be entitled to a Diploma by paying into the treasury a stipulated sum, to be used for the benefit of the so- ciety. Although the simple act of conferring a scientific degree, does not of itself impart any additional knowl- edge, it may be made, at least an evidence of knowledge already acquired by theory and confirmed practice. The encouragement of Dental Colleges like that in successful operation at Baltimore, is a favorite object of this society, considered as one of the means of accom- plishing the great objects of the association. Whether the society will organize a college of its own, or merely encourage the formation of several in various sections of the union, remains yet to be determined. The dental magazine already established, being the first publication of the kind in any age or country, so far as history informs us, has received the decided appro- bation of the Society, with the assurance of its constant support. Although the conductors and original projec- tors of the American Journal of Dental Science, were quite willing to resign the publication into the hands of the society, that body was disposed to decline the trans- fer, believing that the periodical would be best con- ducted on its present plan, modified perhaps, on the appearance of the second volume, so as to assume the form of a quarterly, instead of a monthly publication. But thus far I have spoken only of disqualifications, which has prepared the way for answering directly the question before us — What are the essential qualifica- tions for membership in the American Society of Dental Surgeons? Respectable talents; creditable acquirements; profes- sional integrity; and a good moral character. These four requisites are esteemed indispensable to a useful perform- ance of the difficult and delicate duties of the dental surgeon; and all these, therefore, will be deemed essen- tial to a fellowship in this association. PuS c Six ecu From the American Journal or Dental Scjenct:, Voi,. 1, No. 1. ADVERTISEMENT The publishers of this Journal have but one great object in view, and that is the dis- semination of useful and practical knowledge among Dentists, all of whom are respect- fully invited to assist in sustaining the undertaking by becoming subscribers, and also by contributing to the pages of the work. Those who thus desire to co-operate with the publishers, are requested to address their communications to the Secretary of the publish- ing committee, SOLYMAN BROWN, No. 17 Park Place, New York, inclosing the amount of subscription, viz: — Three Dollars per annum for a single copy, or Two Dollars and Fifty Cents each for any number of copies. The postage on all letters and communications must be paid by the writers; other- wise they will not be taken from the Post Oifice. Title Page OF THE First Dental Journal THE AMERICAN JOUEXAL DENTAL SCIENCE. „„ .„ OBir.lNAL ARTICLES. RE IEWS OF DOT.U. PlBUGATIO. S; ™ — ECRGIMU - SD MECHASICAI. Dr.VriST2y, .„=,OC..P ,..„...C,,., „.,,„.„,. .. D E N T I S T S . «• -TT=,r-_ .r M -It t 1S3S. Page Seienicen This is our own Miss Toomey as we know her from day to day — kind to everyone, glad to see you when you come in the Dean ' s Office, and more than ready to help you if you should need her. This year especially showed everyone what a high place Miss Toomey holds in the hearts and affections of every graduate, for when so many of them came back to attend the Centenary Cele- bration, the first words they said were, Let ' s go in and see Kate Toomey! The one hundredth graduating class is anxious to join these ranks of admirers and friends. It has been a grand experience to know such a peach a little better than any other class, because of our small size; that big Irish smile and These are my lambie-pies! will be among our cheeriest memories. Miss Toomey Page Eighteen Classes St. Appollonia, Patron Saint of Dentistry age ' byinctccn The Middle Ages ,y A_A- The Middle Ages have rightly been called the Dark Ages, for the glory of Rome was swept away in the fifth century, and Roman world domination, with all its culture and refinement, was brought to an end. The Arabians, whose hordes swept over Europe in a mighty invasion, nurtured but did not advance medical science in an age characterized by dtdlness and impeded prog- ress. Toward the middle of this period, Christianity flour ' shed, and where before the body had been a beau- tiful ornament, to be adorned and admired, it was now an object of contempt, a source of iniquity. Naturally an art such as dentistry, designed to make the body more beautiful, was relegated to the background, to be- come a lost science which would have to be rediscovered and built up anew. But Christianity made one contribu- tion to dentistry that has never been altered — that of its patron saint, St. AppoUonia. However, although she is al- ways acknowledged as the benefactress of the dentist, she was in those days the patroness of the patient, since it was to her the patient prayed for relief from tosthache. This good woman, born of heathen parents, was canonized in the year 3 00, and was baptized a Christian by St. Anthony of Egypt. She brought many converts to the Roman faith by her eloquency and zeal, but suffered torture and martyrdom in one of the many anti-Christian outbreaks. When she would not renounce her beliefs, she was bound, and her teeth extracted one by one. She remained steadfast, and the en- raged mob clubbed her about the head and threw her body into the flames. One other change in the profession was that dentistry, which before had been a specialty of priests and physicans, now was considered entirely beneath the dignity of surgeons, and became the sideline of barbers, along with the activities of minor surgery. The course of time, however, elevated surgery above the practice of the barber, but dentistry still remained with the more inferior class of barbers. The great Arabian invasion took place in the 8th cen- tury, and swept away the world ' s finest library at Alex- andria. The invaders realized their blunder before it was too late, and they saved what Syrian, Greek, and Persian works they could. Those of Galen and Hippocrates they translated into Arabian and carried with them to Spain, where they eventually settled. But they themselves made little progress at all, either in dentistry or medi- cine, because of the tenet of their religion which forbade them to touch a dead human body. In fact, surgery de- graded to a point where slaves were the only ones al- lowed to perform the duties of the art of heahng, espe- cially when the case demanded minor surgery. Persian physicians, the most famous of whom was Rhazes, wrote of filling cavities in teeth with mastic and alum, and of treating peridontitis by bleeding, or cauterization with a red-hot iron. Still, there was no (C :p t J JyI A AAA AAA AAM v _Ag, 3 -AAA A A A_a. Scalers of Abulcasis advance over the knowledge of the old Romans, of whom they seemed to know so little. The only other Persian of note was Avicenna, who has been called the second Galen, and also the prince of doctors. But although his accounts of dental physiology and anatomy are very complete, they do not advance beyond the teachings of Galen. He taught the worm theory as the cause of odontalgia, and portrayed them as gnawing away the dental substance. He stressed cleanliness and care of the teeth, but never the extraction of a firm tooth, since the operation might lead to the loss of an eye, or to a raging fever. A file was his means of short- ening a tooth, supporting the tooth in his fingers to guard against its becoming loosened. The greatest Arabian physician was Abulcasis, whose writings of the 10th century were intended mainly to raise surgery to a status worthy of any reli- gion, as well as to free it from impu- dent and audacious barbers. In his De Chirurgica, Abulcasis also tells how to treat fistula by repeated cau- teries introduced into the recess. If these failed, he recommended curetting the bone. Cauterization he also recommended for toothache, either by means of hot butter held in the mouth, or a more drastic red-hot iron, to be used on failure of the milder method. His set of 14 scrapers are the first known instru- ments used in the serious removal of tartar, and though illustrations of these are badly drawn, they show at least that some attempt had been made at special- ized instrumentation. Loose teeth were treated by the use of gold wire to bind them to firmer teeth, and replacement of lost teeth by transplantations from other patients was a frequent operation. But there persisted a fear of extracting teeth, the same as there was in the Roman era, and the Arabians worked hard and long in devising prescriptions and remedies that would soothe pain but leave the tooth whole. The Crusades cleared the way for the revival of in- terest in medical and dental teachings, since returning knights brought with them refinements learned in Sara- cen strongholds. The practice of these times is well illustrated in the works of Guy de Chauliac (1300- 13 68), who was reputedly the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages. Although he made no outstanding at- tempt to awaken dentistry from its lethargy, he paved the way for its freedom from the surgeon ' s realm by suggesting that the art of dentistry be handed over to barbers or others well qualified for the position, who should, nevertheless, be under the jurisdiction of the physician. De Chauliac filled teeth, as well as extracted them, and he also thought that decay was caused by the presence of minute worms. Calculus he removed with his Arabian designed instruments, and he wrote prescriptions by the hundreds for the relief of dental pain. ±± =3 Page Twenty dure was taken in l ' J] in the This pic old dental school, a huilding now occu- pied by the medical school, located di- rectly across the street from our present school building. We see the Clinic as it was then, a year in which most of the 100th graduating class were but gleams in ihc eyes of their parents. A little be- low the center stands Dr. A. H. Patcrson, who is now our Professor of Prosthetics and Crown and Jiridge, and who at this time was a Senior. To the right is the old-fashioned roller towel, far from clean, which evcrycne made use of — sometimes. Foot engines and chandeliers for gas illumination can also be seen. This is also a view of the clinic in the old building, as it was in 1923. The gas fixtures have given away to electric lights, but we still can see the foot- engines for the handpieces. In the right foreground is a demonstrator ' s desk, where restorative work was done; it seems there was no separate clinic for this kind of work. Notice the beaver hats on some of the children. This is the Children ' s Clinic in the old building, also taken about 1923. Dean T. O. Heatwole can be seen at the left center, and Dr. O. H. Gaver, then direc- tor of the Clinic, in the center. To the right, with arms folded, is Dr. A. Y. Russell, and in the white gown at the far right is cne who very much resem- bles Dr. Gravson W. Gaver. Pjgt ' Tucnty-oite Valedictory Address To the Graduates of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery Delivered at the Commencement, March 9, 1841 by Thomas E. Bond, Jr., M.D. You are aware that the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery went into operation under very discouraging circumstances. The difficulty of the undertaking is abundantly proved by the remark- able fact that, notwithstanding the necessity of scientific education in Dental Surgery had long been felt, and the difficulty of procur- ing it bitterly lamented, no attempt had been made to afford col- legiate opportunities to pupils in the art, until the faculty of the present school risked the adventure. It is unnecessary now to enter upon a minute detail of the causes which rendered success im- probable. Suffice it to say that the projectors of the school bad abundant reason to anticipate open hostility from many, and secret enmity from more. For this, however, they cared but little; but they feared that which is far worse than opposition, the entire in- difference of the community to the result of the enterprise. principles of practice have been carefully formed upon a second knowledge of general medicine. To sustain us against the opposition of our enemies, and the terrible vis inertiae of tlie public mind, we relied chiefly upon the support of those Dental Surgeons whose approbation is most hon- orable, and whose influence is most efficient. In this we have not been disappointed. On the contrary, we have been encouraged, and cheered on by the countenance and sympathy of the most skilful and distinguished of the profession on both sides of the Atlantic. To the medical profession, too, we are happy to acknowl- edge ourselves under great obligations. From the first, they have been our warm and zealous friends. They have despised the pitiful jealousy, so often and so falsely attributed to them, and everywhere in every way, they have promoted the success of our infant enter- prise. Your appearance here to receive from us the strongest testimonial of professional qualifications that has ever been bestowed upon a Dental Surgeon, is sufficient evidence that you have not attended in vain to the instructions we have endeavored to impart. After having admitted you to the honor of a degree — an honor the dis- pensation of which has been committed to us by the State of Mary- land, and which we are bound in good faith to bestow upon none but those who deserve it, it would be supererogatory to expatiate upon the confidence we have in your ability to give credit to the institution that presents you to the world as its first fruits. We can add nothing to the solemnity of the act by which we have recommended you to the confidence of the community; nor indeed is any additional commendation necessary. Wherever you go, whether in Europe or America, the diploma you hold in your hands will be a passport to public consideration, and an abundant introduc- tion to usefulness. You have been tau;rht that Dental Surgerv is not a mere art separate from, and independent of, general medicine; but that it is an important branch of the science of cure. Inquiry into the diseases of the antrum alone was sufficient to convince you that the teeth and their dependencies are often primarily interested in the production and aggravation of some of the most fearful and fatal of human disorders; and you have at once been compelled to discard the miserable fallacy, that the teeth are mere supernumer- ary organs, not at all concerned in the general health, and capable of being maltreated at the pleasure of ignorance, without inducing serious results. Your knowledge has been based upon extensive and accurate ana- tomical investigation. You have seen and traced out the exquisitely beiutiful machinery by which the organism Is everywhere knit together. You have learned the secrets of nervous communication, and studied the simple yet admirable arrangement by which nutri- tion is drawn by each part from the common receptacle of stren- th. You have also carefully examined the phenomena of health and dis- ease, both as they are manifested in the dental arch, its connexions and relations. Your attention has been particularly directed to the effect of local irritation upon the general health, and you have seen how readily organs apparently unconnected, and Independent may be Involved in mutual disease. You have been taught to regard the human body as one complete whole, united in all its parts, and pervaded every where by strong and active sympathies; and your Gentlemen, you are now members of a useful and honorable pro- fession. You go forth to the world with hig!i testimonials of char- acter and skill; and we have a right to expect from you such con- duct as will reflect honor upon us and upon the profession you represent. A greater than ordinary responsibility rests upon you. Under any circumstances the honor and dignity of any profession is Intimately connected with the deportment of each of its mem- bers; and that man is a traitor to his brethren, and a libeller of his class, who by his negligence or vice, degrades the pursuit or the profession in which he is engaged. But the circumstances under which you commence your career are of rare occurrence, and involve you in responsibility which seldom falls to the share of two young men. This day, for the first time in the history of the world, the practice of dentistry is legally recognized as a profession, and you are the first who are permitted by public authority to be distinguished by the title of Doctor of Dental Surgery. As soon as you go out In the world, the very title you bear will subject you to scrutiny, as close as jealousy and envy can institute. Your conduct will be subjected to the most microscopic investigati on, and your errors magnified and multiplied by all the appliances of scandal. You will require more than ordinary virtue and circumspection to enable you to sustain the trial, but should you fall under it you may inflict irremediable injury upon the profession you have chosen, and which is now strugt ling for a dignified position In the public estimation. Let me beg then that from the very first you will assume a dig- nified stand, and that you will religiously maintain it. Arm your- selves with a fixed determination to do honor to the title you bear — to give it honor In the eyes of all men, and to force even the most invidious to respect it. Your titular distinction is founded upon admitted superiority of knowledge; but you must remember that it will require continual diligence to maintain that superiority. The science of medicine is ever improving — hundreds of active and Intelligent minds will soon be devoted to the improvement of that branch of the healing art to which your attention will be chiefly directed; and unless you continually add to your present stock of information, you will soon find yourselves distanced by those who are now but tyros in knowl- edge compared with you. The expression — I have finished my education, does well enough for the finished gentleman and gentle- woman in their teens, who have learned science by questions and answers in boarding schools; but It is the height of folly for the student to talk of having learned enough. To him, every acqui- sition in knowledge is but the threshold of higher attainments; and when he is looked upon by others as wise, he feels that he has learned but the rudiments of wisdom. Be diligent, then, both to acquire information, and to Impart it; feelin g It to be your boun- den duty, as well as your pleasure, to contribute what you can to the improvement and dignity of the profession you have assumed. The profession you have chosen is not to be regarded merely as the means of your employment and creditable subsistence. It Is to be the means of your mental and moral discipline — the mode of your probation — the form of your accountability. If you regard it as a mere worldly occupation, and enter upon it in the spirit of fallen self-love which men call selfishness, and which is the great antagonist sin, that everywhere opposes Itself to Divine Benevolence. You will find it a pursuit full of vexation and dissatisfaction and disgust, as a successful fraud upon your happiness. But if you enter upon it with cheerfulness as the way in which you are to employ your talents and your time — under the direction of God, to the good of yourselves and others, and especially to the glory of Him to whom time and talents belong — you will not fall to find in the practice of your profession a fund of enjoyment which will increase with the effort of every day. Page Twen y-iwo Sm)NI. i Al.iiUI) I ' jl I INKOI I Bel : K A Wccli.iwkcn, New jc-rscy University of Michigan, B.S. Class, Vice-President, ' 40; Histo- rian of Sigma Epsilon Delta, ' 39. ' 8 John Tandy Bonham John ] Q, I A ® Charleston, West Virginia University of West Virginia, B.A. Class Secretary, ' 37; Mirror Staff, ' 38- ' 39; Associate Editor, ' 40; loiinml Staff, ' 38- 39. Grand Master of Psi Omega, ' 40; Class Vice-President, ' 3 9; President of Gorgas Odontological Society, ' 40. Julian Barnet Bookstaver Booky SEA Teaneck, New Jersey New York University Class Secretary, ' 40; Gorgas Odon- tological Society, ' 39- ' 40. Pjgc Tumty-thrci Theodore Francis Czaplinski C n,p , Ted A :i A Brooklyn, New York St. Louis University Dental School, . D.D.S. First Lieutenant Dental Reserves, U. S. A. Benjamin Anthony Dabrowski Ben vi ' n, :s T A Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University, B.A. Class Sergeant-at-Arms, ' 57; Class Secretary, ' 3 8; Class President, ' 40; Treasurer of Psi Omega, ' 40. Benjamin Diamond Mickey SEA Roanoke, Virginia Roanoke College, B.S. Class Sergeant-at-Arms, ' 3 8; Class Secretary, ' 3 8; Gorgas Odontologi- cal Society; Outer Guard of Sigma Epsilon Delta, ' 3 8. Piigi ' Tuvnty-foiir SMviui;r, Goi.DiiAisiin Sum i !