Nappanee High School - Napanet Yearbook (Nappanee, IN)

Text from Pages 1 - 84 of the 1907 volume:

(Waa0 Annual (Of Slip Nappanw ifmjli §duml Nappattff, SnMmut m 3lnfcpx nf (Cnntrntii Page .'{ Nappanee School Buildings. 5 Class, Motto, Colors and Yell. 6 Faculty and School Board. 9 The Survival of the Fittest, or The Struggle for Existence Marry E. Price 13 The Value of Physical Training in Modern Education ______ _________________________Grace Netf 17 The Nature and Value of Mathematics ______________________________ ... Clayton Blessing 21 Economy of Machinery Bessie Beghtel 25 Ability and Opportunity______________________________________ ... .Harry Laudeman 21 The Fall of Benedict Arnold ... ........ Almeda Miller 33 Some Phases of the Development in South America ... ... _______ Richard Johnston 37 Electrification of Steam Railroads ...... Claude Coppes 41 Nature................................................................... Bonnie Wilson 45 John Wanamaker’s Success_____ ___________________________________________ Hugh J. Whiteman 41 The Holy Grail ...................................................... ...Dessa Evans 53 Self-reliance........................................ ... Harold Johnson 57 Discoveries and Inventions of the 18tli Century ____ ... .Nellie West (il Some Aspects of the Immigration Problem . . Ora Guiss 63 History of the Class of 1907 ..... __ Richard Johnston 04 Class Song------ ----------------------------------------------- — Bonnie Wilson 65 Class Poem... ................................... _ Grace Netf 66 Athletics _________ _______________ ____________________ __________________ ..____Ora Guiss 67 Prophecy of the Class of 1907 . ... ... ... Almeda Miller 68 Personals. 69 Advertisers. XAPPANKK XKWS PKKSS Shr JXappanrr tyrluml SiiilbiiMB (Class of Niurtmt Ifim reii anil $mtt. IT a uk y Price. Nellie West Harold Johnson Grace Neff______ Claude Coupes___ Bonnie Wilson Richard Johnston President ......Treasurer Business Manager ............ Poet _____ Editor ............—Song .....Historian Ora Guiss ... Almeda Miller Harry La it deman Bessie Beoiitel Clayton Blessing Dessa Evans Hugh Whiteman Athletics ...Prophet Ass’t Manager motto “HONOR WAITS AT LABOR’S GATE” (Colors PINK ANI) GREEN Bril Razzle dazzle, Razzle dazzle, Bing-a Bang-a Bah! Naught}’seven’s in the Ring-a Rah! Rah! Rah! Everybody’s outs of it when Naughty seven’s in Naughty seven, Naughty seven, Bing-a Bang Bing. 5 Jf arultit CHARLES F. MILLER______ .. OLIVIA VOLIVA ............. E. W. THRONE _____ CELIA KUEIIL Sr PERINTEN DENT Principal ____ .Assistant £ rluuil iBiiarft FRANK COPPES........................... President N. A. LEHMAN...... ............ . ... ...Secretary W. A. PRICE ........................ ...Treasurer HARRY PRICE IlAititY, the president of the wonderful class of 1907, was born July 27. 1887. He has always been an energetic member of the class and a leader in everything he takes up. He was captain of the football teams of 1905 and 1900, and their records show what they did. He was also a factor in the memorable battles of the numerals in the spring of 1905 and 1906. He no doubt will take up the medical profession and we predict a great future for him. ahr uroittal nf thr Ifittrst. nr ahr trugglr fur txhitrnrr By HARRY E. PRICE A LL nature is one vast battle-field. Like vast op-posing armies are t lie various forms of life. All these various forms of life have their Marat lions, their Arbelas their Tours, and likewise their Water-loos. These vast armies and navies of nature are noted by the Scientist and studied by him under the title of “The Struggle for Existence” or “The Survival of the Fittest.” These two expressions are simply two views of the same workings of nature. They are like the American dollar, “The Struggle for Existence” being represented by the eagle in his defiant attitude, while “The Survival of the Fittest” can aply be represented by the head of liberty, for it is the larger liberty that “The Survival of the Fittest” represents. By these expressions we do not mean that life is entirely free from its race with destruction. We do not mean that each individual plant, reptile, fowl or animal, high or low, goes through life irrespective of heredity or environment: we do not mean that the plant, regardless of zone, climate or moisture goes on through life without some means of defense. Neither do we mean that the reptile kingdom, represented by the snake, the chameleon or the frog, creep along in the damp slimy jungle of tlie dark continent not armed for the dreaded attack of some enemy: nor do we mean that tlie fowls of the air, as they flit from tree to tree are free from being drawn to death by the cunningness of some creeping, crawling, glittering eyed serpent or becoming the prey of one of its own kind, or the mark of some wary huntsman. But by the term “Fittest ’ we do mean that life as it is manifested in various forms, plants, reptiles, fowls, higher or lower animals, is better fitted to survive than any other of its kind, because it has a greater power of resistance and endurance, also a greater ability to adjust itself to its environment. It is only natural therefore that we arrive at the conclusion that all life is constantly in peril, or that the keeping of life is a constant struggle between life and life and between life and death. To all forms of life there comes more or less of a battle against the shifting of tlie seasons, tlie hot fiery blast of summer, the chilling icy winds of winter, tlie rains, the floods, and the onward march of civilization; added to these life must also battle against famine, disease and against its own kind. Note the struggle that is going on irr the vegetable kingdom. All plants are struggling to adjust them-selves to the changing conditions of circumstances, and that a struggle for existence inevitably follows from the rapid rate at which all organic beings tend to increase. We understand that in all organic life, thousands of eggs, seeds or some form of life are produced that never mature, and all these at some period of their life must suffer destruction, as for instance when draught, frost or insects come that only the best fitted for life overcome in the battles and the weaker ones are destroyed. In plants there is a vast destruction of seeds, for instance in a piece of ground (2 ft. x 4 ft.) where there could be no choking by other plants, out of 357 seeds there were no less than 295 destroyed chiefly by insects and slugs. Let us look into the life of a morning glory which is only a moderately prolific plant. In ordinary soil it produces 3,000 seeds, if all these were allowed to mature each year in four years the surface of the earth would be totally covered. So we arrive at tlie conclusion that tlie reason the morning glory does not occupy more space than it does is due largely to its destructive elements, and consequently the value of tills struggle may be seen as it gives us tlie strong healthy plant. Let us turn our atu?nlion to tlie common grain, corn, which produces 7,000 grains of pollen on each stalk, each grain containing the life of an individual plant which in its turn produces 7,000 more grains, if it were not for the struggle that goes on and tlie destruction of the weak embryonic life we could readily see what a tremendous crop would be tlie result. May we not then conclude that in a short time all other plants would be totally destroyed and there would soon begin a plant suicide! This struggle is also observed in the kingdom of reptiles. Because they are more abundant in South America than in any other country the struggle is there more plainly seen: but sufficient evidence can be found at our own door. Look for instance at tlie rattlesnake, one of our most common reptiles as it winds its way through the meadow and marsh how often it is overtaken by man or some lower animal, or tlie eagle, and even by its own kind for it is a very common tiling for snakes to feed upon their own kind. But on tlie other hand note how it is fitted for its struggle; look if you will at its poisonous fangs which in an instant will cause the death of any intruder that it is forced to strike. Its color making it almost impossible to distinguish it from the ground. Tiius it is not only possible for it to defend itself but that it may escape detection and tiius secure its prey. Again notice the ability of the chameleon to meet its struggle for existence. Its power to change its color in accordance with its surroundings: should they be red or green it in a very short time becomes the exact counterpart of them. In this lies its defense and its power to secure prey. Take if you will tlie frog or the toad. In the 9 spring about sundown the air is filled with its croaking which can only be made pleasant by its association with the welcome advent of spring. There are about 440 species of this reptile and they are numerously abundant in all quarters of the globe. Frogs as shown by their distribution are capable of enduring a great amount of heat and cold, but they have their struggle for life. Of the millions of eggs offering in the pools and marshes each spring, only a small number in proportion are matured, and as they are developed into tadpoles in four days are often eaten by fish and fowl and have been found to kill and feed upon each other. Thus as the frog evolves from the egg through the tadpole to the fully matured frog, it has continually to struggle with its competitors for existence. Even after it has maintained its highest form of living it is often found the prey of snakes, fowls and fish. Now we find as we enter into the kingdom of the lower animals that the struggle for existence is constantly exchanging death for life with millions of animals every year and weeding out the weaker ones leaving the best, fitted for the attack of nature to survive and thus constantly generation after generation strengthens the species. Take if you will the life of a rat, one of our most common animals. It has a hard struggle for life, yet we see hundreds of them around barns and houses, and any old building is literally alive with them, yet how often are they seen in traps. The victims of poisoned food or the prey of a hungry cat: if they had no enemies to destroy them and if allowed to live, in five years one pair would produce 4,81 7.427,- 74,1)35,416 rats, thus we see if allowed at this rate in a few years the earth would be totally populated with rats. In the life of a polar bear we see this struggle for life. As it ascends the icy crags of the north in search of food it is often overtaken by the Eskimo or other animals and often following in a battle with its own kind. Nevertheless it too is fitted for its struggle by being the same color as its fleecy white surroundings, the ice and snow, making it ditlicult to be seen and enabling it to more easily glide up on its prey. Again we find this struggle constantly developing itself in the life of man. IIis struggles are various kinds, physical, social, moral, religious, and political. In all these realms there is a struggle in the life of man. and naturally in each realm the vigorous, well educated, refined and moral man will be found at the head as a leader to the weaker, thus helping them to become strong. For instance, in the earliest times we have recorded by history the events in the life of the cannibal, how they struggle with other tribes and even in their own tribe killing and feeding upon each other. Thus so on through the ages each tribe looking back and gaining by the experiences of those that have lived before. So we see civilization grows by comparing the present with bygone ages and recording the results for the coming generations. In the moral, social, religious and political struggle. our attention is called to the Dreyfus affair: how he was accused falsely and cast into prison on a lonely dismal island, for more than five years living in a dark cell where he fought with filth and disease until he was proven innocent, and afterward restored to his office at the head of the army, while his guilty accusers in the meantime met death. Thus we see in the life of man only the fittest survive. Also in the human body there is a constant struggle between tissue cells and the poisonous disease germs which are ever marauding our being. Which is to overcome? If the cells are in a healthy condition, the germs are attacked and destroyed and our health prevails: but if the germs of disease overcome cell life and action, our bodies must succumb to the ravages of disease. Thus in conclusion we see all nature is working toward a definite end, its purpose is the perfecting of each species. So we must agree with Tennyson when he said: “I doubt not that through the ages One increasing purpose runs: And that the mind of man is broading With the process of the suns.” t 10 GRACE NEFF Grace, the poet of the class of 1907, was l)orn July 22, 1888, two and one-half miles south-east of Nappanee. She finished the grades and will soon finish high school in a very creditable manner. She never causes the teachers any trouble as to grades and deportment. She is an energetic member of the 1907 class and stands for advancement and success. She is a rising poet and no doubt will continue her future education in some university. We wish her splendid success. ahr Ualitr uf fUjijmrai ©ratutng tit ffluiimt Efouratunt By GRACE NEFF )CIETY is under the responsibility of obtaining for every child, as far as possible, the most healthful realization of his physical powers without hindering his intellectual or spiritual development. Of tliis phase of society’s problem I)r. Muenchen-berger said, ‘ Tlie sole aim of the gymnastic art is the harmonious development of the body in such a manner that the smallest part, itself and for itself, as well as in conjunction with the whole, is able to actualize and execute the mind's will.” Society must soon begin to realize this because of its knowledge of the physical unfolding of the human being as he is today, and because of the principles and laws, as known today to which the human physical development is subject. The human body is as it is today because of heredity, food and environment. Then if one wishes to obtain his ultimate size, shape, strength and capacity lie must obey the laws of health in respect to diet, exercise, sleep, exposures, overstrain and climate and the way in which lie uses the forces of ids life. According to the best thinkers and scholars of evolution man’s present efficiency and rank in the animal kingdom is the result of his struggle with primitive conditions against animals, forests, plants, streams, war. Strength met strength and the force and energy necessary to clear the forests, navigate the streams, tight tlie ferocious animals and battle against the opponents, has given energy and strength to humanity in return for it’s effort. It is an established principle that if some part of tiie l ody is not employed there is a change of structure. A man with a right arm which is proportional in strength and size to the remainder of his body soon notices a marked development in tlie strength and size of ids arm if he becomes a blacksmith. Glass-blowers’ lungs have been found to be well developed. It is believed that rowing and boxing lengthen the arms, that skating effects the feet in the same way. while swimming broadens them, and that heavy lifting shortens the legs and widens the feet. In tlie case of horses it lias been found that, when a horse does heavy work his bones become much heavier offering more surface on the ridges to fasten tlie stronger muscles. Then if the muscles in any part of the body have no work to do for some time, because of a sprain or a broken bone, they become smaller, have less strength and are not so quick or accurate to respond to demands made upon them. It is thought that the thin legs and thick arms of the Payaguas Indians are due to lhe fact that they lived almost wholly in caves for many generations, doing most of the work with their arms while the lower ex- tremities were motionless. It has also been observed that the Arymaras have long bodies, large chests, and short arms and legs because of living for generations at great elevations where the atmosphere was rare. The' size and strength of the human body are influenced by employment, even the posture and general attitude are influenced in the same way. The coal-heaver develops the muscles of his back but lie gradually becomes stooped as lie works on from day to day and from year to year in the same position. The cobbler becomes stooped for the same reason. Darwin and many such authorities agree that man as he is today, his stature, carriage, size and strength, is tiie result of ids environment during the many years of succeeding ages. The conditions in which we live are as effective for the improvement or injury as those have been during the preceding ages to which the race lias been subject. Exercise has contributed a large part in human experience. That the human organism has been and is still adapted to muscular exercise is shown by the proportion of the muscular system and by the fact that the lungs and heart have more capacity than is demanded in a large sedentary life. Many authorities say that unless progress is to stop, we must continue the same fundamental movements and exercise during our lives as have brought man to his present state of efficiency. During tiie entire life of the race, muscular exercise has been necessary and is demanded today, if we keep our acquired health, strength and power under the conditions of modern civilization. in these days of division of labor and in this age of machinery and time saving devices, these demands for exercise must be directed in the school, or some other appropriate agency, because civilization is taking away these demands compelling physical exercise. In tiie United States the proportion of steam power to manual labor is represented by a steam engine of eleven and one-half horse-power to every male adult inhabitant, tiie greater part of the heavy work being done by machinery instead of by human muscles. The more civilized a community, the more rapid is muscular work decreasing. The management of machinery demanding muscular skill and intelligence rather than muscular force. The farm furnishes