United States Navy Chaplain Corps - Yearbook

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Armyl, 12, the Bronze Star fincluding 1 from the Armyj 5 and 7, Letters of Commendation. Seven chaplains, including of course each of the 5 who were wounded, received two awards each. Such recog- nition speaks eloquently of their faithfulness and devo- tion. Official citations become formalized in lan- guage, yet the words with which many of them close are rich in meaning . . . in keeping with the high- est traditions of the Chaplain Corps and of the Naval Servicen. That those traditions are characterized by unassail- able integrity is in no small part due to the ministry of those clergymen in uniform who through the years have kept faith with God and their fellows. After the deliverance from Hungnam 19 one chaplain who had seen action in World War II preached a thanks- giving sermon on the text from Psalm 116: The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell got hold upon me: I found sorrow and trouble. Then called I upon the name of the Lord, O Lord, I be- seech thee, deliver my soul .... Return unto thy rest, O my soul, for the Lord hath dealt bountifully with thee. For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from tears, and my feet from falling. A ministry inspired by such a faith can but command the gratitude and respect of thoughtful men. Of it one may say, simply, In keeping with the Highestf' At Masan the battle-weary Marines spent several weeks recuperating and integrating newly arrived re- inforcements. On 31 December the Division passed from X Corps to 8th Army control and was assigned to the Pohangdong area for possible future commit- ment. Enemy High Tide Meanwhile General MacArthur had found it nec- essary to withdraw the 8th Army from north of the 38th Parallel in the west.20 As 1950 drew to a close he was trying to establish a line of defense along the parallel. On 23 December Lt. Gen. Walton H. Walker was killed in a traffic accident and was re- placed on 26 December by Lt. Gen. Matthew B. W Marine Corp: Gazette CDecember 19535, p. 21, D. D. Nicholson, Jr., Their Faith Is Yoursf' 2 See Korea, 1950 fDepartment of the Armyj, ch. V, esp. pp. 229-232. Also John Miller, Jr., Owen J. Carroll, and Margaret E. Tackley, Korea, 1951-53 fDepartment of the Army: Office of the Chief of Military History, 19565, ch. I. Ridgway, On 30 December MacArthur warned the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the Chinese forces were capable of driving the United Nations out of Korea altogether. To General Ridgway, MacArthur gave complete authority over operations in Korea, passing on the orders of the joint Chiefs to withdraw if nec- essary, while infiicting maximum damage on the enemy consistent with keeping his own units intact. After a night of artillery bombardment the Com- munist forces opened an attack all along the line at daybreak on New Year's Day, 1951. The UN forces were driven back some 70 miles below the 38th Paral- lel. Inchon, Kimpo airfield, and Seoul fell again to the enemy. On 13 January the 1st Marine Division was ordered to protect the city of Andong, northeast of Taegu, with the two adjoining airstrips, from fur- ther southward penetration of the Communists. In the 2-week engagement that followed the Division re- ported 11 killed and 45 wounded, all these casualties having been suffered by the 7th Marines. Clearly the enemy was not capable of following up his punch, he had outrun his supply lines. His pres- sure now diminished, and reconnaisance patrols indi- cated deep areas forward of the UN defensive posi- tions in which no Chinese or North Koreans were to be found. Below this line there were, however, constant con- tacts with guerrilla bands, North Koreans who had been left behind when their Army had retreated to the north in the autumn, or others who had infil- trated into the south in order to harass the United Na- tions forces. Units of the lst Marine Division had been engaged in helping suppress these irregular ac- tivities shortly after the Division reached Masan.21 During most of January and the first half of February they would be largely occupied fighting the guerrillas. As the period here under review came to an end, the feeling became general that the situation was now less desperate. Gen. Lawton Collins, Army Chief of Staff, in Korea on an inspection tour, announced to correspondents the intention of the United Nations Command to stay and fight. Eighth Army, he noti- fied Washington, could handle the new threat pre- sented by the Chinese intervention. There was no longer any question of evacuating Korea. 21 Marine Corps Gazette Uanuary 19521, Lynn Montross, The Pohang Guerrilla Huntfl -52-