•: A Flushing, New York College of the City of New York Class Treasurer, ' 40; Sergeam-ac- Arms, Gorgas Odontological So- ciety, ' 40. Julius Irving Kasawicii Kas!. SEA Whitcstone, Long Island Long Island University Treasurer of the Gorgas Odonto- logical Society, ' 40; Class Histo- rian, ' 40; Sergeant-at-Arms, House Manager of Sigma Epsilon Delta. Burton Litchman Litcb SEA Edgewood, Rhode Island Providence College Class Treasurer, ' 37- ' 3 8- ' 39; Gor- g.is Odontological Society; Treas- urer of Sigma Epsilon Delta, ' 39; Chaplain, ' 40. ?Jgc Tucvty-fiie George Arthur Lowander, Jr. George r A Queens Village, New York University of Pennsylvania Class Representative to Student Council, ' 37- ' 38- ' 39- ' 40; Gorgas Odontological Society. Eugene Leo Pessagno, Jr. Gcue n, 2 T A, n A E Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University, B.A. Class President, ' 37; Class Histo- rian, ' 39; Business Manager of Mirror, ' 39; Editor of Mirror, ' 40; Vice-President of Gorgas Odontological Society, ' 40. James Anthony Piccolo Pic n New Haven, Connecticut Providence College Class President, ' 3 8. Pii. c Tiirnfy-six Ui:HNAKI) Rani man Ramly ii K A Whitcstonc, New York Long Island University Class Vice-President, ' 37- ' 38; Class President, ' 3 9; Mirror Staff, ' 40; joiinial Staff, ' 40; Master of Sigma Epsilon Delta, ' 40; Secretary, ' 39. Horace Lloyd Westcott Wcs New London, Connecticut Duke University Secretary of the Gorgas Odonto- logical Society, ' 40. Page Twciily-seven Senior Class Benjamin A. Dabrowski Brice M. Dokslv, D.D.S. PicsiJcnf of Senior Class Honorary Prcsidctit CLASS orncERs B. A. Dabrowski Prc ' sidcul S. A. Belinkoff Vicc-Prcsidcnf J. B. Bookstaver Secretary S. Goldhaber Treasurer H. L. Westcott Ser ' eant-at-Arms J. I. Kasawich Historian G. A. Lowander, Jr. . . . Represeiitaliie to Student Council o Senior Class Chronicle ' Twas long, long ago In Thirty-Six A. D., That we all entered Maryland Seeking a degree. When our class first entered We numbered seventeen, Tho ' we ' ve since lessened by three our herd This always was foreseen! In sophomore year our worries Decreased a little bit; But this year of rest soon ended, No more did we feel free! In Junior year we took it, Because of our small size; The clinic nearly caused us To have a mass demise! We ' ve finally reached our senior year, Are none the worse for same. Except for the loss of a lot of hair We ' re better than when we came!! We ' re full-fledged dentists — practically! And out to beat the world; May the 100th class of Maryland In the midst of success be hurled!!! -eSuD A o A 77m,ors seniors Page Twenty-nine JUNIOR CLASS First Rou: Hymanson, Cullen, Friedmann, Policow, Birchstein, Collins, Sloan, Santeramo, Rosenberg, Mishkin, Brotman. Second Row: Bohne, Schultheis, Dubansky, McClces, Beaven, Berman, Storch, Hoffman, Heller, Singer, Chernow, Rudo, B. Kapiloflf. Third Row: Oilman, Hyman, Golden, Haggerty, McDaniel, L. Kapiloft, Dembo, Karow, Vitolo, Klingelhofer. Fourth Row: Gudwin, Toffic, ToUey, Kornreich, Callaway. Fifth Row: Weinger, Koenig, Briskin, Hawkins, Reusch, Burch, Chmar, Zeger, Caldwell, Baker, Corbitt, DeScherer. Top Rou ' : Farrell, Parker, Zuskin, Smith, Matisi, Frey, Easton, Spina, Marano, Schiller, Bressman, Aurbach. Page Thirty CLASS OFFICERS W. M. Coil, INS I ' reiidenl H. Sloan . -. Vice-President D. C. CoRBirr Secretary B. BiRCHSTi:iN Treasurer E. C. Hiiwnr Scr; caiit-al-Arms E. G. RosE;Niii:n.c Historian V. R. Hawkins S iulcn Re{)rescntatii ' e William M. Collins Prcsidcnl of Jiaiior Class Junior Class Chronicle As has happened many times before, the present junior prodigies walked into the cKnic at the beginning of the year, all set to wow em, and nothing seemed to happen. Those here for the summer were well on their way with the good old points, and soon, we too approached our first unsuspecting patient with trepidation. We ' ve been the central figures in the breaking of several precedents, due no doubt to the small size of the Senior Class. The feature of the year was our blackout, which started with paper airplanes we made from some announcement, which we sincerely hope was not a communi- cation from the Dean! The shades had been pulled down for lantern slides, and ourselves furnished the sound effects. One man worked the anti-aircraft spotlight, and a roaring time was had b) ' all. A member of our class also made a very successful debut into the world of sports — Tony Matisi. The turnout of our class, in fact, of the entire school, showed that we were right behind our champion. This year we preceded our class dance with a dinner, which made the evening very memorable. We had fine speakers, and our dates — Ah! We are the first Junior Class to enter the extraction room doing full-time work on our own, which is of extreme importance to us. In other words, all evidence to the contrary, as classes go, we ' re all there. — E. G. Rosenberg, Historian. Page Tbirty-one SOPHOMORE CLASS First Row: Towson, Kolman, Cohen, Berman, Hyman, Lazauskas, Everson, Pecoraro, Goldstein, Herschaft, Mintz, Stoopack, Ouellette. Second Rotv: Criss, Reynolds, King, Coccaro, Corder, Miss Toubnian, Miss Chiqucs, Munoz, Martinelli, Nathanson, Lichtenstein, Rogoft, Entelis, Tcomey. Third Roii, ' : Tighe, Lasch, Steele, Ralph, Williams, Waltman, Biega, Eilenberg, Helitzer, Herman, Gratz, Wieland. Fourth Roii ' : Murzin, Gibel, Williamson, Emburgia, Watson, Weise, Weiss, Deneroff, Savage, Koppelman, Ramirez, Katz. Top Row: Edwards, Schwartz, Watsky, Rakosky, Nussbaum, Amatrudo, Askins, Aldridge, Bixby, Coroso. Page Tbirty-two CLASS OFFICERS S. Evt.RsoN President S. G. Hyman Vicc-Prcsidcnl J. B. PowuLL Sccrclary A. N. Berman Treasurer A. A. Pecorako Sergeant-at-Arms R. Goldstein Historian A. P. Lazauskas Sfiulciil Represen a ive Stewart Everson President of Sophomore Class Sophomore Class Chronicle The class gathei ed to begin its second year ' s work on September 20, 1939. We were all glad to begin the sophomore studies and looked for- ward to further our knowledge in the technique courses — prosthetics, crown and bridge-work, and operative dentistry. By the end of the first week all of the summer vacation experiences had become just a pleasant memory and school assignments dominated our interests. Those highly anticipated Thanksgiving and Christmas vacations came and passed. But our big obstacle was still confronting us — the mid-year exams. Those tense moments of All right! Let ' s spread out — everyone! are still ringing in our ears. As a class we feel very proud, since we have faculty promises of seeing the clinic floor before we say au revoir to these familiar walls. The class dance in April was well attended and all had a good time. Unusual spirits reigned, as this was our last big get together of the year. Many incidents of the year will live long in our memories. Words like All right, men! I believe that ' s a U. S. P. preparation, and Let ' s have a short class meeting, will always be a part of us. We are eagerly awaiting our entrance to the infirmary and are look- ing forward to many new and profitable experiences. We only hope that our next two years will be spent as happily as these we have just passed. — R. Goldstein, Historian. Pa c Tliirly-ibrcc FRESHMAN CLASS F rsf Rou ' : Greene, Z.ihn, Heller, Pollak, Mass, Liloia, Tongue, Shane, Levy, De Young, Watson, Pfeffer. Second Row: Menius, H. Cooper, Skowronek, Hauss, Ditrolio, Klein, B. Cooper, Kushner, Blevins, Carey, Book, Libby, Jailer. Third Row: Hirsch, Cerny, McAtee, Lee, Cook, Tunstall, Smith, Roulier, Carvalho, Lepine, Robinson, EflF, Colaluca, Shmuner. Fourth Row: Cierler, O ' Meara, Chereskin, Cirrito, Reilly, Hyman, Martino, Herman, Langel, Feldman, Klinger, Seides, Bytovetzski, Schechter. Fifth Row: Walsh, Yalovitz, Wilkinson, Sucoll, Stern, Nussbaum, Koggan, Czachorowski, Mehring, Schechter, Masserman. Top Roiv: W. Rubin, Dulberg, Levine, Leibowitz, Scheinberg, Greifer, Kaufman, N. Rubin, Pedlnoff, Rosenfeld, Safro, Spanier, Foxman, Pustilnik. Page Thirty-four (J, ASS OM-K.FRS M. I ' . liiDiA President C. Mass Vice-President f. 15. ZiMMi KMANN Secretary R. N. I OLIAK Treasurer B. M. Watson Serf eant-at-Arrns S. H. Heller Historian K. Tongue S in cn Representative Michael P. Liloia President of prcsliiiuiii Class Freshman Class Chronicle There are no frosh-soph tooth-pulling tussles at the dental school; fhis year ' s freshman class, would have won handily. One hundred and four strong, we represent the largest entering class in the history of the school. From college country club to professional school — the change was extreme. Many caught cold. After the first month, having weathered a gale of anatomy and histology, we decided that spring does not always prevail, but aided by our learned and regular teachers, the storm gradu- ally subsided. Once oriented, we neophytes were very much at home. A newly acquired vocabulary filled the classrooms — Is this a hemocytoblast? — You look for the sphenopalatine ganglion while I read. — XX!!?? — my cuspid broke off at the apex. In his first lecture to the class. Dr. McCarthy said, Dentistry is an art to conceal art. The concealing technique was developed to perfection — in the mystery of the missing master-bites. The class officers (boys who walked about with sheets of class rolls to collect money) performed admirably, and their accomplishments were many and varied; there was always enough stone and plaster, one anat- omy exam was postponed, the roll was called in chemistry lecture — and they now sit in the front row of the class picture. Having scraped the red wax from our shoe-tops, we really cavorted at our class dance held at the Chesapeake Club, February 24. Smiling the Vernonite way (advt.), we all danced and made merry — happy that the difficult road lay behind us for a while, at least. Haec olim meminisse juvabit — to remember these things hereafter will be a pleasure. — Stanley D. R. Heller, Historian. Page Tbirfy-jive F rsf Ron: Smith, Zeender, Karesh, Whaley, Richman, Hollander, Machen. Sccoitii Row: Davitz, Leipharc, Krasner, Miss Capone, Aserinsky, Haimovitz, Trommcr, Lavine. Top Ron: Carliner, Feil, Kramer, Stillwell, Witman, Bruckner, Steinberg, Vine. Second Year Predental Class Chronicle The first floor of the new hospital building was the scene of the assembly of the second predental class on September 19, when returning students, exchanging friendly greetings and relating incidents of the past summer, departed with the finances for the first semes- ter. The next day was occupied with engaging rooms, unpacking trunks, purchasing books, and completing other final arrangements. On September 2 1 the would-be dentists, seeing the D.D.S. degree a little closer than it ap- peared a year before, set out to pass their second milestone. After the first month, there was talk of lab. fires and breakage fees reaching a new high in organic chemistry, while the physics problem of the rotating platform re- duced the grades on three successive occasions. A mod- ern language, sociology, economics, and English litera- ture rounded out the schedule; the general consensus of opinion was that the courses could not have been better. A topic of frequent and fervid discussion of long standing among the students is athletics in the dental school. Believing that action speaks louder than words, the sophomores set out to show that an athletic program is possible. As this is being wiitten, plans are being for- mulated for a soft-ball team to compete against local college teams in the spring. The activities of the bas- ketball team of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery are mentioned in the history of the sophomore predental class because the members of this class took the initia- tive in organizing the team. Representing the first year of dental schorl were Jack Bryce, center; Larry Levine, guard; Herbert Levy, guard and co-captain; and Lester Langel, forward. From the second predental year were Sanford Kirshen, forward; Sylvan Feit, forward; Donald Kramer, guard; Alfred Berngardt, center; Robert Smith, forward; and Morton Hollander, guard and co-captain. The 1939-40 schedule: U. of M. Pharmacy. First M. E. Church. Hopkins J. V. Strayer ' s College. Hopkins Frosh. State Teacher ' s College. Baltimore College of Commerce. Morton H. Hollander, Historian. Dec. 8. Feb. 5. Feb. 9. Feb. 16. Feb. 17. Feb. 23. Mar. 1. CLASS OFFICERS W. W. M. Whaley President S. H. Karesh Vice-President Miss C. Capone Secretary G. Y. Richman Treasurer P. J. Zeender Sergeant-at-Anns M. H. Hollander . . . . • Historian R. Smith Student Representative W. W. M. Whaley President of Second Year Predental Class CLASS (JUICERS U. 1 I. Gavi;r, Jk J ' rfsidi ' itl E. H. Conner Vice-I ' reshlciil II. II. I ' l.n roN Secretary |. (., DoNoiiui; Treasurer ]. K. Byak.s Svr ' eaiil-al-Ariiis B. Gordon IIh or a J. O ' T IiARN Stii ' .lcnl Rcjncsciilal ' nc O. H. Ga ' er, Jr. Prcsiilfiif of fill- i ' inl Yciir I ' rede 11 ill Class First Year Predental Class Chronicle Only once in a hundred years can a predental class enter the University of Maryland trailing clouds of glory! We are proud to have ccme just in time for the centennial celebration. In a school that has been here for a hundred years, we hope to stay for six. When one thinks in terms of hundreds, the short span of time covering our careers here appears so insignificant as to be almost unworthy of record. And yet, as we soon learned, there is never a dull moment, so it is without great difficulty that we find something to say. Besides the endless chronicles about classes, profs, exams and the like in which we might indulge, the following are worthy of note. First, the election of officers, giving us happy results. Next, the Dental School Mixer held at the Maryland Casualty Club, at which the freshman predents showed that they were no slackers v hen it came to partaking in the social amenities. They were well represented, and a good time was had by all. Yes — the outlook is very bright. Our coming was a most eventful one. May Provi- dence grant us the privilege of leaving on as friendly terms with each other and as well disposed toward our school and faculty as we are now. (If none of our twenty-eight strong have been weeded out by then, there will truly be cause for another celebration!) — Bernard Gordon, Historian. First Row: O ' Hearn, Byars, Flitton, Gaver, Conner, Gordon, Long. Scconil Roic: Hoffman, Bosworth, Pitruzzella, Walker, Radler, Pfeifer, Feldmann, Smith, Gare. Tap Row: Bove, Goldberg, Clement, Hennesey, Fales, Dosh, Levickas, Zemel, Quillin. RECOLLECTIONS OF G. V. BLACK by Dr. Harky E. Latcham, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. (Editor ' s Note: Dr. L.itch.im has been the Assisunt Professor ot Operative Dentistry in our school for many years, and has endeared himself to the hearts of all students by liis kindly interest in their everyday work. Exacting and ever-watchful, but never harsh or unreasonable, he has trained all graduates to be good operators long before commencement day arrives. He will always hold a fond corner in the hearts of all Maryland dental students, and it is with great pleasure that we present his article.) The name of G. V. BLick brings a mental picture of a bald head rather long from front to back, but of normal side to side dimension. Not unusual, you say. Quite so, but the unusual feature about his head was that the middle third was pronouncedly higher and seamed with fissures similar to those of the physical map of a rough country. We students said those fissures were the convolutions of his great brain, showing their formation through his skull. G. V. Black was a kindly man, soft spoken and leisurely of action, as were all the members of the fac- ulty; that fact is well illustrated by the following: It was our custom to have yells for the different heads of departments, which could be used whenever the occa- sion seemed to demand. Before a lecture it was the custom to sing, and engage in antics of various kinds, then, upon the entrance of the lecturer, to let loose the last burst of enthusiasm in a yell. The one for Black was: Chip, Chip, Chip, Hack, hack, hack, Chip-a-hack, chip-a-hack. Black, Black, Black. It never failed to gain some sort of genial recognition. Our work in operative technic was conducted by Dr. W. E. Harper. He was an Englishman who pronounced cutting as if it were spelled cootin and pluck (in those days the vernacular for failure) as if it were plook. He seemed to have an idiosyncrasy for giving the oo sound for u. The yell for Harper was: Cootin ' edge, cootin ' edge, Sharper, sharper, sharper, Plook you all, plook you all. Harper, Harper, Harper. The yell for Theodore Menges was never given in his presence, in a lecture room. He was secretary of the school, and in an unguarded moment, said he had worked eight years for the love of the schcol. The statement was promptly seized, and the result was: Who worked for love, eight years or more? Theo, Theo, Theodore. The reason it was not given in his presence, in a lecture room? Simple enough. How much time Dr. Black spent in the administra- tion of the school is not known. Perhaps he was more concerned with other features of its welfare, because you would see him in various parts of the building at all hours of the day. He did not have the usual formal office that is set aside for such a personage as the Dean of a large dental school, but he had a room fitted up as a retiring room on the floor below the infirmary. He frequently went to this room to rest and to smoke. He was a rather heavy smoker, pufling a cigar so strenu- ously that there would be a glowing coal extending an inch or more beyond the unburned portion. He smoked so rapidly that the heat would cause a painful reaction in his anterior teeth, and he often resorted to a gutta- percha protection over these members. In those days cnly the young and frivolous smoked cigarettes, and it was a source of much enjoyment on our part to see a gray haired and whiskered individu al smoke one of those damnable things at our banquets. He was always willing to make a concession to youth. His concentration was great, as is evidenced by his many writings on various subjects. Germane to this is an instance Dr. E. K. Wedelstaedt relates. At a meeting of the Wedelstaedt Club in a small Iowa town, Dr. Black was present. A number of members were in a store one evening, and Dr. Black noticed an apple which had a spoiled spot. With his pocket-knife he cut through this spot and noted something that interested him. Being intent on what he saw, he was rapidly re- ducing the grocer ' s stock. The owner became alarmed and Dr. Wedelstaedt had to quiet him by paying for the fruit; during all of this time Dr. Black was wholly ignorant of what was going on around him. He lived more than his allotted three score years and ten, and his interest in dentistry continued through his life. Only a short time before his death he was giving instruction on amalgam to a group of dentists, as shown by a letter in my files, in reply to one written to him on the same subject. It was characteristic of the man to take time to write to one with whom he had nothing more than a passing acquaintance. While working in the infirmary or laboratory it was not unusual for a student to look up and find Dr. Black earnestly watch- ing the procedure, an instance of which has always been one of my ever conscious memories. I was making a Class I amalgam and, as so many others have done, I had not placed a rubber-dam; whereupon he asked why that material had not been used. The reply was that it was a small cavity and that the dam was unnecessary for the amalgam filling. With great thoroughness, and in a kindly manner, he so impressed me with the importance of rubber-dam that seldom have I used that material without recalling that incident. To reverse the usual procedure of begmnmg a sketch with a story, this will end with one concerning an in- cident that happened at the Northwestern University Dental School. During a quiz in dental anatomy Dr. A. D. Black, a son of Dr. G. V. Black, was asked for the