Temple University School of Medicine - Skull Yearbook (Philadelphia, PA)

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Memorabilia from The College of Physicians of Philadelphia lion destined to become a world leader in the field of pediatrics. The last half of the 18th century saw the establishment of three more medical publishing houses within the city. The J.B. Lippincoit Company has been a medical publisher for over a century and since 1897 it has published The Annals of Surgery, the oldest exclusively surgical journal in the world. The F.A. Davis Company established in 1879. is the third oldest publishing house in the city. The W.B. Saunders Company, founded in 1888, is the world's largest publisher in the health science field. In 1890 it began publishing the American Illustrated Dictionary (now Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary), undoubtedly the most widely used medical book evet published. Thomas Eakins, now acknowledged as one of America's greatest artists, was for most of his life outside the then -mainstream of American art. Eakins had a life-long interest in anatomy and the medical profession. At one time he studied at Jefferson and historians are agreed that the thought of pursuing a medical career was in his mind. His Portrait of Dr. Gross, now known as The Gross Clinic, is undoubtedly one of the great medical paintings of all time. The finished portrait — of an operation to remove 3 piece of bone diseased by osteomyelitis - caused a sensation. Philadelphia took offense as sensibilities were outraged. It was acquired by Jefferson Medical College in 1878 for $200. Today it is worth millions. The Agnew Clinic,” the other great surgical painting by Eakins. hangs in the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. It was commissioned by a class of students of D. Hayes Agnew. The students, in a display of appreciation for their preceptor, presented it to him at the Academy of Music on May 1, 1889. Eakins also did many portraits of Philadelphia physicians. Both the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Philadelphia Museum of Art have extensive Eakins collections of a non—medical nature. A doctor's office from out of the past Old 'Skull' Editors don’t die, they just get locked away in cabinets 15

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degrees since it was only a branch of Jefferson College. Unruffled by Penn's claims, the Legislature granted Jefferson its charter. Harrisburg's only concern was whether Philadelphia could support two medical schools — a feat which even New York had been unable to successfully accomplish. Oespite the opposition to it. Jefferson flourished and by 1845 it had a larger enrollment than the University of Pennsylvania. Between the two schools, they educated one in every four doctors in the U.S. during the 19th century. In February. 1848. Drs. Jacob Jeanes. Walter Williamson and Constantine Hering met to establish a college of homeopathy and as a result of their meeting, the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia was opened on October 16, 1848. In 1869 it merged with another small medical college to become the Hahnemann Medical College, named for Samuel Hahnemann, an early exponent of homeopathy. Homeopathy was never the sole method of treatment taught at the college. It was instead, a supplement to the orthodox curriculum. In 1885 the Homeopathic Medical Hospital, chartered in 1874, merged with the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. In 1850, The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania was established through the efforts of Mr. William J. Mullen who believed women needed not grudging admission to co-educational colleges but a medical college of their own. Prior to the establishment of the medical college, women who wished to study medicine were forced to do so in doctors' offices under tutelage, rather than in a medical school. Such precept orships, while preferable to no medical education at all, were hardly the best way. When the first graduation was held on December 30. 1851 at Musical Fund Hall, Jewish Hospital, now known as Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division During the Civil War there was a great shortage of qualified surgeons and Dr. Samuel Gross, a Jefferson graduate of 1828, wrote A Manual of Military Surgery which was widely used by both Union and Confederate military doctors. Dr. Gross, generally acknowledged as the greatest physician Jefferson has produced, occupied chairs in four medical schools and was extremely influential in the development of surgery during the 19th century. He was immortalized in the painting by Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic. the action was so controversial that 500 male medical students and their friends protested the ceremonies and threatened to interrupt them. Fifty police were needed to cordon off the Hall while the eight yaduates received their degrees. By 1867 the college had changed its name to the Woman's Medical College and in that same year, Rebecca Cole became the first black woman to graduate from the college and the second in the U.S. In 1969 the college accepted men for the first time, and in 1970 it changed its name to the Medical College of Pennsylvania. An old delivery chair Philadelphia has long been a leader in the field of pediatrics. Children's Hospital, founded in 1855, is the oldest children's hospital in the U.S. Its establishment was inspired by a visit to the Hospital for Sick Children in London by Dr. Francis West, one of the founders of Children's Hospital. Started as a charity hospital, it was not long before the introduction of specialties began: surgery in 1870. a clinic for eye treatment and diseases of the ear in 1873 and one for the nose and throat in 1892. Important members of its staff have included Arthur Vincent Meigs, founder of the American Pediatric Society, and Dr. Alfred Hand, who in 1893 was the first to describe what is now known as the Hand-Christian-Schuller Syndrome. In 1875 St. Christopher's Hospital for Children began as a one room dispensary, a tiny beginning for an institu- 14

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The turn of the 20th century saw the establishment of two more medical schools. Founded in 1898, the Pennsylvania College of Osteopathic Medicine is the largest of the nine osteopathic medical colleges in the U.S. and is the ninth largest medical school in the country. In 1909 it became the first osteopathic college to present a full, compulsory four—year course of study, and in 1911 a charter was obtained for an osteopathic hospital. Temple University School of Medicine was founded in 1901 as the nation's first evening medical school. Throughout the 20th century, medical progress has continued to be made in the city of Philadelphia. All of the city's medical schools have flourished and grown with the times. They continue to educate increasing numbers of students, provide much needed patient care and make important contributions in medical research. Both Children's Hospital and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children have grown into world renowned leaders in the field of pediatrics. Among the medical institutions founded in this century are the Pennsylvania College of Optometry, opened in 1919 and the Pennsylvania College of Podiatric Medicine, established in 1960. Important Philadelphia contributors to 20th century medicine have included William Williams Keen, the first American neurosurgeon; John H. Gibbon who worked to perfect cardiopulmonary bypass; and Chevalier Jackson who at various times, held chairs in five of the city's medical colleges and who was responsible for having President Cool.dge sign the Federal Caustic Poison Law which put the skull and crossbones on labels of dangerous bottles in American medicine chests. 1 16