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men might enjoy a day of rest and entertainment. Christ- mas services were conducted, and afterward a movie was given for them. Bryant was serving at the time in the USNS MARINE ADDER. Such were chartered ships operated by the civilian merchant marine, with a military depart- ment to supervise and look after the needs of military personnel f and in peacetime, dependentsj being transported therein. The season which for Christians commemorates God's gift of Himself in Jesus Christ seemed naturally to suggest, even to men caught in the toils of war, the wish to do something for others. A choir of crewmen from the ELDORADO, an amphibious command ship, went aboard the HAVEN to sing Christmas carols in the wards. ELDORADO, as flagship of Commander Amphibious Group Three, had partici- pated in both the Inchon and Wonsan landings, her chaplain at the time was Richard Holmes, Roman Catholic. Chaplain Zoller wrote, concerning Christmas Day in the Yokosuka hospital, as follows: After an afternoon of celebrations and parties throughout the hospital, I took my accordion and went to the ward for paraplegics and multiple amputees. After playing casually for a while, the men began requesting and singing Christmas carols, then folksongs, campfire favorites, spirituals, and hymns. Just after taps I stood beside the bed of a young man not yet 20 years of age. I wondered how he kept the smile on his face. Both feet had been amputated, and all the fingers on each hand. He was in constant pain .... Chaplain,l, he said, could you play 'The Old Rugged Cross'?', Then followed a request for Rock of Agesf' When I finished playing, he was asleep, with the trace of a smile still on his face. As I left the ward, nearly everyone was sleeping. At the office the nurse motioned me inside. Chaplain, she said, those quiet hymns did more to re- lax these men than any medicine. Thank you. In Keeping With the Highest The withdrawal from the Chinese trap could not have been effected without close air support furnished by Navy and Marine pilots. During the first stage of the redeployment, on 4 December, when LEYTE planes were supporting the Marines at Hagaru-ri, there occurred an awe-inspiring act of heroismfg Ensign Jesse L. Brown, the Navy's first Negro pilot, was forced to make an emergency landing 5 miles be- hind enemy lines. Circling pilots could see that Brown was alive but apparently unable to extricate himself from the planeis slowly burning wreckage. 18 Ibid., pp. 176f. With darkness approaching and in near-zero weather, Lt. C Thomas J. Hudner successfully landed his plane nearby. Finding it impossible to extricate the injured pilot, he radioed for cutting instruments and a helicopter, and then using snow extinguished the flames. The rescue 'copter arrived quickly, but Brown died before he could be freed from the wreck- age. For his act of selfless devotion Navy pilot Hud- ner was subsequently presented our nationis highest military decoration, the Congressional Medal of Honor. Among the chaplains commended during this time, three were serving on carriers. Both the Protestant and Roman Catholic chaplains, C. A. Frame and C. A. Szczesny, in the LEYTE were awarded the Letter of Commendation with Combat V for meritorious service during air operations against the enemy from 8 October 1950 to 19 January 1951. For his service from 5 August 1950 to 9 January 1951 in the BA- DOENG STRAIT Chaplain O. B. Salyer was also honored with the Letter of Commendation award. Chaplain George W. Cummins, of Marine Aircraft Group 12, located first at Wonsan and then at Yong- po, was cited for the period 12 October-22 December 1950. At Wonsan, volunteering his services as a member of an atrocity investigation team, Cummins had spent many hours in guerrilla-infested area help- ing ascertain facts concerning this dreadful aspect of man's inhumanity to man. Cummins' citation men- tions, in addition, his work during the redeployment to Hungnam. During this period of daily air evacuation of casualties from the Koto-ri airstrip, he maintained a constant vigil at the unloading point, giving unstintedly of his time and atten- tion to the wounded. He was awarded the Bronze Star. During the first 6 months of military operations in Korea, 21 Navy chaplains had won 28 awards, in- cluding 5 Purple Hearts. Fifteen of the twenty-eight chaplains attached to the lst Marine Division were recipients of an award-a remarkably high percent- age. The record is even more impressive when we remember that some of the other chaplains received awards in later actions. In addition to those serving with the 1st Division, three chaplains attached to car- riers fFrame, Szczesny, and Salyerj and three chap- lains with the lst Marine Aircraft Wing fMarkley, Murphy, and Cumminsj were also thus honored. An analysis of the awards granted shows that 5 chaplains received the Purple Heart 5 2, the Legion of Merit, 3, the Silver Star fincluding 1 from the 535332 0-G0--5 - 51 H