number of cusps on a lower first molar. The answer was Four. There was some discussion back and forth relative to the correctness of the answer. It resulted in the son ' s opening his mouth and showing his first molar, with the remark, This one has only four, and the old man made it. There was no answer for that one, for Dr. Black made few or no mistakes! Page Thirty-eight Departments The Barblr Surgeon Dentistry Comes Into Its Own Shall vc siu ' that in this period there came the real dawn of dentistry? We would be close to correct, for now dentistry began a march of progress which brought it to the place it now enjoys among the arts and sciences. Great men appear on the scene, and revolutionary ideas of medicine and surgery were born overnight. The great countries of Europe were taking shape, and with them, dentistry grew to its present proportions. All over the world great events were taking place: the Turks had captured Constantinople, America was discov- ered, and the printing press invented. We have seen the profession leave the limits of the medical surgeons to become the property of barbers. In 1596 surgeons uni- fied against the barbers to the extent of forcing them to call in a surgeon in all cases of importance, carrying out a suggestion made years before by Guy de Chauliac. Even so, this condition gave more freedom to the barbers as dentists. In fact, dentistry was now freer to work out its salvation than surgery was, since it was part of a profession that was organized into guilds and unions. As such it was entitled to a certain amount of freedom and protection, which medical men of that tune could not enjoy; they considered it beneath their dignity to organize, and therefore did not avail themselves of this opportunity. However, as we shall see, all the humane arts became more specialized in the early part of the 17th century, much as they were in the heyday of Egyptian culture. Prosthetic dentistry was the property of a special class of workmen who were skilled carvers of many materials, mainly wood and bone. The first mention of models as valuable to prosthesis appears in the works of Matthias Gottfried Purman, of Breslau (1648-1721), but how he made them we do not know, unless he carved them in wax first. All artificial teeth in use were carved from bone or ivory. From their contacts with the barbers and barber-surgeons, these men soon became skilled in the other branches of dentistry then practiced. Several Dental Operations as Pictured in Schulte ' s Armamentakium Chirurgicum The invention of the printing press in 1440 was a great boon to dentistry, as it was to every other branch of science, and by its efficacy, certain methods and tech- niques became more standardized. Although the Ger- mans did not make very many original discoveries dur- ing this period, they did publish the first work of any kind devoted strictly to studies of the teeth. This was a t ' ny treatise called Artzney-Buchlein, published by Michael Blum in 15 30, about the time when Paracelsus was trying to put medicine on a rational basis in Ger- many. A little later, in 1544, there was published, in old German, by Walter Herman Ryff, the first dental essay to be written in a language other than Latin. This treatise, although commonplace in the information offered, places Ryff as the first known dental author, even though Guerini states that his work was a copy of that of Arculanus. It is also notable as one of the first treatises to be concerned at length with dental hygiene; this section is quite original. One other book worthy of note was that of Urban Heman, published in 15 81 at Lyons. It shows that he was no doubt the first one to study comparative anatomy, emphasizing the fact that human teeth, being composed of elements which were common to both herbivorous and carnivorous animals, could assimilate any type of food. But probably the most interesting of all German books published at that time was Zeen Artznei, 15 59, which Koch declares to be a second edition of Peter Jordan ' s work. It contains a chapter dealing with the care of children ' s teeth, especially during the time they first erupt; and for the pain of eruption he recommends massage of the gums with fowl grease of some sort, or merely a mixture of hare ' s brains. For prevention of decay, he recommends holding a pinch of salt in the mouth until it dissolves, once a day. For the removal of calculus, vigorous scraping with pumice or the shells of unboiled eggs was supposed to be fully adequate. In the chapter on boils, mal-odorous, and disintegrating gums, he advocates opening the boil and the filth thus removed and the mouth then rinsed with vinegar or wine in which honey and salvia have been boiled. These books seem to be the most important contribu- tions of Germany to dental science at this time. In them we can detect very little that seems to be original; how- ever, the Germans also were opening their eyes to the presence of the Renaissance, even though they did not undertake leadership. Now we come to a discussion of the first man to give dentistry a definite impetus which carried it forever beyond the stifling influences of the Dark Ages. This was the Frenchman, Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), the master of all the barber surgeons, and the father of modern surgery. His years as a barber had given him a reputation as an accomplished tooth-drawer which stood him in good stead when he was appointed surgeon to the court of France. In his writings we find numer- ous discussions of all kinds of dental disorders, even attempts at the transplantings of teeth for which, how- ever, he did not hold much hope for success. His prin- cipal dental work, published in 1597, contained an ex- pression of the belief that teeth functioned as organs of taste. He was also the first to use an obturator to close J ' rt.qr Forty ofT ;in opcii pal.ilc. Studies on the attachment ol the tooth to the jaw convinced liim that a hj ament was the agent which performed this duty, which he may have concluded from the pres2ncc of the severed nerve hang- ing from the apex of an extracted tooth. Children cut- ting teeth could be relieved by holding something cold in their mouths, or by. massaging the sore gums with almond oil. Toothache, Pare assigned to physicians first for palliative tieatment, with extraction as a last resort. Aqua fortis could even be used to kill the pain (and the nerve) if the sufferer wanted to retain the tooth for a while longer. He thought pyorrhea next to incurable; he wired artificial teeth of bone or ivory into place by gold wire. During his lifetime dentistry definitely became sepa- rated from the trade of the barbers, and socially, enjoyed a place of esteem in the class with surgery, although pro- fessionally distinct from it. In Italy, anatomy was being studied and thoroughly revised by Vesalius, who published in 1543 the first good book of human anatomy, De Corporis Humane. Of direct interest to us are his detailed descriptions of dental anatomy, which were vast improvements over those of Galen. Fallopius discovered the dental follicle about this time, and Eustachius wrote a good-sized volume of den- tal anatomy, Libellus de dentibus, which is even bet- ter than the work of Fallopius. Everywhere men were becoming sharper and more scientific and rational. An incident which shows how ready they were to abandon superstition when science pointed the way to the truth is the story of the boy with the golden tooth. About 15 93, a German boy was exhibited by his father (for a price to all the curicus) as having been born with a lower first molar of sohd gold. For some years he was the marvel of less discerning men who tried to explain the phenomenon as supernatural. The hoax was exposed by Camindus, who felt that the little wretch would not allow himself to be examined by learned men; unfortunately no heed was paid to his assertion for over a hundred years. In 1626, a Scotchman named Liddell, studying in Germany, fully substantiated the suspicions of Camindus, and the de- ception was at last made known. Besides being an inter- esting tale, the story shows that men of science were at last thinking clearly and with reason. Other sixteenth century writers deserve mention. Fabricius (1510-1634) gave us a brilliant work which reviewed all the dental efforts of the whole century. In his writings we find mention of seven operations, including instructions on cleaning the teeth, treatment of caries, the filing of sharp and uneven teeth, and the filling of cavities with gold leaf. He gives descriptions of instruments used then, among which is a set of ex- traction forceps named after the prehensile parts of birds or animals, like the rostrum corvinum (crow ' s beak forceps) and the cagnolo (dog ' s muzzle). However, prosthesis occupies but a very small space. Johann Schultes wrote Armamentarium Chirurgi- cum, with plates of well-done drawings of surgical instruments used at that time. Lazare Riviere wrote of extensive cupping of the whole body for the cure of toothache and of introducing various remedies through the ear; tooth worms could be destroyed by any bittel substances placed in their vicinity. For cleaning. Riviere advocated sulphuric acid, rubbed on the teeth with linen, for the purpose of preserving the teeth from decay. The best remedy for tooth worms, however, was that which Guerini attributes to Gottfried Schultz — by using the gastric juice of the pig, worms of great size can Ise enticed out of decayed teeth; some of these even reaching the dimensions of an earthworm. In 165! appeared Highmore ' s article en anatomy, the feature of which was his description of the antrum in the maxilla, honored with his name to this day. The Dutch gave us I.eeuwenhoek, who, in 1678, by means of his powerful microscope, proved that the structure of dentine was tubular and that there were organisms in tartar. Even after Pare, barbers and barber-surgeons flour- ished for a short while; but during the reign of Louis IX, dentists were actually appointed as such to the court, treated with due respect, and carrying with their posi- tion much dignity. Toward the close of the 17th cen- tury, Pierre Dionis, in 1690, wrote that the teeth alone at present furnish the whole employment for several persons, called operators for the teeth. In 1700, France gave dentistry the right of having its own specialized practitioners, each of whom was subject to an examina- tion. It seems that the keynote of this whole period, the 15 th, 16th, and 17th centuries, can be struck in the life and writings of Ambroise Pare. As Koch so aptly says, Pare was an earlier Fauchard or Hunter, or they were later Pares. These three men bullded the foundation upon which the present great superstructure of the science and art taught and practiced by the dental pro- fession of the world has been reared. Their labors from 1525 to 1793 made possible the progress of modern days, which took Its new impetus in this country with Harris, Hayden, Taylor, and others in 1839. We have now come to a well-marked turnstile in our historical review — the life and works of Pierre Fauchard. It Is to France we turn as the cradle of modern den- tistry, and to Fauchard as the father who filled this cradle with the wealth of dental writings and original discoveries that form the nucleus for the profession of today. The Prince of B- RBER Surgeons UUKT B. IDL, U.U.S., F.A.C.D. Professor of Opcra iic Deiifislry Harry B. McCarthy, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Asshftiiii Professor of Dciitiil Aiuifoniy Harry t. Latcham, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Assistant Professor of Operative Dentistry OPERATIVI-: CLINIC Operative Dentistry A.IM Kenneth V. Randolph, D.D.S. Karl F. Gre mpler, D.D.S. Assistant, Clinical Opcratiir Dentistry Instructor, Clinical Operative Dentistry Richard C. Leonard, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Lecturer, Oral Hygiene and Preventive Dentistry - ,|j- OPERATIVE TECHNIC Douglas A. Browning, D.D.S. Assistant, Clinical Operative Dentistry Nathan B. Scherr, D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Pedodontia Jose R. Bernardini, D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Pedodontia Al-I.XA.NDl.K 1 I. I ' A I l.KSUN O.D.S., F.A.CD. Professor of Crown ciiiil Bri(l, c diiil Proslhclic Dciilislry 1 ' osthctic Dentistry Ghavso.v W. Oavi.k D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Aiihtatil I ' rofnsor of Vri} lhel ' n- I}nt i ry PROSTHETICS TECHNICS PROSTHETICS CLINIC 5 - i4Mi L. Edward NX ' ojnarowski D.D.S. Insfnicfor in Clinical Pros hc ic Dcii is ry James E. Pvott D.D.S. bisivuctor in Dental Technics C. Paul MH-I-ER D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Prosthetic Dentistry Oral Surgery, Anesthesia, Exodontia Bricu M. Doksey D.D.S. Proftssor of Aiii ' xfhi ' sii itml Exocloii iit }. HlIRBERT WiLKERSON M.D. Lecturer ill Oral Surgery Conrad L. Inman D.D.S. hiatriictor in Aitcithcsia Herbert E. Rcifschneider A.B., M.D. hisfrucfor in Gciii ' ml Anesthesia Vernon D. Kaufman D.D.S. Assistant in Clinical Exoilontia PERFORMING AN APICOECTOMY NEW ORAL SURGERY CLINIC Page Forty-four Crown and Bridge, Ceramics WALTliK L. OCCIiStN D.D.S. Aiihtant Projast r of Crown and Bridge B. Sargent Wells D.D.S. hiilrucliir ill Dental Technics INSIRUCnON IN CROWN AND BRIDGE Okmlle C. Hlrst D.D.S. Assislailt Professor of Cliiiiciii Crown and Bridge INSTRUCTION IN CERAMICS Ernest B. Xutt. ll D.D.S. Insfrncfor in Ceramics Page Forfy-fiic ORTHODONTIA CLINIC Daniel E. Shlhan D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Orfhodovfics GnoHGii M. Andi-:kson D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Professor of Orthodontics Orthodontia KVBtll W. PREIS D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Orihndontics Meyer Eggnatz D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Orthodontics P 5 ' mm, Hammond L. Johnston D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Orthodontics William Kress D.D.S. Instructor in Clinical Orthodontics ORTHODONTIA LABORATORY Page Forty-six Oral Diagnosi )1S Harold Gt i.i s[i in D.D.S., RA.C.O D ' liignoslic ' uin iP il M ' ' ' 1 — i NliW ORAL DIAGNOSIS CLINIC Samuel H. Bryant William H. Triplltt Francis A. Saler A.B., D.D.S. M.D. D.D.S. Diagirosficicni Lecturer in Physiciil Dia!;iiosis Diagnostician STUDENT WORK IN ORAL DIAGNOSIS COXRAD ACTOX B.S., M.D. Lecturer hi Principles of Medicine Page forty-seven Radiodontia GnoRGC C. Karn D.D.S. Assh tin Professor of Riiiliotloil iti INSTRUCTION IN RADIODONTIA INSTRUCTION IN EXTRA-ORAL TECHNIQUE H. Berton McCauley, Jr. D.D.S. liistriiftor hi Clinical Rovntgoiology Piigc Forty-eight Periodontia — Oral Hygiene i-Lo A, Wai.zak U.U.S. Profciior of PcrioJotilia PERIODONTIA LABORATORY INSTRUCTION Hugh T. Hicks D.D.S. Instvuctor in Clinical Pcriotlon iit Paul A. DEtMs D.D.S. Instructor in CVniicul Periodontia USE OF DIATHERMY FOR PERICLASIA Page Forty-nine INSTRUCTION IN DENTAL ANATOMY DENTAL ANATOMY LABORATORY William E. Hahn D.D.S., A.B., M.S. Asshlant Profvssoy of Aiiiifoniy Anatomy Dental Anatomy J. Herbert Wilkerson M.D. Assis iuit Professor of Anatomy Frank Hurst Albert T. Clewlow Harry B. McCarthy A. Allen Sussman Gordon S. Pugh D.D.S. D.D.S. D.D.S., F.A.C.D A.B., D.D.S., M.D. B.S., D.D.S. nslrnctor in Dental Instructor in Anatomy Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Instructor in Dental Technics Dental Anatomy of Anatomy Technics Page Fifty ROBKUT L. MiTCHliLL Phar.D., M.D. Professor of Bdcicviolo y iiiiil VtilholD i y Pathology Bacteriology Myron S. Aisenberg D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Assistant Professor of Bacteriology ami Piif joIo; y Histology Embryology BACTERIOLOGY LABORATORY BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE DEMONSTRATION . Sidney Liberman D.D.S. Instructor in Pathology and Bacteriology Marion W. McCrea D.D.S., M.S. Assistant Professor of Embryology and Histology JoKX M. Hysox D.D.S. Instructor m Embryology and Histology Page Fifty-one PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE Physiology Physiological Chemistry Pharmacology OuEN H. Gavur D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Professor of Physiology iiihI Physiological Chi ' fiiistry Douglas A. Browning D.D.S. Instructor in Physiological Chemistry and Physiology Edward C. Dobbs D.D.S. Instructor in Pharmacology, Materia Meilica and Therapeutics INSTRUCTION IN PHARMACOLOGY Page Fifty-tuo zations Oral Surgery at Valley Forge The Growth of Modern Dentistry Wc have purposely left the story of Pierre Fauchard to the discussion of the eighteenth century, not only bec:iusc he rightfully belongs to this period, but mainly because he was the first nian in dentistry wc can rightfully call modern. He was born in Brittany in 1678 and began his career as a navy surgeon. Later he settled in Paris, where he practised dentistry for the rest of his life; he died in 1761. In 1723 appeared Lc Chirur- gien Dentiste, ou Traite des Dents. A preface by August Buddei states that this was the first com- plete work on the diseases of the teeth and their treatment, since all previous books had been concerned with any number of other operations as well, having been written by French surgeons. He commends Fauchard highly for always attempting to leave his patient in possession of some sort of functional substitute, much unlike surgeons, who, after having amputated a limb, left their patient forever crippled. To Fauchard, we also owe the evolution of the expansion arch, so valuable to orthodontia, and the explosion of the age-old tooth- worm theory. To him, dental caries was a tumor which grew in to displace the sound osseous tooth structure. Then follow faithful descriptions of well-known diseases of the mouth, among which are quite accurate descriptions of the causes of pyorrhea alveolaris. Extractions he performed by a pelican of his own design. The second volume of his work is devoted mainly to operative and prosthetic material. For fillings, he made frequent use of lead, gold, and tin; the latter was his preference because of its facile adaptation. Most of his cavities were prepared by a drill which he devised himself for his own techniques; a form of pivot crown he fastened to old roots by means of wooden pins and a cement whose adhesive ingredient was mainly sealing wax. His dentures were fully carved from ivory and bone and were held in edentulous mouths by a pressure of strong springs, with the adjunct of atmospheric pressure in certain favorable cases. Teeth that were abscessed he had the temerity to op cn and drain, and he was the first one known to use oil of cinnamon on cotton as a temporary filling before insertion of the permanent one. Nat- urally one of such foresight would realize the value of a school to carry out the principles he upheld, and he advocated the formation of some such institution. He waged a small war against charlatans who spoke of marvelous cures by supernatural means such as elixirs and magic. He was not wholly averse to the replanting of teeth, and says that teeth transferred from the jaw on one person to that of another grow fast and remain firm and without change and fully perform all the requirements. This operation has so fre- quently been successful that I am surprised that some practitioners The Father of Modern Dentistry should pronounce it as Impossible. His palatal obturators were a vast improvement over tliose of Pare. Another who deserves recognition for his work just at the be- ginning of the 19th century was also a Frenchman, Jean Jacques Joseph Serrcs. His best known work, written in German, was a textbook on general dental operations. Other works of Serrcs con- cern the treatment of teeth during pregnancy, gum diseases, and dental hygiene; but he is best known for liis detailed discussion of Highmore ' s antrum, in which he completely reviews its anatomy and diseases, and .idvocates treatment of the latter by extracting a mol: r for drainage. Other notable discoveries of the 18th century were those of Mouton, who made the first practical gold crowns, and those of Duchatteau and de Chemant, who solved methods of making artificial teeth of baked porcelain, the success of which in 178 8 caused de Chemant to call them the incorruptible teeth of mineral paste. Now let us glance at England during this century. We cannot find evidences of the same tremendous progress that France had made, and the profession was organized into a guild called opera- tors for the teeth. Hence it was that during the entire century