Nappanee High School - Napanet Yearbook (Nappanee, IN)

Text from Pages 1 - 42 of the 1906 volume:

•••A Index of Contents 2 Dedication. 4 Class, Motto, Colors and Yell. 5 The Faculty and School Board. 6 Class Biography. 10 Athletics Edward Wilson 11 Personals. 12 The History of the Class of 1906 Ivy Stahly 13 The Prophecy of the Class of 1900 Iliida Baer 14 Class Song. 15 Class Poem Merle Gwin 10 Theodore Thomas ...... ('arle Guiss 17 Should Education Be Compulsory 1 vy Stahly 18 Schiller’s Idealism Hilda Baer 10 Benjamin Franklin A Typical American .Anna Newcomer 20 The Significance of the Louisiana Purchase Belle Wilt 21 Trade Unions.. Edward Wilson 23 The German Language and Literature. Lester Weber 24 Modern American Literature Eftle Weyburn 25 The Yellow Peril Curtis Miller 27 The Bight of Suffrage . . Jov Whiteman 27 Some of America’s Natural Wonders. Merle Gwin 28 The Municipal Problem In The 1 'lilted States. .Ida Pippenger 30 Advertisers. 3 Cl,ASK OF NlNETEKN IIttxdrkd and Hix Caulk Guiss President Lkstkr Wkkkr Edwaki Wilson Secretary and Treasurer Hilda Baku Anna Nkwoomkr Bbllk Wilt Ida ITppbnokk Effie Wkyburn Business Manager Mkhlk Gwin Poet Prophet Curtis Millkr Editor Ivy Staiily Historian Joy Wiiitkman MOTTO “LICIIT MEHR LIGHT.” COLORS GOLD AND WHITE. YELL Reo, Rio, Rix, Nineteen Hundred Six Gut genug, besser als nichts, Ausgezeichnet Nineteen Six. 4 The Faccltv Cl IAS. F. MILLER. SlIPKHINTKN DKNT OLIVIA VOLIVA... Principal JOHN R. PKLSMA ... Assistant K iiool Hoard FRANK COPPES President I). F. MILLER Skckktaky W. D. PRICE . Treasurer 5 LESTER WEBER Lester, the business manager, tirst saw the light Feb. 15, 1888 at North Webster, lie graduated from kindergarten in the country and entered tin- schools of this city. He is a Lowell. Jr., in his unconditional genius. He laid down his last German book as if it were his last morsel of bread. Lester intends taking a commercial course and will center his several abilities in a business life. EDWARD WILSON Edward, ‘Tug,M the successful captain of the foot ball team, was born Nov. 29, 1SH7 on East Market street. Ills school life thus far has ljeeii spent in Nappanee schools, lie has been a staple factotum in the strongest class of tlie High School. In his versatile accomplishments such as athletics, vocal and instrumental music, along with financial abilities, he stands w ithout a rival. He has a business proposition pending for the near future. (J CURTIS MILLER Curtis, the maximum stature of the class, was bom Sept. 4, 1885. He did his grade work in the country schools north-west of town: entered High School in 1 INK! and has nearly worn out the highway since then. As class editor he fearsthe repetition of the treatment of William Lloyd Garrison. He intends entering a medical institution. CARIE GUISS Carle, tin president of our wonder working class, was born Oct. 20, Ikhs. He has mastered the usual perplexities of a president with valor, lie has varied the monotony of school life by extensive travel. He will probably continue his education in some college. EFFIE WEYBURN Effie, who justly deserves her maximum grades in application, was born Sept. 25. 1887. Her determination for an education at all hazards has won and will win in the future. Her various talents hold for her a distinguished position before the public. Her future possibilities are inestimable. f IDA PIPPENGER Ida was born Sept. 20. 1 87. five miles northeast of town. Having completed the grades she entered High School in 1903 and soon distinguished herself asa dexterous grappler. Ida has much parental care to be thankful for. She intends continuing in educational vocations. MERLE GWIN Merle was born Oct. lo, 1888 near Brookston. She was a very successful student at Brookston. She moved with her parents to Nappa-nee In lMtt, entered High School and has shown great efficiency. She Is highly admired in society's realm and her noble aspiration is to make her life a poem. JOY WHITEMAN Joy was born April t , 1888 in Nappanee, and has never had a desire to change locations. Her education is of Nappanee instruction. She is a valuable impetus to every good cause and a promoter of society. Joy will continue her education in a university. BELLE WILT Hello, our ideal of sedateness, was born May 24. 188 . She left the grades for High School in 1A02 and distinguished herself in German and literature. She will ever retain the significance of the banner bearing the strange device “Excelsior!” 8 IVY STAHLY Ivy. the embodiment of magnanimity, was born Aug. II. 1888. The daily walks of her life have extended from her ideal country home to Nappanee schools. The usual arrangement of the grades was always a hindrance to her, as the rapidity of her acquirement is remarkable. She has shown herself a worthy rival to Bancroft as historian. Ivy will continue her education in college. ANNA NEWCOMER Anna was bom Aug. 20, 18X7. She became so al orl)cd in the growth and culture of her mind that she forgot to grow very much in stature. Nevertheless Anna has gone in one door and out the other with as much ease as her fellow students. Neither will she stop here. HILDA BAER Another of the worthies for which our class is noted is the prophet. Hilda, born Feb. 25, 1880. Her father has been her tutor at home and in school, hence she is a diligent student. Her life has been spent in an ample library and as she is a literary genius she will doubtless follow a literary profession. 9 Athletics By EDWARD WILSON DIKING the last two years, the Nap pa nee High School has lx en represented in the Held of athletics, by two of the best foot-ball squads in this partof the State, the squad of ’05 being coached and managed by Prof. Pelsma. The team he trail practicing immediately after school began. The tirst game was played with Bourbon High School. Hut as it was impossible to put in the Held an all high school team, because the new men had not had sufficient practice, the line was strengthened by three ’ 4 stars. Wilkinson. Mine and Beghtel. With these and with Kant , as quarter back. Bourbon was held to one touch-down. The game was played on the ltoine Held. Wilson was the captain of this line-up. After this game it was decided to put into the Held a strictly high school team. The next game was played at Goshen, Nov. 4. The blue and white being represented by the following line-up. Left Mud McLaughlin Left Tackle...................................................... Robinson Left Guard Berlin Centre. Johnston Bight Guard - Miller Right Tackle .................................................... Sechrlst Quarter Back .Biebl Left Back Right Back Wilson Full Back Price Here the boys were certainly treated “bum.” Only two of the Goshen players were seen until met on the field. They were not eighth graders only, as they were supposed to have been, but three or four ringers from the Goshen High School squad. The horses of tlie Xappanee boys were put in a private barn, from which the boys were obliged to hunt out their blankets and overcoats and hitch up. in the dark, their banner was torn down and tied in knots, and an attempt was made to steal tlie foot-ball. Livery expenses had been guaranteed, hut only half were paid. The Goshen team called themselves the “Madison Street Tigers’’ and they played more like tigers than gentlemen, showing more training in slugging than in clean playing. The score was Id tod in Goshen’s favor. Price carried the ball over and kicked goal for Xappanee. The work of the Xappanee Eleven showed that with the experience gained in the game, it being the first game for six of them, and the advantage of playing at home, the return game would prove more interesting. Bremen High School was played next on the home field. This resulted in a victory for tlie blue and w hite, the score being lfi to 0. While there were some poor plays, yet on the whole the home boys put up the best game in head-work, and from the first kick-off, the crowd noted that Bremen’s boys could not win though they were as lusty a lot of lads as ever the II. S. of that tow n sent out. Xappanee made their tirst touch-down and kicked goal in the closing minutes of the tirst half, playing a little slow, in the second half they rushed the visitorsa little faster. Price then made a splendid place kick from the 25 yard line and later carried the ball over for six points more, making the score 111 to 0. Only one thing occured to mar the proceedings and stop the play for a short time. One of the visitors got Ills eyes hurt. A Xappanee boy was accused of slugging, but nobody who knows the boy believed it to be anything but an accident resulting from a tackle. Aside from this incident and one disputed play, the game was an excellent one. It was an ideal day for foot-ball, a large and enthusiastic crowd was out to see the game. Tiie Goshen Tigers refused to play their return game so the manager made arrangements for another game with Bremen, to lx played at Bremen on Thanksgiving Day. Here the boys played a splendid game but were unable to score, the same being true of the Bremen Eleven. Part of the field had been scraped for a baseball diamond, and was very slippery. The ground was not lined, stakes being driven in where the lines should have been, besides the poor field, the Xappanee boys worked with the additional disadvantage of being away from home and although playing near Bremen goal at all times they were unable to leave the gridiron victorious. This was the last game for the season. Nothing lias been done for several years in base-ball, but this year a bunch is at work, and promises to win more victories than did the foot-hall team of ’05. 10 Personals Prof. Voliva “Who would you rather be, John I). Rockefeller or Milton?” Class- •Milton. Harold “I wouldn’t, Milton is dead.” Prof. Miller “My head feels dull-like and I’ve kind lost the power to worry over things.” High School (singing) They took the dilemma by the horn. Freshman- “Is that animal found in America.” Harold—“Selbst die Kraueterund Wuerzeln misst ich ungern.” Translation “Unwillingly did I miss the sauerkraut and winnieworsts. Prof. Miller “What abstract noun corresponds with the adjective ‘merry’?” Lester “Merry-go-round.” Prof. Voliva “(Jet quiet over there, little folks.” Clayton- “Sophia, geht Sie hame (Heim)?” Sophia- “No. 1 have a rig of my own.” Many a fool is counted w ise lurausc he knows just enough not to expose his ignorance. Prof. Voliva— Translate literally. ‘Controversias Inter se habebant uter alteri antepoueretu’?” Flossie “They had disputes w ith each other (a pause) what does ‘uter alter!’ mean, leather bottle?” Richard “Claytie, do you think you could speak a good word to Ida for me?” Merle— Teacher, are you going to order those little small books?” Belle (inquisitively)- Why is that fancy plush around the galvanometer? Prof. Pelsma “Because it makes it nice that way.” Prof. Miller—“Give a noun corresponding with the verb ‘live’. Ktlle—“Liver.” Prof. Miller (in history) “What did the second call for troops follow?” Carle “The first.” Prof. Voliva “Which would you say ‘the mumps is' or ‘the mumps are’?” Curtis “If I had them on both sides I would say ‘the mumps are'.” Prof. MiUer(in German)- “What relation was the countess to Wallenstein?” Lester (thoughtfully) “A brother-in-law.” Clayton- “John, kin I take the dictionary to my seat?” Prof. Pelsma “Yes, don't bother me now.” Prof. Miller surprised the school by taking all magazines from the library. Prof. Voliva (Latin) “What English word is derived from ‘cauls’?” Practical Student- -“Caanan.” Prof. Pelsma (viewing a drawing in Physics) “Why have you a battery connected to that bucket?” Iw—“That’s an arc-light.” Prof. Voliva (Latin)— Give the cardinals from one to twenty.” Boliek- “I kalnt.” Bertha “Mr. G--------has a glass eye, hasn’t he?” Wilma No, he went out one cold morning and it broke out.” (Geometry)—“How many sides docs a circle have, Clayton?” Clayton Two, an inside and outside. 