Central High School - Signal Yearbook (Columbia, TN)

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unrxersrty Among them was Dr Benjamrn Rush who was r physrcran surgeon general durrng the Rexolutronary War a member of the Contrnental Congress and r srgner of the Declaratron of Independence In 1786 he publrshed an educatronal proyect wrth the arrestrng trtle Thoughts Upon the Mode of Educatzon Proper zn a Republzc A few years later the Amerrcan Phr'osophrcal Socrety offered a pr rze for the best system of lrberal educ rtron and lrterary rnstrnctron rdap ed to the genrus of the goxernment of the Unrted States comprehendrng also r plan for rnstrtutrng rnd conductrng publrc schools rn thrs country on prrncrples of the most extensrxc utrlrty The pr rle was drxrded between Srrnuel Knorr and Srrnuel H Smith Other thrnkers of the age rncludrng No rh Webster presented to the publrc Irrge prorect for the educ rtron of youth rn a mrnner rpproprrrte to Amer rcan socrety rrrd goxcrn rnent In the Constrtutronal Conxentron James Mrdrsorr 'rrrd Charles Prnckney urged r provrsron for the establrshment of a unrxersrty howexer the motron was lost In hrs first rnnual address to Congress Washrngton made rt exrdent th rt he reg rrded the losterrng of educrtron as rn oblrgrtron of the Feder rl Goxernment when he srrd Nor rm I less per su rded th rt you wrll rgree w rth me rn oprnron th rt there rs rrothrrrg whrch crn bctter deserxe your prtronrge th rn the promotron I scrence and lrter rture Knowledge rs rn exery country the surest brsrs of pubrlc happrness Although Washrngton unlrke Jefferson had not enjoyed the prrxrleges f r college educatron and was 1 man of lrmrted book sense he had a general rrrd rerlrstrc xrew of educatron Although at odds wrth Washrngton on many pornts of polrcy 'Ind commrtted whrle rn the opposrtron to a narrow constructron of the Constrtutron Thorn rs Jefferson was ex en more deeply rnd actrvely concerned wrth publrc educatron th rn the first presrdent As a brographer has truly srrd Jefferson w rs the first con sprcuous adxocate rn thrs country of cevrtralrzatron rn educatron berng a thorough belrexer rn state ard to hrgher rnstrtutrons of lerrnrng and tree educatron rn the common schools supported by local taxatron Jefferson dedrcated ye ns of hrs lrle to the consrderatron and prornotron of educatron rn all rts phases from elementrry rnstructron to adx anced research rn unrversrtres He asked that rt be rnscrrbed on hrs tomb that he was the founder of the Unrxersrty of Vrrgrnrr From some of hrs wrrtrngs Jefferson s phrlosophy of educ rtron rs shown to consrst the tollowrng To grxe exery crtrzen the rnforrnatron hc needs for the tr rnsrctron cf hrs own busrness To enable hrm to calculate for hrmself rrrd to express rnd preserxe hrs rde rs hrs contracts rnd accounts rn wr rtrng To rmproxe by readrng hrs morals and facultres To understand hrs dutres to hrs nerghbors and country rnd to drschrrge wrth competence the functrons confrded to hrm by erther To know hrs rrghts In general to obserxe wrth rntellrgence rll the socrrl rel rtrorrs under whrch hc shfrll be pl rced Jefferson took rs the motto ot hrs Unrx ersrty of Vrrgrnrr the rncrent sryrng And sh rll know the truth rrrd the truth sh rll rn rl e you tree Wrth the admrnrstrsrtron of John Qurncy Ad rms the herorc per rod ol the Rexolu tron drew to a close Adams urged the promotron of screntrflc rese rrch rnd rnqurry rn geogr rphrc rl rrrd rstronomrcal scrence the ercplor rtron of nrtron rl terrrtor res rnd w rters the erectron of rn rstronornrc rl obserxatory connected wrth the est rblrshment of r unrx ersrty or seprrate from rt But the trnre w rs not yet rrght for these pl rrrs for educ rtron The pcople were engrossed wrth polrtrc rl matters Trkerr rs r w hole the rge w hrch opened wrth the rdx ent of Jrckson w rs ch rr rcterrzed by rn rrrtense rerctron rgrrnst the cultur rl outlook of W rshrngton M rdrson