the profession did not rise much above the level of a mere trade in England. However, upon this union was built the whole sub- stance of British dentistry. It was strange that these men took no note of the work of Fauchard — perhaps it was because of tradi- tional English conservatism; but whatever the cause, there is cer- tainly today no English translation of Fauchard ' s work to indicate that they were making any use whatever of his teachings. There was an English text, however, of some value, and that was the one by Thomas Berdmorc (1768) which seems to be the first important English text. It Is devoted mainly to prosthetic art, but also men- tions the use of the microscope for studying minute structure, Berdmore succeeded William Green as royal appointee to the court of England. One of the most brilliant men of the period was John Hunter, better known for his medical researches. His brother William was his teacher of anatomy, and from this start John advanced to be- come in twenty years the world ' s best known physiologist and surgeon; the latter ability gained him the appointment as the surgeon-general of the British army. In the field of dentistry, he also made splendid researches, especially in the anatomical side. Embryology of the teeth, especially the genesis of a tooth from distinct germs for enamel and dentine, he definitely cleared up once and for all. He improved the existing knowledge of the pulp and Its cavity, and gave the names of cuspid and bicuspid to those re- spective teeth. All these innovations appeared in his Natural History of the Teeth in 1771, which served as a strong and active rudder to English dentistry, then just beginning to spread its sails. His investigations cleared up many old difficulties and misunder- standings, notably the old theory of the constant growth of teeth. Caries he discussed at length, causes of pyorrhea he set forth in great style; but to the mechanics of dentistry, he made no addition whatever — anatomy and physiology were his pets. We note from the historical sketches of this century that France held most prestige in the march of dental progress. Indeed, France may have held this supremacy forever had it not been for the Revolution and the terrible upheaval, political, economic, and scientific, that followed in its bloody wake. France saw the United States come into her place as leader of the dental world. Let us turn now to a consideration of our own country ' s place in the dental cosmos. It is a high one, resplendent with the names of many leaders and scientists who were recognized all over the known world. The story begins when the United States begins — the time of the Revolution against England. One James Mills, about 173 J, seems to have been the first one to advertise his accomplish- ments in America; his notice, proclaiming ability as a tooth- drawer, appeared in the New York Weekly Joiinial. The first recognized full-fledged dentist to take up residence here, however, was Robert Woofendale, who brought with him the existing knowl- edge of gold foil, its advantages and techniques, in 1766, just before the Revolution. His teacher in all the branches of the art was Thomas Berdmore. Woofendale advertised In the Veunsylvauia Chronicle and Uni- versal Advertiser that he performs all operations on the teeth, gums, and sockets; likewise fixes in artificial teeth so as to escape discernment, and without the least inconvenience. Later, he made a double set of artificial teeth for one William Walton, of New Vas.e Vifiy-joiir York City; m;my auilioriiics say ili;U ilicsc were llic first nninclal teeth made in America, I (owever, lie made no oulsiaiuliiij; contri- bution to dentistry. TUc first tridy American dentist of any C(tn,sec)iience was Isaac Greenwood, whose fat lie i ' was the first professor of mathematics at I iarvard University, Isaac, in addition to his dental abilities, is said to have made the elect rical generating device of Benjamin Franklin. He had been making sets of artificial teeth before the War, using beeswax moulds and carving the teeth from those of a hippopotamus. The sons of Isaac Greenwood followed their father in the profession, and John Greenwood was George Wash- ington ' s personal dentist. George Washington had had much trouble with his teetli from adolescence on up. Me lost his teeth much sooner than he should have, and his last molaV was extracted by John Greenwood, wlio also fashioned dentures for tlie Gen- eral. I ' rance not only contributed ai ' ms, money, and men to our Revolution against England, but also much of iier prestige in dental matters. Jacques Gardctte, a dentist with Lafayette ' s army, stayed here after the war. He is most famous for being tlic teacher of Josiah Flagg, claimed by many to be the first American dentist to study for dentistry alone and devote his lifetime to it. It has since been proved, however, that Benjamin Feudal!, who began practice in 1 773, iias the true claim to this distinction. As a private in the Continental Army, Flagg absorbed the teachings of Gardette and his companion Lc Mayeur, Flagg was made prisoner by the English in 181 2, and while in England studied under the surgeons and dentists of that time, notably Sir As t ley Cooper. Flagg came back to this country and settled upon a long and useful career in Boston, One of his newspaper advertisements carried the following notice: — Cuts the defects from the teeth and restores them to whiteness and soundness without saws, files, acids and such abusives as have shamefully crept into the profes- sion, and which have destroyed the confidence of the public. No contributions to American dental literature during this colonial period have been found; but in 1801, dental literature finally rose above the level of mere newspaper advertisements extolling the merits and virtues of various dentists. R. C, Skinner wrote the first known American dental paper; in fact, in the early part of the 1 9th century, dental literature began to grow fast, as indeed did American ingenuity and supremacy in general. A steady progression of men took place, whom Koch called the architects of dentistry. In 1 829, Samuel S, Fitch wrote a very complete book compris- ing all dental knowledge up to that time, which is acknowledged to be the first really good American treatise on dentistry. At about the same time, Leonard Koecker, German-born, discovered a means of preserving the dental pulp by cauterization with a red-hot iron, then a cap of gold plate. When he came to America in 1807, he was handicapped by lack of knowledge, but his exhaustless energy, inborn ability, i nd quick perception enabled him to build up a successful practice and a growing reputation. His health forced him to return to Europe, where he took up practice again in London, and acquired a world-wide reputation. The time was now exceedingly ripe for the unification of den- tists in one way or another, for dentistry was still little more than a trade with a recognized scheme of apprenticeship, not as yet weighted down by competitive examinations of any kind. It was a free enterprise, open to anyone who deemed himself capable of undertaking it. Naturally there developed a selfish group of men who practiced dentistry for their own gains and who cared not one whit for its advancement as a profession; this was much like the conditions prevailing in France at the time of Fauchard. However, there were always nobler men with higher ideals who kept the public posted on these quacks and who guided public opinion against these tradesmen. The result of their vigilance was the formation of the American Society of Dent.il Surgery. in 1840, more pcrmament than its predecessor, the Surgeon Dentists of the City and State of New York. We feel reasonably certain that the first lectures on dentistry in the United States were given at the University of Maryland by Horace Hayden in 1821, although the first in the world had been given years before in the Medical School of Guy ' s Hospital, London, by Fox and other Englisii practitioners. Nevertheless, no system of dental teaching had prDved to be of any value until 1840, when Hayden and Harris founded the world ' s first dental school. The influence of their activities like a pebble thrown into the sea, kept on multiplying and increasing its circular ripples until its perpetuation became no longer visible because it li.id extended to the fartliermost shores. In 1 845, Dr. James Taylor founded the Ohio Dental College in Cincinnati, which was fol- lowed by a nunilxT of other scliooU that seemed to have sprung up overnight, with the result that after such a brilliant  tart, dental education became a chaotic mcs of un tandardi x-d curriculi, Gies, in his report on dental education for the Carnegie Founda- tion, points to two factors which cauu ' J the wave of dental schools to rise rapidly and sweep over the whole country in a short time. The first was the dentists, who, as mentioned abrjvc, had trained as apprentices and selfishly tried to hold on to what they had learned, gaining additional profit from their pupiU, who were little more than their employees. The second wa the proud disdain of physicians who everywhere refused to award dentistry its rightful place in the professional world as a distinct health service. But dentists were not daunted, and finally Nathan C- Keep, M,D,, D.O.S., established a dental school as part of Harvard University — dentistry for the first time was brought into close afiiliation with other professions. But, on the whole, most of the schools were organized as busi- ness ventures, with the purpose of enriching the founders, and no true eye to the furtherance of dental education. Harvard act was followed by a similar one on the part of the University of Michigan, and this forced many of the private institutions or- ganized for private gain to affiliate themselves with universities. Public sentiment soon began to regard a dentist as a professional man worthy of a position in the community equal to that of men in the other professions. Along with this trend, organizations like the American Dental Association were appearing, and these took over the helm, guiding dental education by the force of their opinions to stronger bulwarks of certainty and knowledge, upon which the profession grew and waxed strong. The American Society of Dental Surgeons conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon acceptable members until 1843, when the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery took over this function. The American Dental Association arose from the ashes of this organization, which dissolved after a heated contest over amalgam fillings. In dental literature, The Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery, published by Chapin Harris in 183 9, was preeminent, and held first place among dental texts for 57 years. Harris had the further distinction of being the editor of the first dental journal, The American Journal of Dental Science. Undoubtedly the greatest contribution of the age to both medicine and dentistry was that of Dr. Horace Wells, who dis- covered anesthesia. Dr. Wells, practicing in Hartford, Connecticut, attended a lecture on chemistry by Prof. C, Q. Colton, who demonstrated the effects of laughing gas on members of the audience who desired to feel its effects. Wells observed that one of the subjects had injured his leg by stumbling into furniture; later questioning proved to Dr. Wells that the man had felt no pain. It occurred to him to apply this knowledge to the ex- traction of teeth, and he allowed Dr. Riggs to perform the opera- tion. Wells gave himself the gas, and the rest of the stor - is history. And at last Dentistry has come into its own. We have traced its history from the beginning, and followed its numerous trials and struggles; the next story will be of the discoveries which have made modern dentistry the precision work that it is. Full Denture Made For General George Washington By John Greenwood Pjgr Fiffy-f.ve The 1940 Mirror Eugene L. Pessagno, Jr., ' 40 Editor-in-Cbicf J. T. BoNHAM, ' 40 Assoc afc Editor V. D. Haggerty, ' 41 Art Editor Carl H. Schultheis, ' 41 Business Manager S. P. Beaven, ' 41 Feature Editor J. S. CuLLEN, ' 41 Photographic Editor EDITORIAL STAFF Miss R. ToubniLin, ' 42 R. N. Williamson, ' 42 H. Haimovitz, ' 44 L. E. Schiller, ' 41 W. C. Ebcling, ' 44. B. Gordon, ' 4! G. D. Steele, ' 42 M. H. Hollander, ' 44 E. J. Hoffman. ' 4 5 R. J. Bruckner, ' 44 BUSINESS STAFF PHOTOGRAPHIC STAFF ART STAFF Max Golden, ' 41 A. H. Savage, ' 42 E. Rosenberg, ' 41 J. M. Tighe, ' 42 S. Shane, ' 4} H. Sloan, ' 41 J. P. Blevins, ' 43 FACULTY ADVISORS Harry B. McCarthy, D.D.S. Gardner P. H. Foley, M.A. Paul A. Deems, D.D.S. Eugene L. Pessagno. Jr., Editor Vane Fif y-si.x The Journal I iiil Brice M. Dorsey Editor Gardner P. H. Foley Asaociafc Ed for Ethelbert Lovett Gricirs Foiiinlnf oii Editor Albert C. Eskin Aliimiii Editor William E. Hahn Business Manai cr ADVISORY BOARD George M. Anderson Burt B. Idc J- I l ' i Rohinson STUDENT STAFF R. F. Zuskin, ' 41, Chairman B. Randman, ' 40 W. C. Ebeling, ' 44 J. T. Coroso, 42 E. P. McDaniel, ' 41 J. W. O ' Hearn, ' 4! H. S. Levy, ' 43 R. S. Williamson, ' 4.2 D. Frey, ' 41 E. Aserinsky, ' 44 S. M. Shane, ' 43 L. J. Tolley, ' 41 H. A. Radler, ' 45 • Al.TniDKE rUll.K.t OK 1 . SUU-iltV ' ,! ' : .SV 1 ( f nh iiai Niiinlx i 1 - ' - - ! Brice M. DorvSEv, D.D.S. Vagc fifty-scien The Gorgas £ i iii . ft ; F irst Row: Easton, Corbitt, Bressman, Magi tiLy, Siiigci, Cullcn, luci-iiRaii, Jj. Kapilull, Ivudu, jLiun-h, Gulden, Chmar, llyman. Scroinl Row: Tolley, Capone, Castelle, Pessagno, Westcotc, Goldhaber, Bonhani, Kasawich, Luwander, Bookstaver, Belinkofif, Korn- reich, Collins, L. Kapilloff, Smith. Third Row: McDaniel, Heller, Beavcn, Sloan, Randman, Oilman, Scluiltheis, Litcliman, Rosenberg, A4ishkin, Levy, Diamond, Vitolo, Spina, Storcli. Top Row: Gudwin, Taubman, Parker, McClees, KUngelhofcr, Reusch, Weinger, Policow, Zuskin, ToUic, DeScherer, Hawkins, Bris- kin, Lawrence, Frey, Callaway. Page Vijty-cigbt Odontological Society J. T. BONHAM Picsiiioif E. L. Pessagno, Jr. Vice-Presiilcii ' J. I. Kasawich Treasurer II. L. Westcott Secretary S. GOLUHABER Ser ' jcanf-at-Arms Initiation Banquet, held on November 21, 1939, at the Belvedere Hotel Vas Tiffy-iihw Chronicle of the Gorgas Odontological Society In the liearts of some men llicrc exists a desire to increase the on July 27, 1834. He was educated in tile primary schools of scope of their learning over and above that whicli tliey receive in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and the Dickinson Grammar School and their regular course of training, and to bring about a more liar- College, also located in Carlisle. He received the Bachelor of Arts monious interrelationship among other men in the same field of degree in 1854. One year later (1855) he was awarded the degree endeavor. It is doubtless this inspiration which caused a small of Doctor of Dental Surgery by the Baltimore College of Dental group of men of the University of Maryland Denial School, in tlic Surgery. In July, 1857, Dickinson College conferred upon him the year 1916, to get together and form a society wliich might aid in degree of Master of Arts. this aim. The ideals of the society made the choice of a name very j, October, 1857, Dr. Gorgas accepted a place on the teaching easy. Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas embodied all the necessary qualities ff „£ i j i,. Demonstrator of Mechanical Dentistry, to e.vemplify a society whose aim was to create an active interest in . elected Professor of Dental Surgery in 1860, which chair the problems of dentistry, and to promote the need for professional i, . retained, with the subjects of Pathology and Therapeutics added association. j,, | jj79_ throughout the full period of his association with that The officers at the inception of the F. J. S. Gorgas Odontological institution, which terminated in 1882. Society were: During the early years of his professorship he enrolled in the J. Ben Robinson Prcsiifcnt University of Maryland as a student of medicine, graduating there- A. C. Albert Vicc-PrcsiJcnl from with the class of 1863. In 1865 he was called to the Dean- H. L. Aldridce Secretary ship of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Prior to this lie B. S. Wells Tremiirer l,ad served as a volunteer surgeon in the United States Army. Dean T. O. Heatwole was made Honorary President. For many years he was Editor of the American Jonrnul of Dental For a short time the society functioned well and great benefit Surgery. He revised and enlarged on the Dental Dictionary written was derived from its existence; but for some intangible reason it by Chapin A. Harris and put it through third, fourth, fifth and became inactive in the year 1917 and did not function until the sixth editions between the years 1867 and 1898. A textbook, year 1926 when Drs. Walter L. Oggesen and H. S. Plaster of Princil les and Practice of Dentistry, by the same author, was also Shelby, N. C, injected new life into the organization by revising revised by Dean Gorgas and put through the eleventh, twelfth and the constitution to make the society an honorary one with a mini- thirteenth editions between the years of 1885 and 1895. The first mum average of 85% for the first two years as a qualification for textbook on Dental Medicine to appear in this country was by acceptance, based upon a consideration of character and moral Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas. The first edition was printed in 1884, the goodness. eighth and last one to be issued came out in 1909. They designed a key which was to be presented to each member Dr- Gorgas was elected Dean and Professor of Prosthetic Den- upon his acceptance into the Society. The obverse of the key was tistry. Dental Medicine, and Therapeutics of the newly created inscribed with the wand of Hermes, or Mercury, which represents Dental Department of the University of Maryland in 18 82. He the sign and seal of Aesculapius, the Greek God of Healing, and served in such capacities continuously until September 10, 1910, the Caduceus, embellished with a D , signifying dentistry. The on which date he was rendered incapable of further service as a reverse side of the key was engraved with the name of the member result of a stroke of paralysis. and his date of graduation. Gold was chosen as a symbol of purity The members of the Gorgas Society who have been graduated to remind the wearer that every man should have for his purpose can now be found in all sections of the country, performing their the maintenance of the highest type of ethical conduct toward duties in the manner prescribed, and many of them are creating Qj| i,j.5 new theories and methods in all the specialties of our profession. Ferdinand James Samuel Gorgas was born in Winchester, Virginia, — Bernard Randman, ' 40. Page Sixty The Student Council REPRESENTATIVES TO THE COUNCIL G. A. LowANDER, Jr. Senior Class R. K. Tongue Freshman Class V. R. Hawkins Junior Class A. P. Lazauskas Sophomore Class R. H. Smith J. W. O ' Hearn Second Predental Class First Predenfal Class THE STUDENT COUNCIL Since the organization of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery one hundred years ago, there has been a gradual and continued advancement in all aspects of the extra-curricular activity of our school. Each year pitfalls are encountered and mistakes are made, so that subsequent classes, if the school is to be progressive, must devise means to avoid similar mishaps. With this specific purpose in mind a group of faculty members in the fall of 1936 organized a committee called The Student Activity Council. The responsibilities ac- cepted by this council were many and varied, their principal effort being to coordinate activities of the various classes and the faculty, to prevent conflicting social affairs and to eliminate dissension of any kind. The most important forward step taken by the newly formed committee was the suggestion of a student ac- tivity fee for administering and disciplining various activities of the student body. This fee now ser ' es as a fund to meet expenses of class dances, flowers to class- mates and faculty at times of sickness or death, pictures and space in the annual, and other similar needs which would otherwise be an assessment on the class as the individual occasion arose. Each year there is appointed by the president of his class a member to represent that class on the council, which is supervised