11 Wanted—A course in spelling. Curtis Miller. History of By IVY |TlX a warm sunny day In September as the last toll of the bell was sound- 7 ing in its belfry the High School doors were Hung open and tramp, tramp, tramp, came the sound of footsteps. On came these firm footsteps until a view was presented to the eye that was of lasting impression. For there marched across the threshold the most remarkable crew of students that had, as yet. passed the doorway of the Xappanee High School. I.ittle did this army of twenty-one high-minded boys and girls care for the hooting hurled at them by the self-conceited Seniors of that time. But even during the ridiculing a little look of surprise crept into their faces, for they were not at all prepared to see the shield of firmness and ambition with which these little Freshmen were armed. The first day indeed was a trial to these newcomers, for what fun it was when these “would-be Foolish Freshmen could be laughed at for the slightest blunder. But every cloud has its silvery lining, and even this little army found this to be true. Day after day they labored against their foes. Bravely they withstood the horrors of Ancient History and even that dreaded foe, Herman Grammar, was honorably subdued (with the exception of a few outbreaks such as: Wer hat Pttf gewesen? for Wer hat geplifen?) until at last it was agreed that it was no longer to be “Foolish Freshman but “Firm Freshmen. Thus ended the battles of the first year and with one accord the little band Joined hands and in the sight of friends and foes mounted the first round of the High School ladder of Fame. The summer months had flown and the autumn winds were blowing crisp and sear, when again the measured step of the dauntless crew was heard. Fate trembled when she saw her hardy foe and even the Seniors condescended to wonder what greatness these young men and women would achieve in time, who as Sophomores had almost attained their heights. No enemy, however, tried to overthrow them but this rapid development caused a cry to be raised for a leader, and in consequence the leader was unanimously chosen In the person of the Hon. Carle Guiss. He alone (with the exception of Geo. Washington) was unanimously chosen to the presidency. “Day followed day and still the wonder grew That one small class could carry all she knew. The students marveled, the teachers wondered, and even the Superintendent was surprised at the rapidity with which the German language was subdued. Book after book was read and thrown aside for a more difficult one. Cl.ASS OF '()() STAHLY Winter months had vanished and Spring was shedding her summer light o’er all when a halt was made in the steady forward march of the honorable company. Commencement day was dawning for the Seniors and. with due respect, the little army of Sophomores had made ample preparations for the event. The .1 uniors, who had l een casting jealous eyes upon these hardy Sophomores thought this an opportune time foran attack. Thereupon ensued the immemorial battle of “White Chairs.” Sister fought against sister, and sweetheart against lover, but in one voice they all cried: “Patriotism liefore l ove!” Thus the noble-hearted crew clung to its rights until, on the twenty-third night of May in the year nineteen hundred and four, the little incandescent lights illuminated the victory of ••White Chairs,” won by the noble Sophomores. The Sophomore days had vanished and the Junior days were swiftly coming when in the distance was seen the steady approach of the well-known army. Kvery eye was shining and every heart was throbbing and on the flaunting banners of gold and white was written in bold letters “Omnia Superabimus.” These Jolly Juniors marched on never stopping to worry over little things like English History and Literature. Loyalty, truth and ambition reigned supreme and thus the third round was passed without hesitation. Having thus “conquered everything,” tills truth-loving class, after a short rest, marched on into the Senior year. Hut old Fat iter Time had laid his hand upon this vigorous crew and had wrought his magical changes upon it. Of the twenty-one hardy little Freshmen only twelve staunch students were left when the last year of I Ugh School greatness was attained. Many had fallen under the blows of Ancient History, some withdrew with reluctance and some were led as brides to tlie alter and one fortunate young man succeeded in finding his twin soul. Thus Cod had “sifted the whole crew and only twelve withstood the trials and turmoils of High School life. No life or limb had to be risked to print the greatness of this class upon a lofty tower, for her greatness was already obvious to all. To this very day the shortest peep out of the window may show the gray hat of a Senior swiftly floating by with a look of significance and greatness in its very shape. Thus has been the history of the “twelve naughty sixes. and for all the greatness and honor it lias achieved this little hand wishes to thank the faculty. 12 The Prophecy of By HILD ' PROPHKT is not without honor save in his own country. Hut the fu-ture of the class of nineteen six issoclear that I venture to foretell the marvelous careers of its mem tiers. If the class were In any way an ordinary one it would not be so easy to prophesy concerning it hut since It displays such extraordinary ability and such decided genius it takes little effort to conceive the greatness which the future holds in store for it. In the future it will stand as a model of excellence in scholarship and deportment, which all other classes will strive in vain to imitate. In the year nineteen-twenty the city of Chicago will boast of possessing the most famous lawyer in the United Slates, renowned for his eloquence, his marvelous reasoning ability, his phenomenal insight into the most intricate cases and his justice ever tempered with mercy. The name of this famous lawyer and judge will be the Honorable Edward Wilson. In the next twenty-live years then will be a structure erected in the city of New York which will lx a marvel for ages to come. It will prove to lx the work of a genius in inventiveness and mechanical skill and will make the builder, Mr. Lester, Weber noted and renowned throughout the world in the field of mechanics. Then the world of fashion will hear of the celebrated modiste w ho will send out the most beautiful and artistic creations that have ever delighted the eyes of women. Beside her the dress makers of l arls will fade into insignificance and the gowns from Paris will no longer bear the stamp of excellence, but those fashioned by Madame Wilt. Also one of our members will excel in the profession of dentistry. He will lx known as an authority in his line and besides attending to his large and lucrative practice he will be the author of several of the most famous books on dentistry. Besides his achievements in tills line he will also win fame as a celebrated violinist, and this distinguished dentist and artist will be known as Dr. Carle Guiss. In the years to come there will be a second Susan B. Anthony. Her reputation will lx world wide as the greatest suffragist leader and most eloquent speaker of her time. This prominent and capable leader will be Miss Ida Pippenger. 13 i BAER In the choir of the first Methodist church there will be a talented and beautiful singer who will sing away the heart of the admirable minister and as his helpmate she will greatly further the good cause by her melodious voice. She is now known as Miss Joy Whiteman and will continue to be a Joy to all who know her. The great settlement work in the slums of a large city will Ik carried on by Miss Ettle Weyburn, who will go to the poor and distressed relieving them of their want and brightening many homes with kindness and material benefits. In a very few years there will be a beautiful country estate not far south of Nappanee. In this spacious home where many brilliant social events will take place the class of nineteen six w ill enjoy many pleasant reunions and its lovely and charming hostess will add great pleasure to the occasions. The name of the mistress of this future home is now Miss Merle (iwin but I will not venture to prophesy what It will be In the future. The science of medicine will be greatly advanced by a skillful and proficient surgeon and after becoming famous in Europe, he will be called to the homes of the wealthiest, but in his noble and unselfish way lie will not refuse to minister to the poorer classes. Dr. Curtis Miller will become famous for his kindness to the poor as well as for his skill. This wonderful class will also be honored by furnishing to one of the best colleges the most capable and most highly educated German instructor that has ever been known. This instructor will be noted not only for her accurate knowledge of German but also for her kindly and chee.-y disposition which will win for her the hearts of all her pupils and they will all love and respect MIss I vy Stably. Then last but not less important in this prophecy is the future founder of the finest cooking school in the land. Site will be an excellent cook and to partake of one of her meals will be considered a rare treat indeed. She will lx sought after by those highest in society to superintend at the preparing of sumptuous repasts. It will lx said of Miss Anna Newcomer that she is so skilled and |H rfect in tlie art. that every thing her fairy fingers touch seems like ambrosia; fit for the gods. Ci.ass Song Tunc ROBIN ADAIR A TRIBUTE now we bring, Dear Nineteen-Six: And gladly for thee sing. Dear Nineteen-Six. We love the memory Of work and jollity Which we have had with thee. Dear Nineteen-Six. We’ve done our very beet, Dear Nineteen-Six: We’ll stand the future’s test. Dear Nineteen-Six. The pride we hope to be Of our community, And thus lie true to thee, Dear Nineteen-Six. We face the coming hour Dear Nineteen-Six: May each possess the power Dear Nineteen-Six; To right the wrongs we see, To practice charity, And e'er a blessing l e Dear Nineteen-Six. 14 Mt was a bright, September morning. In the year of Nineteen Two That twenty-one little Freshies Decided what they should do. At tirst we were embarrassed By the Seniors smart, you know. But ‘ere a year had passed away Ve convinced them we were not slow. As sunshine follows shadow So praising follows sneers: And all the townsmen look so proud. When naughty six appears. There’s Curtis with his fortitude; And Lester’s just the same; But Joy and Merle and Belle and Ed Are what you'd call skin game. Now Anna. 1 am sure you'd say Was sweetest, if not tall: And Ivy who should be her mate In si .e. and weight and all. Cl-ASK POEM By MERLE CWIN And now comes Ida Pippenger With hair and eyes of brown, She’s very pleasant when she smiles, Hut, oh dear: what's her frown? Now Hilda’s next, a student strong And prophetess so great: She’ll tell your fortune for you all And all your hearts elate. Now Elite. 1 would like to say, Has hair of raven black; It falls in ripples round her face And makes the boys lips smack. And now comes Carie last not least Our president is he: He wouldn’t waver from his patli For man or Deity. Then Hah: Rah: Rah: for 100� . She's great and strong and free; Her boys and girls an like the pearls That glisten in the sea. 15 Tiieodori By CARIE G TTlIBODORE THOMAS. late conductor of the Chicago Orchestra, was Ixirn in Easens, Hanover, Germany, on October 11. 