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V most CHAPTER 4 FIRST UNITED NATIONS COUNTEROFFENSIVE 25 January-21 April 1951 The changing fortunes of the contending armies in Korea during the early months of the war have been likened to the swinging of a giant pendulum. At first the hard-smashing North Korean People's Army over- ran the South Koreans and then, the U.S. Army troops were hurriedly thrown into the breach. The only free territory remaining late in August 1950 was that contained within the Pusan Perimeter. With the arrival of United Nations reinforcements the pendu- lum began to swing in the other direction. The North Koreans suffered a humiliating defeat in the Inchon-Seoul operation and during the succeed- ing weeks, as 8th Army forces pounded their way out of the Pusan Perimeter northward toward Seoul, link- ing up with X Corps on 26 September. When the NKPA refused to surrender, the fateful decision was taken by General MacArthur to strike above the 38th Parallel. On 1 October ROK units crossed the Par- allel on the east coast. In the west a multination force drove north and secured the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. On 26 October the ROK 6th Division had the distinction of being the first UN unit to reach the Manchurian border, near Chosan, in the northwest. For a short time it looked as though all North Korea would be brought under the jurisdiction of the United Nations. The entry of the Chinese Communists into the con- flict injected a new factor which caused the pendulum to swing in reverse direction. United Nations forces suffered a disastrous setback toward the close of November and early in December. Separated by pre- cipitous mountains when struck by the Chinese, both 8th Army and X Corps were forced to retreat. The New Year's offensive launched by the Communists forced a further withdrawal, and for a time the United Nations bid to support the Republic of Korea against unwarranted attack seemed frustrated? 1 When Ridgway assumed command of the U.S. 8th Army, MacArthur relinquished personal supervision of 8th Army United Nations Counterojensive On 25 january the pendulum began swinging north- ward once again, as General Ridgway put in motion Operation Thunderbolt, a cautious and methodical advance all along the UN line, designed to clean out the enemy ridge by ridge, phase line by phase line? Meanwhile, still in the south, the lst Marine Division was ordered to the Palgong-San area on 31 January to clean up remnants of the North Korean 10th Divi- sion. Air support proved particularly effective during Thunderbolt, and naval bombardment along the west coast included the massive firepower of the Mighty Mo, the battleship MISSOURI. By 10 February the 25th Army Division had secured Inchon and Kimpo airfield 5 but so great destruction had been wrought in January by the evacuating UN forces that several months elapsed before either was fully opera- tional again. On 16 February the 1st Marine Division, relieved of its antiguerrilla mission, began moving into the Chunjo sector, the lower end of the vertical Wonju- Hoengsong-Hongchon axis in central Korea? The Division was made part of IX Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Bryant E. Moore, which included be- sides, the 24th Infantry Division, the lst Cavalry Divi- sion, the ROK 6th Division, and the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade. .,i .l and X Corps. X Corps was now incorporated into 8th Army, so that the 8th Army commander controlled all ground forces in Korea. The largest unit was the ROK Army, under Ridgway's control but not part of 8th Army. To 8th Army were attached certain Air Force, Marine Corps, and United Nations units. Ridgway commanded at this time about 365,000 troops. So far 15 members of the UN had con- tributed combat forces: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Greece, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the United King- dom, and the United States. See Miller et al., op. cit., p. 4. 2 Ibid., ch. II, esp. pp. 13ff. 3Marine Corps Gazette fFebruary 19521, p. 31, Lynn Montross Buttoning up the Offensive: The Marines in Operation Killer. -53-