constant labor and exercise, although it is made much easier by machinery; but those who labor indoors as bank clerks, bookkeepers, operators of machines, etc., have entirely too little exercise and physical labor. The telegraph, telephone, newspaper and such devices for rapid communication increase the amount of business that can be transacted 13 but requires less physical exertion. The increased amount of time spent in school lessens t lie amount of exercise of the race. In 1840 only eleven per cent of the population of the United States was in schools, while in 18 � 0 twenty-three per cent was enrolled in the schools. Since 1840 the length of tlie school year lias been doubled. This not only lessens exercise but increases confinement. The natural environment which has been making the present shape and function of the human body for ages past, no longer exists. The ordinary requirements of daily life in general no longer furnish sufficient muscular activity to keep the body in the best health. Therefore, it seems that careful attention to the matter of our environment in the way of providing for regular, systematic exercise daily in the interests of health lias become necessary. The comforts of modern life mean increased human weight and stature if they are not permitted to crowd out the other things necessary for one's health. Hall has proven this by a comparison of the children produced by the factory population with the children of parents in general. The same lias been proven in England by a comparison of the boys of tlie better classes with boys in the industrial schools. Kev. I)r. George Meylan of Columbia University, having made a careful study of tin effects of rowing and other sports on college athletes, believes that the athletes do not die in their early years of heart disease or consumption: that hard training, even practicing for and rowing in inter-collegiate races, does not dull the mind and physical energy of the participants, for they have greater success in after life than any class of men yet investigated. The oarsmen studied were so healthy that if rowing had any effect on their health, it was beneficial. Sucli forms of bodily exercise as the inter-institutional athletic sports are often criticised because of an occasional death or permanent injury, as it is thought unnecessary that these lives should be last. People forget that lives must be sacriliced to secure any great good to humanity. They do not realize that many lives have been greatly benefited in the effort that occasionally harms or cripples a life. This evidence shows that insufficient attention paid to provide opportunities for play, movement and exercise results in the stoppage of physical development short of complete realization: that mere play and exercise, under the conditions of modern life, are insufficient, if the physical powers of the individual are developed harmoniously. The schools have been made attractive and cleaner but more is to be done. The studies of Porter, Hastings, and Beyer show that tiie boy ranks higher in mental work whose body is well developed: that physical exercise increases the height and weight of children, and that children of the same age are able to do school work in din cl latio to their physical development in height and weight. It is the duty of the school, therefore, to respond to this demand so that there will be no undeveloped children and children “behind in their si udies because of the lack of physical exercise, and so that the dull pupils may reacli the highest efficiency possible through systematic exercise. 14 CLAYTON BLESSING Clayton, the Blessing of the class of 1907, was born .July 29, 1887, one mile north and one mile west of Nappanee. To him certainly belongs great credit for his continuing his education at all costs. lie linished his grade work in the country and entered the Nappanee high school where he has obtained the highest grades in everything. He certainly appreciates the advantages of an education and is drinking deep from the fountain of learning. He has a great future of possibilities before him. ®V Naturr attft Halit? nf iflatljmattrH By CLAYTON BLESSING ATTIEM A TICS arose out of necessity: it was not complete when it began: nor was it a well spun theory in the minds of our forefathers. Thales, Heraclitus and Pythagoras were less versed in mathematics than men of the 20th century. These men were in the dark and groping, stretching and feeling their way from darkness to light while we today have the heritage of all their mistakes and advances. As necessity is the mother of invention, so to a very large extent it is the mother of mathematics. For an example of this let us look at Babylon. Through her continual shifting of territory as the results of war and the continual readjustment of boundary lines she became the fertile soil of mathematics. Look also at her sister country Egypt who under like conditions added to the development of mathematics. The term mathematics is derived from the Latin, (mathematica),or the Greek,(mathematik), learning. As th6 form of the word indicates it is not a single branch but a group of several branches. Many people consider it a dry, uninteresting subject, probably on account of its not being easily comprehended or the language used being too concise. The three elementary branches of mathematics are Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry. As the foundation is to a house so these are to the higher branches of mathematics. Arithmetic is tlie science of numbers and the art of computing with them. It is one of the purest products of human thought. It was aided in its growth by the rarest minds of antiquity and enriched by the thought of the profoundest thinkers. Like geometry it embraces ideas and truths. These ideas give rise to detinitions and the truths are expressed in axioms and theorems. It may be divided into two divisions, mental and written. Mental arithmetic has become one of the most popular studies of the public schools, nearly everybody uses it to a greater or less extent. Especially do you find this the case with those who received their education in the public schools of twenty-five or thirty years ago. When a farmer sells or buys anything of small account the calculation is made mentally, for he seldom carries pencil and paper. It certainly is a great accomplishment to be able to calculate correctly without pencil and paper as it creates quickness of perception, keenness of insight and an intellectual power and grasp that can be acquired by no other study. Written arithmetic is closely allied to mental arid is probably used just as much. Merchants use it almost altogether because they have too much calculation or too many accounts. It would be impossible for them to remember all the calculations and accounts, while if they have it written in a book this serves as their memory. It is said that numbers never lie, which is undoubtedly true, so they have this one branch of mathematics, namely, written arithmetic, to rely on as the key to all their business transactions. It is nearly indispensable to all men of business. Algebra is that branch of mathematics that investigates quantity by means of general characters called symbols. The term originated among the Arabs and comes from (al-gabr), a reduction of parts to a whole. In its elements it is similar to arithmetic having addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and fractions as well as many other operations like those in arithmetic. It had its origin in arithmetic and its fundamental ideas and operations are arithmetical: but from it many ideas and processes arise which have no meaning in arithmetic, as: negative and imaginary quantities, the solution of higher equations, etc. The combination of algebraic symbols leads to expressions called formulas, in which the operations are indicated rather than performed. These formulas often express a general truth corresponding to a theorem, which arithmetic can verify in particular cases as: the quantity a plus b multiplied by the quantity a minus b equals the quantity a square minus b square. Not until one has had training in algebra can he fully realize the great benefit he received in simplifying and making clear some of the problems in arithmetic and even in practical life which are generally termed “catchy.” The term geometry is derived from (ge), the earth and (metron) a measure and means literally a measuring of the earth. But as we study it we do not think of its ever having simply this meaning. It begins with the primary ideas of space and the self-evident truths arising from them, and from these as a basis arises to the higher truth by a process of reasoning. The self-evident truths or axioms give some of the truths with which we start and also the laws which guide us in the reasoning process. From these as a basis we trace our way, step by step, to the loftiest and most beautiful truth of science. It ranks among the first of all studies for the dis- 17 cipline of thought power and trains the mind to the habit of reasoning. All the great geniuses of the realm of science as far as is known had tine mathematical abilities. So valuable is geometry as a discipline that many lawyers and ministers review their geometry every year in order to keep the mind drilled to logical habits of thinking. It deals with facts and truths and therefore lias a tendency to make one truthful. Without geometry the science of surveying and engineering could have had no existence. And the mathematical skill that reared the pyramids or arched the dome of St. Peter’s cathedral would have been impossible. In geometry by picturing the parts of the figure upon which we reason and creating diagrams to discover new relations, the imagination is demanded and thus greatly developed. Of course imagination is usually considered unvaluable but what great invention is there that did not require imagination to picture the plan and form of the machine before it was begun to be built. The skilled architect sees the building with its improvements before its construction is begun. What is this but imagination? After having viewed and studied the three elementary branches of mathematics we easily agree that its value is inestimable. There is probably no single study pursued in the schools which develops the mind in so many ways. It gives culture to perception and memory and requires the most complete mental concentration, thus affording the highest culture to attention. Dealing with the relationsof quantity it gives constant exercise to the judgment and trains it to the closest discrimination of similarity and difference. In fact there is no one science that brings so large a number of the faculties of the mind into so constant and forcible an activity and especially those faculties which give strength and dignity to the intellect. 18 BESSIE BEGHTEL Bessie was born February 4, 1888, at Ke-wanee, Ind. She started in school at Warsaw, Ind., but her parents moved to Nappanee when she was nine years old and she commenced her education here in the third room and has continued as a member of the class of 11)07. She is a loyal and good hearted member and has always helped in the ventures of the class. She is to be praised, having finished her education under difficulties, and we predict a great future for her. trmumuj nf Ittaritutmj By BESSIE BEGHTEL N this modern era, machines are receiving more attention than ever before. Every one knows how much labor is facilitated by the application of the proper machines. The machine has become the greatest factor in all phases of economy. To create a machine that will produce the greatest results at the least expenditure of time, labor and money, has become the object of man’s most earnest endeavor. A machine may seem absolutely perfect for its purpose today: tomorrow it may lose its economic value by the invention of some greatly improved apparatus. Let one try to picture to himself the quiet slow moving world in which our forefathers lived. Before the days of the locomotive, or the steam boat, before the time of the telephone, or the electric light or motor cars. Think of the contrast between those days and these; of the revelations that have occurred in the ways and means of economical productions. The beginning of this revolution dates back to the advent of the steam engine. From this iirst steam engine has evolved the magnificent steam ships, which sail our seas today, making a trip in six days, which required Columbus, with his crude wind blown craft, over two weeks to make. From it, too, has evolved the modern locomotive, the user of which is able to transport a thousand times as much each hour, as a driver of an ox team could move in a month. Or it can whirl the traveler from Chicago to New York, a distance of nearly one thousand miles, in eighteen hours. A journey which, if taken in the old time stage coach would have consumed weeks. The advent of the steam engine marks the birth of the factory which has developed into such enormous centers of economic productions. It is in these centers that the advantages of the machine is most clearly shown. Today a child tending the battery of Northrup magazine looms weaves miles, w here the old hand loom worker, wove feet: the modern spinning machine does the work of eighty old time spinning wheels and spins six hundred thousand feet more yarn from a pound of same cotton. Think how the poor darkies worked all day separating the cotton from the seed of only a few pounds, until the cotton gin was invented. In the manufacture of stoves,, three men are now able with the aid of machinery to produce as many stoves in one day, as six men could do without the machine. In this and in other iron and steel industries we find great cranes equipped w ith magnets to lift, and handle heavy billets of iron, steel plates and ingots. These machines are able to lift a load of several tons at a time, thus doing away with an untold amount of labor. In the manufacture of straw goods, with the sewing machine, two hundred men can easily do more work in one day, than one thousand could do before the invention of machinery. The toil of miners is lessened by the application of compressed air machines. The product of this labor is hoisted to the earth’s surface by machinery; loaded by machines into cars for transportation and again unloaded or reloaded by the same means. IIow many hours of hard labor would be required of a man with a shovel and barrow to unload a train of some sixty or seventy cars, tilled with coal? Now in our great coal markets these cars are run on large machines, clamped down by hydraulic clamps, lifted and turned bodily over and its entire contents dumped into tubs ready to be conveyed by other machines into shipholds or coal yards as the case may be. With this system tons are landed quickly and cheaply, and w hat once would have required a week's labor by many men is now done in a day by a few. One of these “tippers” as they are called, is able to handle twenty five thousand tons in one working day. When you read the daily paper of a great city run off on gigantic presses at the rate of thirty thousand per hour, think of the trouble Franklin would have had to produce even one edition with his crude hand press, with which he issued one of America’s first publications. In the great cities where land is so valuable, space is economized by great sky scrapers. Which are only made possible to reach the top by means of the elevator. These in turn are being displaced in large stores by the modern eculator, or moving stair way, which transports more people in less time, occupies less space, and requires less help than the elevator. The machine has found a place in the office. Here is the counting machine, the adding machine, the copying and writing machine. An addressing machine is made by which an office boy can address six thousand letters per hour, at a cost of six cents per thousand. On the farm too, is this tendency to increase the productive powers of labor by the application of mechanical appliances, manifested. In the days before machinery was invented consider how the farmer had to work to till the soil, plant the grain and reap the harvest. Now the steam thresher turns out car loads of grain, where the man with the flail threshed bushels. The same results are accomplished with the reaper, the mower, and all well known farming implements. Few occupations are harder on workmen than excavating trenches, especially under a hot sun. Even 21 this is being supplanted by machines, with which a ditch such as is used for laying tile can be excavated at the rate of one hundred eighty feet per hour. The sewing machine too, has an important place among machinery. Only by this machine could the demands of society be tilled, for one of these machines can do the work in a day that would be necessary for scores of the nimblest of fingers to do by hand. This is the story that meets us every where. Perhaps the millenmium will come when the ingenious man has made every operation incidental to human existence automatic, and there is nothing left for him to contrive. Let us now consider its effects on society. The machine brings the effect of nature into more effective co-operation with man. The results derived from this fact is clearly expressed in the familiar distinction between hand made and machine made articles. Thus it is easy to perceive that the greatest advantages are to the machine owner. The cost of production being reduced to the minimum, his profits are increased, and increased capital invested in improved appliances is soon repaid, allowing keener competition and increased sales. To the worker it has its advantages and disadvantages. Here arises a social problem that has required the most careful thought and study of eminent and learned men of all departments of learning to solve. With the first appearance of machinery the laboring classes scented danger. They were deceived to the fact that machinery was a curse, that it had decreased the capital of the country and that the employer was benefited at their expense. That they were driven from their employment to starve while the machine did the work. The invention of the spinning jinny and power loom threw thousands out of employment. The typesetting machine displaced the printer. The air brakes took the place of the brakemen. These men were skilled along these lines of labor and could not well turn their hands to other employment. Then riots occurred, and inventors were mobbed. Was this fallacy? Time has proven that it was. The machine came to stay and soon labor lost its antagonism toward it. It soon became evident that if the machine was not an economical advantage it would not be used. It realized that a change of relation was brought about and not a change of existence. For while the machine displaced labor, labor must replace the machine. The capital that was saved by machine labor went into the manufacture of machinery. Mot only did it require labor to build new and repair old machines, but also to oversee and operate them. To build factories, buildings, cars and ships. Thus, new industries were opened which required new workers, and to which the displanted weaver or printer soon adapted himself. The increased consumption of coal and other fuel, thus occasioned, resulted in a greater demand for labor in those lines of industry. Again, the machine has reduced the price of luxuries. Things that were once luxuries are now attainable by working classes. Demand was increased. And this increased demand creates an increased supply, which in turn creates an increase of labor. By the aid of the machine man is able to save his muscle and improve his mind, thus bettering his social condition, and creating a demand in new fields— books and literature. Thus we see that the working people derive great benefits from the economy of effects made possible through machinery. Hence an account of its advantages to the worker as well as the owner: the machine, with its ability to increase the productive power of labor, with an economical saving of expense, must be regarded as advantages to every society. 