1835 and came to New York when ten years old. His father was a musician, and the son early showed talent for the violin. He had made some concert appearances as an infant prodigy. At the age of six lie was able to play a solo in public. For the next two years the youthful Theodore devoted himself to study, although he frequently was heard in concert. Late in the year 1849. the young violinist started on a concert tour through the southern states. He rode horse lack from town to town, carrying his fiddle and posters announcing his concerts. Arriving in a town lie would make arrangements with his landlord for a concert in the ••parlor.” These arrangements completed he would distribute his posters and drum up patronage. Promptly at the hour announced for he was punctuality itself he would close the door, march to the platform and play his first number. This tour through the south lasted more than a year. In 1851 young Thomas returned to New York and took a position as one of the first violins at the opera there. In the company during these first seasons were Sontag. Jenny Lind, Grlsio. Mario and other celebrated artists. In 1853 lie gave up most of his engagements and devoted himself to musical study, under Rudolph Schelllnger. The next year Mr. fhomas became a member of the New York Philharmonic society, which in after years he directed. In 1855 he organized a chamber music organization, of which William Mason, .1. Mosrntha), Carl Berg-mann, G. Mat .ka, and F. Hergner were the other members. With these noted musicians he gave New York the first quartet evenings ever offered, introducing a number of compositions which had never been played in this country Mr. Thomas also returned to the opera and under Ardltl was concert master of the orchestra during the season when Madame Lagrange was the particular star. One evening Halevy's “The Jewess” was announced for performance, and when young Thomas arrived to take Ills place at the first desk of the violins. Anschutz the conductor was missing, as was the orchestral score. A hasty search for the score was made, and Thomas conducted the orchestra so successfully that he was engaged for such work. This was the beginning of four years of his life as conductor of German and Italian opera companies. In 1862 he was elected as conductor of the Brooklyn Philharmonic society, and the following season commenced his first series of orchestra I concerts. Li Thomas UISS During 1864-65 Mr. Thomas was also director of the musical department of the New York institution for the blind. His concerts in 1866 were given in Irving Hall. He had organized his orchestra in 1866 because he realized that efficient and satisfactory work was to be obtained only when the company was constantly associated. This orchestra was known as the Thomas Orchestra and soon its fame was as wide as the United States, for during more than twenty years which it existed it visited all the prominent towns and cities from New York to San Francisco. In 1864, Mr. Thomas, then a man of thirty-four, came to Chicago with his orchestra and was heard there for the first time as a director. In 1X71 he and his players were to give a series of concerts in the Crosby opera house, hut the great lire destroyed it so that Mr. Thomas and his men were unable to get nearer down town than Twenty-second street. I uring these years Mr. Thomas had been battling against odds. Others were beginning to reap the benefits of his labor in developing a taste for good music. New conductors appeared and patronage had to lie divided. The Thomas concerts lost money, and when a number of Chicago gentlemen associated themselves for the purpose of establishing an orchestra in Chicago, offering the place of conductor to Mr. Thomas, he accepted. He had a hard struggle at first, but maintained his high musical standard in the face of opposition and complaint. However his backers were faithful to him. and Just before he died liad erected for the orchestra a permanent home, the cost of which, $800,(MX), was raised by popular subscription. It is a monument that bears witness to the untiring efforts of the dead musician. There is an erroneous belief that he was the first advocate of Wagner In this country. Whatever credit belongs to that place must be awarded to Carl Hergmann, for it was he who played Wagner in season and out of season. Mr. Thomas greatest claim as a conductor Is to catholicity of taste. He saw Wagner, but not Wagner alone. There were unusual elements of technique in the Thomas orchestra at that time. The violins lx wed together, and learned to make ercsendos and diminuendos together, so that the quality of the sound would remain the same through the selection. His orchestra was small, forty-seven at first, fifty-seven later, but he soon reached a point where he would not willingly undertake a Beethoven symphony with less than sixty men. The Thomas orchestra is now considered one of tlie best in the world, but this honor sliould f e awarded to its first conductor who always maintained his high musical standard in t lie face of criticism and complaint. Should Education he Compulsory By IVY STAHLY A S question after question confronts our young American government we ,♦ see tier with troubled brow ponder patiently over them considering, contriving and planning in her kind hearted way what would t e best for her people in general. And as our child nation grows older she at last comes face to face with the great and weighty question. Will compulsory education be a benefit to our beloved cities and villages?” Hut now there is a sudden stand still and our government wavers for she fears that a little over-rashness may be detrimental but yet she also fears that the very lack of this rashness may injure the intellect of her people. With her ever present insight into all. our government clearly comprehends the fact that the future of this country Is more than ever in the hands of the public schools. “And what Is this education.” we may ask that the nation should thus endeavor to thrust It upon all men withor without their consent?” It is through a careful study of the forces that have promoted and retarded the progress of the human race that eminent thinkers of modern times have been enabled somewhat clearly to ascertain the true value of these public schools and of this education. Hut it has not been a matter of modern thought only, for we Hnd the ancient Plato found by his own experience that education was that which gave to the body and to the soul all the | erfect ion of which they were capable. Hut no less has Webster, the deepest of American thinkers, considered t he question of education. For while pondering over his great questions he, too, lias concluded that education is that w hich disciplines the feelings, restrains the passions, inspires a true and worthy motive, and instills a true religious feeling Considering these definitions of the most deep-minded philosophers and statesmen our govern men t is at last convinced that without the virtue of education no man can Ik a true American citizen. And we feel that she is right; for when we consider the lives of our truly great men we find that in almost every case that everyone has had a taste of the advantages of education. On the other hand we find that the average criminal has had no educational training, hut that he has been given daily lessons In crime while he should have been in the school room cultivating his intellect. When we think of our government how she has been striving to do her best and her watch word lias ever been “Excelsior” we must wonder that she lias even hesitated to adopt t lie plan of compulsory education. For when we turn hack over the pages of history we can not hut admire the pure and noble lives our Pilgrim forefathers lived. And knowing, as we do, that tills has largely come of then strict educational and church laws, we must fear that our country Is not living on a much higher level now than it did at that time. It was within fifteen years of the landing of the Pilgrims that every child was compelled to go to school in order that lie .night see more clearly what would lx best to do with bis life, ran not our government form some plausible plan to induce the child to enter the school loom, thus keeping him from crime? While considering this great question our government must needs look into every crevice of city and village life in order that she may better estimate the difference between the boy who Iro had an educational training and the one who has not. Looking Into one of the streets where there has been no training (except the horrid information imparted by the ordinary street loafers) one is made to shudder and turn back. There stands a group of boys in the very prime of their years with the stigma of crime upon their faces. Considering that In nine cases out of ten truancy is the beginning of the downward course, we think with a sigh how many crimes could have been prevented if only our strict school legislation bad existed earlier. And now we feel with certainty that nothing Is left to do but to place “Compulsory Education in bold letters at the head of our national laws. The child by coming in contact every day with men of the very lowest type, himself I -comes a criminal. By forcing the child to go to school we can thus bring him in daily contact with the cultivated and refined minds and instead of a criminal we might have a noble young man. One great step toward this desired educational legislation has been the parental school of Boston. In all the streets of the city all the child loafers are hurried off to the school house where they are taught with the utmost care to prepare themselves for the future as well as for the present. In this way Boston is trying to lessen her sensational crimes. The government with a pleased eye looks on. feeling that at last she has gained a priceless jewel and only waiting for Time to bring her more of these model schools. But our government is looking forward to something that will lie even better than this. Briefly speaking, she Is looking forward to the time when every school will he able to place something within Its limits that will win the interests of every young individual and thus make compulsory education liecome a stepping-stone to voluntary education. SciiiLLiiR's Idealism By HILDA BAER .CHILLER one of the greatest of German poets has written the most truly artistic ami U-autiful poems of German literature. His thoughts were noble, lofty and pure admitting of nothing common or ordinary. He was innately a poet of freedom and sympathy with his patriotic enthusiasm conspired with admiration of his poetic genius to make him more and more popular toward the close of his life and after his death. People called him an idealist and a visionary. He was indeed possessed by ideals but these were so true and so powerful that they insisted on being converted into realities. Thousands who fell on the battlefield carried with them into the struggle the enthusiasm kindled by Schiller’s poetry: his songs were on their lips and his spirit fought along with them. He studied long and deeply esteeming his vocation more than his earthly life, he was crowned with more than the admiration with the love of ills people and he died as he touched the goal. His thoughts were far above the sordid things of life and so lofty was the poet’s notion of culture that lie made it though not a substitute for morality a most important aid for the renovation of society. The influence of a sincere and idealistic literature is wanted to soften the contradictions which exist between our poetry and our actual life and to promote such a literature the man gifted in this way must add to the power of imagination the virtues of fortitude and patience and this endeavor to be a good man as well as a great poet made Schiller noble. Schiller’s drama, “The Maid of Orleans, is an example of his idealism. The secret of the influence of this heroine is found in that unwavering conviction of Divine guidance through which she roused the courage and kindled the sentiment of the people. It was this idealism in her character that spiraled to Schiller. With genuine poetic intuition he availed himself of the romantic temper of the fifteenth century and with the highest art. the poet makes the idealism which transformed the shepherd lass into the heroine of a nation stand forth in the setting of an age of superstition that could not comprehend her. Under ordinary circumstances we question the supernatural manifestation of the power of this young girl in leading her army so victoriously but when by his own deep feeling the poet lifus us above the ordinary plane, reveals to us the prophet’s vision, then our scruples are forgotten and we permit him to use any means he will to fulfill the purposes of his art. Schiller's aim is to show the triumphant