Iefferson rrrd John Qurncy Adrms After the close of John Qurncy Ad rms rdmrnrstr rtron no grert le rder rn natrorr rl rffrrrs looked rll around educrtron plurnbed 'ts depths corrsrdered rts rel rtron to the natrorr rrrd lrke Washrngton Jefferson rrrd John Qurncy Adrrns st rked hr reputatron upon urgrng rts pr ornotron rn exery deprrtrnent It rs true th rt Congress prssed rn 1862 the Morrrll Act gr rntrng lrnd for thc cst rblrshment of colleges by the strtes rrrd th rt Presrdent Ulysses S Gr rnt renewccl the old recommend rtron of r nrtronrl unrxersrty rn hrs mess rge of l86r but thc c drd not h we rny specrrl srgnrfrc rnce ERNESTINI-1 McMAHoN HISTORY OF HIGH SCHOOLS IN AMERICA Educatron rs not Just any krnd of learnrng It rs drrected lerrnrng In -Xmerrcr the school rs the most rrnportrnt educatronrl rnstrtutron The free publrc school 1 the toundrtron of our grert -Xrrrer rc rn dernocr rcv w lrrch rrms to brrng r free h rppx md rbund rnt lrfe to rll of our people Page Tu entry One ' 1 .' .1 . 1 '. 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DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION Today xxe aae becommg anoae and mole conscaous of the necessaty ot bamgmg., dcmocxacy lnto out educataonal system The eaalaest schools had as then paoga am only a xeay lamlted couase of study undea the stalctest superx 1s1on It xx as lndeed 1e'admg and xatmg and aathmetac taught to the tune of a hackoay stack Noxx catazenshap education as paoxlded not only thaough the course of study but also thaough the teachmg methods the student llfe communlty actax 1t1es school admln astaataon and ex aluataon of aesults You may ask Just vxhat does democvacy an educatlon mean? Fnst ot all the democratlc educataon h'as as 1's central purpose the xvelfare of all the people I seeks to proxlde equal opportunaty for all legardless of antelllgence lace relagxon socaal status economlc condltaon Ol xocatlonal plans The democlatac educ ataon 1 concerned wath the mamtenance of those economic polltacal and SOCIHI condataons xx h1ch are necessary for the enjoyment of laberty Then of course the democaatlc edu cataon uses democa atac methods ln classroom admmastratlon and an all student HCIIVI taes In thas soat of educataon the student leaans by experaence that exery prlvalege entaals a correspondmg duty ex ery authoaaty a responslbalaty eveay responslblllty an accountmg to the group whlch granted the p11v1lege Such an educataon llberates and uses the mtellagence of all It equips cltazens wath the materlal and knowledge needed fox d6I'UOCl3I1L efllcaency One gleat SQFVICG of a democratlc educataon as that at promotes loyalty to democracy by stressmg DOSIIIVC understandlng and by callang youth to serx ace ID a great cause Certamly the course of study IS an lmpoatant phase of educatlon The majox 1ty of students haxe a mastaken adea of democracy They belaeve that rlghts and praxaleges are more sagnaflcant than responslbllltles therefore many schools are seek ang to proxlde curracular experaences to correct thas false ldea Courses and unlts ln the Amerlcan dream the story of CIXII labeatles human relatlonshaps and xalues baslc economlc trends and problems socaal welfare and DOIIIICHI 1nst1tut1ons con taabute to an understandmg of democracy Valuable as they are the courses of study must become stall more comprehensave and must be dlrected by teachers who them selx es practlce democracy ln school and out Dramatac teachmg methods should not be made the property of any one subyect but rather should be exerc1sed an all subjects Materlal on democracy may lose ats effectax eness when taught an an autocratac fashaon Democracy an educatlon may be brought to the students through the classroom teacher as well as homeroom teachexs and SDECIHIISIS In a democratlc educatlon the student should learn to rely upon I1lITISeIf and to accept aesponslbllltaes The student should partlclpate an planning executlng and ex