22 HARRY LAUDEMAN Harry, the manager of the 1907 baseball team, was born August 14. 1888. He finished the grades and high school in a very creditable manner. He intends taking a medical course at the famous medical college of Halmamann, Chicago. Without doubt we shall hear more of this rising genius and his cures if lie survives his present course in chemistry. He is the smallest, but not the least one in the class. He is always the foremost in the movements of our class which have been many and great. Ability mtb (Opportunity By HARRY LAUDEMAN E must strive in this world if we do not wish to lie down and form a pavement for other men’s cars of triumph. Is ability inherent or required? Men do differ as to the quantity and quality of their morals, intellects and physical powers. Do these degrees of gifts account for the difference of attainments? No! Very few do all that they can do. More lies in willingness and determination than in inherent ability. How often is it said, 1 could do this or that if I wanted to or had the opportunity. The world is full of people who think they can do, or have done great things. Success in this life is not measured by what might be done but rather by what is really accomplished. The success of the great man can usually be traced to small and patient beginnings. If we read biographies of these, we find that the secret of their success depended not so much upon their natural abilities, as their determination to do with their might whatever their minds or hands found to do. We should not wait for Providence to open up a way for us. We are on the earth; we exist. We should make the mast of that and thus conform to the great natural law of cause and effect, it is not so much what we possess in natural requirements as what we make use of and become skilled in. Life is not only a voyage, but a ladder the steps of which should not be retraced. The top cannot l e reached by a single leap but must l e ascended by successive single steps. You may think unfortuitous fate has placed you in an uncongenial position. No matter, do the best you can and you will grow and gain by trying. The young eagle does not soar to the stars in his tirst flight. He gets there eventually, whether his tirst lessons are practiced from the plain or mountain crag. Therefore, fly, climb, strive in whatever position you may be placed. In every human being there are great possibilities. It is all of life to live. Our existence is made up of component elements and he who knows the most of life all the way through can be of most service to the world and in it. How does opportunity or fate, as it would be termed by some, enter into life’s calculation? What part does it play in the voyage of life? What do we mean by such frequent use of this magic word -fate? Is it that when the Divine One created us, He ordained that at this or that time in our lives certain material advantages would be put in our way, by which if we would but embrace them, fortune, reputation and happiness would be ours? A philosopher would tell us to put aside such notions of fatalism and depend upon our own natural shrewdness and foresight. What the Almighty's will respecting us is, we may not know specifically. Hut we may be sure that it ! est pleases Him for us to make the best use of our life in detail. We must not wait for the handwriting on the wall, nor for the voice from the cloud. The History of France would have been written differently if Napoleon had remained in Egypt, waiting for the Directory to call him home. He knew he was the man for the situation, but that knowledge alone did not satisfy him. He waited not for the opportunity or fate, but he made it simply by acting according to his best judgment. The “Star of Aus-terlitz” had not yet arisen. Most if not all of us know’ what we ought and what would be best for us to do, but we lack the inclination. We should not wait for something to turn up nor for that “tide in the affairs of men which taken at its flood leads on to fortune. If destiny so arranged these ebbs and flows of fortune's tides, it would also manage that man should know the time in which to take advantage and embark on these tides. Let us conclude that there are openings, chances or opportunities all along the path of life, not waiting for us but with us every day. It might be a very desirable thing for humanity were there a human genius wise enough to say to this one: “go here ” and to that one, go there.” This or that you should do. “You have wonderful ability for this place or that.” As it is. too many float along this voyage waiting indifferently or wearily, saying to themselves, “God's will be done.” We all have ability: and accompanying nature’s gifts are the necessary opportunities. Let us embrace a few of these opportunities at a time. How many are the examples that show us, that we should labor at the first thing that comes to hand, perform that duty well and so with each day's duties. Others and more congenial and profitable occupations will of necessity grow out of these duties well performed. Lives so filled out need not to wait for manychances. Some men of early promise, whose hopes, purposes and resolves were as radiant as the colors of the rainbow, fail to distinguish themselves, because they are not willing to devote themselves to that toilsome training which is the price of great success. Whatever fitness for particular pursuits Nature may devote to her favorite children, she conducts none but the laborious and the studious to distinction. Behold outlined the picture of two lives. One does nothing but simply waits for the thing that he thinks he is fitted for, to turn up. The other has been in constant' training, making opportunities that lie tills as fast as his own indomitable energy brings them to the surface. These are the conditions of success. Give a man power and a field In which to use it and lie must accomplish something, lie may not do and become all that he desires and dreams of. but his life cannot be a failure. You seldom hear of men complain of want of ability. The most unsuccessful think that they could do great things if they only had a chance. Somehow or other something or somebody has been in the way. Providence has hedged them in so that they could not carry out their plans. They knew just how to get rich but they lacked the opportunity. The trutli is, the Almighty has given to all of us ability and opportunities enougti to enable us to be moderately successful. If we fail, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it is our own fault. We neglect to improve the ability given us or the door that is opened for us. A (though opportunities are continually rising many are put aside and when it is too late we wish we had taken advantage of them. When a person neglects a few of these greatest ones, however small they may seem at the time, lie is like a man who takes the wrong road when several meet, the further he goes the worse he fares. A man’s opportunities usually have some relation to his ability. It is an opening for him to use what he has, faithfully and to the utmost, it requires toil, self-denial and faith. If he says: “I am worthy of a higher position than it offers:” or,“I won’t work as hard and economize as closely as the opportunity demands,” he may in after years, see the folly of his pride and indolence. There are many people all over the world who dream of success and yet they scorn such opportunities as .1. I). Rockefeller and Commodore Vanderbilt improved. They want to begin, not as those men did at the bottom of the ladder, but half way up. They want somebody to give them a lift, or carry them up in an airship, so that they can avoid the early and arduous struggles of the majority of those that have been successful. No wonder that such men fail and then complain of Providence. Grumbling is usually a miserable pastime that people resort to to drown the reproaches of conscience. They know that they have been foolish, but they try to persuade themselves that they have been unfortunate. L� H ALMEDA MILLER A i.mkda, the prophet of the class of 1� � , was horn February '.t, 1888, two miles north and two miles west of Nappanee. After finishing her education in the country schools she decided that that was not enough for her. so she came to Nappanee, and entering the class of 1IHV7 has come four years with unceasing energy to get the best the high school afforded. Her grades are mute testimony to her energy. She is always ready to help the class to the best of her ability. She will continue her education along higher lines. aljf Ifdl of iSrnrbirt Anuilti By ALMEDA MILLER ENEDICT ARNOLD held a position of rare opportunities. Me was a very able general of Saratoga and Quebec, the trusted ally and military idol of Washington, whose name was an inspiration in camp and at tire-side but whose name, gleaming with honor, was branded forever with treason: who, as he was gliding into highest popularity with stores of hope luring him on, lie sank into the dark vale of dishonor, an object of universal detestation. Only by pausing and inquiring into the secret of his downfall, can we learn the lesson and warn proud Ambition in her giddy (light. Arnold's rank was becoming equal to that of Washington. Montgomery, Gates, and Lafayette were men of very brave deeds, but all these acknowledged the superior leadership of Arnold. His early training in business and on the sea admirably fitted him for the work of the Revolution, that time of financial embarrassment. He was full of the Revolutionary spirit, lion-hearted and ambiti-tious to win the highest laurels. When given command of the forces in Canada he at once leaped into prominence. Washington thought him remarkable in military virtues and said he was one of Fortune’s favorites. He knew no fear but was always at the head of his men and, like Caesar, his presence among the soldiers instilled such an enthusiasm into them that they wanted to do their best, and put away all difficulties. His personality was so strong that his soldiers, as if involuntarily, greeted him as their commander, on one occasion ignoring their real general, and with great applause followed Arnold as the master to victory. Commanding like a Napoleon, executing the most daring deeds like a Grant, his renown spread everywhere and all looked to him as the hopeof their country. And to make him still more popular lie won the charming daughter of a supreme judge, a reigning belle of Philadelphia. As if to test him in higher places, the state of Pennsylvania accepted him as its military king. He made a brilliant success in this work but his success was only a step to his ruin. He ! egan to treat his subjects like a ruling tyrant. In Philadelphia lie moved in the refined circle of people and had every chance to make his name greater still. In the midst of his prosperity he became a mercenary trader. He became one of the most extravagant of men. His train of servants, his gorgeous carriage, his liveried footmen would have satisfied a Roman emperor. He gambled witli the people's money to pay his expenses, and in his bankruptcy robbed the state. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to be severely reproved by Washington, an act which was very unpleasant to Washington for lie had been a warm friend to Arnold, had recognized his military skill and had helped him often to rise to higher positions. In performing his duty he said, ‘‘Our profession is the chastest of all: even the shadow of a fault tarnishes the lustre of our finest achievements. I reprimand you for having forgotten that in proportion as you have rendered yourself formidable to our enemies you should have been guarded and temperate in your deportment towards your fellow citizens. Exhibit anew those noble qualities which have placed you on the list of our most valued commanders. I will myself furnish you with opportunities of regaining the esteem of your country.” What better course could Washington have taken to get him back to the esteem of his friends? Rut lie was angry at congress for failing to recognize his merits, and severely stung by the mild rebuke of his best friend he plunged headlong from his height of power. He had already been in correspondence with the British authorities, and several months afterwards devised one of the vilest schemes in history, for the purpose of betraying the American cause. He determined to ask Washington for the command of West Point in order that this most important stronghold in the whole country might be turned over to the enemy for a good price. His request was granted, and Ills abominable plans came alarmingly near to success. In September the agreement had advanced so far that a personal interview between the officers in correspondence was desired. It was the intention of the British, when they got a good opportunity, to sail up the Hudson and bear the appearance of attacking the fort. Arnold was to surrender it with only a slight appearance of resistance. The American traitor was to sell his country for fifteen thousand dollars and a commission in the British army. Soon the opportunity came. Washington left the fort for a conference with Rochambeau at Hartford; this absence afforded the coveted opportunity. Andre ascended the Hudson in the British ship “Vulture” to a place near the fort, went ashore and passed the night with Arnold. The agreement was made but on returning Andre was captured and arrested and there Arnold’s crime was found out, and he escaped. When Washington read of it he burst into tears. Arnold shrank from the flag lie had so nobly defended when he hurried to the protection of the enemy. Was this the general, who, when se- 2!) verely wounded before Quebec, said, “I am in the path of duty and I know no fear”? Was this the patriot of whom Washington said, ‘‘lie is worthy of great honors”? There the secret of his fall was disclosed. The failure of congress was not the cause; the gentle rebuke from the father of his country did not make him a traitor: the officers who turned from him in rage of jealousy did not banish him from mankind; pity for his debtors and regard for his friends did not induce him to exchange everything in life. It was not for lack of training for his education was equal to that of Grant or Shakespeare; it was not for persecution, for Alfred Dreyfus amid all the slander of a corrupt French military system emerged the same gentleman of honor, an actual Daniel! Arnold amid applauseand favor emerged an actual Absalom. Excessive ambition caused his ruin. His character was not as great as his ability; he never thought of the principles of religion: the foundation of his manhood rested on no permanent basis; in private life he was insincere: lie had no convictions and cared for none. Like Judas after the just rebuke of the Master, he cared only for self and for a worthless bribe betrayed his greatest trust. Character is the only permanent possession. Without it the most illustrious of men have bowed in self-inflicted disgrace. Lack of abiding principle made the last years of the great Webster years of broken-hearted despair. Through unholy ambition Napoleon pined away on the shores of St. Helena. A most illustrious graduate of the Princeton College, a man who rose as an eagle in his victorious (light and fell to the deepest abyss, was tbe murderer and traitor, Aaron Purr. Arnold, with all his opportunities, was a glittering failure. With character he might have reaped the highest honors a great people lias to give. Stripped of Heaven’s noblest heritage, robbed by his own hand of the most priceless treasure, his life goes out insulted, reproached, without friend, and without a hope, with “the soul of honor fled.” 30 RICHARD JOHNSTON Richard, the historian of the class of Hm 7, was born November 21, 1888, three miles east and one and one-half miles north of Nappanee. He received his earlier education in the primary grades of Nappanee when lie moved into the country from where lie returned, resuming his work in the seventh grade. He is one of the most prominent members of our class being one of the foremost in every undertaking; also a member of the crowd who kept the all night vigil of May 8, 1906, preventing the seniors from putting up their numerals. He is a practical genius and will continue his education along the mechanical line. 0tttr l$lydB?B nf thr Dntrhipmrnt in Antmra By RICHARD JOHNSTON UR I NO the time that South America was under Spanish rule, manufacturing of