victory of Joan’s idealism and at her appearance we accept her supernatural power and her heavenly visions as natural and proper to bring out in dramatic action, the spiritual enthusiasm that inspired her and her followers. Some of the most noted examples of his lofty Idealism are, Die Toiling der Erde, Das ideal und das Lel en. Die Hoffnung and his famous apostrophe to the maid of Orleans, in which he says: “To degrade the noble image of mankind ridicule has dragged Thee Into the deepest dust. Wit wages eternal war against the beautiful, It does not believe in angels and the gods: The heart it would rob of its treasures, it opposes fancy and does violence to faith. “Vet even as thyself from a childlike race. Even a pious shepherdess as thou art. Does the art of poetry extend to thee her divine rights. Ascends with thee toward the eternal stars. Poesy lias surrounded thee with a divine halo; The heart lias created thee. Thou shalt live eternally. “The world loves to bedim that which is glorious And to drag the sublime into the dust, Yet fear not! there still exists beautiful hearts. Which are aglow for the lofty and t lie sublime. The spirit of sarcasm may entertain the loud market: A noble mind loves nobler tilings.” Thus with liis sublime and beautiful idealism Schiller pictures tlie maid of Orleans only as a pure souled and patriotic representative of her people and her memory is cleansed of tlie tilth with which Voltaire sought to detile it. Schiller’s life was as gentle and blameless as ids ideals were pure and lofty, and remembering that he died before lie was forty-six one cannot but marvel at tiie greatness and brilliancy of ids achievements as a poet and scholar. Hen.tamin Franklin By ANNA jijljHKTnER we approach him as a statesman, diplomat, scientist, pldloso-H plier, Inventor man of letters, or a great business man. Benjamin Franklin impresses us not merely by what he did but by what he was in himself. He was a man of great practical ability and singularly diversilled talents. He was venerable, kind-hearted and full of a humorous appreciation of the weaknesses of others. Even Washington is hardly so real and living to us as is this Philadelphia printer, although Washington and Lincoln will always be named before him because in certain achievements they stand altogether alone. Franklin though greatest in no one thing was great in many things, and his qualities were made valuable by his practical sense, lie was interested in nothing unless lie saw in it some use. and he found use in almost everything. His practical nature made him a typical American citizen. In his public career Franklin was a typical American patriot rightly placed beside Washington as one of the founders of the Republic. In his humble origin, in his oft-told story of his rise, through his own push and industry, from the tallow-chandler's boy to the man honored in two continents and successful in hundred varied enterprises, we see the great example of our national hero, the self made man. who worked his way through every social stratum. He was virtually unassisted in his efforts to advance himself. It is said to l e the highest merit of a democracy that it offers a free chance to all the men of ability in the community to turn their talents to good use. and Franklin showed us what a man could do for himself in a free country as ours. “No one,” writes a French critic, “began lower than the poor apprentice of Boston: no one raised himself higher, by his own energy than the inventor of the lightning rod: no one has rendered more splendid services to his country, than the diplomatist who signed the peace of 17h:{ and secured the independence of the United States. He was the fifteenth child of a poor tallow-chandler and soap-maker, and received all his public school education before his eleventh year, but in spite of his early struggles we see him in his later life the Idol of the French court, pleading for the struggling American colonies and gaining what lie sought a Typical. American NEWCOMER almost as much by his social tact and charm as by the power of his well trained mind. He did not lead men. he managed them. This was shown in the French court where he in his unadorned and solid manhood, moved as the representative, even to many of the I’arlslans. of a better order of things. It was the style in his life time for men of leisure to study and to play with electricity but Franklin notonly studied, but made practical use of his knowledge and gave us the lightning rod. devised systems of ventilation for buildings and suggested that white since it absorbs the least heat is the best color to wear in summer. As a man of letters his reputation rests on his journalistic work, essays and correspondence, and Ills autobiography, which has been called the corner stone of American literature. Poor Richard’s Almanac was one of Franklin's great business successes in which he printed year after year those familiar proverbs which he regarded as the best practical rules for the conduct of life. He founded the first literary club in America. He was the first to illustrate a newspaper and point out the advantages of Illustrated advertisements. He founded the Philadelphia Library, the “mother of all the American subscription libraries.” He was not in the finer sense a literary man hut his practical genius confined his literary style to clearness, simplicity and directness. Franklin's greatest work as a statesman and diplomat, was shown during the Revolution when his labors in France were proven to be remarkable. His virtues negotiated for him ami before the second year of his mission expired no one conceived It possible to refuse fleets and armies to the countrymen of Franklin. How did Franklin make himself so effective a man? How did lie succeed where others failed? The secret lies In his practical philosophy of life. Some of his most pithy sayings are: “Diligence is the mother of good luck. “He that can have patience can have what he will. Heaven helps those who help themselves. Ills maxims are worldy wise butare sound rules of conduct and lu employed them toserve not only himself, but his friends, Ids neighbors, and Ids country. ly This Signific ance of tiii By BELLE ’ jjfT Is just one hundred and three years ago since Livingston. Monroe ami Marbots signed the treaty by which France ceded ILouisiana to the Flilted States. The actual signing took place on May 2, but the document was dated April .'to. This event In the history of the Fritted States which is worthy to rank with the Declaration of Independence and the formation of the Constitution was the resultant of three long continued forces in American History, the advance of pioneers toward the ffest, the struggle between France, Spain, Kngland and the 1’niled States for the possession of the Mississippi Valley and the rivalry of these powers over the Empire which Spain had established in the New World. Although other nations might temporarily get possession of the Mississippi River it would be easy to believe that in the long run the vast interior would be under the control of the American government. The vast American population alone insured this idea. At several times the Mississippi Valley narrowly escaped being the seat of conflict between the I’nited States and the powers of Europe. If such had been the case the F. S. would have been involved as an ally to one or anotner of these powers and European interests would have dominated the fortunes of the New World. At the beginning of the Fnion the West was more Interested in opening the Mississippi River than in the newly made federal government, and this fact would make it easier for an European power to gain possession of the River and hold it If they treated the settlers with liberality. At the close of tlie Revolution the Fulted States had established settlements along the Ohio and its tributaries between two great Indian confederacies which wen anxious to check the advance of the Fulled States. The great stream of settlers which poured into Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio in the closing year of the confederation found their industrial life blockaded by the Spanish closure of the Mississippi. Then in the face of many difficulties the I’nited States attempted to hold her own. At tlie close of the year 1792 France determined to enrich herself at the expense of the Spanish Empire In America and win hack her lost American provinces. Rut fortunately the Reign of Terror in their own country com. pel led them to look for their own safety. Had they regained their possessions, affairs might have taken place which would have changed the whole History of the Fnlted States. After various conflicts Napoleon appeared on the scene. On the last day of September he made a treaty with the Fnlted States and the next day Spain retroceded Louisiana to France. Napoleon gave Spain the promise nev- : liOl ISIANA PUU’HASK WILT cr to alienate tin- province. Peace was acquired with England by the treaty of 1801. Rumors of the transfer of Louisiana readied the I'nited States in the summer of 1 sol. President Jefferson, in the spring of 1802 wrote to Livingston, our minister to France that “the day France takes possession of New Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her forever, within her low water mark. It seals the Fnion of two nations, who in conjunction can maintain exclusive possession of the ocean. From that moment we must marry our selves to the British tleet and nation.” The closure of the Mississippi River gave the the Federalists an opportunity to demand war with France and Spain. Jefferson made earnest efforts to check their military spirit, but in this way he could do nothing. So he sent Monroe to France. March 2,1803 to purchase New Orleans and the Floridas. and if necessary to grant France her territory beyond the Mississippi River. Jefferson, it seems, was willing to take merely the right of navigation rather than have this territory cause war. “Peace is our passion.” was his maxluin. While Jefferson was preparing to send Monroe to France Napoleon had informed his ministers that he had decided to relinquish the Louisiana territory. While Livingston was bargaining for a little strip of territory at the mouth of the River one of the ministers asked him what lie would give for all of loulsiana. A week passed in decision of t lie price to be paid. Few people then realized the importance of the vast wheat and corn lands, cattletiekls and mines which Napoleon was ready to give over to us. Even Livingston himself did not realize this fact, and this was the cause of the delay insetting the price on the territory. At last for a consideration of $15,000,000 Louisiana was secured to the United States. The effects of the Louisiana purchase upon America were profound. Politically it resulted in strengthening the loose interpretation of the Constitution. It laid the foundation for a readjustment of sectional power within the Union. The purchase not only worked a revolution in the constitutional doctrines of the strict constructionist but it also made certain a change in the conception of state-hood. Tile old idea of state-hood could no longer exist when the fruit of tlie Louisiana Purchase was made manifest. Tile area of the purchase furnished the issues which resulted in tlie Civil War. The Missouri Compromise, the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the Civil War in Kansas were the prelude to the Civil War. When the details of American History arc taken into consideration it is possible to argue that the doctrines of the Louisiana Purchase were farther reaching in their effect upon the Constitution than the measures of Alexander Hamilton or the decisions of John Marshall. The international effects were even more significant than the political effects. It closed the struggle for the possession of the Mississippi River. The Monroe Doctrine would have been impossible had it not been for the Louisiana Purchase Having gained a foot hold west of the Mississippi River the United States has lieen marching steadily forward