and instructed by its faculty mem- bers. Those active at present, being also the organizers of the council, are Dr. Burt B. Ide, Chairman; Dr. Harry B. McCarthy, Secretary and Treasurer; Dr. A. H. Paterson, Dr. G. ' . Gaver, and Dr. Brice M. Dorsey. • — R. Hawkins, ' 41. Page Sixfy-OTtc Women in Dentistry The c.irllcst iiicnlu)n of women in dentistry occurred in 1820, when an edition ot a book entitled the Natural History of the Teeth was published in London by Levi S. Parmly. In this edition, he offered to instruct women as well as men for dental work. It is not known if any women accepted this offer. Census reports were no help until 1870, when twenty-four women were listed as d ntiscs in the United States; and in 1871, when 116 women were listed in the British census, where both the occupations and the sexes were classified. In the year 18 55, Emelinc Roberts, in Danielsonvillc, Connecti- cut, became the first wom.in in the United States to open a dental office independently. She was the wife of a dentist, and she became so interested in her husband ' s work that she quietly observed him and practiced filling extracted teeth until she had filled a two- quart jar; she showed him her work and convinced him that she would make an able assistant. Mrs. Roberts worked as his assistant from 18SS to I8T9, becoming a partner in the business in 1859, and soon gained a reputation as a skillful dentist. When her husband died in 1 64- she took over his work and practiced successfully until her death in 1914, at the age of 78. In 1893 she was appointed a member of the Woman ' s Advisory Council of the World ' s Columbian Dental Congress. She was also recognized by the Connecticut State Dental Society, and in 1914 obtained a complimentary membership which amounted to an honorary mem- bership in the National Society. Lucy B Hobbs was the first woman in the world to be grad- uated from a dental college. Unlike Emcline Roberts, she faced many hardships until she had thoroughly established herself in dental practice in McGregor, Iowa. Deciding to study dentistry in 1859, she met bitter opposition, and no one wished to teach her until Dr. Samuel Wardle of Cincinnati gave her a place in his office on the same footing with his other students. It was here that she prepared for college, and in March, 1861, she applied to the Ohio Dental College for admission. All the professors were shocked and refused to admit her. On Dr. Wardle ' s advice she practiced with- out a diploma, as the majority of the men were doing then. She was now determined never to rest until dental colleges were open to women. After six years of struggle in Iowa she was profes- sionally recognized and was made a member of the Iowa Dental Association. Her admission to the society started much agitation against woman ' s entrance into the dental profession. Articles began to appear in journals and newspapers concerning women as dentists. Some articles recommended women for the profession, while others opposed their entrance Into the profess ' on and attempted to illus- trate woman ' s incapabilities as a dentist. While this controversy was going on, Lucy Hobbs was sent with the Iowa delegates to the American Dental Association assembled at Chicago and there met the professors of many colleges. The Iowa delegates made a formal demand for her admission to college, supported by a threat to withdraw the influence of the state from the one that refused it. The Ohio Dental College granted the request and Lucy Hobbs entered that fall, obtaining partial credit for her previous work. For eight years Lucy Hobbs was the only graduate woman den- tist in the world, and her fame reached Europe through the dental journals. These reports influenced a German woman in Berlin, Henrietta Hirschfield, to study dentistry. Since there was no oppor- tunity for a woman to study dentistry in her native land, she crossed the ocean and came to Philadelphia alone in 1867, suppos- ing that all colleges were open to women; but she was disappointed. However, through influence and through the endeavors of Dr. Truman of Pennsylvania, who was an industrious crusader in advancing the cause of women in dentistry, she was reluctantly admitted by the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, from which she was graduated in February, 1869. She then returned to Germany, where she became a successful practitioner, and dentist to the Crown Princess of Prussia. She was also active in philan- thropic work, founding a clinic and a hospital for women. The number of woman graduates from various dental schools gradually began to increase. Two women. Countess Hclene de Swiderska of St. Petersburg, Russia, and Frau Marie Grubcrt of Berlin became, respectively, the fourth and fifth women dentists in the world, in the footsteps of Emeline Roberts Jones, Dr. Lucy Hobbs Taylor, and Dr. Hirschfield. Dr. de Swiderska graduated from the New York College of Dental Surgery on March 4, 1872, and returned to her native land. She had at first been refused admission to this school, but later she was allowed to enter as a special favor, with a pledge that she would claim no immunity from duty on account of her sex. Dr. Marie Grubert, the fifth woman dentist, was graduated from the Ohio Dental College on March 6, 1872. She later became a member of the Mississippi Valley Dental Society and was unani- mously elected its vice-president, marking another milestone In the history of women in dentistry. Since the Pennsylvania College refused admission to other women after Dr. Hirschfield ' s graduation. Dr. Truman, failing to convince his colleagues that they were unfair in their actions, attempted to secure more favorable reactions toward women from other colleges. He began by applying personally to Professor Gorgas, Dean of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. The faculty of this institu- tion had no objection to receiving female students, and the first applicant subsequent to their decision in favor of admitting women was Miss Emilie Foeking of Prussia. She had been refused matricu- lation at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery and was then taken by Dr. Truman to the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, to which she was admitted and where, entirely different from the Pennsylvania College, women students were shown respect and con- sideration by the male students of the class. Miss Foeking gradu- ated from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1873. About this time, because of financial matters, the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery decided to admit women again, admit- ting three in 1872 to 1873. Their first year was satisfactory and they met little opposition, but at the end of the year a petition was signed by the class for their dismissal. Dr. Truman again intervened in their behalf and finally the school board acted in their favor, granting them permission to continue their studies at the school. Two of these women, one of whom was Miss Ann e Ramburger of Philadelphia, completed their course at this school. Miss Ramburger, receiving her degree in 1874, was the first woman in the United States to graduate from the Pennsylvania College and the second woman from the United States to receive her degree. The third woman concerned in the controversy at Pennsylvania College, Miss Louise Jacoby of Germany, transferred to the Balti- more College of Dental Surgery. She was the second woman to graduate from this institution and later went into partnership with Dr. Henrietta Hirschfield, in Germany. In the course of time, many more feminine names were added to the class rolls of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Following Louise Jacoby, who graduated in 1874, there were Elsie von Heyden of Prussia, a graduate in the class of 1876; Pauline Boeck of Germany, a graduate of the class of 1877; and Elvira Castner and Adolphine Peterson, also of Germany, both of whom graduated in 1 878. Other colleges began to matriculate women. The University of Miciiigan College of Dentistry graduated its first woman dentist. Alma Fuellgraff of Germany, in 1880. The first woman to grad- uate from the Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery was Dr. Josie DeTehon, a member of the class of 1880. The so-called pioneer period, which was a severe struggle for recognition of women in dentistry, came to a close in 1892, when the Women ' s Dental Association of the United States was organized by Dr. Mary Stlllwell, the charter being obtained in July, 1892. At the national meeting in Chicago on August 17, 1893, during the World ' s Columbian Dental Congress, there were 3 5-40 women present. At this Congress papers were presented by two of them. Dr. Annie Felton Reynolds of Boston presented a paper on Adenoid Growths and Other Diseases Incident to Primary Den- tition. The other paper was presented by Martine Magnus of Christiana, Norway, on Dentistry in Norway and the Use of Cocaine as a Local Anesthetic, Up to 1910, there were about 900 women dentists in tiie United States. From 1910 to 1920, a 46 per cent, increase in women dentists was recorded. In 1931, there were over 2,000. From the beginning of the twentieth century, many women have attained success in various specialties of the profession. Some have become prominent Jn the fields of orthodontia, pedodontia, oral hygiene, periodontia, ceramics, and even cxodontia. Many of these ladies have contributed a great deal to dentistry and mankind. Some have instructed in colleges, some have written books and important articles, and still others have been engaged in research work. — Rosalind I. Toubman. Page Sixty-two fraternities Chapin a. Harris Delivers the First Lecture in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery In the c.irl ' p.irt of the 19th ccntur) ' dentistry was in a healthy condition, growing apace as a profession rf recognized standing. Europe, notably France, was doing fine work that was not only beautiful but functionally perfect. However, dental education was still obtained from ot her practitioners to whom those desiring to practice dentistry apprenticed themselves. Medical schools considered dental instruction not at all, and doctors of medicine regarded the science only with con- tempt. The first set of lectures given on dentistry in North America, possibly the first in the world, was given by Horace Hayden in the 1820 ' s. His predecessors were famous in the history of Connecticut for their distin- guished services in the Indian and Revolutionary Wars, and his father and mother were highly intelligent people. At the age of fourteen, Hayden sailed to the West Indies as a cabin boy, and came back to learn architecture and carpentry from his father. When he needed the services of a dentist, he dropped into the office of John Green- wood. While under his treatment, Hayden decided to study dentistry. With the abiUty he had acquired in architectural studies, he made fine progress, and finally opened up an office in Baltimore, where his skill and personality scon built for him a comfortable practice. With the progress of time, it occurred to him that dentistry should be more of a profession than it was recognized to be at that time; to this end he studied medicine, paying particular attention to physiology and pathology, while he practiced dentistry. His efforts were crowned with no small measure of success, for he was awarded two honorary degrees — one from the University of Maryland, and another from the Jefferson Medical College. In the War of 1812, he took an active part in the Battle of North Point. As his medical services were considered valuable, he was withdrawn from the front lines and appointed assistant surgeon in a field hospital. After the war, he returned once more to his intellectual pursuits and published a work on geology, supposed to be the first American text of that nature. His next ven- ture was to sponsor the formation of the American Society of Dental Surgeons, August 18, 1840, in con- i ' X ' i If ' - The Birthplace of Horace Hayde AT Windsor, Connecticut I,. junction with a number of other dentists from northern cities, notably New York. He was unanimously elected the first president of this organization. He played a big part in organizing the first dental journal, The Amer- ican J urnal of Dental Science. In his office at night, after his day ' s work was fin- ished, Horace Hayden gave a set of Informal lectures on dentistry to any and all of those who were interested enough to listen. Of his first pupils, one was Elisha Townsend, who later founded the first dental college of Philadelphia, and who later said that all he knew of dentistry was the result of Dr. Hayden ' s instruction. In 1823 Hayden began to give lectures on dental sub- jects to medical students, hoping to interest a few more men in dentistry, but he failed in this purpose, even though his lectures were said to be very good. In 183 5, Hayden met Chapin A. Harris, a licensed doctor of medicine from Ohio who, like Hayden, was primarily interested in dentistry, which he had learned from his brother. But Harris was not successful in den- tistry until he came to Baltimore, where he became one of Hayden ' s ardent pupils. Chapin A. Harris was I ' e- markable for an all-consuming energy backed up by a sharp, eager mind. These two qualities are emphasized in his textbook, Harris ' Principles and Practise of Dentistry and the first dictionary of dental terms. Harris was by far the most energetic of all the early dental pioneers. He was well loved by everyone, and was very kind; all animals were his friends, espec ially dogs and horses. His generosity knew no bounds, as his professional friends testified. At the same time, he was deeply religious, and a strong upholder of temperance — strictly a gentleman of the old school, of courteous and distinguished bearing. There seems to be little doubt that he was the driving Influence in the founding of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. The ideas and dreams of Horace Hayden saw their fulfillment mainly because of Harris ' tremendous activity. The two to- gether were an invincible team — the task could never have been completed by either one alone. Hayden was the master-mind; Harris was the organizer of the mas- ter-mind ' s dreams, which became a beautiful reality. Hayden and Harris thoroughly agreed that there should be a more scientific course of teaching for den- tists, confining the studies to the oral cavity alone. Sure that they could not teach dentistry in any way allied to medicine, they constantly discussed the ways and means of making dentistry a profession in its own right. Koch says: When the mature thought and great experience and wisdom gained in the long years of labor of Horace Hayden became joined to the vigor, energy and capacity for work and unequalled devotion of Chapin A. Harris, then only about thirty years of age, a creative and constructive force was engendered which resulted in the birth of the American profession of den- tistry, first Dental School, first Dental Journal, and first Dental Society. Koch says that Hayden had a prophet-like mind that foresaw the result of great enterprises — he was a God- fearing and truly scientific man, loving knowledge for its own sake, and was an honor to the profession that honors him. Page Sixty-four The faculty first mentioned in the charter consisted of four men, all of whom possessed medical degrees, and all of whom were awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery by the American Society of Dental Surgeons. The charter called for a period of instruction not less than four months long, with the power to grant graduates the degree of D.D.S. It was not until 1846 that a dental infirmary was set up for practical instruction; anatomy dissection was done in the loft of an abandoned stable. But the school grew steadily. New chairs and professorships were added, and dental education began to take larger strides. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery focused the attention of the country upon the sad need for organ- ized dental education, and soon other schools began to appear all over the country. The college itself published announcements in the scientific publications and lead- ing newspapers of the day, and five students were en- rolled for instruction in the winter of 1840-1841. Dr. Harris addressed these five young men as follows: No credential or evidence of competency having been looked for or required, the profession has become crowded with individuals ignorant alike of its theory and practise; and hence its character for respectability and usefulness has suffered in public estimation, and a reproach has been brovight upon it wh ' .ch it would not otherwise have deserved. Accessible as has been the calling of the dentist to all that were disposed to engage in it, and that too, without regard to qualification, it has been resorted to by the ignorant and illiterate, and, I am sorry to say, in too many instances, by unprincipled individuals, tmtil it now numbers in the United States about twelve hun- dred, and of which I think it may be safely asserted that not more than one-sixth possess any just claims to a correct or thorough knowledge of the pursuit. That, under such circumstances, it should occupy a place in the world ' s estimation inferior to that to which it would otherwise be entitled, is not a subject of wonder. But it is to be hoped that the day is not remote when it will be required of those to whom this department of sur- gery shall be intrusted to be educated men, and well instructed in its theoretical and practical principles. Two of these boys graduated after but one session, having proved their worth by defending a thesis and passing examinations successfully. They were Robert Arthur and R. Covington Mackall, both of Baltimore. Their commencement was on March 9, 1841. In the course of the next few years, many honorary degrees were awarded to various Eui ' opeans engaged in practice in this country. Soon many of these men actually ap- plied for the honor, and later, Americans as well. To the credit of the College, let it be said that these requests were not granted until the candidates had been thor- oughly investigated. The enrollment increased from year to year, and addi- tional chairs and professorships were added to the fac- ulty. In 1846, the College moved to a new building on Lexington Street at Calvert, where the first infirmary was equipped. Great improvements in the teaching of mechanical and operative dentistry were made, and in- structors were appointed for each subject. The faculty never relinquished its efforts to gain recognition from medical circles, and In 1848, they were authorized to send delegates to the convention of the American Medi- cal Association. Of the two other members of the original faculty, we know but little. Thomas Emerson Bond, Jr., who graduated in medicine from the University of Maryland in 1834, taught Therapeutics and Pathology. He wrote many original jiublications, and was a steady contribu- tor to the journals of the day. Henry Willis Baxicy, graduate in medicine from the University of Maryland in 1824, taught anatomy there for a while, and then left to fill the same capacity in the Baltimore College. Me taught surgery at the old Washington University, and traveled extensively, publishing many books about the lands he visited. He died in 1875. Another colorful member of the later faculty was Amos Westcott, B.S., C.E., M.D., D.D.S. He was in- structor of operative dentistry and prosthetics in 1846. Born in Herkimer, New York, he showed an early desire to devote his life to study, with especial interest in mineralogy. This gained him a civil engineer ' s degree from Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy in 1835. From 1836 to 1838 he taught chemistry at the old Pompey Academy. Then he turned to the study of medicine at the Albany Medical College, getting his degree in 1 840. He was the founder of the New York College of Dental Surgery at Syracuse, and was later elected first president of the Dental Society of the State of New York. His publications were numerous and extremely interesting. He is alleged by some to have been the first to discover and use cohesive gold at ordinary tempera- tures, although most agree that Robert Arthur was the first in this field. During the remainder of his colorful life he invented many new techniques and instruments, served as the Republican Mayor of Syracuse, and took numerous trips to