United States Navy Chaplain Corps - Yearbook

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Advance to the Punchbowl The UN counterstroke got underway on 22 May. By 27 May the Marines were fighting in a sector east and south of the Hwachon Reservoir, advancing toward Yangu on its eastern tip.5 During the First part of June the Division was moving through moun- tainous country with peaks rising to 3,000 feet. The terrain was cut by deep ravines with precipitous sides, roads were practically nonexistent. The enemy had dug in along the ridges behind well-protected log bunkers. The sides of the valleys were so steep that artillery was frequently ineffective, though tanks par- alleling the infantry advance poured Hat-trajectory shells upon the entrenched bunkers. Nests of resist- ance had to be cleaned out by hand-to-hand combat, much of it at night. Yet the advance continued toward an objective north and east of Yangu, a cir- cular mountain-rimmed valley which became known as the Punchbowl. Losses were heavy, especially among the Korean Marine regiment, whose personnel coul.d expect no mercy from their Red compatriots. During the first 10 days of June, in fact, lst Mar Div personnel losses were higher than during any full month of the year so far. The lst KMC Regt suffered more than 500 casualties from all causes during this period, and the lst Marines had 67 KIA lkilled in actionl and 1,044 WIA fwounded in actionl from 1 to 30 June, most of them in- curred during the first 2 weeks. This was a higher total of battle casualties than that reported by the regiment in the Chosin Reservoir operation? In the west meanwhile I and IX Corps had exerted continuous pressure toward the Iron Triangle. By 11 June, Operation Pile driver had brought a force consisting of the U.S. 3d Division, the ROK 9th Divi- sion, and the Philippine Battalion into Chorwon and another consisting of the U.S. 25th Division and the Turkish Brigade into Kumhwf Soon the apex of the Triangle, Pyongyang, was secured also, but since the whole area was so completely dominated by sur- slbid., pp. 15Ff. Also Miller et al., op. cit., ch. V. 6 Montross, Advance to the Punchbowl, p. 21. 7 Miller et al., op. cit., p. 111. ROSTER O Headquarters Battalion .,.. . . , F. W. Kelly. .. H. H. Hayes.. lst Engineer Battalion .,.. . . . K. M. Hearn 1 W. B. Leonard lst Tank Battalion ..... . . . W. M. Hearn 2. , . lst Medical Battalion .... . . . .e G. Reilly. . . W. A. Rennie. G. Goodman 2. See footnotes at enc table rounding heights, neither side attempted to hold it thereafter. First Anniversary The end of June 1951 found the United Nations occupying the most favorable line they had held since the Chinese intervention. Beginning at the mouth of the Imjin River on the west, it ran through the middle of the Triangle, over the mountains and along the southern rim of the Punchbowl, and northeast to the coast at Chodo-ri. The Communists held 2,100 square miles less than when they had begun their ag- gression a year before. Lynn Montross has written: S By the most conservative estimate considerably more than a million Chinese and North Koreans had been killed, wounded, or captured, and losses of enemy equipment in- cluded 391 aircraft, 1,000 pieces of artillery, and thousands of automatic weapons, machine guns, and mortars. North Korea, which had been the industrial region of the peninsula, lay in ruins everywhere, its cities and factories and power plants pounded into rubble by UN bombs and shells. In fact, the aggressors in Korea were defeatedf' The best proof of this lies in the hints of a desire for truce talks which now began to be given out by the enemy. Summarizing the contribution of the Marines to the first year of the Korean War, Montross states that of a total of nearly 50,000 who had served so far in the combat theater 1,385 casualties had been returned stateside for hospitalization, 80' reserves sent home for release, and 7,352 men rotated to stateside duty. On 21 April,- on the eve of the Chinese Communist push, Kelly submitted the following roster of the 29 chaplains then attached to the 1st Marine Division. Recent arrivals had been Keene H. Capers, John E. Hollingsworth III, Arthur M. Kulinski, William B. Leonard, Jr., and Thomas B. Uber II. 10 R Montross, Advance to the Punchbowl, p. 22. 9 Montross says the enemy was not yet beaten in June 1951, though he had good military as well as political reasons for wishing to have a breathing spell Cibid., p. 235. Cagle and Manson both give it as their opinion and quote Gen. Van Fleet to the effect that the Reds were dehnitely whipped, but since the UN forces were not to be allowed to prosecute the war to a successful conclusion, the inevitable result was stalemate Cop. cit., pp. 308--3101. N Montross, Advance to the Punchbowl, p. 22. F CHAPLAINS ,. . CDR .... , . RC . , . LTJG ..., . . Disc . LT .... . . METH LT .... . . PRESBY CBIBLEJ . LTJG .... . . BAP my . . . LT ,... . , RC . . . LT .... . , METH . . . LTJG .... . . JEWISH 76-