to the possession of the Pacific Ocean, and from this event dates the rise of the United States in to the position of a world power. It nearly doubled the area of the United States. It added territory equal to the combined areas of Great Britian. Germany, France, Spain. Portugal and Italy. Great numbers of immigrants have poured Into this country until its present population now numbers fifteen millions. Perhaps the most important of all its effects is the emphasis which the Louisiana Purchase gave to the conception of space in American Ideals. The immensity of the area has continually stirred the American imagination, tired their energy and determination, strengthened their ability to handle vast designs and made them measure achievements by the scale of the prairies and the Rocky Mountains. . vW TRAI3K UNIONS By EDWARD WILSON i|N one form or another combination has existed since the employed class v) and the employing class have been distinguishable from each other. These combinations were in the beginning strictly forbidden by law. Probably the first combination, which bears any likeness to the unions of to-day, was organized in the year 1543 in England: many of the laborers were working from fourteen to eighteen hours a day, and this combination was made to regulate the number of hours they should work and the amount of work they should do in the said hours. On becoming a member of this combination or union one had to swear that lie would do but a certain kind and a certain amount of work In a day: add to these features regulation of wages and tlie closed shop, and we have the trade union of to-day. In Kngland Parliament had passed acts through which it endeavored to prevent combinations among laborers and also among employers, but in 1824 these acts were rejiealed and others passed by which unions of laliorers and of employers could be formed on condition, that they would in no way interfere with those who did not in come members of the unions. One year later, in 1825, an act was passed which made legal all unions of laborers formed to settle the rates of wages and number of hours for work, but prohibited other methods being used to control the employers in the use of their capital. Since then legislation has gone farther and declared unions legal when acting in restraint of trade. Our modern trades union is a very complex organization. Some one has defined a trades union, as a combination of workmen, to enable each to secure the condition ino6t favorable to labor. The funds of a union are supposed to give the union an equal advantage with the capitalist and his money. The union of to day publishes a paper in which is stated the conditions of labor in different parts of the country, it keeps a register of men unemployed, and one of employers wanting men, it assists men from town to town in search of employment. It regulates the number of apprentices in the trade, it regulates the wages, it regulates the number of hours its memtiers shall work, it organizes strikes and boycotts, it maintains men in resistance to employers. The union insists that this is the only way In which lalwr can meet capital equally, they claim that where business is poor, wages are cut, and as it grows lietter the employer puts off as long as possible the restoration of former wages. In this way, they say, the workman is the first to feel the effects of poor business and the last to receive any benefits of ••better-times.” The attempt of any one man to better these conditions would meet with failure. for the employer can get along without the services of one man until his place can be filled by another, and one can easily see that when it comes to negotiating in matters pertaining to wages and other terms of labor, that the union is at once on an equality with the employer. The union points to many regulations which it has introduced in the interest of the laborer: they think that although they have lost in many strikes, they have in the long run gained the points contended for. They believe, also, that as the labor organizations become more perfect, the necessity of strikes will become less and that the just limits will lie more carefully comprehended, and that the sufferings and 21 losses of past strikes will act as a warning in tlie future tobotli employed and employer, and that in Uie end the results of union will Ih secured without the necessity of having recourse to arbitrament of force either in strikes or in lockouts. Yet, there are many and serious evils that can beset against the uses which have just lieen mentioned. Some unions do not like the use of special or su-|H-rior ability by some of their members, claiming that it is an injustice to some other members of the union, that one should get more pay or win a higher position: in many instances they set themselves against any elevation of standard lalx r and in this way act as an effective Iwr to progress in their class. In some cases, strikes are determined upon by a union when the conditions of the market make success an impossibility. In some limited and skilled trades, far higher wages are demanded for a time than the value of the lal or justifies, and tills in the end will check the production along that line anti probably force the industry to seek a new location, the same thing has resulted from the obnoxious demands for fewer hours, and their restrictions on the manner of working. Hut this is not all. There is still another and more serious class of objections to these unions, there can be no doubt but that they create and foster a spirit of antagonism between employer and employed. The union believes itself to In constantly on the defensive and at last comes to suspect every move which the employer makes, and to put some sinister Interpretation upon every action which he may make. The special interest of the trade involved is too often the only object cared for and for its supposed benefit narrow, selfish and unjust measures are enacted against the employer. The trades become Isolated from each other, one fences in against incursion upon its own peculiar territory, and tries, by limiting the numlierof apprentices, by enforcing terms of service which art? objectionahie and other coercive methods, to remain a close monopolist corporation. It is not necessary to point out the general effect on the laboring class, of such an injurious jKtlicy and what a complete subordination it implies of the general well-being to the desired prosperity of a small and selfish number. In some places the practice of compulsion lias become a terrorism and crime. One example will lie sufficient to si tow the unjustness of their methods of procedure. For this we will take Instances from a strike in our own country, that of 1N77, of the employes of the principal railroads, the Baltimore Ohio, the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the New York Central and their western branches. The principal cause was a cut in wages which affected hut a few of the workmen, and then many miners went on a strike out of sympathy for tlie railroad employes. At a set time the junctions and principal |K� ints of the roads were seized. Freight t rattle was wholly suspended and passenger and mail service was greatly impeded. When new employes went to work the militia hud to ! e called out to protect them. In Pittsburg there wasa bloody riot. in this city a great part of the militia sympathized with the strikers and refused to tire upon them. The Philadelphia militia was besieged by a large and furious mob, in a roundhouse: the mob finally drove them out, by setting tire to oil cars and pushing them against the roundhouse. In making their escape four members were killed. Then I’nited States troo| s were sent into Pennsylvania. Maryland and West Virginia. When faced by I'nlted States troops, the mob gave, way without bloodshed. At Chicago nineteen were killed, at Baltimore nine were killed, and at Beading while endeavoring to recapture a train, the soldiers were assailed with bricks and stones and finally pistol shots, then the soldiers replied with volley from their muskets: only fifty of the two hundred fifty-three soldiers escaped Ixdng injured, w hile eleven strikers were killed and sixty were more or less seriously injured. Machine shops, warehouses and two thousand freight cars were pillaged or burned. The firemen were threatened with death if they endeavored to put out the fires: within twenty-four hours sixteen hundred cars and one hundred twenty-six locomotives were destroyed. The loss of property alone exceeded ten millions of dollars, one hundred thousand men took part in the movement and and had in their power between six and seven thousand miles of railway. This strike lasted for fourteen days after which tin men all returned to work. We can now see that although some features of the unions tend toward the !x‘tterment of the employed class and although the object Is legitimate their methods of attaining their objects are very often wrong and selfish, and instead of narrowing the breach between employer and employed, widen it. Till : (tKRMAN JiAiNGl By LESTI 11E many dialects spoken by the t ribcs and confederacies of ancient Ger- many are all derivatives from one branch of the Aryan or Indo-German-lr family of languages which separated from the parent stock at a very early period. The co-existence of the two branches of Teutonic speech known as hlgh-Gerinan and low-German can lx traced back to the seventh century. There never was one Teutonic language which separated into two divisions. The various dialects of high and low German passed through stages of grammatical development. The high-German branch has been the literary language of Germany since the days of Charlemagne (798-814). There were three periods of high-German the old high-German extending from the seventh century to the twelfth century; the middle high-German dating from the twelfth century to the reformation, about lflth century: and the new high-German from Luther's time to our day. The translation of the Bible by Luther into high-German decided the fate of low-German. When Christianity was diffused among the German trilies it had the effect of changing their literature. Instead of the heroic songs and “lx ast epics” (tiikih-kpos) of a sanguinary paganism, there were scriptural paraphrases, legends, and hymns. By degrees the rhythmical arrangement of the Latin versification, common in the early periods of the middle ages, took the place of the ancient alliteration. Latin became the language of the court, the church and the law. under the Saxon emperors, while German was left to the common people. During tin rusades (1090-1290) under the rule of the lioh-enstauffen line of accomplished emperors, the ideas, which were diffused. l oth in regard to literature and language, had the effect of reviving the use and cultivation of the vernacular dialects, among which the Swabian, as the language of the court, soon acquired a marked preponderance over the others. I Hiring the 13tli and 14th centuries, in that age of chivalry and romance, the art of song was cherished by princes and nobles, many of whom belonged to the order of Minne-sanger. or singers of love, and composed In tlie Swabian or high-German dialect. The subjects chielly selected by both courtly and popular singers were based on the legendary lore of Charlemagne and bis paladins. and king Arthur and his knights, and of the Holy Grail. It is to this period that we must refer the Xibclungcn Lied and Gudrun. which rank as the greatest treasuresof German national literature. The period which succeeded the decline of chivalry, was marked by a t borough neglect, among tlit higher classes, of national literature. Thus it AGE ANI) LlTEUATI’RK •R WEBER fell Into the hands of the common people, to tin disorganization of all principles of Grammar. But to this age belongs the mass of the Volkslleder or national ballads, in which Germany is especially rich. The close of the Kith century was prolific in rhyming historical chronicles, in Kit I res on the clergy, and in theological