Europe for his health. Unfortunately, in a fit of temporary derangement, he put an end to his active hfe in 1873. Dr. Kelsey Dr. Brun Dr. Robinsox Dr. Bock Ln.ou E ' ERSOX Pilgrimage to the Tomb of Hait)En-, February 1, 1940 Pdgc Sixty -five Sigma Epsilon Delta Page Sixiy-six Sigma Epsilon Delta Fraternity FouNDi-.D A ' l ' NiAv YoKK Coi.i.rc i-: or Diniistky in 1901 Colors: lihh k iiiiil (iiilil I ' uljlicalion: Salellan House: 2336 F.utaw Place RATKES IN UNIVERSITATE CLASS OF iy40 S. A. Belinkoff J. B. Bookstaver B. Diamond S. Goldhaber J. . Kasawich B. Litchman B. Randman CLASS OF 1941 D. E. Berman E. Bressman A. Cheniow J. S. Cullen M. Friedmann A. Gudwin B. Hoffman H. Hyman W. N. Hymanson B. Kapiloff L. Kapiloff B. Levy E. A. Mishkin A. Oilman F. B. Rudo B. Smith M. Storch L L Weinger R. F. Zuskin CLASS OF 1942 P. Deneroff S. Entelis C. Gibel A. Herschaft L. Lichtenstcin V. W. Mmtz D. S. Rakosky A. FL Savage H. Schwartz C. J. Stoopack H. F. Watsky H. G. Weiss CLASS OF 1943 D. Bytovetszki O. Check S. Dulberg L Feigenbaum A. G. Greifer M. Kaufman S. S. Khnger H. Kraman L. Langel B. B. Leibowitz L. B. Levine J. Masserman P. B. Pedinoff J. Pustilnik M. Rosenfeld N. H. Rubin V. Rubin A. Schechter E. M. Scheinberg R. T. Shilkret J. M. Seides E. Spanier Ptf e SJxty-scicn orncERS Br RiNARD Randman Master Burton Litchman Chaplain Sidney BiiLiNKori Historian Daniel Berman Scribe Barnet Hoffman Treasurer Murray Storch hitni- Guard Jerome Cullen Outer Guard Bernard Ra.ndman Master History of the Sigma Epsilon Delta Fraternity Sigma Epsilon Delta Fraternity was founded at t he New York College of Dentistry in 1901, marking the establishment of the oldest Hebrew dental fraternity in the world. The purposes of its foundation were to unite certain members of the dental profession for the promotion and perpetuation of fraternalism, to develop and maintain the highest ideals among its members, to defend the mental and moral characters of its brethren, to foster and inculcate the highest principles of honor and patriotism, to promote highest excellence in the art of dentistry, and, finally, to bring about through fraternal coopera- tion a closer union between the undergraduate and graduate members in studies and to help them attain the highest standards of their profession. Epsilon Chapter, the most recent addition to the fraternity, was established at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery on February 22, 1926. Since that time Epsilon has risen to a prominent place in interfraternity and school activities. We are proud of our high reputation for scholastic excellence, fraternalism, and hospitality. It is significant that Epsilon has succeeded in bringing the National Convention to Baltimore for the first time, in the j ' ear that the Centennial of Dentistry is being celebrated. The Con- vention will be climaxed by a formal dinner dance on Sunday, March 17, at which the new men will be initiated into the fraternity. During the past year we again sponsored a series of lectures at the house. These talks were well attended, and proved to be interesting and entertaining, as well as educational. The lecturers were leading professional men in various fields, who were not confined to dental topics. Dr. A. Bernard Eskow has been appointed by the Grand Council as Deputy of the chapter to succeed Dr. Henry Rustov. We wish to express our sincere appreciation for the aid and advice that Dr. Rustov has given us in guiding the destinies of our chapter for the past few years, and to wish similar success to Dr. Eskow in his new position. Each year Epsilon presents to each senior a gold key with the fraternity insignia upon it. This year keys will be issued to fraters Sid BelinkofF, Julie Bookstaver, Ben Diamond, Sam Goldhaber, Julie Kasawich, Burt Litchman, and Bernie Randman. To them, and to the entire class of 1940, the Epsilon Chapter of Sigma Epsilon Delta wishes God-speed and the best of success. — Raynard F. Zuskin, Historian. Page Sixty-eight OFFICERS Dk. O. H. CjAVkk Deputy Councilor John T. Boniiam Grand Master Jamhs F. E ASTON junior Master Leonard J. Tolley Secretary Benjamin A. Dabro x-ski Treasurer Daniel Farrell . ._ Chaplain Earl C. Hewitt Pledgemaster Robert N. Baker Editor George Reusch Historian William M. Collins Senator John S. Callaway .... Chief Interrogator Nicholas J. Capone .... Insde Guardian Ermine R. Vitolo .... Outside Guardian John T. Bo.nha.vi Grand Master History of Psi Omega Fraternity This being the centennial issue of the Mirror, commemorating the founding in Baltimore of the first dental school in the world, it is interesting to note that our own Alpha chapter was also established here in 1892 as the cornerstone of the newly- organized Psi Omega fraternity. Through the zealous endeavor of Brother Herbert Edrington (who is at present residing in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he enjoys the fraternalism of the Delta Omega chapter), the conception of a dental Greek letter fraternity became a reality. Brother Edrington joined with Bernard Barr and Phineas E. Horton in the organization and establishment of such a fraternity. In Brother Edrington ' s own words, Thus was born the Psi Omega Fraternity with its altruistic motto ' I serve ' . Brother Edrington was Grand Master for many years and was an earnest laborer in behalf of the fraternity; he also actively participated in the founding and chartering of the next two chapters — Gamma at Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery, and Beta at the New York College cf Dental Surgery. Charters were granted steadily to many schools throughout the country; so that at the beginning of the century, the Psi Omega roster held twenty-three chapters, includ- ing Phi chapter at the University of Maryland. Since that time a steady progress in membership has existed. When the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery and the Uni- versity of Maryland Dental School became one in 1924, Phi and Alpha chapters were fused to become Phi Alpha. However, on January 11, 1939, the Phi Alpha chapter was changed in name to Alpha by petition to the Supreme Council from the Oriole Alumni Chapter and the Phi Alpha active chapter. The steady growth of the Psi Omega shows that its purposes are still to create a fraternalistic atmosphere among students of the dental profession, and to unite them in maintaining the high ideals and the continuous advancement of the profession. Today, Psi Omega is a fraternity which is international in its scope. There are 56 active chapters in existence with a total membership of 2 0,105 professional men. Upon graduation the active Psi Omegan has 61 alumni chapters open to him for continuation of fraternal affiliation. Our own Oriole Chapter in Baltimore is a shining example of alumni activity. To bind the many chapters together we rely upon our official organ, the Crater, which is a quarterly publication. This journal contains the news of the activities of each chapter, articles concerning distinguished brothers, and interesting information pertaining to our own chosen field. The editing of the F rater is well handled bv Brother John E. Gurley of San Francisco, California. — George Reusch, Historian. Page Sixty-nine Psi Omega Pwi ' C Si ' icJi y Alpha Chapter of Psi Omega l ' ' ()UNi)i;i) 1X92 — Hai.iimoiu. Coi.i.i.ci-. oi JJi.njai, Sukoi-.ky Colors: nine mid While Flower: Lily Joiiin.il: I ' ln- I ' rcilcr House: 1111 St. Paul Street I ' RATKIvS IN l- ' ACULTATI ' Dean J. Ben Robinson, D.D.S., I-.A.C.D. A. H. Paterson, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. H. B. McCarthy, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. O. H. Gaver, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. G. W. Gaver, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. B. S. Wells, D.D.S D. A. Browning, D.D.S. K. H. Grempler, D.D.S. H. B. McCauley, D.D.S. E. B. Nuttall, D.D.S. M. W. McCrea, D.D.S. C. P. Miller, D.D.S. J. E. Pyott, D.D.S. D. E. Shehan, D.D.S. H. L. Johnston, D.D.S. P. A. Deems, D.D.S. C. L. Inman, D.D.S. G. C. Karn, D.D.S. ' W. E. Hahn, D.D.S. G. S. Pugh, D.D.S. . F. Hurst, D.D.S. O. Hurst, D.D.S. A. T. Clewlow, D.D.S. J. T. Bonham FRATRES IN UNIVERSITATE CLASS OF 1940 B. A. Dabrowski E. L. Pessagno J. A. Piccolo CLASS OF 1941 R. N. Baker J. S. Callaway N. J. Capone W. M. Collins E. L. Bohne D. T. Frey V. R. Hawkins E. R. Vitolo W. D. Haggerty D. C. Corbitt J. F. Easton D. L. Farrell E. C. Hewitt E. P. McDaniel F. A. Marano G. L. Caldwell G. Reusch J. H. Smith L. J. Tolley S. P. Beaven J. R. Santeram.o R. Spina J. W. Toffic A. F. Matisi A. A. Pecoraro W. W. Corder J. T. Criss CLASS OF 1942 J. A. Emburgia S. Everson A. P. Lazauskas J. B. Powell J. M. Tighe L. C. Toomey E. H. Watson J. T. Wieland PLEDGES F. L. DePasquale M. A. Lauro W. A. Aldridge A. J. Amatrudo C. F. Askins R. T. Ouellette M. F. Ramirez R. S. Williamson S. G. Biega P. J. Coccaro D. H. Towson J. T. Coroso H. R. Lasch R. Martinelli J. E. Munoz G. D. Steele Page Set cft y-onc Alpha Omega Page Sevnity-itvo Alpha Omega Fraternity Founded at University oi Maryland in 1907 Colors: Black a ml Cold Flower: While Rose Journal: Al l hi C)iiic v.iiii ' House: } ilO Unlaw Place •RATRES IN FACUI.TATE Myron S. Aisenbcrg, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Meyer Eggnatz, D.D.S. Harold Goldstein, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. William Kress, D.D.S. Nathan B. Scherr, D D.S. A. A. Sussman, B.S., M.D., D.D.S. .FRATRES IN UNIVERSITATE CLASS OF 1941 B. Birchstein S. Heller M. Policow H. Sloan M. DeScherer S. Karow E. Rosenberg C. Taub J. Dembo S. Keller L. Schiller J. Zeger P. Dubansky K. Kornreich M. Singer A. Berman M. Eilenberg R. Goldstein CLASS OF 1942 E. Gratz B. Helitzer S. Hyman I. Katz I. Kolman N. Nathanson S. Rogoff D. Salutsky PLEDGES Binder Goodman Kushner PoUak Birghcnthal Hauss Krugman Rosenberg Cooper Heller Krieger Robinson Cierler A. Herman Levy Safro Chereskin P. Herman Lewis Skowronek Duboff Hyman Mass Sucoll EflE Klein P. Nussbaum Stern Fishman. Koggan M. Nussbaum Zahn Foxman Koppelman Pfeffer Yalovitz Fox V gc Seicnty-three OFFICERS Stanley Heller ChmiccUor Paul Dubansky Vicc-Chiiiucllor Morton DeScherer Scribe Benjamin Birchstein Quaestor K. D. KoRNREiCH Hhforiaii Irving Kolman . ' Maccr Stanley Heller Chancellor History of Alpha Omega Fraternity The Zeta Mu Chapter of the Alpha Omega Fraternity has grown by leaps and bounds since its origin in Baltimore 3 2 years ago. Because of the hard work and de- termined effort of its group of founders, the chapter has noted with pride that its work is still being carried on in a notable manner. At the present time, there are 34 undergraduate chapters in the various dental schools in this country as well as in other countries. All of these chapters are engaged in joining undergraduate members in good fellowship and making their scholastic life more pleasant. It is interesting to note that many of our members have gone on after graduation to achieve high honor and great advances in the profession. These men have helped to raise the level of dentistry, placing it on a more scientific basis. For all this we are justly proud. As time passes on its endless way, we are certain that so will the spirit of Alpha Omega. All of its traditions in the production of clean living, good scholarship and bearing worthy of the profession will be handed down to those who follow in our footsteps. Alpha Omega stands high in the esteem of those around us: we, the present under- graduates, need only hope to live up to the standards set before vis by our predecessors. In this year of 1940, as the dental profession celebrates its Centenary in Baltimore, we of Alpha Omega will extend our fullest cooperation to help make it the biggest and finest event of its kind ever held in this country. — Max Singer, Historian. Page Scienfy-foiir OFFICERS C;ari, I Iaii S( I iiji. 1 1 II. IS Ronald JLawkinci; . Joseph Govani; McClees Malcolm Maksii Parki:k Ph. M. F.dwari) Cobi:hi 1 1 I ' result ' 11 1 . Treasurer Secretary lidilor Dej)iily Sii Infill f I ' resuleii Dr. Piiii I II ' liRt) VN . Assis iiii Dejiii y Siijireiiic ] ' yesiileiil Carl 1 Iaio Sci ui.rifi.is I ' residenI Xi Psi Phi Fraternity Founded at Ann Arisor, Michigan, February 9, 1889 Flower: Ainericnii Beauty Rose Colors: Laventlcr and Cream Official Publication: Xi Psi Plii Quarterly FRATRES IN FACULTATE T. O. Heatwole, M.D., D.D.S., D.Sc. Leo A. Walzak, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. George M. Anderson, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Hugh T. Hicks, D.D.S. Burt B. Ide, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Edward C. Dobbs, D.D.S. Walter L. Oggesen, D.D.S. John M. Hyson, D.D.S. Richard C. Leonard, D.D.S., F.A.C.D. Brice M. Dorsey, D.D.S. Kenneth V. Randolph, D.D.S. FRATRES IN UNIVERSITATE CLASS OF 1941 R. Lawrence J. G. McClees C. H. Schulth. D. Bixby M. M. Parker PLEDGES S. L. King C. B. Ralph R. E. Williams R. L. Betts E. B. Waltman HISTORY OF XI PSI PHI FRATERNITY The Xi Psi Phi Fraternity was founded in Ann Arbor, Michigan, fif t} ' -one years ago. For the past forty-seven years, it has been represented in the Maryland Dental Schools. Until 1923, the chapter was Alpha; but when the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery merged with the University of Maryland, the present Eta chapter was organized. It has continued with a high ranking as one of the school ' s major fraternities. Xi Psi Phi has twenty-seven active chapters and seventeen alumni chapters through- out the United States and Canada. The purpose of the fraternity is to provide a better, more substantial foundation on which to build a successful professional hfe; to create a desire for a cleaner, healthier, and more wholesome atmosphere in which to live; and also to develop an appreciation of friendship and hospitality. All chapters are united in the purpose of promoting a social unity among dental students, aiding them whenever possible and instilling in them the loftv ideals and appreciation of their chosen profes- sion. The fraternity always has supported and will continue to support progressive standards in the dental schools. — M. M. Parker, Editor. Vase Sciciily-fiie Xi Psi Phi Page Seventy-six features and Advertisements A Modern Dental Office Men and Discoveries of Our Times No name seems more appropriate for the men of tJiis period than Architects of Dentistry. All were graduates of dental schools, and devoted their time to researches that improved dental science and made it a more pleasant work, whereas before there had been nothinj; but long, tedious hours of work that often ended in complete lailure. Almost all of this part of our history is cen- tered in our own United States, whose world leadership from the year 1 S40 forward is unquestioned. Great adv.inccs were made in all branches of the profession, notably in the mechanical. Progress in branches of the profession closely allied to medicine was made across the sea. It fits hand in hand with the liberty and freedom of tliis country that dental independence was established here. Dental education in the other countries was attached mainly to the medical profession; hence progress naturally followed theoreti- cal lines. In this country, the practical side of dentistry grew and flourished. It made such progress as to give American dentistry preeminence throughout the world in operative skill and daring, prosthetic excellence, and in the materials, instruments, and ap- pliances possessed of especial adaptability. James Garde tte, of Revolutionary War fame, with whom we became acquainted in our preceding iiistory, settled in Philadelphia in 17S4, and set up his practice. The fame of his ingenuity spread .even across the sea. He is best known for being the first one to use a suction cavity for denture retention, and also for a method of securing teeth to dentures with pins. Non-cohesive foil was also manufactured by him from the gold foil in existence at that time. Unfortunately, because of his lack of knowledge of English, he left us very few writings of any value. He is one of the few whose past good work is like a signal light on the sea of time. His efforts with non-cohesive gold foil were carried on stil! further by Marcus Bull of Hartford. Connecticut, a gold beater by trade. Porcelain teeth tirst appeared in this country in 18 17, brought here by A. A. Plantou, of Paris. Duchatteau was the first to invent hard porcelain teeth, in 1774. He was an apothecary, and in his laboratory had found a paste which, when baked, became very hard. This he called to the attention of M. Guerard, a Paris porcelain manufacturer, who, in turn, called in the services of the dentist De Chemant; together they produced the first denture of this material. De Chemant later went to England and there had a fifteen year patent on these teeth as their sole manufacturer. His priority in this field is questioned, however, since they were suggested in the writings of Fauchard. Desirabodc says, De Chemant by accident gets hold of the secret, which he further improves and gives as his own in 1788 when he pub- lished the first edition of his work. Fonzi. in 1808, invented a method of making separate porce- lain teeth, which soon replaced the old continuous gum den- ture. He called them terro-metallic teeth, and offered them for sale at a reasonable price. These teeth also had the first plati- num pins to be placed in individual teeth. In 1844, S. S. White began to manufacture his own porcelain teeth, and introduced many improvements in color and form. At this time the first porcelain furnace came on the market. Modern Equipment the Philadelphia, which burned coal or coke; the Verrier made use of gas. Both of these were undepcndable, causing their owners no end of trouble and bother. Dr. L. E. Custer, in 1894, put an end to this with his first electric furnace, and from this time on, porcelain work grew to its present proportions. Perhaps it would be interesting to look at the average dentist at this time. For artificial teeth, he used those that he carved himself from the teeth of calves or hippotami, which he fastened in place with gold wires on the adjoining teeth. A lathe to finish these teeth was absolutely unheard of at that time, and teeth were ground on a sharpening stone. Dentures were polished by means .of sticks dipped in a mixture of emery and oil. Each dentist liad his own name for various treatments — there was no standard of nomenclature. The price for filling teeth with gold was seventy-five cents — tin fillings cost thirty-five cents. The attit ude of the medical profession toward dentistry was arrogant and disdainful, ' ery much like the way the physician used to regard the barber surgeon. Dentists, however, did their best to cooperate with physicians, and strove hard to have their specialty assume a place of recognition. About this time the first articulator appeared on the market. J. B. Gariot, in 1.805, produced a simple hinge type. In 1840, another was invented by D. T. Evers, the first to make use of lateral and forward movements. Dr. W. G. A. Bon will with his machine attempted to imitate the temporo-mandibular joint by reproducing normal mandibular movements. In 1866 appeared another, a product of the Englishman Balkwill, which provided for lateral and downward motion of the condyles. The condylar paths were first measured extra-orally in 1896 by a new articulator improved in 1901 by Dr. Christensen ' s machine, which measured these paths intra-orally. Operative dentistry was also being swept forward. In 1846, Dr. C. T. Jackson discovered sponge gold. Ten years later the first oxychloridc cements appeared, and John Tomes of England was busy investigating the physical properties of amalgams by means of the microscope. Dr. Robert Arthur of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, in 18 5 5, found that gold became cohesive after annealing; this made it possible for fillings to be adapted more accurately to the original contour of the teeth. The rub- ber dam first appeared in . 