aluatlng class paoaects The experamental method of free lnqulfy IS practiced ln mathematlcs and scaence as xvell as 1n socaal studaes classes Dlscussaon of contao xerslal questaons may center around school problems as well as the conflacts 'and tensaons of the 'adult xvorld In all these methods knowledge of the needs and potentaalataes of young people IS essentlal Much of the finest cavlc education occurs IU out of class actxxataes Students serxe thelr schools by managmg equlpment runnlng cafeteraas and assummg nespoa s1b1l1ty fox safety soclal l1fe health and general conduct Students seave othea students by prepaamg handbooks guldlng newcomers and mterpretmg the school to the publlc In a democratac educatlon there as need for student organlzatlons and clubs Heae students learn good leadershlp and mature followmg In a democratlc educatlon the student learns to be the good cltlzen of tomorrow He learns the fundamentals of democratlc goxernment and becomes prepared to take HCIIVC part IH such a government The publac school prepares boys and glrls for makmg the best of thear opportunataes and for rasmg an the wolld to posltaons of wealth and xnduence In order to encourage democracy 1n our publac schools many schools have set up a foam of student goxernment Thls gaxes the student a chance to experlment ln democracy and see 1t at xfxork on a small scale A prlmary obllgatlon of the Ameracan educatlonal system as to prox 1de the most effectual condatlons for the young to attaln the equapment an knowledge and attatude aequlred to cal ry on our democratlc way of llfe American education should make no pretense of neutaalaty about thas great socaal obgectlve Our schools should be dellbeaately desagned to paowlde an educataon n and for democaacy MARY RUTH BURCHAM EARLY FOUNDERS OF EDUCATION IN A DEMOCRACY It as out of the hastoxacal dexelopment of Amerlcan socaety that haxe come the ldeas aspnataons knoxxledge and xx orkang aules whlch prex all today and set the task of educataon Aftea Independence xxas gamed many of the best mands an Ameaaca began to daaft compxehensaxc plans for systems ol umx ea sal education clowned by a nataonal Page Tuenty Z . 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The colonres of Arnerrca had no publrc school system A few well to do land owners hired tutors to rnstruct therr chrldren And a lrttle later there were a fevs church schools but these taught only the begrnmngs of the three R s Massachusetts was the first colony to thrnk serrously about the educatron of rts chrldren In 1642 rt passed a lavs sayrng that the select men of each tovsn should be tramed rn learnrng Thrs law was made stronger by the law of 1647 which ordered that every town of fifty or more households had to set up readrng and wrrtrng schools There were few textbooks and these were filled wrth relrgrous and moral storres Among the most popular of these books was the New England Prrmer Each page of thrs prrmer had prctures of the thrngs told about rn the readrng Whrch was Wrrtterr rn rhyme Most all of the first schools dealt wrth relrgrous rnstructrons After attendrng these reading and wrrtrng schools a puprl was ready for grammar school and then for college One of the first hrgher schools rn Amerrca was the Boston Latrn Grammar School burlt rn 1635 The first college was started rn Massachusetts rn 1636 to trarn young men to become mrnrsters and scholars of the classrcs Thrs college was Harvard Unrversrty The Amerrcan Rexolutron put an end to the Latm schools and made necessary a broader and rrcher educatronal program Thus the Amerrcan Academy Franklrn s Academy the first one establrshed rn 1751 became very popular Thrs academy dealt wrth a more practrcal currrculurn whrle the Latm schools had taught Latrn Latrn and more Latm Its arm was to prepare for lrfe as well as college It was open to both boys and grrls and drd much to encourage the develop ment of educatron for women