the simplest articles was forbidden, especially in tlie colonial epoch and in the eighteenth century. A despotic government of tills kind could not exist without opposition, especially when tried upon a people tempered as the people of South America are. The only possible result of such a policy was a rebellion in which the South Americans were successful. There came a splitting up of the colonies into small republics, followed by petty wars and other trouble caused by the assimilation of different provinces by the larger republics. These disorders prevented rapid development, but of late years there lias been an industrial awakening. The first symptoms of this awakening were the changes made in the grade of imported articles. The imports of South America in the past have been such as gaudy colored cotton goods, cheap crockery and glassware, machetes, knives, cheap jewelry, etc., for the lower classes: while such things as, pianos, liquors, leather goods, fine fabrics, machines, kerosene and lamps, scientific and surgical instruments, stoves, kitchen utensils, typewriters, bicycles and automobiles, have been in increasing demand by the urban population. In this manner intercourse was had with other nations and new ideas were continually introduced giving tlie people enlightenment, and at the same time paving the road to the second step in the development of South America namely the development of its natural resources. This new phase of development had a marked effect upon the imports of the country. Increased agricultural pursuits created a large demand for modem implements and machinery used in the preparation of sugar and coffee for the market. The development in mining called for the installment of modern machinery. The introduction of steam railroads, street car lines and steamboats, the necessary material for which has been supplied by foreign nations, has led to a lucrative trade. The South Americans were not slow to notice this dependency upon foreign nations and they are using every conceivable method to foster manufacturing enterprises. The development in manufacturing was marked and was a direct effect of protective tariffs which, in Argentina, was first imposed in 1K7 . This example set by Argentina was followed, the result of which is that few of these countries are without a high tariff to-day. In spite of this, the imports of South America have been steadily increasing. Those of Peru show an increase of 160 per cent compared with 1897, at the same time $25,000,000 of for- eign capital have been invested in her mines which has led to a great demand for iron and steel. Another cause for the increase of trade is the breaking down of old customs arid the acceptances of new ideas and the rejection of the antique implements of their forefathers by the lower class, and in turn demanding the very latest in modern looms and factory furnishings. Truly this is significant of rapid development. In Argentina conditions differ. There the exports exceeded the imports by $35,000,000 in 1891. Fn 1905 this had increased to $110,000,000. The reason for this is greater manufacturing interest. Argentina has an output of 256,000,000 boxes of wax matches per annum, and also manufactures excellent cotton cloth. Flour, sugar, butter, meat and beer are all home products. As we well know, Brazil furnishes a large per cent of the coffee used: the latest data available gives the value of the coffee exported in 1904 as $90,000,000 exceeding in value the entire output of mineral oils in the United States. A century and a half ago, this coffee raising was an experiment, to-day it is a great industry. The only drawback is the low price of the product and the export tax and the expenses incurred in hauling to the coast. The most important cities of the coffee belt are Rio .Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Rio .Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, is engaged upon a gigantic improvement that will cost $50,000,-IKK), which will transform the sloping beach into a great sea wall serving for the accommodation of shipping. and also remove a menace to the public health. Another important industry in Brazil is the manufacture of cotton goods, mostly from her own raw products and more than one hundred mills are already in operation, employing nearly 40,000 hands. Most of these mills are to be found in Rio .Janeiro, in the cities of the south and in Sao Paulo. There are also the breweries, flour mills, iron works, furniture works, shoe and leather establishments, cigarette factories and the sugar refineries second in importance only to the cotton mills. All of this has had a tendency to decrease trade with other nations, showing that Brazil is becoming more and more a self supplying nation. To verify this I shall repeat a statement I have recently read in a magazine, the words of an American consul at Rio .Janeiro: “Not many years ago a fine fleet of American clippers was engaged in carrying big cargoes of flour from Baltimore to this port. Now it comes here with an occasional scrap cargo of coal, lumber, or rosin carried at ruinous rates. It is true that the rise of the Argentina wheat industry made the down- 33 fall of the fleet certain, but it is also true that while American flour has already become rare in the Brazilian market, the English capitalist is already reaping the rich returns that the new situation otters. What we are losing or rather have last, in the trade, is being fully picked up by the English factories established on the spot whose owners look with equanimity on 20 per cent profits on money invested.” Brazil instead of being opposed to foreign immigration encourages it, her policy is to encourage and assist newly arrived immigrants by liberal land grants. Furthermore finding that many of her “colonies” were being systematically preyed upon by jealous neighbors, particularly Argentina, who succeeded for a time in diverting the bulk of the newcomers from Italy, Spain, or South Europe, Brazil has turned the tables by imposing a substantial tax upon all persons leaving the country, a measure that has proved effectual. The classes of people most particularly welcome in Brazil are those from the southern provinces of Austria, Spain and Portugal and also from the Madiera Islands. The cause for this preference is simply this: This class of people adapt themselves more readily to the language, customs and climate of the country. As a result take, for instance, the period 1873-76 the Portuguese and Italian immigrants numbered 222,000 while tlie German immigrants did not exceed 23,000. Of these two classes the greater part of the Italians and the Portuguese have adapted themselves to surrounding conditions while the Germans have gone to tlie southern colonies and remain Germans to the present day. Having given Argentina and Brazil a lengthy discussion, I shall now turn to some of the other republics. In September last Ecuador passed a law which granted such unlimited rights to native manufacturers that this lawalong with the high protective tariff will practically exclude certain kinds of foreign goods. In this policy, Ecuador is following directly in the footsteps of Brazil and Argentina. Much to the chagrin of foreigners and the native people alike, the President of Venezeula has made manufacturing, as a national enterprise his policy, and as a result many factories have been established in Caracus of which the match factories are able to supply the wants of the entire country. It has been thought that manufacturing could never be an economic success on account of the absence of coal, but the search for coal has not been in vain: for at least one-half the South American countries are operating mines at the present time. I shall mention some of the coal producing republics. Brazil has various deposits now being worked yielding coal of an unusually low grade which is mainly used for smelting. Columbia has several mines, and those Of Peru already supply Cerro de Pasco copper mines. But the coal supply of South America is not yet sullicient, for an immense area of country with rich iron deposits lies untouched simply because of the lack of coal. Nevertheless fuel can be obtained from other sources for domestic and other uses. For instance, Peru produced annually 7,000,000 gallons of petroleum before the strike that has recently taken place. Alcohol can also be distilled from coffee shells, thus permitting alcohol to be used as a fuel wherever coffee is grown. There is yet another important factor to be mentioned in the development going on in South America. It is the immense water power. The places offering splendid water power are situated in regions incalculably rich in forests, in mineral resources and would be excellent sites for manufacturing towns and cities. Among tlie water falls of the interior are tlie falls of Sao Francisco, the cataract of Guayra, between Brazil and Paraguay, and a series of rapids on the Madeira river: but greatest of all these are the falls of Iguazu upon the river of the same name a few miles above its junction with the Paraguay. This water power may solve tiie iron problem as I recently saw a statement of how electricity was successfully used in smelting iron. Bolivia and Paraguay on account of their isolation have shown very little progress. Columbia is also backward, hut it is expected that industrial activity will be diffused throughout entire South America within a few years. 34 CLAUDE COPPES Claude, the editor, was born September 27, 1881). As editor he has had many trials, but he hopes tl e people will receive this book kindly disposed toward it and knowing the editor please overlook the mistakes. Me has been going to the Nappanee schools since the first grade and always managed to get through. Me is sorry that he could not play football but he is a hearty supporter of the game. Me always likes to help the class and will continue to do so as much as possible. Me wishes every member a we 11-deserved success. tlrrtrifiratunt nf Strain HaUroabs By CLAUDE COPPES jjrHE electrification of steam railroads means the V equipping of the present steam road with electric-propelled locomotives, and of course the necessary equipment such as power houses, the overhead wire or third rail, sub-stations, and a little heavier construction of the track, especially of the curves. The electrifying of steam roads as to actual construction is in its infancy, but the conditions tending toward its completion have been the study of years. This discussion comes under four heads: The history. the difficulties to be overcome, comparison with steam roads, and the experience of some railroads that have been electrified. The history is very short. When street cars were hauled by horses the plan to operate them by electricity was grudgingly permitted to the promoters. By this means the power could l e generated at some central source and distributed to the cars by wires. Every one knows how quickly and noiselessly the L and surface cars do their work. From this it was only a short step to the interurban which in some cases is 150 miles in extent, and is such an advantage to the farmer and city people as well, since it has plenty of accommodations, convenient stopping places, less fare, is a quick means for the farmer to get his produce to market, and improves the value of his land. The next step was in the electrifying by railroads of certain sections of their roads. For instance the Italian Mediterranean Railway elect ric-tied a section 47 miles long between Milan and Bis-uschio and noticed an increase of 33 per cent in nine months notwithstanding the reduction in fares. The New York Central was the first to do it extensively. The greatest difficulty of course is the cost. The comparative cost is discussed under third part. The next thing is the reinforcement of track. Since the motorman would have between 5000 and t 000 horsepower at his disposal capable of enormous speed, he would not be human if he could keep from going at an excessive speed on the straight track, especially if late, so this must be strengthened to meet the increased strain. The curves especially must be enforced owing to the peculiar construction of the electric motors. The center of gravity is much lower in the electric motor than the steam and since the motors which form the greatest weight of the electric motor are placed on the low axles and all within a space I) feet long, they form a greater side thrust than the steam locomotives which accounts for the shearing of the spike heads in the recent New York Central accident in which twenty-three people were killed. The curve was a slight one and the speed and weight of the electric train was a great deal less than the steam expresses which constantly went over this curve. The rail was a 100 pound rail and the roadbed wasof the finest construction. It means a great expense to install the electric system, and to dispose of the present expensive equipment. A good comparison with the steam roads is hardly obtainable since the electrification is so recent, but the comparison of the interurban with the steam road will undoubtedly hold true. Since the big heavy motors form a part of the axle strengthening it and there are no reciprocating parts, the high speed is in favor of the electric motor. The comfort of the passenger is increased. There is no dirt and unnecessary noise. In the tunnels there is no smoke to obscure signals, offensive odors and even deadly gases. The railroads therefore remain within the smoke ordinance of cities. The entrance of the New York Central is made with electric motors which help in the way of less noise, dirt and confusion. Owing to quick acceleration and retardation of the electric motor, more trains could be run with more stopping places, which would give the passenger better accommodation, lower rates, better freight accommodations and reduced freight rates. Since all the power is generated in just a few stations the expense item can be more closely watched by the officials. No time is lost in stopping for fuel or transposing the engine from the front to the rear end of the train. By using tlie present system of block signals it can be arranged so that if a careless motor-man should run onto a block already occupied, the operator could instantly cut off the current leaving him helpless and preventing a wreck. The electric motor is so quickly accelerated and retarded that its use as a switch engine in making up trains and moving freight preventing congestion, commends it to the officials. Otherwise they would be obliged to buy expensive land to accommodate the freight traffic. The expense of firemen which is a great one is done away with since the motorman is seated surrounded by all the necessary levers to control his train. The danger of a bursting boiler is eliminated, and in case of a wreck, the current w'ould be instantly cut off, so the chance of a tire which is the worst element of a wreck is gone. Owing to the readiness with which the electric motor is handled they could have numerous stopping places and still keep up a good schedule. Summing it all up, the electric road is seen to exceed the steam road in every way, and new advantages continue to be introduced in favor of the electric road. The following is a test conducted on 37 the New York Central between Mott Haven .Junction and the Grand Central Station, New York, a distance of 5.3 miles, 2.1 miles being through the tunnel entrance. The results were gone over carefully and all such things as, number of cars, weight of trains, track protile, degree of curvature, pull of locomotives, fuel consumption, etc., were taken into consideration. The testing car called the dynamometer is coupled between the locomotive and train and registers velocity and direction of the wind, speed of train, degree of grades, and every five seconds automatically registers the draw-bar pull. The electric locomotives used had four pairs of driving wheels and on each pair was placed a 550 horse-power motor. The current was an alternating current sent at a pressure of 11,000 volts to sub-stations where it was converted to a direct current of 550 or 600 volts. The electric locomotives weighed 95 tons. The steam locomotives were the regular locomotives of 125tons. The electric equipment was all new and untried, while the steam locomotives were tried, more familiar to the men and every means was used to have economy. No doubt when the electric system is installed and in proper working order it will show a much greater reduction in operating expense, also a reduction for the passenger. THE TEST. STEAM EL’TY. Operating expenses per locomotive mile, exclusive of tixed charges, but including water, labor, cost of cleaning and repairing tunnel and all other ex- cts. cts. penses of locomotive operation. 23.05 15.80 Fixed charges per locomotive mile, assuming that it now requires 40 locomotives to perform the present service and that 33 electric locomotives could perform tlie same service. 