1864 as the offering of Dr. S. C. Barnum, a veritable boon to dentistry, for which he received a thousand dollars as a gift, contributions for which poured in from dentists all over the United States. The only other attempt to keep an operating field dry was made by Dr. Dwinnelle, whose mctiiod was to build a wax dam of some sort ar ound the tooth to be isolated. The first separator was presented by Dr. Jarvis in 1875 — the first zinc oxyphosphate cement appeared four years later. The birth of inlay technique took place in 1886. Herbst dem- onstrated a method of making them of glass by first taking an impression with modelling compound from which he next made a gold matrix. Then glass was fused into this, and the matrix removed. The first gold inlay was an invention of 1890; the technique was to take an impression of the cavity same as above, make a model, and swage a gold matrix. Then this was invested and filled with molten gold. A way of insuring more perfect adaptation was that of Ward, who in 1891 produced the deposi- tion of metals on the cast. Successive deposits of gold and silver were made until the desired thickness was obtained. However, time soon showed that this could not be carried out with sufficient economy to surpass the swaging process. Amalgam fillings were merely mediocre until Dr. G. V. Black standardized alloys of constant value in 1895, and the next great advance was that of Dr. William Taggart, who, in 1907, perfected the method of gold casting that is used today. In the same year, centrifugal casting was discovered by A. W. Jamison; the next year brought the first silicate cement as a boon to those who objected strenuously to gold fillings in the front of their mouth. The outstanding names of Crown and Bridge are those of Drs. H. J. Goslee and George Evans, who wrote the best textbooks on the subject during this period. Dr. Goslee says: The practical introduction of artificial substitutes for the natural crowns of teeth, and the ultimate development of crown and bridgework, is purely the product of the last half of the 19th century, and must be placed to the credit of American dentistry. After 1850, the better improvements in crown and bridge appeared; up to this time, the only pivot crown was one having Page Scventy-cigbt a wooden pjii which, when Inserted into t ' he root canal, became swollen from the action of saliva. John Thorn introduced the first interchangeable facing in 18S7, antedating the Steele facing of today by forty-six years. The first gold shell crown was patented by Dr. j. li. Beers in 1873, consisting of the familiar gold band with swaged cusps, followed in 1878 by the Richm( nd crown. The Carmichael crown, with a wire staple fitted into slots in the teeth, appeared in 1906. A gold plate was burnished over the staples, and the ends soldered. And all this time the dental engine of today was developing from the old hand drills, which workct very much like the egg- beaters our mothers used, but which were more highly geared. In 1 84(5, Dr. Amos Westcott invented a finger ring and drill socket for rotating the drill. The first electrical machine did not appear until ten years later — crude, but the recogni ed fore- runner of our modern dental engine. Fourteen years later came Green ' s foot drill, which propelled air through a rubber tube to a handpiece and caused certain movements in the mechanism. An- other foot-pedal engine appeared in 1870; from this time on they improved steadily until our present product was evolved. Prosthetic dentistry also made great strides. The first published work devoted exclusively to prosthetics appeared in 1 80S, and was written by Delabarre. It had forty- two plates. In 1 844, Dr. John Allen of Cincinnati began experiments which ended in his success with mineral compounds that vitrified at a heat much lower than that recommended by Delabarre. He attached the teeth he manufactured to each other, or to a platinum base, which soon surpassed all others in beauty and usefulness. He further re- stored all losses of contour resulting from extraction of natural teeth, or resorption of the alveolar bone and i;um tissues. For this great service, he was awarded a medal by the American Society of Dental Surgeons in 1 84S, and later patented his work. But afterward, the adoption of his technique was slow, and after 1860, with the advent of vulcanite, his process practically disappeared. In 1849, Dr. Edwin Truman made the first use of vulcanized gutta-percha as a denture base; at the same time, its use as a temporary stopping was also discovered. Three years later, C. F. Harrington, of Portsmouth, England, began the use of tortoise shell for base plates, and A. Hill used an electrolytic method to deposit gold or silver on a cast over which he had first burnished a thinner metal. The greatest contribution of this era to prosthetics, however. was that of Charles Goodyear, Jr., who was granted a patent for Vulcanite in l S5. He held on to this patent for a number of years, so that dentists who wished to make vulcanite dentures had to get permission to do so from the Goodyear Company, for which they paid an exorbitant price. To quote Koch, The Goodyear Rubber Company bore down upon the dentists like the ' vulture on the lamb, ' and grabbed their hard earned sliekcls and carried them away to their vaults. This same company, as legal owners of vulcanite, issued to dentists, for a price, license and agreements to use their product. This license was not to be sold, assigned, or otherwise disposed of, and the licensee was encouraged to report infringers of this to the company, which immediately brought suit. These licenses were issued for a year, and were the source of so much bitterness that Josiah Bacon, the treasurer o£ the company, was finally shot and killed in San Francisco mainly because of his despicable treatment of the dental profession. How- ever, S. S. White never gave up battling the company tooth and nail, and after a long contest, finally succeeded in making vulca- nite available to the profession. The next step in base plate manufacture was made by A. A. Blandy, who in 1856 introduced Cheoplastic metal, which was poured directly around the cast of the teeth; it was not until 1869, however, with Hyatt ' s discovery of celluloid, that this be- gan to come into use as a denture base. Aluminum for the same appeared in 1870. The articulator was improved upon also by Dr. Snow ' s discovery of the face bow in 1889. There were many other important inventions and innovations that appeared about this time. Dr. Robert Arthur ' s sa liva pump was one, consisting of a glass bulb from which air was expelled and which, upon reentrance, sucked saliva into the bulb. This was in 18 54. The dental chair was also appearing on the market, with man ' improvements. About one hundred years ago, the dental chair was nothing more than an ordinary kitchen chair with some sort of arrangement to hold the patient ' s head, but with no other pro- visions to alter its position. M. W. Hauchett, in 1848, invented the first chair with a head-rest, and with ratchets to change the height and position. Then came Chevalier ' s contribution. In 18 50, with a portable he.id-rest for any chair, capable of any kind of movement. Notable among these early chairs wa that of Pcrkin , which allowed movement on a ball and « ckct joint, leaving the chair frcQ to move in any direction, controlled only by gravity and the strength of the operator. Needless to say, many patients were treated afterward for injuries sustained from falling backward, a situation exceptionally awkward to ladies, A large step forward was the chair of Dr, Snell, parts of whose spcci6cations wc quote here: The wood should be the best Spanish mahogany, rostwrwd, or some other heavy material, the seat broad and roomy. The back may be tilted by a piece of brass, formed in the segment of a circle, one end attached to each side of the frame-work of ihc back board, the other through the arm of the chair. Movement can be effected by a brass boll passing through the part and through one of the holes. At about one foot from the top, the back of the chair should be divided, and made capable of falling d( wn, by hinges. On the left hand side of the chair should be placed a half oval flat cushion, stuffed to the shape of the head; this Is for the patient ' s head to rest against, and should be capable of being raised and depressed. Oral surgery, approaching the proportions of the specialty wc know today, was established in the late 19th century, when it took form in 1870 by a lectureship at the University of Pennsyl- vania, instituting Dr. James E. Garrctson as the instructor. The need for this course was expressed in the Cosmos that year by Dr. J. W. White: We especially congratulate medical students on the manifest advantages the establishment of such a clinic must afford, as the lack ' of thorough acquaintance on the part of the general practitioner and surgeon with the pathology and therapeutics of the mouth and topographically associated parts has been too often made apparent, There followed a long argument in the various journals and among various faculties as to just what an oral surgeon was, and what the latitude of the new specialty should be; after a lon contest, oral surgeons were admitted to the annual conclaves of the American Medical Association, with a section of their own. However, this meant recognizing oral surgeons as specialisu in the field of medicine, and gave no recognition whatever to dentists embracing oral surgery as a branch of their profession. Horace Hayden had always felt that dentistry should embrace oral surgery, but did not feel that oral surgery should absorb den- tistry. He sincerely felt that the profession of dentistry was fully qualified and able to perform various surgical operations about the mouth. At any rate, we do know that Dr. Garretson was the first known dentist to teach oral surgery. Today, however, oral surgery has been placed apart from dental surgery, and is no longer a bone of contention. It seems that both dentists and general surgeons perform successful and sometimes spectacular operations; that there are more dentists than physicians taking a more active part, seems perfectly natural. Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia PiJgc Scvcnty-niuc T,pic l D, „ r«l Wev,r Hera goes a.nothey dny 5i cJ old Sdc oclxc a Hop ii ' S kolis (ne For au)lii e Coh e oh. .J o ' clocK V ' S - - rsi Se r S inc- J c oc , Oh ,.!. ,jtout y.-So Page Eighty Selections from ' ' Mistakes By S.ai ioki) C Pi i(nv, D.D.S,, Niw Youk, N. Y. (Rcihl lic oii ' I he Nnv York i)(l iiili}li)f ical Socicly, April 21, IH ' J(,) It is n mlstukc to talk loo much. Keep your own mouth shut and your patient ' s mnulh open. During office hours it is a mistake to split theological, philosophical, or scientific hairs. You may get careless and split the root. While exposing the fallacy of your vic- tim ' s argument you may get excited and expose the pulp. Possibly, too, you may expose your own ignorance. It is a mistake to attempt to reform the world. If you feel that you must make the effort, put it off till next week. By that time it may come to an end, and you will be saved the trouble. It is a mistake to believe that honesty is not the best polic) ' . The man who said he was sure cf it because he had tried both, was armed with nn unanswerable argument. If you are not certain, try both for yourself and see. It is a mistake to expect to find a patient who ever breaks an artificial tooth by dropping the plate in the wash basin or on the floor. Artificial teeth are always broken while eating soft bread or custard pie, and natural ones are broken from the jar of going downstairs. It is a mistake to brand ) ' Our patients with gold crowns in the front of the mouth; when you round them up, some may be missing. Slip your card into their pockets, not their mouths. If the dental fathers had ccddled their shadows instead of organizing a profession which they have handed down to you, you might now be sawing wood instead of strutting with a cane and being called Doctor; or you might be walking instead of riding, like Aesop ' s fl) ' on the axle, proud of the dust you think you are kicking up. While you accept from them knowledge that is now as tree as air, does it ever occur to you that you should tr)- to add a little as you pass it on to those who are to come after? Dentistry is one of the latest outgrowths of civilization, and is a striking example of the vast difference that lies between the civilized man and the barbarian. This is shown bv the willingness of the former, and the unwillingness of the latter, to bear present pain for the sake of future good. The more intelligent people are, the more willingly do they bear exacting dental oprations. One who uses the rubber-dam need not be alarmed by the fact that there is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Science is for the garish day, when you have your working clothes on; poetry for the evening hour, when the body is relaxed, and when the mj-stic background of the twilight entices the soul from its shy retreat. And what is here said of poetry applies equally well to all your other hobbies. Page Eighfy-onc Ye Olde Advertisers To Be Sold by William Whitebread OPERATOR FOR THE TEETH Now living in Arcl.i Street, opposite the George: The Most Effectual Cure For the Scurvey in the Gums; Which Not Only Cures the Scurvey in the Gums, but makes the Teeth as white as ever, and caused the Gums to grow up to the teeth again, by only taking a teaspoonful in the Morning, and rub your Teeth well, then wash your mouth with fair water. Price — One Shilling, the Bottle. — The American Weekly Mercury Pennsylvania Thursday, June 29, 1738 To Be Sold by Nurse Tucker Living five doors below the Sign of the Sugar-Loaf, on Society Hill, in Front Street. An extraordinary ointment for clearing the skin, taking off Freckles and all rough- ness, softens the skin, and keeps the frost from it, is good for Bruises, and curing of Ring worms. Likewise a tooth powder, for whitening the Teeth and preserving them from the scurvey. Also Pomatums. (Any person, by applying to said Nurse Tucker, the first time they have the tooth ache, may be perfectly cured). She also sells pills for clearing and purifying blood, tea, sugar, coffee, chocolate and sundry other things, too tedious to mention. — The Pei nsyliiiiiiii Gazette October 2 8, 1762 Whereas many persons are so unfortunate so to lose their Fore-Teeth by Accident, and otherways, to their great Detriment, not only in Looks, but speaking both in Public and Private: — This is to inform all such, that they may have them replaced with false ones, that look as well as the Natural, and answers the End of Speaking to all intents, by Paul Revere, Goldsmith, near the head of Dr. Clarke ' s Wharf, Boston. All persons who have had false teeth fixt by John Baker, Surgeon-Dentist, and they have got loose (as they will in time) may have them fastened by the above, who learnt the Method of fixing them from Mr. Baker. — Boston Gazette and Country Journal Monday, August 29, 1768 This to give notice, that the Sieur Roquet, Surgeon, is lately arrived from Paris, and hath brought over with him Fifty Assistant Surgeons, who will attend at the en- suing Royal Fireworks, as near to the several Scaffolds as can be done with safety; where they will be ready to assist all persons of quality and distinction; and to prevent impo- sition, he engages to perform the following chirurgical Operations, at the lowest prices. N. B. The said Sieur Roquet sells, wholesale or retail, all sorts of legs, arms, eyes, noses, or Teeth, made in the genteelest manner and as now worn by Persons of Rank in France: He repairs and beautifys, in a surprising manner any old, decayed or lost Parts of human bodies; fills up the Wrinkles and furrows of old age, as well as the marks of the small pox, with a new invented paste, He also cures effectually the most stinking Breaths by drawing out, and eradicating all decayed teeth and stumps and burning the gums to the Jawbone, without the least Pain or Confinement; and putting in their stead, an entire set of right African Ivory Teeth, set in a Rose colour ' d Enamel, so nicely fitted to the Jaws, that people of the first Fashion may eat, drink, swear, talk scandal, quarrel, and show their teeth, without the least indecency, inconvenience, or hesitation whatever. He deals only for ready money with the Quality and members of Parliament, but will give reasonable Credit to Citizens, tradesmen and Gentlemen of the Inns of Court. Vivat Rex — The Independent Advertiser Boston July 3, 1749 Page Eighty-two Artiluinl Teeth — Paul Revere Tiikcs this mclliocl o) iclurnin}; his most sincere tliaiiks to the Gentlemen and Ladies who hive employed him in the care of the teeth, he would now inform them and all others, who are so unfortunate as to lose their teeth by accident or othcrways, that he still continues the Business of a Dentist, and flatters himself that from the Experience he has had these two years (in which Time he has fixt some hundreds of teeth) that he can fix them as well as any .Surgeon Dentist who have come from London, he fixes them in such a manner that they are not only an Ornament hut of real use in Speaking and Eating; He cleanses the teeth and will wait on any Gentleman or Lady at their Lodgings, may be spoke with at his Shop opposite Dr. Clark ' s at the North-End where the Gold and Silversmith ' s Business is carried on in all its branches. — TI.K Bos oii Gazelle ami Connlry journal Monday, July 3 0, 1770 Michael Force From Paris, an OPERATOR for the TEETH, in order to remedy the various com- plaints, incident to the teeth and gums, takes this method to inform the gentry and public in general, that he makes and fits natural teeth or artificial ones, from a single tooth to a whole setting, to appear as well, and be as easy and useful as real teeth; he likewise cleans teeth and draws stumps in the easiest and best manner; he sells a prepa- ration for cleaning and preserving the teeth and gums; and likewise cures the SCURVY. He has a potion which is excellent for curing all disorders in the mouth, eradicating every degree of the scurvy in the gums, preserving the teeth from decaying and render- ing them beautifully white and sovind. It is sold at Fifteen Shillings the la rge, and One Dollar the small bottle. N. B. He lodges at JACOB BARRAND ' S, taylor at the sign of the Hand in Hand, in Chestnut-Street between Second and Third-Streets. — Pennsylvania Gazelle January 1, 1767 — December 29, 1768 James Daniel, Wig Maker and Hair Dresser Has removed to Wall Street, in the House of Miss Cummings, next door to Messrs. Walter and Samuel Franklin ' s; makes all kinds of Wigs, and dresses Ladies and Gen- tlemen ' s Hair in the gentlest Manner, and at the lowest rates. Also OPERATOR FOR THE TEETH A business so absolutely necessary in this City, preventing the Scurvy in the Gums, which oftentimes occasion the tooth-ach; making them white without prejudice to the teeth, and fastening them that are loose, c. As said Daniel has practiced these opera- tions in London, under March, the Surgeon Dentist, a man so eminent in this profes- sion, hopes to meet with encouragement from the Ladies and Gentlemen, and others of this City; and makes no doubt, such as please to make trial will find full Satisfaction. He returns his most sincere thanks to the Public, for the many Favors conferred him since his arrival in this City; and hopes by this useful Branch of business, to get more in the public ' s esteem, which is all his Ambition. — The New York Mercury Monda) ' , April 21, 1766 facob Hemet J DENTIST to her Majesty, and the Princess, Ameha, Begs leave to recommend to the public his newly discovered ESSENCE OF PEARL and PEARL DENTIFRICE, which he has found to be greatly superior not only in elegance, but also in efficacy, to any thing hitherto made use of for complaints of the Teeth and Gums: Particularly, they will preserve the Teeth in a perfect sound state, even to old age; they render them white and beautiful, without in the least impairing the enamel; fasten such as are loose, keep such as are already decayed, from becoming worse, prevent the Tooth-Ach, per- fectly cure the Scurvy in the gums, and make them grow firm and close to the teeth; and likewise render the breath delicate, sweet and remedy almost all those disorders that are the consequence of scorbutic gums. Sold (by appointment of Mr. Hemet) wholesale and retail by W. Bayley, perfumer, in Cockspur-Street, near the bottom of Haymarket; also by Samuel Deall, in Broad Street, New York, North America, by William Scott in Boston. — The Boston Gazette and the Country Journal A-Ionday, January 7, 1771 Va c Eigh y-tbrcc Ptfi ' i- Eighty-four m F=j = = n ' ' ' B RTH A Oj LLI Li 11 1. ±i n _j (io K! The I Pjgc E}sili -fii Hands We JlU Kno zv Pii c Eigbfy-six What They ' ll Be Doing in 1950 Auui!A II — Slill ordcrinj; I ' alnlcss Ikirs from tlic supply liouscs. Rosenberg — Making his thirty-first novotainc injection for the extraction of the upper second bicuspid. GuDWiN — Still harassing the liewspapers lor their failure to realize that dentistry is a biologic science. Betts — Still writing mash notes, obituaries and what-have-you to poor unsuspecting instructors at University of Maryland Dental School. Hyman — With 14 patients having a 2 ' oclock appointment and three patients already in the dental chair. Makano — With a new method of doing root canal fillings via the apex — so as not to mar the crown. Hymanson — Calling up Mimsy between patients. Castelle — Giving the patient 5-2 odds that the tooth he extracts ' ill have four roots. Friedman — Opening his office daily at 4:00 a.m. — nothing like being a little early. VlTOLO — Still taking X-rays with the machine focused at the window. Matisi — Out collecting some bills — and getting paid too! ToLLEY — Down in the cellar enchanting patients with his new set of weight-lifting dumb-bells. Santeramo — Calling up Dr. Bernardini to come post haste — if not sooner. KoENiG — With a slight case of Exposure. Kapiloff — Getting mad because the patient called to him, Say Doc. Snuffy Smith — Shot for the fourth time by some guy who thought he was Hitler. BuRCH — Still waiting for Matisi to return that flask compress he borrowed. Schiller — Still wondering why those deciduous bicuspids are always impacted. ScHULTHEls — Still patting Lawrence on the back. Lawrence — Still patting Schultheis on the back. Levy — Wearing roller skates in the office — for more efficiency. Frey — Still wondering why Dr. Hurst only gave him IL on that cuspid he carved in his Freshman Year. ToFFic — Still wondering who is going to pay for those Dental Centenary Stamps Dr. McCarthy gave us. Ollman — -With a victrola in his office saying, Clever, Oilman, clever Oilman . . . . McClees — Telling his lather how he usually does a flap operation for that impacted molar. RuDO — Telling the patient how many points he would have received for that filling if he ' d done it at school. — Irvin Weinger, ' 41. Vage Eigb y-seteu Piige Eisbty-niite Scenes from Wildeniess Page Ninety 1 — old chest of instruments. 