writings for and against the tottering power of the Homisli church. The writings of Luther and other reformers were the most important events in the history of German literature from the close of the 15th to the middle of the lHth century. Luther not only addressed himself to the minds of his countrymen by his polemical writings, but also by those noble hymns, which, since his day have constituted one of the greatest treasures of the kind. The efforts of the devout reformers were followed by a period of literary degeneration which is, in a great measure, ascribed to the effect of the Thirty Years War U118-104K). It was not till in the 17lh century, when .1. ('. Gotts-died succeeded in his Grit leal Art of Poetry, in awakening a better taste. With the names of Klo|istock. leasing and Wieland U gan the brilliant e|� och of modem German literature. Kopstock's poems and his odes reached the tender piety of the old reformers and were thoroughly German in their spirit that they at once met with an enthusiastic response in the hearts of the people, while Lessing's tragedv Minna von Hamhelm and his drama Nathan der Weise may lie said to have created anew the dramatic art in Germany. Wieland was the complete antithesis of Klopstock. lie founded a new style, like his two great contemporaries, and gave a graceful flexibility t- German diction, which it had never before been made to assume. The influence exerted on German literature by these three writers, who may Ik regarded as its regenerators, was soon appreciable in all branches of knowledge. In poetry and belles-lettres the name of Goethe, who lived from 1749 t 1 32 is renowned, lie belonged to the school, known as the Sturm-und-Drang period. He had lieen proceeded in this school by Herder: its orginator whoso philosophical critiques of foreign and German literature contributed materially to the complete revolution, which ushered in the modern period of German poetry. The Sturm-und-Drang period closed with Schiller His early works. The Bobbers. Fiesco and Don Carlos threw the whole German people Into a frenzy of excitement. His later dramatic works, if not so exciting as these, give 13 evidence of a more matured taste, while some of his ballads and lyrics are unrivalled. In the poetry of the 19th century, noble representatives are found in the so-called Vaterlandsdichter. Among these we may instance Theodore Koerner and Arndt, whose spirited patriotic songs are intimately associated with the war of 181.’t against Napoleon in which Koerner fell gloriously righting. F. Rueckert and L. Uhland lielong to thisschool. The former is more especially noted for his translations from the oriental languages, and the latter for his exquisite romances and ballads. The greatest name of this school is that of Heinrich Heine, who almost ranks with Goethe and Schiller in poetic power. There are many other writers who are highly esteemed in their native country. Of late years the tendency of the German mind has been rather to science than fiction. In conclusion it may is said that among the German people, we find some of the greatest astronomers, physicians, mathematicians, musicians, historians and biographers, who by their labors have enriched the science of the world and at the same time enhanced the literary and scientific glory of their own country. Modern American Literature By EFF1E WEYBURN ITERATTRE has been defined jus the reflection and reproduction of the life of the people speaking the language in which it is written. English Literature is therefore the record of the thoughts, the feelings and the acts of the great English speaking race. This record extends a long way back into the past, is being made today and will be made for ages to come. Once this Literature was restricted to the British Isles. Since the Declaration of I tide-l endence the single stream of English Literature has been divided into tributaries and one of these divisions and the one. too, to which we shall restrict ourselves is the American branch. While we have an equal pride with the British in the splendid possession of the English Literature of the past, yet as the Americans of today differing as we do from Englishmen in many points of custom and of taste: we have a just pride in our own productions which are as strictly American as are many others of our national traits. For a century and a quarter Americans have grown up in a republic without caste or class distinction: with public schools open to rich and poor alike. All these things have had their effect on our people. We recognize that there is such a thing as Americanism defined as being, “that dignity of human nature which consists, perhaps, in not thinking yourself either lietter or worse than your neighbor by reason of any artificial distinction. This Americanism has stamped Itself upon our Literature and it is because of this that American Literature of recent date is of more interest to us than is that of the recent English writers. In the words of our definition of Literature, “it reproduces and reflects for us our own feelings, thoughts and deeds and it interests us. Although Ini- longing almost wholly to the nineteenth century American Literature has presented us a galaxy of great names. In the first half of the last century New York gave us Irving, Cooper and Bryant. Toward the middle of the century Boston and vicinity produced Emerson. Longfellow, Whittier. Lowell, Holmes and I’arkman. When these left us no successors remained of the same relative influence. Although there has never been so many authors as there are today, and although the average of literary skill is higher than ever before, there Is now no towering figure and no dominating personality. Those who are at the head of American Literature at the beginning of flic twentieth century are not men of the same general type as the greatly gifted New Englanders whom they succeeded. Their aims and their ideals are different. They have not the binding tie of birth in the same part of the country. for they come from the South and from the West as well as from the East. After the death of Whittier. Lowell and Holmes there was left no poet having at once a high standing and a wide popularity. Poets there are of lofty aspiration and of delicate skill. Here we find a great difference between the poetry of the nineteenth and that of the twentieth century. Longfellow’s “Evangeline” and Whittier’s “Snowbound charmed alike the farmhand and the college professor. No long poem published in the beginning of the present century has achieved this double distinction. Such a | oem may f e given us at any time, but with increasing vogue of fiction. Poetry seems less pre-eminent than it was in the past. Fifty years ago nearly all the w riters who stood at the head of the American Literature were poets. Less than half of the writers, at the head ”4 of American Literature of today are poets. Perhaps fame is not now won so rapidly in any other line as it is by a striking short story. For that reason the young author is less tempted to confine himself to verse than he was half a century ago. Fiction is the form of Literature in which many of the leading American authors of today find their natural medium of expression. Both the novel and the short story flourish as never before. Two of the more recent developments of fiction are especially noteworthy. The first of these is called the “international novel. This name is given to a study of American character seen against a foreign background. In these we are forced to see ourselves as others see us. and to recognize some of our own peculiarities to which we had chosen to be blind. The purpose of the greatest writers of fiction lias not been simply to delight and amuse by fanciful and fantastic tales, but to interpret the life they themselves best knew. This is what has been done with great success by authors who have taken part in the second of the two recent developments of American fiction. As interesting as the “international novel” is the “local short story. We mean by this a story in which we find set forth the people and the scenery and the dialect of a particular locality. Our first great short stories while they dealt with American life, turned aside from those commonplace and prosaic phases of it with which they were daily brought In contact: and selected those more romantic themes which borrowed some charm from remoteness and unfamiliarity. Let us take for example the works of the four great masters of the earlier period. Irving recreated the vanished life of Manhatten: Cooper found his romantic coloring in the Indian: Hawthorne contrived to envelope even his stories of American life, with a magical moonlight atmosphere which withdrew them from the light of day: while l’oe, the master of the terrible and the grotesque, was as IIK I'nlted States as a nation has seemingly from Its birth been regarded by Deity as a nation of His chosen people. Blessings have been ! -stowed upon tier as upon no other nation. At the late National Stock Exhibition at the Chicago yards, an animal was brought there and because of tlie fact that its weight so far exceeded other specimens on the grounds it was not taken into the exhibition for want of something w ith which to compare it. It is in such a position as this that one is obliged to view the achievements of our nation when opposed to those of The Yell( By CURTIS remote as Hawthorne from the bustling money seeking world that surrounds us. Hut when we recall the best known novels and short stories written in America today, we Immediately see that by far the greater number of them differ from the romantic stories of the four great writers just mentioned. Mal� y of the Southern and Western tales, even more than tlie New York and New England on which they are modeled, abound in humor. Franklin was the earliest humorist, after him came Irving and Lowell. Today they have many followers not unworthy of them. The earliest historians, Prescott. Motley, and l'arkman have also many not unworthy followers working now as earnestly asdld their predecessors. At no time since the I'nlted States became an inde( endent nation has there been greater interest in historical works. At no time have more able writers devoted themselves to tlie history of our own country. We have now no essayists of the stimulating force of Emerson and no critic with the insight of Lowell, yet there is no lack of delightful essayists and of great critics. American criticism has advanced since tlie day of Poe. Tire American critics of today are more independent and self-reliant than they were fifty years ago. An American poet or novelist or historian is not now unduly praised or unduly condemned because he Is an American. He is Judged on his own merits, and compared with the leading writers of Kngland. of France, of Germany and of Spain. In conclusion we may say that our present day Literature is nothing more than an earnest of a better yet to come and that Its shun- in our higher life must depend on our faithfulness as American people to our highest ideals. We believe that a great future lies l efore us as a nation, we should believe that the same is true of our Literature. We have great native ability, our possibilities are limitless. Let us see to it that our Literature becomes one of the greatest possessions of the race. )W Pkrij. MILLER other nations. The rapidity of her progress has exceeded that of every other nation. Her greatest blessing has been a constant line of men and women who have considered the welfare of the nation a thing for which years, and If need be, lives of study might be spent. Such people have given their all to their respective causes and have our nation as she now stands. It is to such magnanimous beings that we owe the continual discrimination of the impending evils of the day. They have considered immigration and have legislated ilia manner not lobe questioned. They have warned us against the Oriental races as the Yellow Peril. Admitting that immigration is proving a menace to our government they now invite our intelligence to a subject of greater importance. When we consider that nations have fallen and that nations may fall, we breathe out with a recent poet: “Lord (lod of hosts, be with us yet. Lest we forget, lest we forget. It has been admitted by men for twenty years that freedom’s cause is suffering and demands attention. Other nations have had similar conditions and they fell. Persia perished when one per cent of the people owned all the land. Kgypt went down when two per cent owned ninety-seven hundredth of their wealth. Babylon died when two per cent owned the wealth and Rome fell when one thousand eight hundred men possessed the then known world. England underwent a complete reformation because of like circumstances. History proves that issues which now confront us are perilous. Hence some facts. One eighth of the families of America receive more than one-half the aggregate income, and the richest one percent receives more than the poorest fifty percent. Seventy American estates average thirty-five millions, and yet more than one-third of our population live on 3.88 per week for food. $2.91 per month for clothing. $7.’ 