1.13 7.83 total (errs.) 24.18 23.63 The cost of operation of the electric locomotive is less than that of the steam locomotive, and it also has the added comfort, convenience and lower rates. Another thing that is helping electrification is the single phase electric service which uses the alternating current on the motor doing away with the expensive sub-stations. Railroads did not at first think seriously of electric competition and if pressed hard had recourse in buying the competing road. Then they began the electrifying of their own roads. The North Eastern Railway of England was driven by electric traction competition to electrify a 57 mile stretch outside of Newcastle. By the increase of traffic and reduction of expenses the road more than gained its lost ground. The Lancashire Yorkshire Railway electrified a 23 mile stretch between Liverpool and Southport, largely devoted to suburban service, because it needed better means of moving the traffic than the steam locomotive afforded, there being fourteen intermediate stations, also an accelerated service between Liverpool and Southport. Since the electrification the time of the express train remains the same, but the electric train, making all thestops, makes the trip 17 minutes less, while the number of trains a day in each direction is increased 34. The increased speed of the electric elevated and surface cars over steam operated ones is well known in New York and Chicago, also the absence of dirt and sulphur fumes. The Long Island Railroad electrified about 125 miles of its suburban branches out of New York. When the tunnels of the Central London, and the City South London railways, both operated by electricity, were opened the old tunnel of the Metropolitan Railway of London operated by steam fell otT in traffic of five and a half million passengers during 1901. The change wrought when it was electrified is aptly illustrated by a newspaper printed at the time: From a nerve-trying rattle, rush, gloom, a smoky sulphur laden atmosphere and a cramped railway compartment, it was changed to a long, bright, cheery car with no noise but a clean, swift, gentle gliding through space. The R. O. entrance to Maryland, Md., is made through a tunnel where IKK) horse-power electric locomotives draw-1500 ton trains at a speed of 10 miles per hour on light grades. The Mersey tunnel railway connecting Liverpool and Birkenhead is electrified. The 65 mile West Jersey Seashore branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad extending from Camden, New Jersey, to Atlantic City is electrified: the traffic here is especially heavy in summer and high speed is demanded. The Sarnia tunnel connecting the Canadian and American sections of the Grand Trunk Railway is being electrified to eliminate the smoke nuisance. The New York Central has done the most work along this line. No doubt the enormous power of Niagara Falls will be utilized to produce the electric current for operating between New York and Buffalo over this line. Si nee electrification means increased train service there must be fewer road crossings and more tracks to insure reliability and safety. Since the electric operated trains have economy and safety in their favor it will only be a few- years until they will be as common a sight as the present steam trains. 38 BONNIE WILSON Box ik. the famous composer of the class song of the class of 1907, was born February 24, 1889. She finished tlie grades and high school and always was one of the members whose grades were high. She undoubtedly is the most talented musician the high school ever possessed and we are proud of her as a member of our class. She is a jolly and loyal girl, believing in having fun when young but never neglecting her studies. No doubt she will continue her education in some good university and in the future we expect great things of her. % Nahtrr By BONNIE WILSON FIAT is nature? This question lias been asked time and again and we often ask it of ourselves and yet we do not understand it. The word nature in itself derived from the Latin “natus” produced from “naseor” which means to arise or to spring up. In a general sense, nature means everything produced by the hand of God: nature specifically means the essential qualities or attributes of a thing, or the material universe. There are some days in every season wherein the world reaches its perfection, the air, the earth, and even the heavenly bodies make a harmony as if nature herself would gladly indulge her offspring, and we who live in this part of America desire nothing of the shining hours of Florida and Cuba. Every living thing gives the sign of satisfaction and the cattle lying on the ground, near a slow meandering stream, seem to have tranquil thoughts. The softness and beauty of the summer clouds floating feathery overhead enjoying, as it seems, their height and privilege of motion, while yet they appeared not so much the drapery of this as if they were forelooking to some pavilions and gardens of festivity beyond. The pine-tree, the river, the bank of sweet scented flowers before us seem to be nature, but nature is still elsewhere. Did you ever stop to think how nature changes our every day scenes for us? One morning we have the beautiful golden sun rising, that inspires us with courage and strength and as the day passes, twilight deepens into darkness. Night hath glories that day can never reveal. The day tells of the budding flower and the sparkling stream, lights and shadows of the grand old wood. Then when we rise early in the morning, looking eastward, as the twilight becomes more perceptible, the intense blue sky begins to soften, the smaller stars like little children, go first to rest, the sister beams of Pleiades soon melt together, but the bright constellations of the west and north remain unchanged. Steadily the wondrous transfiguration goes on. Hands of angels, hidden from mortal eyes, shift the scenery of the heavens, the glories of night dissolve into the glories of dawn. The blue sky now turns more softly grey, the great watch stars shut up their holy eyes and now, behold! the east is beginning to kindle. Faint streaks of purple soon blush along the sky, the whole celestial concave is being filled with inflowing tides of the beautiful morning light, which come pouring down from above in one great ocean of radiance, till at length as they reach the blue hills a flash of purple blazes out from above the horizon and turns the dewy teardrops of the flowers and leaves into rubies and diamonds. Presently the everlasting gates of morning will be thrown open wide and the lord of day arrayed in glories too severe for the gaze of man will begin his reign. What splendid distances, what recesses of ineffable pomp in the glorious rising sun! Hut who of us can go where they are, lay our hands or plant our feet thereon? Nature’s beauty is also revealed in Bryant's “Thanatopsis:” To him, who in the love of nature holds Communion with her visible forms she speaks A various language, for his gayer hours She has a voice of gladness and a smile And eloquence of beauty, and she glides Into his darker musings with a mild And healing sympathy that steals away Their sharpness, ‘ere he is away.” Nature pleases and at the same time assists every one. Let us look at the farmer and the manner in which he gets his crop. There is no one who will not testify that he is surrounded with all the luxuries and beauties that nature can bestow. Man and beast go into the field and till the soil, plant the seeds at will and in a few days, or a week perhaps, he sees rows of little green spears all over the field. lie cultivates it and asks nature to assist him. In a few weeks, he sees nothing but an ocean of green. He still continues to cultivate it and in another month or so, he sees notonly the greenness but a grey dawn appearance from one end of the field to the other. Nature is now to take care of it and in a short time the farmer has a finished product of a beautiful golden corn the universal food of man, beast and fowl. Did you ever take time to study the mysteries of life and growth? No part of the vegetable life is contempt with casting from the flower or tree a single seed, but it fills the air and earth with a prodigality of seeds. Schelling says: “Nature sleeps in the plant, dreams in the animal, and wakes in man. Every where throughout her vast domain we seem to see each striving after her individuality.” Nature is loved and it is only right that it should be—by all of us. It is loved as the city of God because there is no citizen. Her secret to the intelligent is untold. She is the incarnation of thought and turns to thought again as ice becomes water and gas. The stars at night stoop down on the homeliest 41 common with all their spiritual magnificence which they shed on the great African desert. The unrolled clouds and colors of evening transfigure maples and alders. Nature cannot be surprised in undress. Never a day so glad, so gay, Nor a wind so fresh and free The light clouds fly on a sea blue sky Like foam on a sky blue sea. “Never a world so grand, so fair Since first our earth begun:— A glowing sky and buoyant air And a shining shower of sun. And all the world so grand, so fair And all the winter drear is done For the scent of the blossoms fill the air And the trees are steeped with sun.” HUGH WHITEMAN Hugh was born January 9, 1889. He has always been up in his studies having gone through the grades and high school with good grades. He is asupporter of the high school fame having played tackle on the 1906 football team and short stop on the 1906 baseball team. He is an industrious person having superintended an onion marsh and going to school at the same time. He is already well versed in the operation of the railroad and we expect much of him tending towards the improvement and safety of railroads. Jlfllut Itlamunakrr’ii § urr flfi By HUGH J. WHITEMAN A LL people are interested in men with great capi-tal and especially so in those who were once poor hoys. Nearly everyone who sees a poor boy advance from poverty to wealth thinks that he has been favored by fortune, but with Mr. Wanamaker as with a majority of these men. advancement was only by hard work and continuous efforts. John Wanamaker had not a single thing to give him any advantage over the hundreds of poor boys of his class in the city of Philadelphia. Indeed there were many boys in this great city for whom people would have felt safe in prophesying a more favorable career, but all that John Wanamaker inherited was good health, clean thoughts, good habits and an active mind. His education was very limited on account of his father's death when he was but a small boy and he remained at home to help his mother in earning a livelihood. Hut his ambition did not stop here and in 1852, when lie was but lifteen years old. he went to work in a publishing house at one dollar and a half per week. He was an industrious worker, paid strict attention to his business, and it was not long before he secured a position in a Market street clothing house without any difficulty and held it with the same ease. He was always prompt in going to his work, and was generally the first one there in the morning and the last one to leave at night. His fellow clerks at Tower Hall said, “He was seldom out of humor, always good and accommodating.” If there was an errand to be done “John” was always ready and glad to go, and they all learned to admire him. The proprietor appreciated his service, and when he began to sell clothing the customers liked him. He never tried to sell them anything they did not appear to like and would look around with them until he found something that would please them. For that reason he usually sold, and all the time he treated them so nicely that when they came again they would always ask for “John.” Hut he was not satisfied always to sell clothes for some one else. During this time he had been elected secretary of the Young Men’s Christian Association which paid him one thousand dollars per year. It was but a few years until he had saved two thousand dollars and with a friend who had two thousand dollars he formed a partnership and opened a clothing store. At the beginning of his mercantile life, Mr. Wanamaker selected the best clothing salesman he could find in Philadelphia and agreed to pay him one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars per year which was one third of their entire capital. Mr. Wanamaker took this salesman to New York with him so that he could help select the stock of clothing, the larger part being bought on credit which was not hard to secure and the two picked out a fine line of stock. This however was just at the beginning of the battles of Oak Hall. They began by advertising in a new way. One morning all over Philadelphia was found the sign W K posted on sidewalks, trees and bill boards in strips of paper about six inches long and two and one-half inches wide. This caused great excitement and a few days later they noticed the signs that Wanamaker Hrown had started a clothing store at Oak Hall. Naturally people wanted to call and look over their stock of goods and this caused lots of clothing to be sold because whenever one of his clerks missed a sale he demanded a written statement why lie did not make the sale. This caused them to show up the goods and seldom any of them missed a sale. They did not stop here, they purchased three or four large balloons which stood more than twenty feet high. These were filled and sent up and whoever brought one of these large balloons back to the store received a new suit of clothes for it. This caused their advertisement to get scattered all through the surrounding towns and country. Finding this a good way to advertise they arranged to get some more balloons but as they were too expensive to buy they started to making them on the roof of the store as that was the only place they had any room. After this experiment they iiad the tally-ho coaching which became a great fad. They would have several wagons of their men out at once in different parts of the city who would deliver bills to the tune of the horns. They also had large signs put in vacant lots near a depot or public place on which were their advertisement in some flashy color that would attract everyone’s attention, such as we see to-day along every railroad. Besides all this advertisement they had great displays in the newspapers. These artistic pictures were of such high class that art schools would clip them out for models. In those days it was a universal custom not to mark the prices plainly on the articles for sale and every clerk was expected to get as much for the article as he could. Mr. Wanamaker however was too honest for this kind of business and he began to mark his prices plainly so that all could see and read them. 45 In the employment of Wanamaker Brown, there was no hap-hazard business done. If a clerk did not pay due attention to his customer and attend strictly to business there was no place for him in Oak Hall. Mr. Wanamaker was always very economical. It is said of him that when he first started in business at Oak Hall, he would go around and gather up the pieces of twine he could find lying around the store and he would see that they were used to tie up the next parcels. He would also gather up the old newspapers, smooth them out and have them used for such parcels as did not call for better paper. The larger portion of his trade after he started at Oak Hall was country trade. He always tried to make the farmers feel at home and could be seen standing around talking to them about the crops or the cattle, which ever seemed to interest them most, and at the same time he would be showing them goods. An old clerk said of him, “‘John’ used to gather up some chestnuts in the fall and would always have some in his pocket. Whenever he would get country customers he would otter them some of the nuts and if they accepted some you could see them standing around looking at clothes, munching at the nuts, and talking as if they had known each other for years. He would always want them to make Ids store their meeting place.’’ It is said of him by another clerk, that if he should see a cus tomer come in chewing gum he would pull out a stick and begin to chew also. The other clerks would not pay much attention to customers like this because they said they never wanted to buy, but that they just came in to look. Nevertheless “John” would take them and usually sold them something before they left the store. During all this time he had been an active worker in the Sunday-school which made him many good friends who learned to love him as a man, and who would patronize him in business. It is true that nearly everyone has heard of his great Sunday-school work, but 1 will mention it again. He started a Sunday-school of his own in one of the most unpromising down town sections known in Philadelphia. nevertheless he worked at it faithfully and earnestly until he had nearly three thousand members. This school was a great promoter of good. In 1877 Mr. Wanamaker moved his store to Thirteenth and Market street. He announced one price for all and that plainly marked, which proved to be a very good system and is used to this day. In this way he completely changed the method of retailing goods in the United States. When he was asked to what he contributed his success he said: “To thinking, trying and trusting in God.” And it is said of him even now when his health permits he is the first to be at the store in the morning and the last to leave in the evening just as he did when a boy at Tower Hall. I think Mr. Wanamaker must have had for his motto something like the one Dr. Edward Evertt Hale had for his ‘ Lend a Hand Society:” “Look up and not downward Look forward and not back Look in and not out And lend a hand.” A good motto for each of us to adopt. DESSA EVANS Dkssa, a member of the successful class of 1907, was born March 20, 18H7. Her life is certainly a pattern and guide for us, as day after day in the trials of the class her face always assumes a smile. She is steady and always found over her books, mastering the problems and perplexities that there arise, with great valor. She will probably finish her education in some college. Wherever she goes we wish success to crown her life. (2Hj? ®iihi CSratl By DESSA EVANS J7TIIE most obscure and spiritual of all the romances of chivalry is doubtless the legend of the Holy Grail. This legend, as declared by some authorities was first known by the Moors in Europe, but was soon introduced into Spain and France. It became very popular in Germany through the writings of Wolfram von Gottfried. The story of the Holy Grail owing to the many changes made by different authors is somewhat confused. When Lucifer was cast from heaven there fell to the earth from his crown a costly stone. From this stone was carved a most beautiful vessel. This vessel was given to Joseph of Arimathea, who gave it to the Savior who drank from it at the Last Supper. When Jesus was nailed to the cross Joseph of Arimathea used the Holy Grail to catch a few drops of blood, and on account of this circumstance it was supposed to have wondrous power. “Wherever it was. there were good things in abundance. Whoever looked upon it, even though he were sick unto death could not die that week: whoever looked at it continually his cheeks never grew pale, nor his hair grey.” Only those who were of pure and noble character were permitted to have charge of this wonderful vessel. And for many years it was in the hands of Joseph of Arimathea. After the crucifixion Joseph helped to bury Christ. The Jews being angry on this account cast him into a dungeon, where they supposed he would soon die: but fortunately he had the Holy Grail with him, and what more did he need? This is similar to the action of King Darius when he cast Daniel into the lions den. Did the king provide Daniel with food? No! He supposed Daniel would soon be devoured by the hungry lions. Daniel had the gift of prayer with him instead of the Holy Grail. When Vespasian the Roman emperor heard the story of the Christ and of Joseph being cast into the dungeon, he immediately sent a messenger to the Holy Land to find the burial place of Christ and bring back some emblem or relic with which his son might be healed. The messenger returned bringing the relic with him. and Titus needed only to gaze upon it and he was immediately healed. Vespasian and Titus now proceeded to the Holy Land to search for the hiding place of Joseph and the burial place of Christ. The Jews would not reveal the dungeon in which they had placed Joseph, until Vespasian threatened to place a great penalty upon them. Then they pointed out the dungeon and were greatly astonished to see Joseph come forth strong and well. Joseph thinking that he was in danger among the Jews proceeded to Marseilles taking the Holy Grail with him. While in Marseilles the Holy Grail supplied all the needs of the company that was with him until one had sinned and then they were punished by a famine. Not knowing who had sinned Joseph was instructed through a vision to make a supper where all who believed in the Holy Grail were to be seated. Eleven were seated and when Moses the guilty party attempted to sit on the twelfth seat the earth immediately opened and swallowed him. In the Vision of Sir Launfal we have a very beautiful description of the search for the Holy Grail. The poet shows us in this poem that we should strive to have a feeling of good will, benevolence, affection and tenderness for others: and all the foregoing when taken together as one simply means that we should have charity for one another. That we should not lx? as the Greeks and Barbarians or the Jews and Gentiles of later times, who were so w idely separated that it took many centuries of religious life to bring them into the standing they have to-day. “Monotheism is at the fountain source of charity.’ If we are not charitable we cannot worship God in the right way. The greatest of all is charity. It is “That Thread of all sustaining Beauty Which runs through all and doth all unite.” We find many people to-day wishing to do some charitable act. If they can do something great that may be seen, they will do it. but when it comes to going on missions of love and charity for those who are down-hearted and discouraged, and w ho wish that some one would give them a kind word or pleasant smile, they are not to be found. Some people have the very much mistaken idea that mere almsgiving is charity, but it is not true charity for Lowell says: “No true alms that the hand can hold. He gives nothing but worthless gold who gives from the sense of duty.” When the knight of old started out in quest of the Holy Grail—just as many to-day seek to find Christ in only the external ceremonies of the Church—he would not have needed to have gone farther than his castle gate had he given himself with the gold he threw to tlie leper who lay there. But self was so great in him that he rode on never thinking of anything except that he was going to a far away country to search for the Holy Grail. There 49 are a great many people to-day who do deeds of selfishness under the form of noble deeds, just as Sir Launfal did. It is true that many people to-day might well be compared to the castle which Lowell mentions in that wonderful Vision: “Rebuffed the sunshine free, And gloomed itself apart.” After men have once given themselves to Christ and by that act promised to be honest and true in all that they do and say, they should strive to see the difference between false and true charity. They will give to the poor and needy with a better spirit than before. True charity is nicely represented as triumphant over the false in the following: “No more on his surcoat was blazoned the cross, But deep in his soul the sign he wore, The badge of the suffering and the poor.” Sir Launfal spent all his life in a search for the Holy Grail and when he was old and feeble he returned to the castle in the winter of his life and found a leper at his gate. This time he gave him not a piece of gold with which he would not be per- mitted to buy anything to feed upon, but: “lie parted in twain his single crust, lie broke the ice on the streamlet’s brink, And gave to the leper to eat and drink: ’Tvvas a mouldy crust of coarse brown bread, ’Twas water out of a wooden bowl,— Yet with tine whe ten bread was the leper fed, And ’twas red wine he drank with his thirsty soul.” Suddenly a light shown round about the place and the leper stood before Sir Launfal glorified and said: “Lo it is I be not afraid In many climes without avail, Thou hast spent thy life for the Holy Grail Behold it is here, the cup which thou Didst till at the streamlet for me but now.” And Sir Launfal awakening cried out— “The Grail in my castle here is found! Hang my idle armor up on the wall. Let it be the spider's banquet hall; He must be fenced with stronger mail Who would seek and find the Holy Grail.” 50 HAROLD JOHNSON Harold, the business manager of the class of 1907, was born January 7. 1889. He is an ardent supporter of the class honors on all occasions and was an important factor in the battle with the seniors of 1905 over the class numerals. He is never found wanting in his studies as his grades in the lower rooms and high school show. He was quarter-back of the famous foot-ball team of 1906, and his excellent playing helped the team wonderfully. He is prominent in all the walksof life: is a promoter of social functions, and is generally admired, lie is mastering the ditliculties of the Latin language, intending in the future to be a druggist. 9rlf-r?ltattr? By HAROLD JOHNSON HAT is self-reliance? Depending upon self! Every day we read the writings of some great author. Did he depend on anybody to write his lines? You will say, no. Where does he get his thought then? He depends on himself and what his mind tells him he writes. He believes in histhought and believes what is true for him is true for all men. He speaks his latent conviction and it becomes universal opinion. Familiar as the voice of mind is to each, the highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato and Milton is, that they set at naught books and traditions. They spoke not what men thought, but what self told them. A man should learn to detect and watch for that gleam of light which flashes across his mind, instead of the lustre of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thoughts, because they are his own. There comes a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance: that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse as his portion: that although the wnrld is full of good, no good can come to him unless he depends on himself. A man is satisfied after his work is finished to know that he, himself, has done it, depending on nobody but himself. Trust yourself and have confidence, every heart beats faster to that sound. Take the place providence has prepared for you and be satisfied. Great men before us have done so: they have taken what providence has provided for them and have won the battle of life. Only cowards try to get away from what providence has prepared for them. Did Abraham Lincoln try to avert what was provided for him? No, he went straight ahead and split rails till the opportunity came, then his mind seized ft and he made a great man out of himself. Did he depend on someone else or did he depend on himself? You will all answer that he was a self-made man. You ask what did it? A very few' words will answer, Self-reliance! People at that time did not have opportunities that we have now. Do you ever hear of a man now walking for miles to get a book and then sit up all night to study it? We get the idea that we don’t have to do it now: the only trouble is, we do not depend on self enough. Did Washington, Napoleon or some of our other great generals depend on somebody to plan their battles and campaigns? You say no, if they had, they would never have been the men they were. They depended on themselves to plan the battles and their soldiers to carry out their orders. The great question is, will we become great by depending on others or will we have to dig it out for ourselves? Where would our nation be if it had not been for Jefferson, Adams, Hamilton, Washington and many other of our great men, if they had depended on England to start our country upon the road which we now travel. If they had not relied on themselves a great deal we might now be under England’s or some other nation’s power. It is true that France helped but they never waited for France to join forces with them. They went straight ahead thinking they were doing right, and now what have we? We have one of the greatest nations upon the face of the globe. All because of self-reliance and courage. Prosperity always follows it. Anything that is beneficial to the human race comes from what I have just mentioned above. When Robert Fulton built his steamship, did he depend on some one else? He only depended on himself, and amid the jeers and taunts of the people invented the object which has ever since been in use and ever will be. He otTered to build ships for Napoleon to cross the English Channel but he would not listen to Fulton. Napoleon met his Waterloo depending on some one else. Many a great man has fallen for the same reason. One great trouble of to-day is that we do not have enough perseverance. I f a young mangoes into business and fails, he loses heart, and people say he is ruined. “Keeping everlastingly at it brings success.” Depend on yourself: never imitate. Your own gifts you can present every moment with the cumulative force of a whole life’s cultivation: but of the adopted talent of another you have only the extemporaneous half possession. Have we ever had a teacher who could have taught Shakespeare? Has there ever been a master that could have instructed Franklin or Washington? Every great man is an unique. Every man makes himself what he is. Nature gives him opportunities and he has to develop them. Nature did not give those men half the opportunities she gives us. We do not train our minds to grasp the flashes that cross it. We should begin to train our minds while we are young. Youth is the time for a good start. Be honest and truthful, then men will have confidence in you. Almost every day you hear some one say, “There goes a self-made man.” That man is the one who is going to get through life. He did not depend on any one else to help get the position he now maintains. He was climbing the hill of knowledge while others were sleeping. He may have failed in his career but he did not lose courage. He took for his motto: “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” If one 53 man can succeed others can. What man has done man can do. Courage, perseverance and self-reliance bring success. Now if we have these qualities and develop them we will be looked upon in the future in the way that Longfellow said in his Psalm of Life: “Lives of great men all remind us, WTe can make our lives sublime And departing leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time.” NELLIE WEST Nellie, the treasurer of the class of 1907, was born in Cassville, Ohio, August 28, 1888. At the age of three she moved to Cadiz, Ohio, where she finished the first seven grades. From there she moved to Warsaw where she finished the eighth grade and first and second year high school. From there she moved to Xappanee and entered the class of 1907. In this class she has proven her ability in being a good student. She has always been for the welfare of the class and we wish her success in whatever line she takes up. • • � •: • Dtsrmtrrirs mb 3Jntmttunttf nf thr fcuUitrruth (Unitary By NELLIE WEST T7 11K eighteenth century is noted for its great in- ventions and discoveries. No other century before this has ever produced such great wonders. All the scientific men of the age were experimenting and trying to invent or discover something new and not only new but something that would be helpful to their own country and to different parts of the world. I will now proceed to tell you something of these great wonders and let you judge for yourself if they are not marvelous things. In 1705 Mr. Newcomen invented what is known as the atmospheric engine or as we call it, the steam-engine. He labored many years on the different parts and at last succeeded in completing it. This engine, which is entirely different from the present steam-engine, was largely applied to mines especially in raising water. It was greatly improved by Watt, in 1784, when he discovered the steam heating power which he applied to it. Fifteen years later, in 1720, pianoforte was invented. Three men independently about the same time conceived the idea of pianoforte, in different parts of Europe. One, a French harpsichord maker by the name of Marius: another, whose name was Schroeter, a German organist: and the third, a harpsichord maker of Padua, by the name of Christolali. Priority in point of invention is due to the Italian maker. The compass to this early pianoforte was from four to five octaves but has gradually increased to six and seven-eighths or seven octaves, or occasionally more. The most natural of the various forms which the instrument assumes is that of the grand pianoforte. A few months later in the same year, the mercury thermometer was invented by Mr. Fahrenheit. In 1714, Fahrenheit had taken as fixed points, the temperature of the human body and that of a mixture of ice and sal ammoniac or common salt. When he made the mecury thermometer, he proved the dependence of the boiling point on pressure. Since then it has remained about the same. Mecury has been the most convenient fluid for ordinary use. The thermometer is placed on a graduated scale with naught degrees as absolute zero and the warmth of the human body 24 degrees and freezing of water 8 degrees. These long degrees being very inconvenient, he divided them into quarters, which were afterwards termed degrees, making freezing 32 degrees and blood heat 98 degrees. This scale of Fahrenheit’s is very convenient for meteorological work because of its short degrees admitting great accuracy in reading and compactness in recording on account of its low zero. Forty-three years later, in 1703, John Harrison, a celebrated mechanician, constructed a chronometer. He also invented the gridiron pendulum for clocks at this time. The chronometer or time measure as it is often called, is a name given principally to such time-keepers as are used for determining the longitude of the sea. The mechanism is essentially the same as that of a common watch; only the size is generally greater and the balance wheel is compensated for variations of temperature. Four years after the construction of the chronometer, James Hargreaves, who will ever be remembered in connection with the cotton manufacture, invented the carding machine and the spinning jinny. The spinning jinny was invented at Stankhill near Blackburn in Lancashire. Its success was considerable but others have made more perfect ones and the invention of Hargreaves soon passed into obscurity. The next invention, that of balloons, in 1783, is due to two brothers, Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, two paper-makers at Annonay, France, whose names are as distinguished in the development of their own branch of manufacture as in the history of aeronautics. By reading of different kinds of air, they became very much interested. They conceived an idea that air could be rendered navigable by inclosing a light gas within a covering of inconsiderable weight. So they finally decided upon paper as the most fitting material for the purpose and first made a balloon of paper tilled with inflammable air. They soon discovered that these emptied themselves almost as soon as they were tilled so they thought they would try something else. Instead of looking upon paper as an unsuitable covering, they sought to find another gas more suited for the paper. They thought they had found such a gas from the combustion of slightly moistened straw and wool, which they imagined had an upward tendency, repelled from the ground. This proved to be of no more advantage than ordinary heated air. At Avignon, in November 1782, Stephen Montgolfier first succeeded in causing a silk parallelopiped of about fifty cubic feet to rise to the roof of a room. He became encouraged by his success and the Uvo brothers made experiments on a larger scale at Annonay with an equally happy result and finally in June 1783, in the presence of the states of Vivarais, and of an immense multitude they raised a balloon, thirty-five feet in diameter to the height of fifteen hundred feet. It was nearly spherical in shape and was made of pack-cloth covered with paper and was heated by an iron choffer placed beneath it, in which ten pounds of moist straw and wool were burned. James Watt, famous as the improver and almost 57 the inventor of the steam-engine, was the discoverer of the composition of water. Watt noticed that the alternate heating and cooling of the cylinder in Newcomen’s engine made it work with tedious slowness and excessive consumption of steam. He tried to find some suitable material for the cylinder that would take in and give out heat slowly. Wood was found a little better but not endurable. He found that by making a good vacuum under the piston it would work to good advantages. So he bought the patent for the same in 1784, which has the well known parallel motion. He also invented the indicator, which measures the work done by the engine. The next invention was that of the life boat by Lionell Lukins. It was adapted to live in a stormy sea, with a view to the saving of life from shipwreck. Lukins perceived that it must contain the qualities of buoyancy, strength to escape destruction from violence of