2 — Congr.itulating an essayist. 3 — Dr. Aisenberg takes a good look. 4 — Our own exhibit. S — Exhibit in the Enoch Pratt window. 6 — General view of entire exhibit. 7 — Dr. McCarthy stops for a picture. S — Let ' s go home, boys! 9 — Samples! 10 — United States Army exhibit. 1 1 — Mrs. Reed takes a turn. Page Ninety-one 1 — One of the finest exhibits. 2 — A section of the visual education audience. 3 — Replica of the world ' s first dental school. 4 — Part of the Army exhibit. 5 — Statue of St. Appolonia. 6 — View of the Central Court. Ptigf NiiH ' fy-two 7 — Exhibit of the University of Buffalo. 8 — Dr. and Mrs. Goldstein and friends. 9 — Reunion luncheon, Class of 1923. 1 — One of the Canadian exhibits. 1 1 — A choice group of S.E.D ' s. 12 — The last word in dental offices. ' 11 I  ' ' ' ?•- 1 — Your Uncle Sut, vintage 1S40. 2 — Dean Friesell, of Pit tsburgh. 3 — Dr. Prinz delivers his paper. 4 — Reading room of 1940. 5 — Window exhibit, Enoch Pratt Library. 6 — Dr. Price, of Chicago. Page Kiucty-ihTcc Acknowledgements c offer iipologics for tlic m.iny shortcomings of our liistoric;il section; time did not .illoAX ' a complete pcrus.il of original works and papers. It is to these men, leaders in the field of dental histor ' , that we owe all of the facts brought before our readers: HisioRV oi Dentistry — Liifkin. A SnoRr History oi Dentisiry — Liiuhay. History oi- Dental Surgery — Koch, Vols. I, II, III. History of the Baltimore College of Df.ntal Surgery — W. Sinioii. A History of Dentistry — Giiciiiii. The Carnegie Foundation, Bulletin Number XIX for Advancement of Teaching — Gics. The following friends could not be placed on the official staff of the 194 0 Mirror, but the book could never have been printed had it not been for their kind services: WE ARE GRATEFUL— To Mr. Dunn, of the Brown-Morrison Company, Inc., who burned up the road between Lynchburg and Baltimore several times just to keep us straight. To Mr. Love, of the Advertisers Engraving Company, whose timely advice and counsel helped us plan the layouts of most of our pages. To the Merln-Baliban Studios, whose cooperation was always perfect, and who sent us three fine people to handle our photographs. Photographers Gendler and Baliban, and Receptionist Mrs. Allen. To Miss Mary Brown and Miss Marie Stewart, who typed the copy for us many evenings when they could have been resting from their daily labors. To Bob Baker of the Junior Class, who unselfishly gave his time and efforts to the caking of hundreds of informal snapshots. To Ace, of the Nciv York Times, for pictures of the convention and the pageant. To Mr. Gardina, of the Balt ' niiorc Sun, for his pictures appearing in the last division section. and finally. To countless others who did those little favors which made the way smoother and easier for the entire staff. — The Editor. Prt t ' Nhtffy-foitr ' ' ' fl ' rn . '    . - ' « 7. „f Tlllc Page of the First Practical Textbook of Dentistry, Published in 1723 By Piu ' .Rt Fauchaku, The Father of Dentistry. TREATISE Title Page of the First American Textbook of Dentistry, Published in 1801 By R. C. Skinner. HUMAN TEETH, ■CCNClSIiLY EXPLAINING THEIR ST.TU C T U R E, AND CAUIE Of . Disease and dec.W: To zchkh i ' i added, THE K0:T BE -:: r ICIAI AND EirECrtjAL METHOD O T« , rj c ALL DISOROCXl INCIOCKTAL TO Ti;t Ttl.Tli AND CL ' m; WITH OIRECTIOK fOll TMCia JL-eiCIOL ' I EXTSACTIOX, ANB  ROPrR MODE or riteszKVATiON; INTERSPERSED UTTM OBSIRVATIOSS lKTt«ESTINC TO, AKO ortTii . rriE ATtf ntiom o- t i.s v :■..::■, :_■ . v;. v R: C. SKINNER, KEn--ro.iKr f OR rut AL TIIOK. Copy-}{ii: :t secured. Page Niticfy-iii ' C So Long PiiSC Nhtctysix PRINTERS STAT ONERS BINDERS E VE R Y T If 1 NG EO H Y U R OFEICE 9 IVe afe proud to have had the p easu? ' e of ' porki7ig Ix ' ith The Jllfirror Staff — ifi p?-oduci?ig this Jlimual e BROWN-MORRISON CO.. Inc. 718 Main Street .... Lynchbu ro . Viro-inia ARROW SUPPLY TOOL CO. QUALITY f M SERVICE HIGH GRADE DENTAL PRODUCTS Wholesale Oiil 109 Lafayette Street NEW YORK, N. Y. Catch a Toasted Sandwich and a Game of BILLIARDS Recreation Billiard Academy 5 1 6-! 18 West Baltimore Street UNIVERSITY RESTAURANT The Place to Get W liolesoiiie, Home Cooked Meals 5 S. Greene Street PHONE, GILMOR 0150 Good Shepherd Laundry Calverton Road and Franklin Street Wet Wash — Thrift — Family Service Rough Dry DOCTOR ' S COATS A SPECIALTY Try Us— It is Worth While For Over 25 Years We have worked with members of your Profession PLATES CROWNS CASTINGS ORTH DEVICES CERAMICS BRIDGES Calvert 3745 E. J. Koritzer, Proprietor Mail Orders Solicited Southern Dental Laboratory 315 Liberty Building Baltimore, - - Maryland Everything in Prosthetics WHAT WILL YOURS SAY ABOUT YOU? Now, while you are planning your office, is the pertinent time to hear in mind that most of the patients who will come to you have, upon one or more occasions, visited some other dental office, and that the initial appointment with you is their opportunity to compare you and your office with other dentists and dental offices they have known. That you should strive to make these mental comparisons favor you is obvious, and it lies within your power to so mold them. How. ' 1 CORRECT PERSONAL APPEARANCE 2 AFFABLE MANNER AN fNVITING, TASTEFULLY FURNISHED, EFFICIENTLY ARRANGED OFFICE OPERATING EOUIPMENT SO MODERN THAT IT COMMANDS ATTENTION AND INSPIRES CONFIDENCE We can help you create an office that will assure your patients that you are prepared, and we extend a cordial invitation to use the services of our office planning division. This service is free and incurs no obligation of any nature. Ask any distributor of S. S. White Dental equipment or write direct. THE S.S.WHITE DENTAL MFG. CO. 211 S. 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THE MASTER UNIT, DIAMOND CHAIR, AND MODERN DENTISTRY ARE COMPATIBLES. HOCHSCHILD, KOHN CO. Al v,i) ' s Equipped 10 Outfit You Snurtlv and Reasonably • M( ' ;; ' ,s Clotliiii — Sccdiid Mczziuriic Run R i hf To READ ' S For All Your Drug Store Needs! Phone for FREE Delivery! Have you met . . . THERMOTROL? If not, allow us to introduce you to the perfect way for casting gold. We invite you to come and meet THERMOTROL personally. If is always open house at ROY H. CASSEL DENTAL LABORATORIES 216 W. Franklin Street Vernon 5437-3 8 Baltimore, Maryland P. O. Box 1397 n SPEhKS OR llStLF I ' M A PROVED I PRACTICE-BUILDER - A FINE INVEST- ; MENT.rMEASYTO OPERATE-EASY TOOVI N • You ' ll profif from this sound advice: Get the full CDX story; it ' s backed with facts and figures based on its 16-year record in thou- sands of practices. Designed and built to pro- duce the finest results, the CDX is a depend- able, economical, practice-building aid to the successful practice of dentistry, especially to the young dentist establishing his practice. GENERAL ELECTRIC X-RAY CORPORATION Tl IE HENRY B. GILPIN COMPANY WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS MANUFACTURtNC PHARMACISTS DRUGGISTS ' SUNDRYMEN Distributors For BAKER ' S ANALYZED CHEMICALS RyVLTIMORE, MD. NORFOLK, VA. WASHINGTON, D. C. UNIVERSITY BARBER SHOP 604 West Baltimore Street Anthony Papa, Prolx-icfor CAPS AND GOWNS— COSTUMES A. T. JONES SONS 82 3 N. Howard Street BALTIMORE, MARYLAND la itrot 4 hx t y ' MM, n A LWrt .... .., m fW 6ttim W63tesi PJ «J i« optima 4i h£.th£.x iti. 2-nqLLi.h, Sb.alrLii.h, fJtalian ox T££fc a Tins. lEitoration ti juaaza iru iliz ianis tandaxdi. aLL c cx tliE. LuoxLa. l l ' itk ikiUcd fiandi and trained sueiighi, cvcxu one of oux cxaftiinzn hai. gU zn many ijcax± of faithfuL Latjox and haimtakinLj iiudu to Lcaxn nii. cxari, ai tne ouaiitu or oux uroxk inoiri-. J uiLd aood-i 7iLL tsjitn ouaLiiu-nzadc zLiaman Sr drrits. iJ xo tn£.tic ! ■f Seucjman utile c: U cntaL J-aboxatoxij of JJntcxnaiConaL iz £.b.utc JjaLlimore, arijlano Paxll c= uaius at DzanHfin P. O. SoK 1 937 The Arundel Corporation BALTIMORE, MD. CONSTRUCTORS AND ENGINEERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF SAND — GRAVEL — STONE COMMERCIAL SLAG memher . QUALITY— SERVICE- PRICES are plain cd to please you at HUTZLER BrorHERS Dcniht. Prefer DUMORE For years dentists have p cferred Dumore equipment because it is dependable, portable and economical. S - ' The D-3 Lathe l e l HP., five controlled mm speeds. THE DUMORE COMPANY Dental Division Racine, Wisconsin Su erh hallroovn Facilities . . . Our new air conditioned ballroom offers the ideal solution to the wherc-shall-we-hold-it problem. We cordially invite your inspection . . . confident that our splendid facilities vi ' ill contribute much to the success of your gathering. HOTEL EMERSON O. G. Cle.ments, Manager ALL ROOMS WITH BATH AND RADIO— $3 AND UP Wilh Ihc coiiipliiucii s HYNSON, WESTCOTT DUNNING, INC. Charles and Chase Streets Baltimore, Maryland Wc Arc Close h, You Try (Jiir MODF.RN LUNCHEONETTE Corner Baltimore and Greene Streets TASTY SANDWICHES llo or Colli ARUNDEL ICE CREAM CO. Stores Evirywhikl Gll-MOR 5 100 Coinj)l ' nnciit . of SOLOMON ' S PHARMACY 5 24 W. Baltimore Street UNIVERSITY INN- HOT PLATES DAILY 5 1 9 West Lombard Street Gentlevmn: A toast to your success MAPPY B. SCHWARTZ, INC .OPERATINU Co-operative a Dental Laboratories ARTISANS OF DENTAL PROSTHETICS CUTAW AND FRANKLIN STREETS BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Our modern laboratories are at your disposal. May we have the pleasure of a visit? jTICHMCliW [BtHER P PTiAlS I Let us acquaint you with our COMPLETE PROSTHETIC SERVICE EMERSON ' S BROMP SELTZER FDR HfADACHE The MERIN-BALIBAN STUDIOS Phofognipheis of THE 1940 MIRROR 1010 Cliestmit Street Philadelphia, Pa, COMPLIMENTS MEDICAL-DENTAL EXCHANGE, INCORPORATED linilofM ' tf by Till; liAl.TIMOKK CITY I)i:, TA(, SOCIKTY for the best in COOPER 213 W. Franklin St.-VErnon Z84Z-3 ADVERTISERS ENGRAVING COMPANY ARTISTS - ENGRAVERS CATALOG ILLUSTRATORS INDUSTRIAL BUILDING 501-509 E. PRESTON ST BALTIMORE. MD. ' U epliom VErnon 2357-2358 i g - i . . . and Caulk is ready with the assistance you want in the all- important job of establishing your office. Through years of experi- ence, working hand-in-hand with the profession, we can supply valuable advice on every question you will meet. For example: Location — We keep records of all con- ceivable statistical data of every possible location for a dental office. ■Co - fL Financing — We can guide you clear of unnecessary entangle- ments. Equipment — Our expert, impartial ad- vice on equipment is yours for the ask ing. Arrangement — We ' ll help you plan for maximum efficiency. ' ' o-n her, ' o see ■e? ' Monroe r . rv A T TT LC •FOR MODERN MATERIALS • • CALL ON iJl L HART STOETZER GRATEFULLY DEDICATED to Our Good Fr ends who generously coiitvibitted to The Mirror, but desire their names to be ■ withheld from publication. Imported and Domestic Wines and Liquors PHONE VERNON 0384 BECHELLFS RESTAURANT and TAVERN SPECIALIZING IN ITALIAN AND AMERICAN CUISINE 1230 ST. PAUL STREET BALTIMORE, MARYLAND POWERS ANDERSON DENTAL COMPANY, Inc. RICHMOND ROANOKE LYNCHBURG NORFOLK VIRGINIA THE HOUSE OF A THOUSAND MODELS Inv ' iVes You o l s ' Ii s S iowroom . . . When in New York for The WORLD ' S FAIR See the Great Variety of COLU HC I A DENTOrCCMr in IVORINE - ALUMINAL - RUBBER - STONE - PLASTER Models with All Teeth Fixed Models with All Teeth Removable Full Jaw and Half Jaw Partials Individual Tooth Preparations Edentulous Models Orthodontic Models Deciduous Models Rubber Dentoform Molds Rubber Model Formers Enlarged Models If it ' s a model, Cohniibia has it — or can make it for yon! Have you a copy of our 193 9 illustrated price list? If not, write for yours today. COLUMBIA DENTOFORM CORPORATION 131 East 23rd Street New York, N. Y. G. U. TilacU s Work on Operative Dentistry with wh ich ]iis Special Dental Pathology is combined 7th Edition in 4 Volumes Revised by Arthur D. Black, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., Sc.D. Medico-Dental Publishing Go. Onr record points tbc course we fake To greater records we can make — For hope springs, not from what we ' ve done But from the work we have jtist begun. — Selected. 1904 — 1940 Thirty-six years of continuous service to the Dental Profession. May we have the pleasure to serve you too? ROTHSTEIN DENTAL LABORATORIES Professional Arts Bldg. P. O. Box 1740 Washington, D. C. ;OLOMON ' Fine Clothes Made-Vo-Mcasurc 603 W. Baltimore St. Baltimore, Md. Charles R. Deeley Son Long Estahlished and Reliable Dealers in all hinds of DENTAL SUPPLIES Our efforts to serve you faithfully during your college years have been tireless and dependable. May we continue to serve you in the future? We are represented at the College by Ted Beacham Your slightest need ivill be supplied courteously and prouiptly BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 108 W. Mulberry Street VErnon 4054 No. 147 American Dental Cabinet Your First Office •X-An AMERICAN cabinet in your first office will have a definite influence in creating a good impression. Your patients will be quick to notice the streamlined design and the up- to-date features . . . features which give you more convenience and increase efficiency. - The model shown here is one of our Litest, improved designs, the No. 147. Our dealers have a complete display of AMERICAN cabi- nets in all price ranges. To avoid disappoint- ment, stop in and make your selection soon. The American Cabinet Co. TWO RIVERS, WISCONSIN 0 rn£AJucam Compliments of LEA FEBIGER I ' Ulil.lSIII.KS )i MEDICAL, DENTAL AND SCIENTiriC WORKS Washington Square PIllKADIiLPHIA, I I:NNSYLVANIA amson s Secret f W ' c arc the only ones who make SAMSON RUB- IlIiR. Moreover, we arc the only ones that know how CO make it. •f The f)ro{Tss is a secret. •I When we started in 1865, our knowledge of rubber was not nearly so profound as it is now. In our over 70 years of practical experience, we learned how to make the best dental rubber, and that rubber is SAMSON. •I Not the best because we say it is, but because the dental profession admits it is. •f Ask the progressive dealer. Eugene Doherty Rubber Works, Inc. Iin-li: Kent Avenue. Brooklyn, X. Y. DENTAL CABINETS The WEBER DENTAL MANUFACTURING CO. For 41 years, makers of dental equipment and X-Rays, making the most complete line of any one dental manufacturer, comprising: The Weber Zenith Motor Chair The Weber Model F Chair with Compensating Arms The Weber Model G Chair with Lateral Motion Arms Three Models of Units — The Empire The Majestic Model F for the left side of chair The Majestic Model G for the right side of chair Weber No. 5 Raydex Shockproof X-Ray with kilovolt range control and stabilizer, Stationary or Mobile Weber No. 6 X-Ray, Shockproof, with milliammeter and voltmeter, Stationary or Mobile Operating Lights Stools Cuspidors Six Models of Cabinets Engines — Unit, Wall, Laboratory and Mobile Models Don ' t fail to see these products and have them demonstrated to you before entering practice as they represent individuality in design, high utihty value and great economic value. All products fully guaranteed and sold by first line dealers everywhere. Our X-Rays, including the tube, are guaranteed for one year. An X-Ray Counselling Brochure given with each X-Ray, gratis. Architectural, Survey, Office Planning services performed without cost or obligation. We wish you every success and all services we have to offer are at your command to help make your professional life triumphant. THE WEBER DENTAL MANUFACTURING CO. CRYSTAL PARK CANTON, OHIO ,S jf. ii fy rrr rr e (b yn fj fA W-M Jelenko Quality Golds Cast by THERMOTROL W I II ' N you bci;i]i your practice, insure the success of your gold work by f.ibricLiting the finest dental golds with the most scientific technic — Jelenko Golds Cast by Thermotrol. Thermotrol ' s absolute temperature control assures castings that are consistently denser, sounder, more resilient. INLAY GOLDS Special Inlay Durocast Carmilay Modulay DENTUEE GOLDS Jelenko No. 7 SturcUcast J. F. JELENKO COMPANY, Inc. Mdiiiiftu iirri ' s ami Refiners of Dcutal Golils 1 36 West 52nd Street New York, U. S. A. W hen you ' re in Baltimore, its the LOHU liALTIMURE HUTEL! More and more U. of M. students and alum;ii are telling their friends, Meet me at the Lord Baltimore. Vliy? Because there tliey know they ' ll always find superb food, cheery, ready service, fine bars and a luxurious Cocktail Lounge ... at a location that ' s just a step from everythijis! % ' tc iliii LORD BALTIMORE BALTIMORE, MARYLAND )Ja jm iM After you graduate... what? You are faced -with the problem of establish- ing a successful practice .. .you must select the right location for yourself . . . you must plan our office so that it will be attractive in winning and holding voi r first patients ...yoit must know the thousand and one little steps that go to make up the business side of your practice; steps that are learned in most cases by the trial and error method unless you have the guidance of men who have taken all these steps the hard way . Your way to a successful practice can be paved more easily if you take advantage of the many services which Ritter and your Ritter dealer can make available to you. Through Ritter ' s statistical service and office planning division you are enabled to start right But . . . after you open our own office with new Ritter equipment Ritter will see you through ... by enabling yo« to sta rt right, through its Practice Building Service in which nearly 10,000 dentists already have been en- rolled ... a service that presents the funda- mental principles of building to a successful practice. Your Ritter dealer ... or the Ritter represent- ative . . . will be glad to discuss all these factors . . . and also explain Ritter ' s liberal deferred payment plan. Ritter Dental Manufacturing Company, Inc. Ritter Park Rochester, N. Y. nnoui of fiarrrvio In A Class By Ourselves 24 Hour Service Dependability Accuracy ny yTORE and more dentists are grad- ■ ' ■ ' uating to Gilbert Cummins and Company every day. They send their scrap gold and other precious metals Direct to us because we pay highest possible returns in cash. Send us your very first accumulation. DO AS OTHER DENTISTS ARE DOING . . . Send your Scrnp Gold ;ind luhcr Precious- Mct.iK DIRECT to one of America ' s loading dental refiners GILBERT CUMMINS CO. Refiners of Dental Gold, Silver and Flafinuin ONE NORTH EUTAW STREET— BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 1.