rn Amerrca Though the Academy was democratrc rn respect to the currrculum socrally rt was open only to those who were able to pay the turtron fees Srnce the taxpayers were the men who sent therr chrldren to school the academy was an obstacle rn the way of unrversal democratrc hrgh school educatron rn the Unrted States wrth 200000 puprls and 12000 teachers Debatrng and lrterary socretres were organrzed and a wholesome atmosphere of culture developed In the late 1700s the dame schools were adopted from England These were prrmary schools to get puprls ready for the readrng and wrrtrng schools Whrle the dame schools were cared for by unmarrred women and housewives the Latm schools were taught by schoolmasters They were hard stern men who belreved rn the rule Spare the rod and sporl the chrld They made certarn that the chrldren were not sporled by the use of brrch lrmbs whrps and paddles None of these schools were free however leavrng the poor uneducated In the early 1800 s the battle for tax support of schools for state control rnstead of church control for free grammar schools hrgh schools and colleges was on Intellrgent workrngmen made up the army fightrng for these thrngs The wealthy conservatrve busrnessmen and arrstocratrc southerners fought agarnst them sayrng Why should I pay for the educatron of chrldren not my own? Because sard Horace Mann all the chrldren should have the rrght to free schoolrng at publrc expense rn order that these chrldren shall become rntellrgent crtrzens voters and workers Horace Mann was the leader of those for publrc schools As a boy he was very poor and knew what rt was to struggle for an educatron After many publrc addresses he won the support of thousands of people and the first free hrgh school Englrsh Hrgh School was founded rn Boston rn 1821 In 1837 Massachusetts set up the first state board of educatron and made Mann secretary The rmportant characterrstrcs of the hrgh school were the demotron of the classrcs emphasrs on the study of Englrsh preparatron for entrance to some vocatron the three year course of study exclusron of girls and admrssron of boys at the age of twelve rnstead of nrne After 1850 the publrc hrgh school grew raprdly and by 1880 had almost wholly taken the place of the academy Publrc hrgh schools were rmmedrately establrshed rn the west and south as well as all over the east and north By 1900 there were a half mrllron hrgh school students enrolled rn the Unrted States Thus we see how the Amerrcan hrgh school has become the most rmportant socral rnstrtutron rn American lrfe WINONA Rrxscor: OUR MODERN SCHOOLS The schools of today are a great rmproxement over the old one teacher schools that our grandparents attended The schools now have larger and nrcer burldrngs they have better equrpment and more efiicrent teachers but best of all there rs a greater cooperatron and fr rendshrp between puprls and teachers Let us consrder some of these rmprox ements We shall first look at the modern school burldrng and equrpment Now rn addr tron to the usual classrooms many schools have vocatronal shop burldrngs home economrcs cottages and farm bureaus The elementary school rs full of a number of thrngs for chrldren Today not only do the chrldren read and study hrstory and Page Twenty Tuo .. . .Q . . ' ' Y' I f , . ' . ' 1 ' 1 ,L . . . ,, .i ' . . B , -Y 1 ' 1 .' . 1 A I Y 1 - 1 . l . V ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 4 1 I - , y ' vm 7 Y . ' I . 1 . . K 1 I A i Y . ' y v U . . , . . 1 Q1 ' ' s s -' ' 1 '1 ' 1 ' I' t ' . D, 1 11 1 1 xx 1 n ' 1 By the middle of the Nineteenth Century there were more than 6,000 academies . I Y ' 7. 1 . Y ' . 5 KK Y? . I . . 3 ' Y - - .1 - - 11 - . , . . . ' . I 1 1 - y 1 1 - U Y 1 1 1 1 . . . . . v . , sn ' ' rv rr sv ' - 1 M . , . . . 7 5 . . . . . ,, . 3 1 ' . it . . 'N 1 . 1 1 I - I 1 D D . 1 . A V U . v v 1 ' 7 - 1 1 ' 1 ' ' ' : 1 1 , Q ' . Y . 1' 1 1 ' ' ' Y . y - 1 I B s '