0 per year for furniture and $7 per month rent in some wretched hovel, basement or dark room of a tenement. Without entertaining any socialistic ideas, who can evade the stilling in-iluence of an atmosphere where love of money displaces all human sympathy and love of a government for the people. Some may say: The poor ye have always with you.” There are many poor financiers who lack every quality of a good citizen. Others have been under oppressors’ rods. Had the money kings of our country acquired their wealth while giving their fellowmen equal chances the four per cent of our population who are paupers would not be so. Our wealth is increasing at the rate of eight millions per day and two-thirds of It goes to increase already large fortunes. John 1). Rockefeller has a fortune estimated atone billion, an amount difficult to conceive. A dollar for every minute of time since the birth of Christ would not make tlie amount, or if Mr. Rockefeller would have solid walls of his dollars made on either side of him as high as his head it would oblige him to walk two and one-half miles to get to the other end of his money prison. The startling idea is not the fortune but the enormous yearly increase of $1.70,000,000. Experts have considered every possible obstruction and state that if he lives to a comparatively old age he will lie worth eight billions. These moneyed men are not wrongly called kings. The railroads of our country valued at twelve billions are practically owned by nine men. The various trusts valued at twenty billions are governed by twenty men, of which nine are the above mentioned railroadmen. Is monopolizing ended? What influence do such men have on our government? Of what consequence are legislative bodies against such men. it is with this score of men that congress has been dealing for several years. They have for years been dictating to congress decisions on questions concerning their affairs. Many senators and representatives are men of inferior fortunes Invested in Interests dependent on the attitude of the moneyed men. hence many chosen and sent there by the people, vote for their own Interests. For this reason packers make a wider margin titan ever before. The poor railroad accomodations for delivery of coal have been traced to their proper source. Rate bills have continually been evaded. The prices of agricultural products are also fixed, as they, too, must passthrough hands controlled by wealth. Why has the fight by the women against polygamy been requiring such immense expenditures of time, energy and money? Is it other than a possible draining of some ample fortune? Numerous illustrations might U mentioned whereeapital detained intelligent, humane legislation. Why then not money kings? The spirit which Kurke recognized in Parliament as being the very life of our nation and which Franklin represented when he said: “We must now hang together or hang separate,” sucli spirit has been made a variable approaching zero as a limit. Sucli degeneracy of spirit has become a contagious germ and lias caused men foolishly to prize wealth far above principle. Hence the child slavery laws enacted and in some states repealed. Men must urge food bills for their stomachs’ sakes. Life insurance officials are becoming rich. The medical profession in which remarkable progress has been made Is not free from stains of the life blood of our nations. A lady was recently found dead in a New York home, whom the coroner declared had starved to deatii. when she might have written a check for 100,-ooo and it would have lieen cashed. Is it wealtli that Is so ponderously and firmly crouching down upon us or is It the love of wealth? Wealtli has always played an important part in the making of a nation, but when men forget all else and boil up with emotion at the sight of a coin, then massive pillars are being spalled from under our temple of fame. The American commonwealth must stand against this real “Yellow Peril’ or in painful silence endure tiie inevitable. The Right of sfffraoe By JOY WHITEMAN IIK right of .suffrage Is not one of the universal and inalienable rights of V r Individuals. It i a right given to certain persons coming under the required restriction for the benefit of all. It Is for our country’s laws and constitution to define to whom this right or privilege should be given. He who would set aside our laws and constitution is a traitor. It is evident that facilities of fraud are increased by the great number of immigrants which come to our country annually. The foreigners are taught to disregard their laws at home so they do not think much about our laws and they expect to vote and take part in the government as soon as they land in New York City. One cannot tell a naturalized immigrant from an unnaturalized one. Many of them are poor, ignorant men and of evil passions. Our states boast of self government. Our executives are not officers who can or are doing Just as they like, irresponsible to anybody but God. They are servants appointed either directly or indirectly. A monarch however absolute, can rule only through Ids people. It is Ids duty to choose or collect the best, wisest and most faithful subjects for his council. The great Interests of every democratic nation are directed and controlled by the majority of its voters, so the government is just in proportion to the number of intelligent and qualified voters. Then If we would have a good government we must have good, intelligent, honest, and conscientious voters to make it such. In some of our great cities self government has not proved a success, but so far as our nation has not been successful, it Is due to the fact that some of them were not qualified or tit to rule and were elected by voters who lacked Intelligence or moral principle. It is true that he who holds the ballot controls the government. What the good of the state requires in reference to the negro is Just what It requires in reference to all other persons. It Is the admission of those who are Intelligently and morally qualified, and the exclusion of the rest. The time has certainly come for the passage of laws restricting the suffrage to citizens of the I'nited States who read their ncwspa|M rs intelligently and can write a correct chirography. These qualifications are very easily acquired and would do away with those men who are a burden on the government. It would l e an inducement or incentive for them to Ik educated and so they would try to give their children more education and thus as they advance their different privileges and rights would be given them. It would dispose at once of the greatest race questions and admit foreigners gradually as they prepare themselves to positions they have won. It would give strength to those classes who should rule in every state. Whatever makes men wiser or better will always advance the interests of a state under a democratic rule. I believe the time will soon come when these qualifications shall be required of each voter. JC SOMK OF AMERICA’S NaTCUAL WOM KRS By MERLE GWIN 7TTllK world is full of wonders and the more of nature’s secrets a man dis-VI covers, the more he appreciates his former Ignorance, and those wonders which are yet hidden. There are no two travelers will chance upon the same thing, therefore many different descriptions are given. The wonders of America are exceedingly great. Travelers often claim it to have the most U autiful in the world. Niagara Falls is the greatest of American wonders, and many thousands of |K ople go then every year. The Falls are about three-fourths of a mile wide and one hundred and fifty feet high. Below the Falls, the river rushes through its long gorge, making rapids of great size and grandeur. The Falls have great power and men are anxious to secure power for generating electricity. This will certainly cause the destruction of them in a short time. The only way to preserve them will Ik- by some agreement between I'nited States and Canada or England: for there Is no use protecting the Falls on one side if they are not protected on the other. A way should Ik , and no doubt will be found to keep them. The whole world is interested in them and it would be wrong to sacrifice them for the advantage of a few persons. Next to Niagara Falls, is the Yusemlte Valley ami Falls of California. The Falls are two thousand seven hundred feet high. The first Fall is sixteen hundred feet: the second, seven hundred feet; the lower one. four hundred feet. The valley is on the Pacitic slope of the Sierra Nevada. In some places its steep sides are about half a mile in height. There is also another place made up of nature’s wonders, in 1872 Congress reserved a strip of land sixty-ttve miles long and fifty-live miles broad in the Rocky Mountains, known as Yellowstone Park, for the enjoyment and bene-tit of the people. It has most all the wild animals, beautiful trees and foliage. hot springs, lakes, mountains, falls, and rivers. The whole forming a beautiful place for the lovers of nature. Near Louisville, Kentucky, there is a world renowned cave. This covers eight thousand square miles. The natural arch that admits one to Mammoth cave has a span of seventy feet, and above it there is a cascade which leaps fifty feet and then disappears. It was first discovered in Ihoi� by a hunter named Hutchins while hunting fora wounded l ear. it shows few tract's of dynamic disturbances but has been changed since Into many caverns of which Mammoth is the greatest. Thus these wonders of nature and many othere are distributed over America. so that every man may enjoy the same pleasures, practically by only stepping out of his door. This Mi nicipal Problem in The Unitkd States By IDA P1PPENCER jMt has been demonstrated in both national and municipal experiences that W the greatest abuses of corporate power have been in connection with public utilities. And since nearly all these public utilities excepting the steam-railway systems, express companies and telegraplis are found within the limits of our cities, they are proper subjects for municipal control. Hut for years these have been owned and controlled by private companies. Money-making lias been the sole aim of the private operators of public utilities. Private corporations owning and operating these public conveniences and necessities conveniences that represent the property and power held by all for the good of all have been conducted for the single object of gathering in the greatest possible profit and have clung to the principle that the most effective way of gaining the largest dividends for the stockholders is to give the cheapest service for as high a charge as can lie extracted from a community. Throughout our country people have encountered and suffered the abuses which have arisen from tills monopoly by private parties. If one wishes to purchase gas or elect ric-light, or to utilize the street-ears, the steam-cars, the telegraph or telephone lie finds himself