waves, from rocky beaches, from collision with wreck, facility in turning and power of righting when capsized. After many years of hard toiling he was successful in making a life-boat. It was completed about September 11, 1785. Later he received a gold medal of the Societies of arts and royal Tyne, as a premium for the best form of a life-boat. The weaving loom was next invented by Edmund Cartwright, about December 17, 1785. He was very much interested in machinery and early in 178fi he exhibited his first power loom in action. It was a very rude machine but has had more recent improvement and is now almost perfect. Its introduction was very much opposed and some people burned his mill, which was fitted up with five hundred of his looms. From 1658 to 1739, the attention of men of science in England had been repeatedly turned to the streams of inflammable air issuing from wells and mines in the coal districts. Various communications on the subject were read before the royal society of London. In the last report, the Rev. I)r. John Clayton, dean of Kildare, gave an account of experiments in which he had distilled gas from coal. Mr. Murdock, in 1792, first constructed an apparatus by which he lighted his house and offices at Redruth, in Cornwall, by using the new gas just mentioned. Each year he lighted more houses and factories until at length he gained a fortune. Then he finished his life experimenting for mere pleasure and not for the money there was in it. Of course you have all no doubt heard of the next invention, that of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, in 1793. The people complained much because it was so tedious to separate the cotton fibre from the seed, so one day Mrs. Green told her complaining neigh- bors that she was sure Whitney could help them out of their trouble for he could make anything. At theirdesire he set to work under great disadvantages for he had to make his own tools and even draw his own wire, but nevertheless he was successful. When people found this out, a band of law-breakers stole his machine before he could secure a patent. He then went in partnership with Miller, in 1793, and went to Connecticut to manufacture cotton gins but law suits took all his profits and $50,000 was voted him by the state of South Carolina. He did not gain much honor from the gin, which was one of the most important of the whole series of inventions connected with the cotton manufacture. The name Jenner has become immortalized by the discovery of the prophylastic power of vaccination, in 1796. It was the result of a prolonged series of experiments. Many investigations regarding the different varieties of cow-pox, etc., delayed theactual discovery for no less than sixteen years when at length the crowning experiment on James Phipps was made on May 14, 1796, and Jenner’s task was virtually accomplished. Scarcely any one ever practiced this until a year had passed, then over seventy physicians and surgeons of London signed a declaration of their entire confidence in it. This discovery was soon promulgated all over the world. Parliment in 1802 voted him 10,000 pounds; in 1807, 20,000 pounds, and in 1858 a public statue in his honor was erected in the metropolis. Flis later days were passed chiefly at Berkeley and Cheltenham and were occupied in the dissemination and elucidation of his great discovery. In the same year Aloys Senefelder discovered lithography, for which he obtained a patent. It consists, first, in writing and drawing on stone with a pen and brush, with the engraver and crayon or chalk or in transferring to the stone writings and drawings made with the pen or brush on transfer paper or impressions from copper, steel and pew ter plates taken on a coated paper then copies made from this. The best lithographic stones are found at Kelheim and Solenhofen, near Rappenheim on the Danube, in Bavaria. They are composed of lime, clay and sili-cious earth, of various hues, from a pale yellowish white to a light buff, reddish, pearl-gray, light gray, blue and greenish color. Now the people of this wonderful age are looking forward to the coming century and wondering if it will contain as many good and useful inventions as the one we have just spoken of. It will no doubt contain as many and just as helpful, but at the same time they could not get along without those of the eighteenth century. 58 ORA GUISS Ora was born August 19, 1888. lie also deserves honor, since he lives over a mile from school and is seldom late. He has always held good grades in his work and is a loyal, honest and energetic fellow. He has helped save the honor of the class of 1907 in all its struggles. His greatest regret is that he was hurt several years ago so that he could not take part in the foot-ball team. After his graduation he expects to enter some university and take up law. So hereafter we will hear of him as Hon. O. ( Guiss, the famous lawyer. 9omt AaprrtH uf ahr immigration Problem By ORA GUISS IjN all its aspects, the immigration question is one ® of the most serious problems, confronting the people of the United States to-day. Much has been written about the social, racial, economic, political and medical aspect of the immigration problem, but the question remains as unsettled in some of its various phases as ever. The direct social effects of immigration upon our people, are difficult to estimate. So far as disease, pauperism and crime can be taken as evidence, the effects of immigration are distinctly unfavorable. This is, of course largely due to the fact that the great mass of immigrants come from the lower classes. This class of immigrants lowers our standard of society both morally and physically. In the racial effects we deal with the class of immigrants in general. Some are those who immigrate to avoid punishment for some crime, others to seek their fortunes and then to return to their own country and live: and there are those who are mentally and physically defective and very soon would become a public charge. Again there is a class that are a help to a nation and do all in their power to lift the standard of society to its highest morals. The wealthier and better educated class are satisfied with their surroundings, while the lower and illiterate class are continually wanting to change their location and take advantage of the prosperity of another country. In the economic effects we study the advantages gained by immigration. There is a growth of country by the constant addition to our laboring population by immigration. Another economic advantage is the money brought into the country by these immigrants. The economic advantage seems clearly to be greater than the losses in the case of able bodied, intelligent and industrious immigrants. The political effect is a very serious problem and upon it depends the welfare of the nation. A large proportion of the voters are of foreign birth. It has been estimated that at least 22.4 per cent of native born white population only are voters and 46.3 per cent of foreign born. This is a very important fact and its political consequences depend, as do the economic consequences, spoken of before in large measure, upon the character and quality of the immigrants, who thus qualify themselves to hold the balance of power at all our elections whether municipal, state or national. The medical effect of immigration can be clearly seen throughout the country and upon it depends not only the welfare of the nation but the nation itself, whether the nation is to be a race of weaklings or in good health and with a strong physique. A large per cent of the inmates of the insane asylums are of foreign birth and our hospitals are tilled with them. The laws have not been stringent enough along this line, but now more stringent measures are being enforced. The early settlers of this country were not immigrants as we now apply the term. They were of hardy stock, and were home-seekers and home makers. The new world held out no inducements to those who were so incompetent as not to be able to meet the tasks which were to be found in a new world. A great nation was formed by those sturdy men, but we have been forced to recognize the change in the make up of our population at the present day. The immigrant of to-day, does not come to our shore as a home-seeker and home-maker but as an adventurer eager to take advantage of our national prosperity. From this point of view comes the serious aspect of the immigration problem. Ellis Island, situated at the port of New York, is one of our great immigration stations: through here pass thousands of aliens, who are examined by competent men to see whether they can be admitted as citizens of the United States without becoming a public charge. I fan alien is found who is infested with any disease he is readily disposed of and does not become a menace to our national health. The real danger comes from the alien of poor physique, but no detinite disease; he will be admitted if a citizen appears and offers a written or verbal guarantee that the alien will not become a public charge. Hut this guarantee is a great many times worthless, and the alien is cared for at hospital orotlierwise at public expense. The Dillingham Immigration Hill passed the Senate, and probably will become a law. If it is enacted into law. it will go a long way in the direction of making perfect the already excellent immigration act ol 1903. This bill bars the mentally or physically defective alien and increases the head money to be paid on alien passengers, except citizens of the United States, Canada. Newfoundland, Mexico and Cuba from two dollars to live dollars. In 1880 one of the great questions of the day was the Chinese immigration problem. The United States had made a treaty in 1868 with China permitting immigration to this country. This treaty was made by Mr. Anson Hurlingame and therefore called the Burlingame Treaty. The immigration was for the purpose of curiosity, of trade or as permanent residents. These Chinese immigrants underbid in the labor market the working men of the white races, 61 and lowered wages. They were no home-seekers, they were only looking after our national prosperity. It was evident that something had to be done, and in 1888 a bill was passed prohibiting the Chinese from immigrating to this country. To-day the question of Japanese exclusion has come before the people of the United States. In all probability the Japanese school question in San Francisco had some etfect on the exclusion of the Japanese from this country. The parents of the white children that attended the public schools demanded the exclusion of the Japanese from these schools. The sole cause of this was that the Japanese who sought admission to these schools were largely adults. They (locked to the primary grades of the schools attended by the white children: these children could not compete in their studies with the adults and on this account their exclusion was demanded. Besides adequate facilities, provided for them in conjunction with the Chinese, there are numerous private schools in every part of the country which the Japanese can attend. The public school is an important element in the social life of every American community. The system is provided by the state and each community establishes and maintains its own schools thereunder. The question of whether San Francisco had the right to exclude the Japanese was of great importance. This question was arbitrated when a bill was passed excluding the Japanese from thiscountry. Japanese exclusion means a great deal. Japan will probably cease to be a commercial friend of ours and this would close the greater part of the markets of the far East to us. Japanese influence is now the dominant factor in Eastern Asia and should site cease to be a commercial friend of ours we would lose a trade of about $140,000,000, besides a promise of enormous future expansion. 02 Ijiatitrif nf a hr (Cl ass n f 130 7 By RICHARD JOHNSTON N the fall of the year 1903, thirty-three boys and girls entered the Freshman ('lass of the N. II. S. But do not think for an instant that this collection was an irresolute array of young men and women. No, this was not the case. Frankness, generosity, good will toward all, and above all, character and the imprint that a lofty ambition leaves upon every brow, shone from their faces. No sooner was their school work entered upon in earnest than the jeers and mocking tones of the other classes were turned to tones of respect. This class of ’07 soon established a reputation that had never before been equalled, a reputation for a sense of honor: for its ability and ingenuity in discovering the humorous side to every phase of life encountered in a high school career, and also to enjoy this humor to its fullest extent and at the same time execute all work imposed upon them with success and ability. To show you the readiness with which this class adapted itself to different surroundings and to different methods of teaching, I shall give you the names of the teachers it had in the eighth grade and first year high school. First, Miss Rebecca Christo-phel; Miss Lieb, of Elkhart; Prof. Norris, of Syracuse high school: John Postma, who at that time resided in Nappanee, were its teachers in the eighth grade. In the first year of high school we had the following teachers: Prof. Baylor: John Wheeler, of Bloomington, Ind.: Miss Olivia Voliva, of Greencas-tle, Ind.: and Superintendent Samuel W. Baer. Vet in spite of their different methods of teaching, the ciass was successful in its work. Each term for four years new branches were studied, mastered and laid aside for more advanced ones, and these were pursued with an energy which has been characteristic of the class throughout its whole career. During all this time some members of the class of ’07 were leaving and it dwindled in number from thirty-three in the freshman year to fourteen in the senior year. It is said that the mill of time grinds slow but exceedingly tine, and now in tiie year 1907, you see the result of four years of incessant grinding: a class unequalled in the annals of the high school. School life as any other life depends upon the survival of the fittest. There are fourteen survivors who are ready to take up the different professions they have chosen with an inflexible purpose, and as a result of their labor and that of their teachers, are prepared to combat single handed all obstacles that obstruct the attainment of their desires. We shall dwell no longer upon the ability of the members of this class; it is not necessary as their ability is universally recognized by all who come in contact with them. Let us now observe some of the things which have occurred in these four years of school life. Let us see where these students received their inspirations. They received them by reading the careers of successful men who entered life in the same manner in which they are entering it. They were also inspired by the literature of ancient Rome, England and America, also by such works as Caesar’s “Commentaries of Gaul,” ‘’Select Letters and Orations of Cicero,” and Virgil’s “Aeneid” and the works of Schiller, Goethe and other German poets and dramatists, whose works are capable of inspiring all with a lofty ambition, a desire to do. In the year 1904 the class 05 painted their numerals upon the high school tower which was promptly painted out by the following members of the class of'07: Harry Price, Ora Guiss, Richard Johnston, Harold Johnson, Harry Laudeman, Claude Coppes and Hugh White-man. Again the seniors of ‘05 put their numerals up to the very top of the tower. About six o’clock commencement evening the above members of the class of ’07 again made an attempt to erase them, in which the girls of ’07 took the greatest interest as they have done in every other class issue. The attempt would have succeeded but for an insufficient amount of ladders, a want which could not be supplied before the arrival of the seniors. As it was ’05 remained on the tower and ’07 which the seniors had erased was not put up on the school tower until the following term. The memorable tight which occurred in the attempt to erase the 05 of the seniors was famous for being the first time a shot gun figured in high school affairs. It was very ably handled by one of the seniors. The following term ’06 was erased from the tower and ‘07 replaced it in pink and green, the class colors. There upon the tower it remained in spite of the efforts of both hostile students and alumni to erase it. Finally the school board had it painted out and put a stop to this dangerous nractice. Vet if on a sunny day you face the tower you can see the faint outline of 07 which was put there for the last time by Richard Johnston, Harry Price and Harold Johnson. In all of the affairs of the class the girls have worked side by side with the boys, showing great interest, good judgment and it is needless to say have done their share. Aside from their lessons which have appealed to them more than anything else the above have been the most momentous occurrences in the history of the class. (Class By BONNIE WILSON Suttr Jalig Stubrnt Of the many classes large and small in Nappanee High School, There’s none can with our own compare for breaking every rule. We’ve a reputation hard to beat and none need ever try To make themselves superior for them we do defy. While we have our fun we do our work as you must all agree, Our grades are high, our spirits too, for we shall soon be free, From the dig and grind of study hours and the bells commanding ring So let us all with might and main now gladly shout and sing. ciiorus— For we’re the jolly seniors of the N. H. S. Her name we bless We’re proud to wear the white and blue We’ll raise the banner high, and keep it there we will Rah! Rah! Rah! We’re the kind who dare and do. We’re sure the other classes and our teachers fond and true Will miss our cheerful faces and will feel so very blue Now that we’re gone the way that all good seniors e’er must go And that they’ll wish we all were back to banish all their woe, And this parting word to all we leave, its import do not lose If e’er you need an antidote to cure you of your blues Just think of us and what we did and what we e’er will do For we’re sure tlie very thought of this your spirits