Duke University School of Medicine - Aesculapian Yearbook (Durham, NC)

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chemical, neurophysiologic, psychopharmacologic and psychophysiologic alterations within the individual. The links are to be made not only with the biological sciences, but are to be coupled with increasing examination of the social, anthropological and forensic disciplines of the present day. As well as sex differences, biological and behavioral, the examination of this broad spectrum will devote a special attention to the population extremesg ol the aged and the very young. The need is to attract the students of medicine who are interested not only in promoting their clinical skills but also who possess curiosity, open mindedness, the capacity for critical thinking and an interest in human nature and behavior. Such men, possessing a clinical competency and basic research skills may and should have the opportunity to forge ahead in the next decade along this exciting path of progress. EDWALD W. Russia, M.D. Cfmirrmzn of the Depurtnzent twwily-fozzr

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PSTCHIATRT Over the past four score years significant contribu- tions to the theory and practice of psychiatry have been made by such diverse figures as Pavlov, Freud, Meyer, Kraepelin, Bleuler and others. The challenge facing the psychiatrists of today is to fuse the outstanding lessons which each of these psychiatrists has produced. Prior to the turn of the century, the psychiatrist was primarily a custodian of the deranged individual. The treatment procedures were extremely limited and time was perhaps the great healer where mental illness was concerned. It was at this time that Kraepelin, Bleuler and Meyer began to pay increasing attention to the classification of mental illness and from then on there was a great increase in that body of knowledge called descriptive psychiatry. In the early part of the twentieth century the contri- butions that Freud made in the psychoanalytic under- standing of mental disorder was considerable. His con- tribution was limited by the controversy that was aroused and the schism which arose between Freud's followers and the rest of the medical profession. At about the same time in Russia, Ivan Pavlov was publishing his studies involving the conditioned reflex and was pro- viding a theoretical framework for the understanding of overt patterned behavior and changes in the various biological systems of the body. In the 1930's and especially since World War II there have been important achievements with the incorpora- tion of the somatic therapies in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. These have been insulin shock therapy, and the convulsive therapies introduced by Bini, Gerletti, and Meduna. In the past decade, psychophar- macologic treatments have assumed particular impor- tance and have led to the increased discharge of many DR. Bussia chronically ill institutionalized mental patients and have given the psychiatrist increased opportunities to treat many more patients on an out-patient basis. Qne of the misfortunes of psychiatry has been that these various groupings of theories within psychiatry tended to isolate themselves. It is now becoming ap- parent that the concepts of Freud and Pavlov and others have many common links that are described using dif- ferent phrases and in different theoretical frameworks. The challenge now becomes the integration and amal- gamation of these theories leading to a fuller scientific understanding of the total normal and abnormal be- havior patterns with its basis in organic, psychological, psychodynamics. and psychosocial framework. The newcomer to the speciality of psychiatry today. feels the growing enthusiasm of participating in investi- gative undertakings utilizing skills and opportunities for the understanding of behavior coupled with neuro- amy DR. FREDERICK HINE DR. HANS LowENBAcH DR. LESLIE B. PIOHIXIAN lzvefziy-three

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We have been requested to write a short summary of the Department of Radiology since its inception and the scope of activities over the years, current activities and forecast for the future. Since some of tis were here before Duke Hospital was fully completed or equipped, we are able to give a general picture of progress over the years. By the time this issue comes olf the press the Department of Radiology will be given the green light to enlarge and for once to develop into a well equipped, up to date department. In IQSU the department was organized for Diagnostic Radiology with a minimum of Radiation Therapy. ln the earlier years diagnostic diseasesg such as, tubercu- losis, syphilis, empyema, pneumonia, and lung abscesses were very common. Little was known about the various heart diseases as well as many of the other problems in modern day medicine. Lung cancer was practically unheard of. Very little research was done in the various fields which we are undertaking today. This was chieHy due to the almost complete absence of available funds. In the present day Radiology Department there is a complete change as compared with the earlier years. The Diagnostic Division has been reorganized with sub- specialities, such as, Pediatric, Cardiovascular, and Neu- roradiology. We are now able to visualize the entire vascular and venous system, including the coronary cir- culation. With increase in research funds there has been a tremendous upswing in cardiac radiology. The best results are being achieved where there is a team effort of Radiologists and Cardiologists. Radiation Therapy has also done a complete revolu- tionary turn in the last few years. Since World War II Cobalt has become available and there are more and larger X-ray machines, the cancer problem is being Dit. Rhigvss attacked more vigorously and with these aids a certain percentage of increase in cures is being obtained. We still admit that surgery and radiation therapy are not the solution to the cancer problem. Where cases are gotten early with better diagnostic facilities and operated or treated early, the percentage of cures has increased considerably. The clinical use of Isotopes went through a rapid revolutionary period following war number two. Cer- tain clinical studies using isotopes are now more or less routine. The use of isotopes in the study of small bowel disease and kidney diseases were originally developed at Duke and now are both listed as standard procedures. Extensive research is under way using many and various types of isotopes. Insomuch as Radiology is closely allied with all spe- cialities of medical practice, there is an overall effort to teach Radiology both throughout the academic years as well as on the clinical level. Starting with the Roentgen Anatomy of cadavers in the first year and carrying the studies on through the clinical years into the graduate level, we Find the student makes a better clinician. The more closely he allies himself with radiological consultants the better the medical care to the patient. Roiauiti' I. Riaiayiis. M.D. C!IiIlil'l71LlI1 of the Deptirtniwif 1 ii ii ' six-at 5 ' t ....,. -. , , f , ,,,.. ., .,,., , 5 DR. IOHN A. Goituiz DR. Guoitoia BAYLIN twerzty-five