deprived of tlie right of free contract. He must accept such service as is offered and pay the price demanded. There is no other way. He finds himself face to face with a monopoly and is compelled to meet their demands or do without. The question arises, What can be done to remedy tlie evil?” The only remedy Is, Municipalize them. Municipal ownership is not only a matter of justice but of expediency. It has not “money-grabbing as its object. It has been shown repeatedly that wherever fairly tried municipal ownership has given better results than private ownership. Its one aim Is to give the best possible service at the least possible cost. rsually the lirst purchase made by cities desiring to try municipal ownership is that of the water system, and It has Invariably given good service. Chicago like many other American cities owns its own water-systems and supplies its citizens at a rate of from four to ten cents per thousand cubic feet and from twenty-five to seventy-five percent lower than the rates exacted by private companies and gives service fairly satisfactory. New York must soon solve the problem which confronts her or in a few years a water famine will lie the result. From the telephone and telegraph monopolies the people of our cities have experienced excessive charges and unsatisfactory service, that the dividends of the few in control of these conveniences and necessities might be the greater. In Sweden the government conducts its own telephone systems and in Stockholm ami other Swedish cities good telephone service may lie had in some cases, as low as six dollars a year. Those who have paid the high rates exacted in Chicago and other large cities in the I'nited States will readily understand conditions to Ik somewhat different. In Switzerland the government owns and operates its own telegraph system, as do many progressive European cities. Why then could not the same thing be done in the United States? The people in our cities also pay an extravagant price for gas. Numerous instances might be given where municipal ownership lias reduced the price to a level of from fifty-two to seventy-five cents per thousand cubic feet as against twice that rate by private companies. What Is true of gas Is true of electric light. Chicago can give its own experience In this particular manner. The city’s municipal electric lighting plant was started eight years ago. lie-fore this plant was established the private companies exacted as high as one hundred and twenty-five dollars per arc lamp a year. At the latest and most modern municipal lighting station street lamps are operated at a cost of thirty-eight dollars per lamp. In many foreign cities the people own and control their electric lighting plants and find it cheaper and far more profitable than to have private corporations own them. The extent ion of municipal ownership has been stubbornly resisted in t lie I 'lilted States by the wealthy private corporations. Kvery important A merican city lias been within the last few years, and most of them are at this time, afflicted with the “traction problem” and franchise has nowhere proved to l e more than a temporary abatement of municipal ills. The only cities where the “traction problem” has entirely disappeared an the Kuropean cities which have municipalized their tramway services. One hundred and sixty-six cities In Great Britain own and operate their street car systems. Berlin lias given the municipal system a trial and reports are now so favorable that only recently one million dollars has been set aside for the extension of the municipal system. The London County Council Is reaching out to Incorporate all the tramways in the municipal system. There municipal ownership lias given relief to the tax-payers, reduced fares: Increased wages and other equally important results. In Glasgow results as good as those just mentioned were obtained. The city of Manchester owns and operates its own street cars and does it, too, on a paying basis. Street care fare is two cents in Manchester. 2li At this rate the municipal tramways last year paid all expenses and cleared ♦247,350 net. Everyone who has given the question any attention at all knows that gas in our cities is one-third too high: that if justice were done a three cent car fare would come as a matter of course?, and that electric light ciiarges would drop one-half were the evil union between the respectable director and the corrupted boss rent in twain. A demand is being made of the corporations for reduced charges for all public services and for better education, more libraries, tlie addition of public bdtlis, gymnasiums, music and amusements in addition to all the city now provides, and not far away in the near future the old age pension. Chicago about a year ago opened a so-called municipal museum and It is a success, (treat benefits are being realized from the public play-grounds. Eight vacation schools were successfully conducted in Chicago during the summer of 1WM. There was a special camp for crippled children and a department for the blind. The healte of the city and Its cleanliness are interests of all citizens and the beauty of the city should be a common ideal. The success of municipal ownership in the cities of some of our eastern countries has sounded the knell of private ownership of public utilities in the countries across the sea and has produced satisfactory results in nearly every Instance. Municipal ownership has come to our country as to others and it has come to stay. The American | eople are thinking people. What Europeans have done Americans can do. As some one has already stated: “The people of the I’nlted States are determined that their exploitation by private utility corporations shall cease. They are determined that the property and power held for the good of all shall ’be conducted for all. Ana the certain fate of thuse officials w ho continue to defy the people's w ill can easily Is read. They are composing their own political obituaries. vA T ; c W s J vddVM at 7WW Oknrgr 1C. ICamlr, fflauufarturrr iif Srrrrna. illume (Cabiurta. JHagaginr Stanbs, Slink S’hrluru. Sat Sarltu. Jilatr Sark a. Umbrella Snlbrra. (Eliirk lirlurn. (Cnatmnrra. tlr.. Etr. ■Napjianep, ilttb. Nappattw ICuntbrr itlfij. da. ffianr a rnmplrtr linr uf builbing material in-r tubing all kitiiHi of lumbrr. ehiitglra. latli. fi'iirr poata. aaah. bunra. pulp plaatrr. rr-mriit. rrmrtii hlnrka. aub roofing. Ullni not luu| uilirrr gnu ran grt rurrgtljing for a huilb-iug in utii' arrount? 3t mill aaur jiuu mourn. Sarb aub soft roal. Sualirl rratra for urg-rtablra. (Call aub an- ua. A (Stoni 10au So br uli� hlt| anb Srrutniimlit Drrssrb aub In haur your (nothing as thoroughly mabr aub as rarrfully rut as pnssiblr. is to (to to 3L 1C. Sfrlpr, mini has hab ijrars of rxprrirorr. (Our rxprrirnrr ia a prrttg goob aeauranrr that goit mill br aorrg for untiring anb our prirra arr almatja at tlir bottom untrl|. Shr nrrtj next tintr gnu arr paaaing. atrp iuaibr anb Irt ua aljoro gnu our finr liur of auitiuga aub ginr gnu prirra. J. S. WALTERS, DEALER IN DRUGS, BOOKS, AND WALL PAPER. SEE HOMER NEHER, MERCHANT TAILOR, For nice suits and top coats, full of style and comfort, cut and designed by the I. I. Mitchell System. TO THE BUSY, RESTLESS WORLD, here every one is striving for himself, mid where the way to better conditions must be gained through careful investment of the money you earn. To make your money do double duty you will trade at KAUFMAN’S DEPA RTMENT STORE. NAPPANEE, INDIANA. duoxi-: x . h J. 1). SCOTT, DENTIST, Office One Square North of Auditorium. NAPPANEE, ENT). D. RICKERT SON, Dry Goods, Shoos, © lotting, Goins’ Furnishings, Groeepios, Dress Goods, Silks, Trimmings, Etc. Pullman's line of White Goods, Laces, Embroideries. Queen Quality and Selby Shoes for women. Walk-Over and Florsheitn Shoes for men. The very best lines on the market. 1 Groceries Chef Brand Canned Goods, None Such Dried Fruits, Perfection Crackers. i Palmer Garments for women. Spring Jackets, Skirts, Etc. 1 We carry a complete and well assorted stock at all times. s Notions, Hosiery, Domestics, Etc. Tiger 3.uo Hats, Champion $2.50 Hats for men. Arrow Brand Collars. Monarch Shirts at 1.00. Famous Shirts at 50c. We pay the highest market prices for produce. ACJKNTH FOR THE FOLLOWING C IA3TIIING IIOI’SES: Fd V. Prieo International Tailoring ©orrjpaqy. Tiik Place to Trade. Where a Dollar does its Duty. C. C. Albert, Dealer in new and second-band goods at THE SECOND-HAND STORE In the Maccabec Building, 118 est Market street. Farmwald s Restaurant. For warm meals at all hours, ice cream soda. Confectionery, Cigars, and Tobacco go to FARMWALD’S NEW RESTAURANT. Roy Farmwald, Prop. For the best line of up-to-date fine shoes go to the exclusive shoe dealer. Keith s Konqueror Shoe for men—every sole guaranteed and that takes in the uppers, too. All new and up-to-date. See south window. For ladies ask E. Blosser. for Irving-Drcw. H. C. Fidler s Cash Store STAPLE and FANCY GROCERIES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES. and PROVISIONS. P. D. Burgener. Interior View of P. D. Burgener’s Store. Enos Newcomer, Jeweler. Fine Watch and Clock Repairing a Specialty. J. H. Newcomer, Scientific Optician. Eyes Tested and Glasses Properly Fitted. Prices Reasonable. Stop o ur Bread Wagon! Have you placed your order for something good to eat? A trial order will convince you of the Q uality and Purity that our home-made baked goods merit. Special attention and prompt delivery given to each order. Ask for price list. We await your wants. Star Bakery Company. South Main Street. Nappanee, Ind. Phone 210. HARDWOOD LUMBER MERCHANT MILLERS {oppEsJjjj OK. JVAJ AJVEJ?, SJV£ . CHAMBER SUITS SIDEBOARDS CHIFFONIERS DINING TABLES LIBRARY TABLES KITCHEN CABINETS HARTMAN BROS. Is where the thoughtful, prudent buyer will always find opportunity to supply his needs in all that pertains to a well selected wardrobe. FROM CHILDHOOD TO MANHOOD You have found the same correct styles in each successive season. The same opportunity is yours to-day. A complete line of Men’s and Ladies’ Shoes, up-to-date styles, and products of the best factories known to shoe-making. It is a pleasure to talk dress goods. We have a splendid presentation of all the new weaves and popular shades. Nothing is omitted which would make this department of special interest. Hartman Bros.’ Triple Store. Alex Wilson The Leading Horseskoer! Strycker Mickael. Livery, feed, and sale barn. Rates reasonable. Prompt attention given to all calls. N. A. Lekman ’Phone No. 11. has exclusive sale of Coppes, Zook Mutschler Co.’s furniture. Will save you jobbers’ profits, freight, burlap, and packing. Lowest prices on all kinds of Furniture. You get the wife, and he will furnish the home. Harness. We are harfiess makers. We will take your order for a harness and you can see the stock that goes in it and stay and see us make it if you like. We guarantee them first-class. If you find anything wrong bring them back. We carry a full line of Milwaukee horse collars; the best on the market. Sweat pads in different grades, weights and shapes and many others, neck, back and breast pads. Currycombs, brushes, whips and everything in trimmings. Robes, blankets, stable sheets, nets, dusters, everything in the horse goods line. Fur coats and mittens. Our prices are always right. Shively Brothers. Pnckett Rodegeh. Farms and Town Properties For Sale. Loans and Insurance. Prickett Geo. E. Miller Rodegeh. Makes Our Photos. Nappanee Steam Laundry Wm. POLLOCK, Proprietor. Domestic or Gloss FinisH. NO SAW EDGES! The Antiseptic Is the place to Have your worK quicKly and neatly done. Special attention given to face massage and to Hair-dressing. V. Farmwald. The Nappanee Carriage Co, If you are tHinKing of buying' a Buggy or Surrey be sure and call at the Nappanee Carriage Factory and get prices before you buy, and be convinced of the advantages of buying aNAPPANEE BUGGY. Neff Brothers, Dealers in ALL RINDS of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, HARNESS, GASOLINE ENGINES, ETC., ETC. A A