will renew. CHORUS ( 4 (Class Pom By GRACE NEFF Good people all with one accord Give ear unto my song And I your patience will reward By making it—not long. A wondrous class I needs must rhyme A class of greatest fame And so of course ’twill take some time To magnify its name. Just fourteen numbers small and great Are naughty seven’s pride; Fair lassies six and laddies eight And no one else beside. A brilliant record in High School This class lias surely made Not that they’ve always gone by rule Nor always have obeyed. But full from top to toe are they Of mischief, pranks and fun; And yet they manage e’er to say That all their work is done. But surely you would like to know The names of this fair band, Who some day you’ll be glad to show As the greatest in the land. There’s Coppes, Laudeman and Guiss Blessing and Whiteman too, Johnston and Johnson and H. Price These are our gallants true. But by these Christian names of theirs These people are not known, It seems that no one ever dares To call them by their own. In nicknames sure this class is rich As you will all agree, “Johnny,” “Hahneman,” Pacer, Cap, Stich, Pat, Reby and Clay-tee. But Nellie, Bonnie, I)essa, Grace, Meda and Bessie B, The best the last you see I place Naught seven’s girls are we. In Latin, German, Algebra English and Physics too, They’ve made it possible to say That these things they can do. BitT: Bang! Bali! Zip! Zam! Zali! Nineteen Seven, Rail! Rah! Rah! Athlrtira By ORA GUISS 2jff( R the last three successive years, the Nappanee High School has been represented in the Held of athletics, by three of tlie best football squads in this part of the State. A few weeks after school began the football team donned their uniforms for practice. And on October 12. the defenders of the blue and white were Hrst called on the home gridiron to defend their past title against Bremen High School. The team joined the State Athletic Association and put into the Held a strictly high school team. It was one of those superb days in October, just the kind for a football game. A large crowd was in attendance and banners of the blue and white were waving at the four corners of the football Held, and the Bremen High School was represented by their colors of gold and black. As the ball was advanced towards Bremen’s goal cheer after cheer was uttered, urging the team on to victory, and a victory it was for the blue and white by a score of L6 and ft. Nappanee was continually in Bremen’s territory and rushed them all the time. Price was captain of the line-up. Murray was referee and he did exceedingly well considering the difficulty of his position. The second game was played at Wakarusa, Saturday November 11. The blue and white being represented by the following line-up: Whiteman Left Tackle gerr Left Guard Berlin Gent® Johnston Bight Guard I)uker Bight Tackle........ Walters Bight End Detreese Quarter Back Johnson Left Back — Good and Sechrist Right Back Miller Full Back Price Substitutes—Stose. Clouse. Wilson and Unger. In the Hrst half of the game the honors were about even and the score 0 toO. In the second half a touchdown was secured for the blue and white. Good made the touchdown and Price kicked goal making the Hnal score 6 and 0. The head-work of the team and their gentlemanly way of playing deserves much praise. This was the only game played with them as a return date could not be arranged. Bremen High School was played next at Bremen. The Hnal score being 10 and 11 in Bremen's favor. The Nappanee team was continually in Bremen's territory and within Hfteen yards of Bremen’s goal all the time. But the Nappanee team played against odds and one of these was the referee. In the second half the Nappanee eleven advanced the ball towards Bremen’s goal, by the line plunges and end runs of Sechrist. Miller and Price. Price carried the ball over the line and kicked goal, but the Bremen boys began a “crabbing” match and “cheated” the team out of three minutes of time and then would not leave the Nappanee boys have the point for goal, thereby defeating the blue and white by one point. No injuries were received in any of these games. The game at Bremen wasthe last game for the season. If circumstances permit, a baseball team will probably be organized this year, and we hope will win more victories than did the football team of llHXi. But little interest has been taken in the athletics of the High School. There is no gymnasium such as other schools have, no football or baseball Helds and it must be admitted that no school is complete without any of these; because physical exercise in any form is just as essential as our studies. We sincerely hope that the citizens will take hold of this and that in the near future we shall Hnd a gymnasium and football and baseball Helds. 66 $Jrujilirry uf Tlir (Elans uf HUTf By ALMEDA MILLER A LL may well be interested in the future of the class of 1907, for what will be accomplished by it will have not a little influence in the world for good and advancement in different vocations of life. We are known far and wide now for our activity and what will really be done by our hearts and hands will now be revealed to you. The union of a class has never been so clearly shown as in the class of 1907. The interest and love we all have for each other cannot be told. But as one expression of it the class will meet once each year in the most beautiful country home in Northern Indiana, where it will be like a paradise and where we shall receive so much new life and rest from the wonders and beauty of nature that each year the class will grow stronger and more efficient. Bessie Beghtel will be the mistress of this Eden. Ora Guiss will become one of the most prominent lawyers of the United States. In the year nineteen-forty he will take a chair in the Supreme Court and in one of the most critical cases that ever confronted a Doctor of L w. he will use his ability in his profession and good judgment in a most satisfactory manner. In one of the new flourishing cities of ten thousand inhabitants, in the West, there will be only one drug store in fifteen years from now. Many other druggists will have tried to carry on business there but failed because the able manager, Harold .Johnson, has all the customers, of which there are a great number, but his large store and corps of helpers accommodate them all. I essa Evans will become a very successful worker among children, both in church and school, after having more thoroughly equipped herself in a modern training school. Her skill and kind disposition will win the hearts of all with whom she comes in contact. In a few years Clayton Blessing will inquiring for a new branch in mathematics, as he will still be eager to learn more, and will have mastered everything that is out now. He will also take up civil-engineering in which he will prove himself a no less able student. Harry Laudeman will finish his school life with a medical course and high honors. His fame as a physician will be far-reaching. Any members of our class will always be welcomed to a comfortable home of South Bend down by the old St. Joe. For while Grace Neff will be there attending Business College, intending to enter upon a business career, her smiles and winning ways will charm a fair youth of the city and after that she will have nothing to do but to enjoy herself, with anything she wishes at her command. Nellie West will continue in the educational realm. Her lot isn't to be disclosed yet but we are confident that fortune will favor her as it does the rest of the class. Hugh Whiteman will some day be president of a firm owning a large department store of Cleveland. One will not need to be around him very long to learn that he is a thoroughly competent business manager. Besides this he will have large interests in one of the leading railroads to that city. And neither does this class of 1907 lack a musician to cope with any that a former class ever produced. Bonnie Wilson will devote her life to music, which is the idol of her soul. And many happy hours will be spent in listening to her music. The class of 1907 is anxious for a long active life, and we shall have good medical assistance, for Harry Price, our able president, will also take up that profession. All will learn, as we have learned, to depend upon him. His practice will leave no time for him to engage in any other vocation. Richard Johnston will also add great honor to the class by being a lawyer. He will study law in Harvard College and graduate with the name of having taken up the work sooner and better than any other student of his class. As a lawyer he will become wealthy, but noted for his honesty and justice. Claude Coppes, after completing a full course of study in the university, will become a member of the firm, Coppes, Zook Mutschler Co. His inventive genius arid mechanical skill will add much to their already lucrative business. 07 {Irrsmtala On depositing a dime with Harry Price .you can become a member of the Lemon Club. Miss Voliva—Grace may give the translation of the Latin word “mulier”, “mulieres”. Miss Grace—The meaning of “mulier” is mule or donkey. Prof. Miller—How many resolutions did John Edwards make? Richard—Why, John Edwards made sixty revolutions. Prof. Miller—Who was vice-president with Franklin Pierce? Bonnie—Harriet Beecher Stowe. Prof. Miller—Where is Hoscoe this morning? Miss Voliva—He and Bessie will be here in a few minutes. Prof. Miller—In what zone do you live, Harl? Ilarl—South Frigid, 1 guess. When Harry Price brought a bottle hydrogen near a candle, Harry Laudeman showed a retiring nature. Prof. Pelsma—Well, Mr. Laudeman. don’t try to back through that wall. Miss Throne—My! but this class is slow in mathematics. Give me the answer to this: Three multiplied by seven plus two: quick! Ora (instantly)—Skidoo! Wanted: Information as to who wrote the Reformation. Renaissance, and Tanglefoot Tales.—Clayton Blessing. Prof. Miller—Who was king after Henry VIII ? Clayton—Anne Bolinsky. Prof. Miller—Hugh don’t waste your time on the girls. Harry Price (thinking of a recent question in history)—You might as well get all you can. Ora was standing on the porch with a girl, when her father told her to come in, as it was cold out there. After calling three times he decided to interview them personally. When Ora was asked how quickly the door was opened and closed, he said: “It went bang! bang!” Where were you when it opened? he was asked. Ora said: “Five feet from the door.” Where were you when it closed? he was asked. He said: “Three blocks from the house.” Clayton (looking at the menu at the Junior banquet): If I had known that they were going to have all this, I wouldn’t have eaten any supper. Willis just emitting his laugh. Nellie (aroused from deep study): Whose cow is that? Teacher (to Freshmen): Come, come, children, get to work! Claude—I could simplify this if I could pisect this tangle. Harold, looking at the electric light above his head. Miss Voliva—Do you see any angels? Harold- Not around here. Here is a stanza from the “Lady of the Lake” followed by a student’s explanation, and is true and undoctored: “Alone, but with unabated zeal, The horseman plied with scourge and steel: For jaded now and spent with toil, Embossed with foam and dark with soil. While every gasp with sobs he drew, The laboring stag strained full in view.” Student—The man who rode on the horse performed the whip and an instrument made of steel alone with strong ardor not diminishing, for being tired from time passed with hard labor overworked with anger and ignorant with weariness, while every breath for labor he drew with cries full of sorrow, the young deer made imperfect who worked hard filtered in sight. “I haven’t worked with it so many years that I don’t know what I am talking about.” While George was explaining a proposition in geometry there were signs and exclamations of dissent from the class. Miss Throne—Go on, George, don’t listen to the mob. Prof. Miller—Orin, don’t be such a kid. 68 t Hartmans Star Bakery Hakers and Caterers of staple and fancy baking. Specialty on cakes, etc. The largest and finest varieties of bread, rolls, pastry and cakes in the city. Ask for what you want and get it when wanted, in other words patronize our Bakery. All orders for anything in the Bakery line given prompt attention. Goods on sale at Hartmans’ triple store and A rch’s Cafe. Phone vis i C. W.JOHNSt N CO. FOR PURE DRUGS Cl IEMICALS TOILET PREPARATIONS CIGARS AND TOBACCOS. O. K. That’s what our customers say as fast as we fill their orders. We are talking about .1. L. NEHER'S tailoring. A nice stock of suitings to show you. Guaranteed? Sure, every time! Quality, style, fit, and workmanship. And its a money-ahead-deal for you, too. Call. J. L. Neher TIIE TAILOR. GOTO KELLER’5 Fine Millinery! AUTOMOBILE OARAGE Latest styles in desirable goods, and satisfaction guaranteed. 200 South Main St. Uti! Lena Hepler. FOR tTAe Cadillac Automobiles, Model Gasoline Engines, Motor Cy cles, Bicycles, Children’s Autos, Wagons, and Velocipedes, Spalding’s line of Baseball, Tennis, Foot-ball goods, etc., Keller Fish Baits, Fishing Tackle, Oils and Greases. Groceries, Fruits, and Vegetables. FIRST-CLASS REPAIRING of Automobiles and P. D. Burg'ener. Bicycles. GEORGE E. MILLER MAKES (H JR l IIOTOS STUDIO ON NORTH MAIN STREET I). RICKERT SON. tW We are the recognized headquarters for everything in Dry Goods and Ladies’ Furnishings, carrying by far the most complete lines in Nappa-nee. The exacting requirements of our customers and our facilities for buying from the best wholesale houses in the country combine to insure you a most satisfactory selection. We invite you to inspect our spring showing, assuring you prompt and satisfactory service. QUEEN QUALITY SHOES for women. PALMER CLOAKS. NEW IDEA PATTERNS. PULL MAN’S EM BROIDERIES, LACES, and WASH GOODS. Satisfaction in workmanship, tit, and wearing qualities, is the cornerstone upon which we have built up our immense business in made-to-order clothes. If you are not already a customer of ours we ask your consideration of the five hundred fabrics which we have on display, l’rices $15 to $35- WALK-OVER SHOES for men. MONARCH and CLUETT SHIRTS. ARROW-BRAND COLLARS. NECKWEAR, UNDERWEAR, HOSIERY. THE KIND OF CLOTHING You ought to wear to be perfectly satisfied. This is the SATISFACTION KIND—The C. B. (£L K. Brand is the stamp on every suit, a good thing to look to. All sizes to fit all shapes —young, middle aged, stout, and the old men. Yours for trade, H. C. FIDLER. SEE HOMER NEHER For the best line of up-to-date clothes in the city. Clothes cleaned and pressed at moderate prices. Phone 26. IN THE DIETRICH BLOCK. W. H. BEST’S SONS CITY MEAT MARKET. Always a full line of Fresh, Salt, and Smoked meats. Fish and Game in season. TO — 1) A Y More than ever before, the success of a young man or a woman, lies largely in being ready to grasp opportunities. There is one thing that lends dignity and recognition in business as well as in social circles, viz: a good personal appearance. To assist the gentlemen in whatever vocation in life, we recommend the Sterling Suits. They give that appearance of highest refinement and taste that will satisfy the closest observer. To the ladies, the same thing applies in the dress goods department. It is of great importance to a lady in selecting a dress, to know where to get the right thing at the right time. Here is where you may enjoy the freedom of large varieties and secure authoritative styles. A complete line of staple and fancy notions, and an unequaled stock of dress shoes. Our motto: Quality plus Good Service, with Small Profits. Hartman Brothers. Rose King A TOILET ANO HEALING REMEDY LEHMAN MEDICINE CO. YES! (W Take your Linen to the NAPPANEE STEAM LAUNDRV .1. S. M‘ ENl'AFFER, NOTARY PUBLIC, REAL ESTATE. INSURANC E. IA )ANS. NAPI ALISTEE, IND. NEPE EROS. DEALERS IN All Kinds of E A R M I M P L E M E ]ST T S. HARNESS! PIARNESS! Come to our salesroom and shop for the best line of Single and Double Harness in the county. Also a full line of Robes, Blankets, Whips, Ilalters, etc. - - -Harness repaired and greased at reasonable prices. Give us a call and be convinced. SI II V EI ,Y Ji I OK. ardumoft dumber fflrrrhant iHtUrns (Uoppra, 2nnk $t Hiutarlilrr (Eampattg, Nappanpp, ilnhtaua. (Hbambrr £ uita gniirboarba, (0bb Srraarra (Cbtffmttrra attit lufFrta Sitting ulablea Hibrarn CHablra iKttrbrn (Cabiurta ENOS NEWCOMER JEWELER AND OPTICIAN. See me before buying that watch, clock or diamond ring. I can save you money. A full line of Edison Talking Machines and Records always in stock. WATCH REPAIRING A SPECIALTY. IN DIE [RICH BLOCK. NAPANEE HOUSE. J. B. PIPPENGER. PROP. RATES $1.00 PER DRY GOOD SERVICE! SQUARE MEAL! Rensberger's Restaurant FOR ICECREAM AND ICE CREAM SODA FANCY CHOCOLATE AND BON-BONS. No better in town. Also a line of fruit, cigars, tobaccos and canned goods. Lunch served at all hours. Leave orders for cakes here. W. B. REN8BERGER. PHONE 51. WHEN IN NEED OF A BUGGY OR SURREY Why not buy direct from the factory where you can get them as you want them. Before you buy call at the Nap-panee Carriage Factory, inspect the work and get prices. SAMUEL MILLER. THE QUICK MEAL COPPES HOTEL THE QUICK MEAL RATES $2 PER DAY Gasoline Stove Finest Hotel in the City Finest Cigars in the City Specialty of Sunday Dinners Is always Reliable. Many other lines of goods which are the best the market can afford. Come and see us before buying. L. H. BRANHAM Weiss Frevert Bros. SPORTING G X 1)S. Spaulding Eine Automobile and Bicycle ,J. O. KANTZ Repairs. ATTORNEY Prompt and guaranteed work on automobiles, bicycles, gasoline engines, AND NOTARY etc. Supplies always ready. Cl IAS. F. YOLKMAN NAPPANEE, INI). I WILL FURNISH THE HOME FOR YOU IF YOU WILL FURNISH THE WIFE. N. A LEHMAN D O N'T FORGET You can always find the best values in shoes at the EXCLUSIVE SHOE STORE. E. BLOSSER. V T. WEATHERHEAD PRACTICAL PLUMBER. A full line of up-to-date plumbing and heating supplies. Satisfaction guaranteed on all jobs. Steam and liotwater heating a specialty. Phone 196. Shop on N. Main Street. ARCH'S RESTAURANT AND ICE CREAM PARLOR. Always neat and clean. We handle the best of fruits and candies; also a line of good cigars. We solicit your patronage. MRS. N. ARCH, Proprietress. THE NEWS BOOKSTORE, NAPPANEE